Sequence Stratigraphic Framework of The Upper Eoce

Environmental Earth Sciences (2021) 80:350
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-021-09646-y
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Sequence stratigraphic framework of the Upper Eocene–Oligocene

succession, northwest Birket Qarun, Fayum‑Egypt
Ahmed‑Reda M. El‑Younsy1 · Abdelhamid M. Salman1
Received: 27 September 2020 / Accepted: 13 April 2021 / Published online: 26 April 2021
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021
Abstract
The Upper Eocene–Oligocene sequence exposed northwest Birket Qarun; Fayum district covers two rock units, Qasr El-
Sagha (Temple and Dir Abu Lifa members) and Gebel Qatrani formations were re-evaluated by sequence stratigraphy. Six
depositional sequences were recognized based on facies geometry, and sedimentological aspects. The first sequence (Tem-
ple Member) was accumulated under marginal intertidal flat environment indicating highstand deposits. The second (the
lower Dir Abu Lifa Member) displays a regressive sedimentary facies starting with progradational delta front environment
reflecting lowstand deposits followed upward by a lagoonal environment indicating transgressive/highstand deposits. The
third (the top of the Dir Abu Lifa Member) was accumulated under a low sinuosity stream reflecting lowstand deposits. The
fourth which constitutes the topmost of Dir Abu Lifa Member initiating near-shore shallow marine points to transgressive
sediments, followed upward by fluvial sediments reflecting highstand deposits. The fifth (the Lower of Gebel Qatrani For-
mation) accumulated as point-bar deposits demonstrating lowstand deposits. The last occupies the main of Gebel Qatrani
Formation initiates with restricted riverine marking lowstand deposits, followed upward by several fining upward cycles
that were accumulated in fluvial and flood plain conditions with evidence of tidal influence on sedimentation near its top
denoting transgressive deposits. Several minor transgressive episodes accompanied by tidal influence on sedimentation are
noticed near the top, which may reflect gradual subsidence of the Oligocene alluvial plain. The area is subjected to relative
sea-level changes that show a similarity with the global sea level. The base-level fluctuations are mainly controlled by the
regional tectonic setting.
Keywords Sequence stratigraphy · Systems tracts · Facies analysis · Depositional environments · Sea-level fluctuations
Introduction and geologic setting the early and late Paleozoic represented by regional uplifts
(Said 1990).
The geology of the Fayum province has attracted the atten- The Fayum Basin was established during the events
tion of many geologists since the discovery of vertebrate associated with the spread of tectonics and slip movements
fossils association by Dames (1883) from the strata exposed between the Afro / Arabian plates and Eurasia (Smith 1971;
to the north and northwest of Birket Qarun. It is charac- Guiraud et al. 2005) (Fig. 1). The basin was originally
terized by pronounced facies changes, distinct depositional uplifted after a complex tectonic history and the develop-
variations, and sedimentation discontinuities owing to the ment of deep structures of Syrian-arc activity, as early as
interaction between relative fluctuations in sea level and tec- Late Cretaceous, during which the basin was uplifting and
tonic events. Generally, the surface structural setting of the subdivided to two main basins, namely the northern Tiba
area is affected by several tectonic events initiated during Basin and the southern Gindi Basin (Coleman 1981; El
Zarka 1983). Since the Middle Eocene, the physiographic
* Abdelhamid M. Salman margins of Egypt, including the Faiyum basin, have been
[email protected] dominated by vertical movements, associating the gradual
Ahmed‑Reda M. El‑Younsy subsidence of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea Rift
[email protected] (Sestini 1984). By the advent of the Late Eocene, a span
marked by a continuous lowering of relative sea level,
1
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, resulting in the progressive emergence and erosion of the
Assiut 71516, Egypt
13
Vol.:(0123456789)
Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

350 Page 2 of 18 Environmental Earth Sciences (2021) 80:350
Fig. 1 Outline of the African/Arabian and Eurasian tectonic plates region (Modified after Mc Clusky et al. 2003)
pre-existing structural highs provided the Late Eocene sandstone, calcareous in parts, together with marls and lime-
basins of northern Egypt with clastic sediments (Salem stone. Followed to the north by a stratigraphical succession
1976). Notably, the post-Eocene events have resulted in the composed of carbonate and terrigenous sedimentary rocks
accumulation of the distinct and variable Oligocene sedi- forming a series of Questa escarpments (Fig. 2). Several
ments that denoted a time of marked uplift, sea regression, sedimentological and stratigraphical workers were carried
continental sediments and volcanic activity (Cherif and El out on the geology of the Fayum area, western desert, Egypt,
Afifi 1983; Said 1990). such as Beadnell (1901, 1905), Cuvilleir (1930), Iskandar
Geologically, the studied area is distinguished by a rela- (1943), Said (1962, 1990), Ismail and Abdel-Kareem (1971),
tively low-lying monotonous plain directly overlooking Salem (1976), Cherif and El-Afifi (1983), Bassiouni et al.
the northern corner of Birket Qarun Lake, mainly covered (1984), Swedan (1986, 1992), Bown and Kraus (1988),
by Late Eocene clay interbedded with yellowish-brown Saber (1988), Wanas (1992), Gingerich (1993), Mahmoud
13

Environmental Earth Sciences (2021) 80:350 Page 3 of 18 350
Fig. 2 Geological map of the studied area northwest of Birket Qarun, Fayum Region, Egypt (Modified after EGPC/CONOCO 1987; Makram
1998; EL-Younsy et al. 1999)
(1993), Zalat (1995), Makram (1998), EL-Younsy et al. laboratory analyses to study their depositional texture and
(1999), Ahmed (2001), Abdallah et al. (2002, 2003), microfacies assemblages following Pettijohn et al. (1973)
Youssef et al. (2006), Abdel-Fattah et al. (2011), El-Fawal for the siliciclastic sediments and Dunham (1962); Embry
et al. (2013); Legler et al. (2013), Strougo et al. (2013) and and Klovan (1972) for the carbonate rocks. The distribu-
King et al. (2014). tion of lithofacies as well as recognition of stratigraphic
In spite of this, only some studies concerning sequence surfaces allowed the presentation of the data within a
stratigraphy have been published in the studied area (Abdel- sequence stratigraphic framework.
Fattah 2009; Peters et al. 2009; Abdel-Fattah et al. 2010; The sequence stratigraphic analysis in the studied suc-
Abu El Ghar 2012) regarding the Upper Eocene deposits. cession was carried out using detailed field diagnostics and
For that reason, the current work aims to achieve a reason- sedimentological features represented by different types
able sequence stratigraphic framework and the sea-level fluc- of primary structures followed by the terminology given
tuations of the Upper Eocene–Oligocene succession exposed by Vail et al. (1977, 1991), Van Wagoner et al. (1990),
to the northwest of Birket Qarun (Fig. 2). Moreover, this can Emery and Myers (1996), Posamentier and Allen (1999)
provide a basis for significant information to correlate the and Catuneanu et al. (2004, 2006, 2009).
Faiyum sediments in a regional/interregional context.
Methodology Stratigraphy
Five stratigraphic sections of the Upper Eocene–Oligo- Generally, the exposed stratigraphic succession north-
cene succession exposed to the north of Birket Qarun Lake, west of Birket Qarun ranges in age from Upper Eocene
Fayum area, Egypt (latitudes 29° 31′–29° 42′ N and lon- to Miocene and is covered unconformably by the Plio-
gitudes 30° 25′–30° 50′ E) were measured and sampled in cene and Pleistocene sediments (Beadnell 1905; Cuvilleir
detail during field studies for recognizing and interpreting 1930; Said 1962; Bown and Kraus 1988; Makram 1998;
the lithological aspects, facies varieties, faunal content and El-Younsy et al. 1999). The current investigation devoted
nature of surface contacts (Fig. 2). on the Upper Eocene Qasr El-Sagha Formation, in addition
About sixty thin sections representing the different to the unconformably overlain the Oligocene succession
studied rock units were prepared and subjected to different of Gebel Qatrani Formation (Figs. 3, 4).
13

Fig. 3 Lithostratigraphic correlation of the studied Upper Eocene—Oligocene rock units northwest of Birket Qarun, Fayum Region, Egypt
Fig. 4 Measured stratigraphic sections of the studied lithostratigraphic units at the studied area
13

Qasr El‑Sagha formation rippled, cross-laminated and highly bioturbated siliceous

sandstones (35–2.5 m thick) interbedded with thick lami-
The term Qasr El-Sagha Formation was introduced by Said nated siltstones and gypsiferous sandy mudstones.
(1962) to designate the enriched stratigraphic sequence of The Dir Abu Lifa Member overlies the Temple Member
the Upper Eocene rocks. It is assigned to the Late Eocene forming the upper part of the Qasr El-Sagha Formation. It is
age (Cuvilleir 1930; Said 1962). Remarkable variations in overlain by Gebel Qatrani Formation with an erosional con-
the thickness of this formation exhibit a general decrease tact. Its thickness ranges between about 50 m and 77 m with
in both the eastern (about 70 m) and western (about 85 m) a remarkable thinning towards the northeast direction of the
directions with an obvious increase (about 150 m) in study area (Fig. 4). The Dir Abu Lifa Member is generally
between near the Qasr El-Sagha Temple of the study area composed of sequential cycles of varicolored, cross-strat-
(Figs. 4, 5a). The vertical variation in the lithological char- ified sandstones, alternating with siltstone, silty claystone
acters of the Qasr El-Sagha Formation permits its differen- and shale and topped by a hard, yellow, fine-to-coarse sandy
tiation into two members; Temple Member at the base and limestone bed (2–4 m), with many gradational to erosional
Dir Abu Lifa at the top: surfaces in between (Fig. 5a). It is also characterized by the
The Temple Member is representing the basal part of Qasr presence of fossils (Carolia placunoides), bioturbation, and
El-Sagha Formation. It overlies the Birket Qarun Formation poorly preserved silicified wood throughout this unit. Gyp-
with invisible (ambiguous) contact, whereas it underlies the sum is also encountered and commonly is associated with
Dir Abu Lifa Member with an irregular contact in the study barite nodules (Fig. 5b).
area (Fig. 5a). Its thickness reaches about 80 m near the
Temple of Qasr El-Sagha with a marked decrease towards Gebel Qatrani formation
both the eastern (35 m) and the western (25 m) parts of the
study area (Fig. 4). The Temple Member is generally com- The Gebel Qatrani Formation was termed by Said (1962)
posed of thin layers of highly fossiliferous, glauconitic and to define the terrigenous sedimentary sequence previously
limonitic arenaceous limestones (20–50 cm thick) and fine known as “fluvio-marine seriesˮ by Beadnell (1905) which
Fig. 5 Field photographs showing; a General view of the Upper Member of Gebel Qatrani Formation, Oligocene, overlain by Widan
Eocene succession with the two members of the Qasr El-Sagha For- el-Faras Basalt. d Silicified wood characterizing the Lower Member
mation, A Temple Member and B Dir Abu Lifa Member. b Gypsum of Gebel Qatrani Formation
and barite nodules characterizing Dir Abu Lifa Member. c The Upper
13

lies unconformably between the marine beds of the Upper attains a thickness of about 130 m in the Widan el-Faras
Eocene Qasr El-Sagha Formation at the base and the basalt area, with a remarkable decrease towards the east and south-
flow layers at the top (Figs. 3, 4, 5c). It is assigned to the west directions (Fig. 4). It is generally, made up of several
Oligocene age (Beadnell 1905; Said 1962) due to the occur- cycles of coarse-grained and gravelly sandstones exhibits
rence of some plant and vertebrate remains. The thickness of small- to large-scale trough and tabular cross-stratification,
this formation reaches its maximum at Widan el-Faras local- with muddy sandstones and sandy mudstones as well as a
ity (about 270 m), with a remarkable decrease in both the minor amount of greenish–grey shale intercalations. In some
eastern (about 145 m) and western (about 118 m) parts in the localities, the topmost part of this member is characterized
study area (Fig. 4). Generally, the lithological architecture by thin lenticular bodies (0.5–1.5 m thick) of pale green and
of this formation is characterized by siliciclastic diversities buff sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone with numer-
mainly of sandstone (about 80%), siltstone (10%), claystone ous fragments of marine mollusks as well as gypsum and
(4%), and conglomerate (4%) with few bands of carbonate carbonate concretions. Fossil vertebrate, poorly preserved
(2%) near its top part. Commonly, the beds of this forma- fossil wood, bioturbation, rhizoliths are also observed.
tion in most parts of the study area are of lenticular shape.
The sequence of the Gebel Qatrani Formation is divisible
into Lower, Middle and Upper members (Makram 1998; El- Sequence stratigraphy
Younsy et al. 1999).
The Lower Member occupies the basal part of the Gebel Sequence stratigraphy is often considered a relatively new
Qatrani Formation and rests unconformably on the underly- science that developed in the 1970s from the science of seis-
ing Dir Abu Lifa Member of the Qasr El-Sagha Formation mic stratigraphy although it had its old roots about the origin
with a marked erosional surface. It forms a flat bench at the of cyclic deposition and the interplay between the eustatic
top of the Qasr El-Sagha escarpment. Generally, the maxi- and tectonic controls on sea-level (Emery and Myers 1996).
mum thickness of this member reaches about 130 m in the The sequence stratigraphy value is extremely useful as a
Widan el-Faras area, with a remarkable decrease towards predictive tool in analyzing clastic shoreline and shallow
both the east (70 m) and the west (60 m) of the area (Fig. 4). marine systems across a sedimentary basin (Gharecheloua
Generally, it is mainly composed of yellow, white and red, et al. 2020). Applying sequence stratigraphic concepts to
coarse- to medium-grained sandstones, gravel and gravelly fluvial systems had less success since the role of relative
sandstone interbedded with fine-grained, varicolored sand- fluctuations in sea level is less clear in creating the fluvial
stones, sandy mudstones, and mudstones forming several stratigraphic record (Posamentier and Vail 1988; Shanley
fining upward cycles, with lateral and vertical thickness 1991; Shanley and McCabe 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994; West-
variations. It characterized by large-scale trough and tab- cott 1993). Rapid lateral facies changes together with lack
ular cross-stratification which grade upwards into sets of of internal features in thick alluvial successions caused a
small-scale varieties. Abundant fragmented silicified wood problem in subdividing them into their time stratigraphic
(Fig. 5d), fossil vertebrate remains, rhizoliths, and animal units. Thus, the application of sequence stratigraphy to flu-
bioturbation are also noticed. vial systems is still in its infancy (Galloway 1981; Miall
The Middle Member occurs as massive and cliff-forming 1986, 1991; Boyd et al. 1989; Walker 1990; Posamentier
in its appearance and rests on the Lower Member of the and James 1993; Schumm 1993; Westcott 1993; Koss et al.
Gebel Qatrani Formation with a marked erosional surface 1994; Shanley and McCabe 1994), except the investigations
ranging from 4 to 10 m in thickness (Fig. 4). It is com- made by Catuneanu et al. (2006), Peters et al (2009), Abu El
posed of well-indurate green, white and pale pink, medium- Ghar (2012) and Selim (2017).
to coarse-grained (locally granular) sandstones, which Catuneanu et al. (2004) stated that the application of
grade upwards into green, fine- to medium-grained mostly sequence stratigraphic principles can be successfully
cemented by calcium carbonate. Generally, it exhibits poorly supposed even in the near absence of precise time lines,
preserved, less abundant large-scale trough cross-bedding where the facies geometry, stacking patterns, and depo-
with numerous rhizoliths at some localities. Chert pebbles, sitional models are well understood. In the present study,
mud interclasts are locally common near its lower parts the exposed Upper Eocene–Oligocene succession, north-
forming linear bands, while gypsum and barite nodules are west Birket Qarun, Fayum region is generally represented
met with near the top. by a thick sequence of siliciclastic rocks with an insignifi-
The Upper Member forms the main surface of Gebel cant proportion of limestone intercalations. It is difficult to
Qatrani-Widan el-Faras scarp and overlies the Middle define an accurate precise timelines of the studied Upper
member of the Gebel Qatrani Formation with gradational Eocene–Oligocene sequence since it is barren of any diag-
contact while in some localities it exhibits a thin erosional nostic planktonic foraminifera. Thus, the sequence strati-
features characterized by lenticular gravelly sandstone. It graphic interpretation is constructed based on the identified
13

facies associations, as well as on the nature of the contacts interbedded with thick laminated siltstones, claystone, and
that separate them to understand the evolution and the his- sandy mudstone.
tory of base-level changes. Six depositional sequences with The arenaceous limestone layers (20–50 cm thick) are
their boundaries and systems tracts are recognized in the highly fossiliferous with numerous molluscan shells (e.g.
studied stratigraphic succession (Fig. 6; Table 1). Carolia placunoides and Exogyra frassi) that are repre-
sented by pelecypodal-nummulitic wackestone microfacies
Depositional sequence‑1 (DS‑1) (Fig. 8a). The sandstone beds (35 cm to 2.5 m thick) are
markedly rippled and cross-laminated that are mainly rep-
The first depositional sequence DS-1 constitutes the Upper resented by quartz wackes with subangular to subrounded,
Eocene Temple Member of the Qasr El-Sagha Formation. poorly sorted quartz-grains embedded in an argillaceous
The base of this sequence is unexposed in the study area matrix (Fig. 8b). They are highly bioturbated, mainly
and its upper boundary is recognized by the presence of an cylindrical with irregular and random distributions, espe-
irregular surface which appeared as channel scours at the top cially near their base. Flaser and lenticular bedding as well
of the Temple Member marked an unconformable sequence as planar and trough cross-stratifications are well devel-
boundary SB1 (Fig. 6). It is marked by a major accumula- oped in some horizons. Major accumulation of numerous
tion of numerous mollusks shells forming a conglomeratic mollusks shells forming lag deposits and conglomeratic
coquina layer (Fig. 7a). This sequence reaches its thickness coquina layers are also noted. The clay sediments of this
about 60 mnear the Temple of Qasr El-Sagha, whereas it facies may reflect low-energy water sedimentation whereas
displays a marked decrease in thickness towards both the siltstones and sandstones reflect intermittent high-water
eastern and the western parts of the studied area (Fig. 6). agitation probably related to freshwater influx (Reineck
In general, DS-1 is composed of thin glauconitic and and Singh 1973). On the bases of lithofacies, geometry
limonitic arenaceous limestones and fine quartz sandstones and primary sedimentary structures, it is believed that the
Fig. 6 Correlation of the studied Upper Eocene –Oligocene succession showing the depositional sequences and their surfaces, and systems tracts
13

Table 1 Summary of the sedimentary facies, sequence stratigraphy and their distinctive lithological and sedimentological characteristics of the
Upper Eocene–Oligocene succession, Northwest Birket Qarun, Fayum-Egypt
Rock units Sedimentary facies Lithological aspects and Sedimentological features Dep sequences Systems tracts
Gebel Qatrani Fm (~ 70–150 m)

Upper Member F-9 Several fining upward cycles start with large-scale DS-6 TST
Flood plain trough and tabular cross-stratified coarse-grained
and /or gravelly sandstones that gradually pass
upward into small-scale trough and tabular cross-
stratified medium to fine-grained sandstones and
terminated by laminated green shale and mudstones
Middle Member F-8 Well-indurate green, medium to coarse-grained LST
Marshes sandstones with chert pebbles and granular sand-
stone in its lower part, grades upward into green,
fine to medium-grained sandstones with numerous
rhizoliths at some localities and less abundant trough
cross-bedding
Lower Member F-7 Coarse to medium-grained sandstones, gravel and DS-5 LST
Point bar-meandering stream gravelly sandstone interbedded with fine -grained,
varicolored sandstones, sandy mudstones and mud-
stones developing generally in several fining upward
cycles
Qasr El-Sagha Fm (~ 118–270 m)
Dir Abu Lifa Member F-6 Fine to medium-grained quartz sandstones interbed- DS-4 HST
Fluvial ded with sandy mudstones exhibiting fining upward
cycles. Generally, it shows medium–scale trough
cross–stratification at the base, ripple marks at the
top
F-5 Fine to coarse sandy fossiliferous limestone facies, TST
Shallow marine mainly foraminiferal wackestone, enriched with
marine mollusks together with fragments of bones,
silicified wood and bioturbated
F-4 Large-scale planar cross-bedded sandstones, interbed- DS-3 LST
Low sinuosity stream ded with green sandy claystone and siltstones
F-3 Massive glauconitic siltstone, silty sandstone, green DS-2 TST/
Lagoonal shale and it terminates with massive sandstone at the HST
top. Few fossils, such as Carolia and Exogyra, with
fragments of molluscan shells, fossil wood with iron
nodules are observed
F-2 Progradational delta front Sets of cross–stratified, pale yellow sandstones inter- LST
laminated with pale yellowish-brown and dark grey
siltstone, silty claystone, and shale which exhibit
fining upward cycles
Temple Member F-1 Fine rippled, cross–laminated and highly biotur- DS-1 HST
Intertidal flat bated sandstones interbedded with thick laminated
siltstones, claystone, and sandy mudstone. Flaser
and lenticular bedding as well as planar and trough
cross-stratifications are well developed in some
horizons
facies association constituting this depositional sequence Depositional sequence‑2 (DS‑2)

has accumulated under a marginal, intertidal flat (F-1)
environment (Reineck and Singh 1973; Bown and Kraus The second depositional sequence DS-2 coincides with the
1988; El-Younsy et al. 1999). This set is assigned to the Upper Eocene Dir Abu Lifa Member (lower part) of the Qasr
highstand systems tract (HST). It consists of several shal- El-Sagha Formation. This sequence is delimited at its base
lowing- upward parasequence (cycles), each of which con- by the previous remarkable unconformable sequence bound-
sists of sandstone beds at the base and claystone beds at ary SB1 and terminated by the occurrence of an erosional
the top (Fig. 7b). surface with fragmented iron nodules (up to 10–30 cm)
13

Fig. 7 Field photographs showing the depositional sequence diag- by an erosional contact within Dir Abu Lifa Member. f Bioturbation
nostics including; a Sequence boundary SB1 marked by an irregular (inclined and the horizontal) characterizing the upper surface of the
surface with channel scours at the top of the Temple Member. Note sandy limestone of near-shore marine facies (F-5), characterizing the
the major accumulation of numerous mollusks shells forming con- transgressive systems tract (TST) at DS-4. g Sequence boundary SB5
glomeratic coquina layer (a). b Several shallowing- upward cycles, marked by an irregular surface separating DS-5 (the Lower Member
each one consists of sandstone beds at the base and claystone beds of Gebel Qatrani Formation below) from the DS-6 (Middle Member)
at the top, characterizing the highstand systems tract (HST) at DS-1. at top. h Rhizoliths in the point-bar-meandering stream facies (F-7),
c Sequence boundary SB2 marked by an erosional surface with frag- characterizing the lowstand systems tract (LST) at DS-5. i Sandy
mented iron nodules. d Superimposed channel deposits characteriz- limestone band intercalating near the top of the Upper Member of
ing the progradational delta front (F-2), characterizing the lowstand Gebel Qatrani Formation denoting the transgressive systems tract
systems tract (LST) at DS-2. Note the ripple cross lamination (a) and (F-9 of DS-6)
sand dune (b). e An unconformable sequence boundary SB3 marked
within Dir Abu Lifa Member, marking an unconformable pale yellow sandstones interlaminated with pale yellow-
sequence boundary SB2 (Figs. 6, 7c). ish–brown and dark grey siltstone, silty claystone, and
This sequence comprises two distinct sedimentary facies. shale which exhibit fining upward cycles. The thickness of
The lower facies (F-2) initiates at the basal part of the Dir this facies reaches up to 30 m near Qasr El-Sagha Tem-
Abu-Lifa Member by major and thick sets of cross-stratified, ple whereas it thins out towards both the eastern and the
13

Fig. 8 Photomicrographs showing the sedimentological features (F-7 of LST within DS-5, XPL). d Ferruginated quartz graywacke of
within the depositional sequences including; a Pelecypodal calcare- the Middle of Gebel Qatrani Formation showing poorly sorted quartz
ous fine sandstone (F1), within Temple Member (F-1 of HST within grains embedded in a ferruginated lime-mud matrix (F-8 of LST
DS-1, XPL). b Quartz graywacke showing poorly sorted subangu- within DS-6, XPL). e Fossiliferous calcareous fine sandstone, char-
lar to subrounded quartz grains in lime-mud matrix within Tem- acterized the thin lenticular bodies near the top of TST within DS-6,
ple Member (F-1 of HST within DS-1, XPL). c Argillaceous quartz XPL. f Quartz arenite showing poorly sorted subangular to sub-
graywacke of the Lower of Gebel Qatrani Formation showing angu- rounded quartz grains (F-9 of DS-6, XPL)
lar to sub-angular quartz grains embedded in an argillaceous matrix
western parts of the studied area (Fig. 6). The sandstones are found locally. Vertical and inclined burrows as well as rhizo-
mainly sublithic arenite with angular to subrounded, mod- liths are common, especially near the top. Several superim-
erately sorted grains, embedded in muddy matrix. Large- posed channel deposits are also well developed. Numerous
scale planar cross-stratification more than 3 m thick (giant sand-bars are also developed as elongated sand bodies or
cross-bedding) is common with smaller intrasets of medium- as bar finger sand (Fig. 7d). This facies with its features is,
and small-scale troughs and tabular cross-stratification therefore, believed to have accumulated under a prograda-
(20–90 cm thick) on the foresets of the giant cross-bedding. tion delta front subenvironment, with distributary channels
Ripple marks are also characterizing some interlaminated and bar finger sand bodies (Reineck and Singh 1973; Davis
siltstone horizons. Fossils are rare in this facies. However, 1983; Galloway and Hobday 1996; EL-Younsy et al. 1999)
Carolia valves, pieces of fossil wood and plant remains are reflecting a lowstand systems tract (LST), which is bounded
13

below by the sequence boundary (SB1) and above by a sig- Eocene Qasr El-Sagha Formation from the overlying Oligo-
nificant transgressive surface (TS), points to the beginning cene Gebel Qatrani Formation, marking an unconformable
of sea-level rise during the late Eocene at the studied area sequence boundary SB4 (Fig. 6).
(Fig. 6). This sequence starts with hard, yellow fine to coarse
Upwards, it changes into massive sandy gypsum, glau- sandy fossiliferous limestone facies (F-5), mainly foraminif-
conitic siltstone, silty sandstone, green shale and it termi- eral wackestone (~ 2–4 m thick), enriched with marine mol-
nates with massive sandstone at the top. The sandstones are lusks together with fragments of bones, silicified wood
mainly of quartz wackes, with subangular to subrounded and bioturbated (inclined and the horizontal) near its top
grains forming the above facies (F-3). Few fossils, such as (Fig. 7f) pointing their accumulation in a near-shore shallow
Carolia and Exogyra, with fragments of molluscan shells, marine environment (Reineck and Singh 1973; Davis 1983,
fossil wood with iron nodules are observed forming a con- 1992; Galloway and Hobday 1996; EL-Younsy et al. 1999).
glomeratic coquina band (10–15 cm thick) near the top of These features point to the transgressive systems tract (TST)
this facies. Few ripple marks and poorly developed mud sediments. The lowstand deposits are lack in this sequence
cracks, as well as poorly preserved, vertical, and inclined owing to the combining surface of both the transgressive
branched burrows are abundant especially in the glauconitic surface (TS) and the sequence boundary SB3. This erosive
green siltstone beds. The characteristic features of this facies surface (SB3) with its demarcated features reflects wave and
(F-3) designate their accretion on low-energy marginal sys- tidal ravinement accompanying the beginning of the trans-
tem as a tidal flat lagoonal environment (Reineck and Singh gressive facies during the latest Eocene marine invasion
1973; EL-Younsy et al. 1999). This denotes the transgres- across the studied area.
sive/highstand systems tracts (TST/HST) consequently it is This facies is locally overlain at Widan el-Faras area (sec-
difficult to delineate the maximum flooding surface (MFS) tion A/B) by fine- to medium-grained quartz sandstones
separating between them (Fig. 6). interbedded with sandy mudstones (~ 3–7 m thick) exhibit-
ing fining upward cycles facies (F-6). Generally, it shows
Depositional sequence‑3 (DS‑3) medium-scale trough cross-stratification at the base, ripple
marks at the top as well as rhizoliths and mud drops point-
The third depositional sequence DS-3 comprises the Upper ing to their accumulation under fluvial environment (Rei-
Eocene succession at the top of the Dir Abu Lifa Member of neck and Singh 1973; Davis 1992; Galloway and Hobday
the Qasr El-Sagha Formation ranging in its thickness from 1996 and EL-Younsy et al. 1999). These features reflect the
19 to 21 m. It is demarcated at its base by the preceding highstand systems tract (HST). Since, this facies is not well
remarkable unconformable sequence boundary SB2 and represented throughout the study area that was attributed to
ended by the occurrence of an erosional contact with an its removal from other parts of the area. This may be due to
abrupt facies changes within Dir Abu Lifa Member, mark- the subsequent erosion of the active channels coupled with
ing an unconformable sequence boundary SB3 (Figs. 6, 7e). the local tectonic effect that prevailed during the Oligocene
This sequence starts with large-scale planar cross-bedded time (Fig. 6).
sandstones, interbedded with green sandy claystone and silt-
stones (F-4). Generally, the sequence is distinct at its base by Depositional sequence‑5 (DS‑5)
erosional surface exhibiting thin, planar cross-bedded sand-
stone with fragmented iron nodules (10–30 cm across) and The fifth depositional sequence DS-5 comprises the Oligo-
silicified, limonitized fossil wood and rhizoliths beneath the cene succession of the Lower Member of Gebel Qatrani For-
boundaries of some sets. This points to their accumulation mation. It achieves a maximum thickness of about 130 m in
under a low sinuosity stream system of fluvial environment the Widan el-Faras area where it generally decreases towards
(Moody-Stuart 1966; Reineck and Singh 1973; Galloway both the east and the west of the area 60 m (Fig. 6). This
and Hobday 1996; EL-Younsy et al. 1999) reflecting a low- sequence is delimited at its base by the previous described
stand systems tract (LST). unconformable sequence boundary SB4, and terminated by
the occurrence of an irregular surface separating the Lower
Depositional sequence‑4 (DS‑4) Member of Gebel Qatrani Formation below from the Middle
Member at the top, delineating an unconformable sequence
The fourth depositional sequence DS-4 constitutes the boundary SB5 (Fig. 7g).
Upper Eocene at the topmost parts of Dir Abu Lifa Mem- This sequence (DS-5) is mainly composed of coarse- to
ber of the Qasr El-Sagha Formation attaining a thickness medium-grained sandstones, gravel and gravelly sandstone
up to 5 to 11 m. It is delineated at its base by the previous interbedded with fine-grained, varicolored sandstones,
unconformable sequence boundary SB3, and ended at its top sandy mudstones and mudstones developing generally in
with the appearance of an erosional contact, separating the several fining upward cycles (F-7), with marked lateral and
13

vertical thickness variations. Each cycle starts with grav- area (~ 140 m thick) but generally decreases towards the
elly, sometimes pebbly sandstones (5–15 m thick) exhibiting west and the east directions (Fig. 6). This facies discloses
an erosional contact with the underlying one and showing several fining upward sedimentation cycles in a regular pat-
large-scale trough and tabular cross-stratification, mostly tern; each single cycle starts with large-scale trough and
with large silicified tree trunks accumulation, rhizoliths, bur- tabular cross-stratified coarse-grained and /or gravelly sand-
rows and in some cases showing reworked limonitic nodules. stones that gradually pass upward into small-scale trough
Gradually grade upward into small-scale trough and tabular and tabular cross-stratified medium- to fine-grained sand-
cross-stratified coarse- to medium-grained sandstones and stones and terminated by laminated green shale and mud-
terminated with fine sandstones, sandy mudstones and / stones. The topmost part of this facies, in some localities,
or mudstones, rich in rhizoliths (Fig. 7h). The sandstones exhibits thin lenticular bodies (0.5 and 1.5 m thick) of pale
are mainly quartz wackes with subangular to moderately green and buff sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone
rounded, poorly sorted quartz grains (Fig. 8c). Accordingly, with numerous fragments of marine mollusks (Figs. 7i,
this facies (F-7), seem to accumulate as point-bar deposits in 8e). The sandstones are represented by Quartz arenite and
several distinct meandering streams (Mc Gowen and Garner litharenite with subangular to subrounded, poorly sorted
1970; Davis 1983, 1992; El-Younsy et al. 1999) demonstrat- quartz grains embedded in a lime-mud matrix (Fig. 8f). On
ing the lowstand systems tract (LST). the bases of the aforesaid attributes, these facies have prob-
ably accumulated in a meandering fluvial system terminated
Depositional sequence‑6 (DS‑6) by overbank, levee and flood plain conditions with evidence
of a tidal influence on stream sedimentation near the top
The sixth depositional sequence DS-6 which represents (Allen 1965; Davis 1992; Mader 1985; Davis 1992; Gallo-
the uppermost sequence in the studied stratigraphic sec- way and Hobday 1996; El-Younsy et al. 1999) denoting the
tions (~ 140 m maximum thick) occupies both the middle transgressive systems tract (TST).
Member (~ 4-10 m thick) and the Upper Member (~ 130 m
maximum thick) of the Oligocene Gebel Qatrani Forma-
tion (Fig. 6). This sequence is delineated at its base by the
sequence boundary SB5 (Fig. 7g) while its upper limit is not Sea‑level changes and discussion
recognized. This sequence (DS-6) comprises two distinct
sedimentary facies (F-8 and F-9). The construction of a sedimentary succession is dependent
The lower facies (F-8) constructs the Middle member of on the changes in relative sea-level and sediment supply.
the Gebel Qatrani Formation all over the study area (ranges Sea-level changes are either attributed to true eustatic sea-
from 4 to 10 m thick). It initiates with a marked erosional level variation (Vail et al. 1991) or to the changing morphol-
surface and generally is composed of well-indurate green, ogy of the basin due to tectonics (Cloetingh 1988).
medium- to coarse-grained sandstones, mostly cemented by It is worth noting that northern Egypt was characterized
calcium carbonate with chert pebbles and granular sand- by a passive margin dominated by the carbonate deposition
stone in its lower part. It grades upward into green, fine- to during the Eocene (EL-Younsy et al. 2015, 2017; Obaid-
medium-grained sandstones with numerous rhizoliths at alla et al. 2017). By the early Oligocene, a major eustatic
some localities and less abundant trough cross-bedding. sea-level falls due to the climatic cooling that subsequently
The sandstones are mainly quartz wacke characterized by followed by heavily incision, carving, and karstification of
poorly sorted quartz grains embedded in the lime-mud the Eocene carbonates through the development of a fluvial
matrix (Fig. 8d). Also, abundant gypsum, as well as barite system in northwest of Birket Qarun, Fayum province (Dol-
nodules, are observed near its top. The characteristic features son et al. 2005).
of this facies points to that these sediments were accumu- Based on field observations, detailed and integrated
lated in mangrove swamps overlain by channel sandstone. investigations of the facies association, primary sedimentary
Thus, this facies suggests stream sedimentation in swamps at structures and the depositional environments, the sequence
a coastal plain (Davis 1992; El-Younsy et al. 1999) marking stratigraphic interpretation is constructed to understand the
a lowstand systems tract. It is bounded above by a significant evolution and the history of base-level changes. Six depo-
transgressive surface (TS), which points to the beginning of sitional sequences (DS-1, DS-2, DS-3, DS-4, DS-5, and
base-level rise during the Oligocene time at the studied area. DS-6) with their associated surfaces and systems tracts
The preceding facies (F-8) is gradually overlain by vari- are recognized in the studied Upper Eocene and Oligocene
colored, gravelly sandstones and sandy mudstones with a stratigraphic succession, northwest of Birket Qarun, Fayum
minor amount of greenish-grey shale facies (F-9), which province are postulated. A distinct history for each studied
occupies the upper part of the Gebel Qatrani Formation all depositional sequence is clearly noticed from the sea-level
over the study area. It is well represented at Widan el-Faras fluctuation curves deduced from the sedimentary facies
13

analysis in the studied succession (Fig. 9), compared with depositional sequence (DS-1) constitutes the Temple
the global sea-level curve given by Haq et al. (1987). Member of the Qasr El-Sagha Formation northwest Birket
The Upper Eocene sedimentation conditions north- Qarun reflects alternating regressive and minor transgressive
west Birket Qarun is differentiated into four deposi- sedimentation conditions (gradual and sporadic in nature).
tional sequences (DS-1, DS-2, DS-3 and DS-4). The first A thick intertidal sequence (F-1) was accumulated under
Fig. 9 The sea level as well as base-level changes of the studied Upper Eocene–Oligocene sequence at the studied area compared with the eus-
tatic sea-level curve given by Haq el al. (1987)
13

marginal, intertidal flat environment involving the highstand Oligocene time at the studied area. The preceding facies
systems tract (HST) with its three shallowing-upward par- (F-8) accumulated in a meandering fluvial system termi-
asequence (cycles) that is capped with sequence boundary nated by overbank, levee and flood plain conditions (F-9)
(SB1) at the top of the Temple Member (Fig. 9). Sea-level with evidence of tidal influence on stream sedimentation
fluctuations show a general coincidence to the global sea- near the top denoting the transgressive systems tract (TST).
level curve of Haq et al. (1987). The other three depositional It is worth mentioning that the development of these
sequences (DS-2, DS-3 and DS-4) comprise the Dir Abu- short shallow marine conditions may have resulted from
Lifa Member of the Qasr El-Sagha Formation northwest the gradual subsidence of the alluvial plain, accompanied
Birket Qarun. by tidal influence on stream sedimentation. These short epi-
The second depositional sequence (DS-2) reflects a ter- sodes were perhaps associated with tilting or down faulting
restrial sedimentation episode of fluvial origin (F-2), mainly of the northern part of Egypt (Salem 1976). Generally, it is
prograding delta front, characterizing sedimentation of the believed that the considerable variations in the thickness of
lower part of the Dir Abu-Lifa Member reflecting a low- the Upper Eocene and Oligocene sedimentary facies, par-
stand systems tract (LST). This event was followed by a ticularly in the studied area and generally in the rest of the
relatively minor transgressive sequence (F-3) where tidal Western Desert of Egypt, were controlled by the underlying
flat and lagoonal conditions had prevailed designating the sporadically rising tectonic structures (Shata 1953; Kostandi
transgressive/highstand system tract (TST/HST). Thus, the 1963; Salem 1976; Bown and Kraus 1988; Fawzy and Dahi
maximum flood surface (MFS) separating them is difficult to 1992; Makram 1998; El-Younsy et al. 1999).
determine. The third depositional sequence (DS-3) reflects A detailed comparison of the study area at el Fayum
accumulation under a low sinuosity stream system of flu- (Egypt) with the sedimentary basins of North Africa in gen-
vial environment (F-4) suggesting a lowstand systems tract eral (Fig. 10a, b) sheds light on the similarity of the paleoge-
(LST). The fourth depositional sequence (DS-4) constitutes ography and development of the Paleogene basins in North
the top most parts of Dir Abu Lifa Member of the Qasr Africa (Tawadros 2011). During the latest Eocene time,
El-Sagha Formation. Its lower parts are characterized by a a great regression prevailed in both Egypt (Upper Egypt,
near-shore shallow marine environment (F-5) that points to and Western Sinai) and Libya (the western Sirte Basin, the
the transgressive systems tract (TST) sediments that records southern Cyrenaica Shelf) and larger areas became emergent
the beginning of the transgressive facies during the latest in this territory. Consequently, the upper boundary that sepa-
Eocene marine invasion across the studied area. Its upper rating the Eocene from the Oligocene successions is marked
parts are characterized by the accretion of fluvial sediments by a regional unconformity related to the global sea-level
(F-6) reflecting the highstand systems tract (HST). In many fall at the end of the Eocene that led to a major change in
parts of the area, this facies is removal by subsequent ero- the depositional domain from carbonate to mainly clastics
sion of the active channels linked with the local tectonic (Tawadros 2011). Therefore, the studied rock sequence of
effect that prevailed during the Oligocene time. It is worth the Fayum basin (Egypt) which is contemporaneous with
noting that the presence of several near-shore marine rocks the one of the adjacent rocks succession at Dur at Talah (Sirt
(F-3 and F-5) through the Upper Eocene terrestrial (fluvial) Basin, Libya; Ashour et al. 2012) indicates similar changes
sedimentation (F-4 and F-6) reflects minor transgressive in the facies, sedimentation conditions and sea-level changes
episodes accompanied by an increase in tidal influence on (Fig. 10a, b).
stream sedimentation (Fig. 9).
By the end of the Upper Eocene time, the fluvial con-
ditions have continued and dominated (F-7, F-8 and F-9) Conclusion
throughout the Oligocene sedimentation of Gebel Qatrani
Formation with short shallow marine (tidal influence) epi- A reasonable sequence stratigraphic framework and sea-
sodes near the top (Fig. 9). The fifth depositional sequence level fluctuations during the Upper Eocene–Oligocene suc-
(DS-5) comprises the Lower Member of Gebel Qatrani For- cession of the area northwest of Bir Qarun, Fayum district,
mation (F-7) seem to accumulate as point-bar deposits in Egypt have been achieved. The studied sequence covers two
several distinct meandering streams demonstrating the low- rock units, Upper Eocene Qasr El-Sagha (Temple and Dir
stand systems tract (LST). The sixth depositional sequence Abu Lifa members) and Oligocene Gebel Qatrani forma-
(DS-6) occupies both the Middle (F-8) and the Upper Mem- tions. Based on the field criteria, lateral and vertical facies
ber (F-9) of the Oligocene Gebel Qatrani Formation. The changes, stratigraphic surveys, and the depositional environ-
lower facies (F-8) refers to stream sedimentation in swamps ments, six depositional sequences with their associated sur-
at a coastal plain marking a lowstand systems tract (LST) faces and systems tracts were realized. The lateral and verti-
that bounded above by a significant transgressive surface cal distribution of the sedimentary facies together with the
(TS) denote to the beginning of base-level rise during the development of the depositional sequences are controlled by
13

Fig. 10 North Africa paleogeo-

graphic maps during the Eocene
(a) and the Oligocene (b) times
(Compiled by Tawadros 2011)
both regional and local subsidence/uplift tectonics in com- basins in North Africa that related to the collision of Afri-
bination with the eustatic sea-level changes, resulting in the can/Arabian and Eurasia plates at these times.
adjustment of accommodation space during the deposition
of the studied succession. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to Geologist/Mohamed
Hosny Makram (Manager of Geomining Company) for his facilities
The Upper Eocene Qasr El-Sagha Formation is differ- that offered during the fieldwork. Also, the authors would like to thank
entiated into four depositional sequences (DS-1, DS-2, Prof. Olaf Kolditz (Editor-in-Chief) as well as the reviewers for their
DS-3, and DS-4), which reflect transgressive/ regressive useful comments.
episodes expressive in various depositional environments
(marginal, intertidal flat, prograding deltaic front, lagoon Declarations
and sinuosity streams), that match with the global sea-level
oscillations curve. The Oligocene Gebel Qatrani Formation Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no known com-
peting financial interests.
is differentiated into two depositional sequences (DS-5and
DS-6), which show repeated fining upward cycles (rise/fall)
of fluvial regime reflecting the base-level fluctuations con-
trolled by the regional tectonic setting. Evidence of short
shallow marine (tidal influence) on stream sedimentation
References
near the top, reflects a gradual subsidence of the Oligocene Abdallah AM, Helal SA, Abdel Aziz SM (2002) Eocene ostracoda
alluvial plain associated with local tectonism. Evaluation of from the Nile Fayoum Divide, Western Desert, Egypt. In: Pro-
the study area with the other sedimentary basins of North ceeding in 6th international conference geological Arab world
Africa elucidates the similarity conditions of the Paleogene (GAW6), II, pp 575–604
13

Abdallah AM, Helal SA, Abdel Aziz SM (2003) Planktic foraminiferal digest of papers published on Egypt, 3 (2). General Organization
biostratigraphy of the Eastern Fayoum Depressioin, Egypt. In: 3rd of Government Printing Office, Cairo
International conference on the geology of Africa. I: 571–598 Dames W (1883) Über eine Tertiäre Wirbeltierfauna von der weslichen
Abdel-Fattah ZA (2009) Sedimentology, ichnology, and sequence stra- Insel des Birket el-Qarun, im Fayum (Aegypten). Sitzungsber. d.
tigraphy of the Middle–Upper Eocene succession in the Fayum k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch, Berlin, p 129
Depression, Egypt. PhD Thesis, Department of Earth and Atmos- Davis RA (1983) Depositional systems: a genetic approach to sedimen-
pheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada, p 238 tary geology. Prentice-Hall Inc, Englewood Cliffs, p 669
Abdel-Fattah ZA, Gingras MK, Caldwell MW, Pemberton SG (2010) Davis RA Jr (1992) Depositional systems: an introduction to sedimen-
Sedimentary environments and depositional characteristics of the tology and stratigraphy. Prentice-Hall Inc 2nd ed, Englewood
Middle to Upper Eocene whale-bearing succession in the Fayum Cliffs, p 604
Depression. Egypt Sedimentol 57:446–476 Dolson JC, El Barkooky AN, Wehr F, Gingerich P, Prochazka N, Shann
Abdel-Fattah ZA, Gingras MK, Pemberton SG (2011) Significance M (2002) The Eocene and Oligocene paleo-ecology and paleo-
of hypoburrow nodule formation associated with large biogenic geography of Whale Valley and the Fayoum Basins: implications
sedimentary structures in open-marine bay siliciclastics of the for hydrocarbon eploration in the Nile Delta and eco-tourism in
upper Eocene Birket Qarun Formation, Wadi Al–Hitan, Fayum, the Greater Fayoum Basin. AAPG, Search and Discovery
Egypt. Sediment Geol 233:111–128 Dolson JC, Boucher PJ, Siok J, Heppard PD (2005) Key challenges to
Abu El Ghar MS (2012) Sequence stratigraphy and cyclicity in the realizing full potential in an emerging giant gas province: Nile
Middle Eocene of the Fayoum ranges, Western Desert, Egypt: Delta/Mediterranean offshore, deep water, Egypt. In: AG Doré,
implications for regional sea level changes. Mar Pet Geol BA Vining (eds.) Petroleum geology: north-west europe and
29:276–292 global perspectives—proceedings of the 6th petroleum geology
Ahmed SM (2001) Contribution to sedimentary nature of Eocene conference. Geological Society of London, petroleum geology
sequence, Fayum, Egypt. Sediment Egypt 9:27–41 conference series no. 6, pp. 607–24
Allen JRL (1965) A review of the original characteristics of recent Dunham RJ (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depo-
alluvial sediment. Sedimentology 5:89–191 sitional texture. In: Ham WE (eds.) Classification of carbonate
Ashour A, Jonathan P, Philippe D, Mathieu SS, Philippe S, Jacques rocks. American association of petroleum geologists, memoir, 1,
J, Jean-Loup R (2012) New insight into the sedimentology and 108–121
stratigraphy of the Dur At Talah tidal-fluvial transition sequence EGPC/CONOCO (1987) Geological Map of Egypt, NH36SW Sheet
(Eocene–Oligocene, Sirt Basin, Libya). J Afr Earth Sci 65:72–90 of Beni Suef, 1:500000. Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation
Bassiouni M, Boukhary M, Shama K, Blondeau A (1984) Mid- and Conoco, Cairo
dle eocene ostracodes from Fayoum. Egypt Geol Mediterr El Zarka MH (1983) Mode of hydrocarbon generation and prospects
11:181–192 of the northern part of the Western Desert, Egypt. J Afr Earth
Beadnell HJL (1901) The Fayum depression, A preliminary notice of Sci 1:295–304
the geology of a district in Egypt containing a new Palaeogene El-Fawal FM, El-Asmar HM, Sarhan MA (2013) Depositional evolu-
fauna. Geol Mag 8:240–546 tion of the Middle–Upper Eocene rocks, Fayum area, Egypt. Arab
Beadnell HJL (1905) The topography and geology of the Fayum prov- J Geosci 6:749–760
ince of Egypt. Surv Department, Cairo, p 101 EL-Younsy AR, Mansour HH, Youssef MM, Makram MHM (1999)
Bown TM, Kraus MJ (1988) Geology and Paleoenvironment of the Sedimentology and mineralogy of the Upper Eocene-Oligocene
Oligocene Gebel Qatrani formation and adjacent rocks, Fayum sequence northwest Birket Qarun, Fayum Depression, Western
Depression, Egypt. US Geological Survey Professional, p 1–60 Desert, Egypt. In: Proceedings of the first international conference
Boyd R, Suter J, Penland S (1989) Relation of sequence stratigraphy to on the Geology of Africa. Assiut University, Egypt, I, 137–159
modern sedimentary environments. Geology 17:926–929 EL-Younsy AR, Obaidalla NA, Philobbos ER, Salman AM (2015)
Catuneanu O, Embry AF, Eriksson PG (2004) Concepts ofsequence Depositional environments and sequence stratigraphy of the Cam-
stratigraphy. In: Eriksson PG, Altermann W, Nelson D, Mueller panian-Eocene succession, Gabal Oweina area, Upper Egypt. 8th
W, Catuneanu O (eds) The precambrian earth: tempos and events, International conference on the geology of Africa. Assiut Univ
developments in precambrian geology 12. Elsevier Science Ltd., Egypt I:73–98
Amsterdam, pp 685–705 EL-Younsy AR, Obaidalla NA, Philobbos ER, Salman AM (2017)
Catuneanu O, Khalifa MA, Wanas HA (2006) Sequence stratigraphy High-resolution sequence stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous–
and incised-valley systems of the Cenomanian Bahariya Forma- Lower Paleogene succession, Gabal Qreiya area Upper Egypt.
tion, Western Desert, Egypt. Sediment Geol 190:121–137 Arab J Geosci 10:531
Catuneanu O, Abreu V, Bhattacharya JP, Blum MD, Dalrymple RW, Embry AF, Klovan JE (1972) Absolute water depth limits of late Devo-
Eriksson PG, Fielding CR, Fishe WL, Galloway WE, Gibling MR, nian paleoecological zones. Geol Rundsch 61:672–686
Giles KA, Holbrook JM, Jordan R, Kendall CGSC, Macurda B, Emery D, Myers KJ (1996) Sequence stratigraphy. Blackwell, Oxford,
Martinsen OJ, Miall AD, Neal JE, Nummedal D, Pomar L, Posa- p 297p
mentier HW, Prat BR, Sarg JF, Shanley KW, Steel RJ, Strasser Fawzy A, Dahi M (1992) Regional geological evolution of the western
A, Tucker ME, Winker C (2009) Towards the standardization of desert, Egypt. Geol Arab World Cairo Univ 1:111–149
sequence stratigraphy. Earth Sci Rev 92:1–33 Galloway WE (1981) Depositional architecture of Cenozoic Gulf coast
Cherif OH, El-Afifi FI (1983) Remarks on the stratigraphy and tecto- plain fluvial systems. In: Ethridge FG, Flores RM (eds.) Recent
nism of the main Oligocene exposures in Egypt. Ann Geol Surv and ancient non-marine depositional environments. Special pub-
Egypt 13:247–255 lication, society of economic paleontologists and mineralogists,
Cloetingh S (1988) Intraplate stress: new element in basin analysis. In: Tulsa, vol 31, pp 127–155
Kleinspehn KL, Paola C (eds) New perspectives in basin analysis. Galloway WE, Hobday DK (1996) Terrigenous clastic depositional
Springer, New York, p 230p systems: applications to fossil fuel and groundwater resources 2nd
Coleman RG (1981) Tectonic setting for ophiolite obduction in Oman. ed. Springer, Berlin, p 489
J Geophys Res 86:2497–2508 Gharecheloua S, Aminia A, Bohlolib B, Swennenc R, Nikandishd
Cuvilleir J (1930) On Upper Eocene in Egypt and geographical distri- A, Farajpourd V (2020) Distribution of geomechanical units
bution of Upper Eocene. In: Hume WF (ed) Geology of Egypt, a constrained by sequence stratigraphic framework: useful data
13

improving reservoir characterization. Mar Pet Geol 117:104398. Posamentier HW, James DP (1993) An overview of sequence strati-
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104398 graphic concepts: uses and abuses. In: Posamentier HW, Haq BU,
Gingerich PD (1993) Oligocene age of the Gebel Qatrani formation, Allen GP (eds) Sequence stratigraphy and facies associations.
Fayum, Egypt. J Hum Evol 24:207–218 Special publications, International Association of Sedimentolo-
Guiraud R, Bosworth W, Thierry J, Delplanque A (2005) Phanerozoic gists, vol 18, pp 3–18
geological evolution of Northern and Central Africa: an overview. Posamentier HW, Vail PR (1988) Eustatic controls on clastic depo-
J Afr Earth Sci 43:83–143 sition. II. Sequence and systems tract models. In: Wilgus CK,
Haq BU, Hardenbol J, Vail PR (1987) Chronology of fluctuating sea Hastings BS, Kendall CGSC, Posamentier HW, Ross CA, Van
level since the Triassic. Science 235:1156–1167 Wagoner JC (eds) Sea level changes––an integrated approach,
Iskandar F (1943) Geological survey of the Gharaq El Sultani Sheet SEPM Special Publication, vol 42, pp 125–154
No. 68/54. The standard oil company of Egypt. SA, Report No. Rasmussen DT, Bown TM, Simons EL (1992) The Eocene–Oligocene
57, 36 transition in continental Africa. In: Prothero DR, Berggren WA
Ismail MM, Abdel-Kireem MR (1971) Contributions to the stratigra- (eds) Eocene–oligocene climatic and biotic evolution. Princeton
phy of the Fayoum Province. Bull Fac Sci Alex Univ 11:57–63 University Press, Princeton, pp 548–566
King C, Underwood C, Steurbaut E (2014) Eocene stratigraphy of the Reineck HE, Singh IB (1973) Depositional sedimentary environments,
Wadi Al-Hitan world heritage site and adjacent areas (Fayum, with reference to Terrigenous Classics. Springer, Berlin, p 439
Egypt). Stratigraphy 11(3–4):185–234 Saber SG (1988) Stratigraphy and facies analysis of the Eocene rocks
Koss JE, Ethridge FG, Schumm SA (1994) An experimental study of in the area between Fayoum and Nile Valley. Egypt Earth Sci Ser
the effects of base level change on fluvial, coastal plain and shelf 12:106–122
systems. J Sediment Petrol 64:90–98 Said R (1962) The geology of Egypt. Elsevier pub. Co., Amsterdam,
Kostandi AB (1963) Eocene facies maps and tectonic interpreta- p 377
tion in the Western Desert UAR. Revue de l’ Inst Fr du Pétrole Said R (1990) The geology of Egypt. A. A Balkema, Rotterdam, p 734
18:1331–1343 Salem R (1976) Evaluation of Eocene—Miocene sedimentation pat-
Legler B, Johnson HD, Hampson GJ, Massart BYG, Jackson C-L, Jack- terns in parts of Northern Egypt . AAPG Bull 60:34–64
son MD, El-Barkooky AN, Ravnas R (2013) Facies model of a Schumm SA (1993) River response to base level change: implications
fine-grained, tide-dominated delta: Lower Dir Abu Lifa Member for sequence stratigraphy. J Geol 101:279–294
(Eocene), Western Desert, Egypt. Sedimentology 60:1313–1356 Selim SS (2017) Sedimentological architecture, shelf-edge trajectories
Mader D (1985) Depositional mechanisms controlling formation of and evolution of an Oligocene reservoir. East Nile Delta Geol Mag
coarse fluvial conglomerates in the Lower Triassic Continental 155(3):747–771
Red Beds of Middle Europe. In: Mader D (ed) Aspects of fluvial Sestini G (1984) Tectonic and sedimentary history of NE African mar-
sedimentation in the Lower Triassic Buntsandstein of Europe. gin (Egypt/Libya). In: Dixon JE, Robertson AHF (eds.) The geo-
Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences, vol 4, pp 251–280 logical evolution of the eastern mediterranean, Geological Society
Mahmoud MMM (1993) Contribution to the mineralogy and petrology London Special Publication, vol 17, pp 161–175
of Gebel Qatrani, Fayum province, Egypt. M. Sc. Thesis, Faculty Shanley KW (1991) Sequence stratigraphic relationships and facies
of Science EL-Minia University, p 240 architecture of Turonian-Campanian strata, Kaiparowits Plateau,
Makram MHM (1998) Geological and sedimentological studies on the south-central Utah, PhD dissertation, Department of Geology
area northwest Birket Qarun, Fayum-Egypt. M.Sc Thesis, Geol- and Geological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden,
ogy Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, p 175 Colorado, p 390
Mc Clusky S, Reilinger R, Mahmoud S, BenSari D, Tealeb A (2003) Shanley KW, McCabe PJ (1989) Sequence stratigraphic relationships
GPS constraints on Africa (Nubia) and Arabia plate motions. Geo- and facies architecture of Turonian-Campanian strata, Kaip-
phys J Int 155:126–138 arowits Plateau, south-central Utah. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull
Mc Gowen JH, Garner LE (1970) Physiographic features and strati- 73:410–411
fication types of coarse-grained point bars: modern and ancient Shanley KW, McCabe PJ (1990) Tidal influence in fluvial strata-a key
examples. Sedimentology 14:77–111 element in high resolution sequence stratigraphic correlation. Am
Miall AD (1986) Eustatic sea-level changes interpreted from seismic Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 74:762–764
stratigraphy: a critique of the methodology with particular refer- Shanley KW, McCabe PJ (1991) Predicting facies architecture through
ence to the North Sea Jurassic record. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull sequence stratigraphy-an example from the Kaiparowits Plateau,
70:131–137 Utah. Geology 19:742–745
Miall AD (1991) Stratigraphic sequences and their chronostratigraphic Shanley KW, McCabe PJ (1994) Perspective on the sequence stratigra-
correlation. J Sediment Petrol 61:497–505 phy of continental strata. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 78:544–568
Moody-Stuart M (1966) High and low sinuosity stream deposits Shata A (1953) New light on structural developments of the Western
with examples from the Devonian of Spitsbergen. J Sed Petrol Desert of Egypt. Inst Désert Egypte Bull 3:101–106
36:1102–1117 Smith AG (1971) Alpine deformation and the oceanic areas of Tethys,
Obaidalla NA, Eounsy AR, Philobbos ER, Salman AM (2017) Impact Mediterranean and Atlantic. Geol Soc Am Bull 82:2039–2070
of the African/Arabian and Eurasian plates collision on the evolu- Strougo A, Faris M, Haggag MAY, Abul-Nasr RA, Gingerich PD
tion of the upper cretaceous-lower paleogene sedimentary basin, (2013) Planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil
eastern Desert, Egypt. Int J Ecol Sci Environ Eng 4(5):51–71 biostratigraphy through the middle to late Eocene transition at
Peters SE, Antar MSM, Zalmout IS, Gingerich PD (2009) Sequence Wadi Hitan, Fayum Province, Egypt. Contrib Mus Paleontol Univ
stratigraphic control on preservation of late Eocene whales and Mich 32:111–138
other vertebrates at Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt. Palaios 24:290–302 Swedan AH (1986) Contribution to the geology of Fayum area, Ph. D.
Pettijhon FJ, Potter PN, Siever R (1973) Sand and sandstone. Springer, Thesis, Faculty of Science Cairo University, p 255
Berlin, p 617 Swedan AH (1992) Stratigraphy of the Eocene sediments in the Fayum
Posamentier HW, Allen GP (1999) Siliciclastic sequence stratigraphy- area. Ann Geol Surv Egypt 18:157–166
concepts and applications: society of economic paleontologists Tawadros EE (2011) Geology of north Africa. CRC Press Taylor &
and mineralogists. Concepts Sedimentol Paleontol 7:210 Francis Group, Boca Raton, p 931
13

Vail PR, Mitchum RM, Thompson S (1977) Seismic stratigraphy and Westcott WA (1993) Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of
global sea level, part 3: relative changes of sea level from coastal fluvial systems-some implications for sequence stratigraphy. Am
onlap. In: CE Payton (ed.) Seismic stratigraphy- applications to Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 77:208–218
hydrocarbon exploration, American Association of petroleum Youssef EAA, Abdel Fattah MA, Refaat A (2006) Sequence stratigra-
geologists Memoirs. No. 26, 63–81 phy of the Late Eocene/Oligocene alluvial/paralic succession in
Vail PR, Audemard F, Bowman SA, Eisner PN, Perez-Cruz C (1991) the Fayium area, Western Desert, Egypt. Bull Tethys Geol Soc
The stratigraphic signatures of tectonics, eustasy and sedimentol- 1:59–70
ogy—an overview. In: Einsele G, Ricken W, Seilacher A (eds) Zalat AA (1995) Calcareous nannoplankton and diatoms from the
Cycles and events in stratigraphy. Springer, Berlin, pp 617–659 Eocene/Pliocene sediments, Fayoum depression, Egypt. J Afr
Van Wagoner JC, Mitchum JRM, Campion KM, Rahmanian VD (1990) Earth Sci 20:227–244
Siliciclastic sequence stratigraphy in well logs, core, and outcrops:
concepts for high-resolution correlation of time and facies. Am Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to
Assoc Petrol Geol Methods Explor Ser 7:1–55 jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Walker RG (1990) Facies modelling and sequence stratigraphy. J Sedi-
ment Petrol 60:777–786
Wanas HA (1992) Sedimentological studies of the Eocene rocks in
the Fayum Province. M. SC. Thesis, Faculty of Science Menofia
University
13

Terms and Conditions
Springer Nature journal content, brought to you courtesy of Springer Nature Customer Service Center GmbH (“Springer Nature”).
Springer Nature supports a reasonable amount of sharing of research papers by authors, subscribers and authorised users (“Users”), for small-
scale personal, non-commercial use provided that all copyright, trade and service marks and other proprietary notices are maintained. By
accessing, sharing, receiving or otherwise using the Springer Nature journal content you agree to these terms of use (“Terms”). For these
purposes, Springer Nature considers academic use (by researchers and students) to be non-commercial.
These Terms are supplementary and will apply in addition to any applicable website terms and conditions, a relevant site licence or a personal
subscription. These Terms will prevail over any conflict or ambiguity with regards to the relevant terms, a site licence or a personal subscription
(to the extent of the conflict or ambiguity only). For Creative Commons-licensed articles, the terms of the Creative Commons license used will
apply.
We collect and use personal data to provide access to the Springer Nature journal content. We may also use these personal data internally within
ResearchGate and Springer Nature and as agreed share it, in an anonymised way, for purposes of tracking, analysis and reporting. We will not
otherwise disclose your personal data outside the ResearchGate or the Springer Nature group of companies unless we have your permission as
detailed in the Privacy Policy.
While Users may use the Springer Nature journal content for small scale, personal non-commercial use, it is important to note that Users may
not:
1. use such content for the purpose of providing other users with access on a regular or large scale basis or as a means to circumvent access
control;
2. use such content where to do so would be considered a criminal or statutory offence in any jurisdiction, or gives rise to civil liability, or is
otherwise unlawful;
3. falsely or misleadingly imply or suggest endorsement, approval , sponsorship, or association unless explicitly agreed to by Springer Nature in
writing;
4. use bots or other automated methods to access the content or redirect messages
5. override any security feature or exclusionary protocol; or
6. share the content in order to create substitute for Springer Nature products or services or a systematic database of Springer Nature journal
content.
In line with the restriction against commercial use, Springer Nature does not permit the creation of a product or service that creates revenue,
royalties, rent or income from our content or its inclusion as part of a paid for service or for other commercial gain. Springer Nature journal
content cannot be used for inter-library loans and librarians may not upload Springer Nature journal content on a large scale into their, or any
other, institutional repository.
These terms of use are reviewed regularly and may be amended at any time. Springer Nature is not obligated to publish any information or
content on this website and may remove it or features or functionality at our sole discretion, at any time with or without notice. Springer Nature
may revoke this licence to you at any time and remove access to any copies of the Springer Nature journal content which have been saved.
To the fullest extent permitted by law, Springer Nature makes no warranties, representations or guarantees to Users, either express or implied
with respect to the Springer nature journal content and all parties disclaim and waive any implied warranties or warranties imposed by law,
including merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.
Please note that these rights do not automatically extend to content, data or other material published by Springer Nature that may be licensed
from third parties.
If you would like to use or distribute our Springer Nature journal content to a wider audience or on a regular basis or in any other manner not
expressly permitted by these Terms, please contact Springer Nature at
[email protected]

Sequence Stratigraphic Framework of The Upper Eoce

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sequence Stratigraphic Framework of The Upper Eoce

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sequence Stratigraphic Framework of The Upper Eoce

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Environmental Earth Sciences (2021) 80:350

Sequence stratigraphic framework of the Upper Eocene–Oligocene

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Qasr El‑Sagha formation rippled, cross-laminated and highly bioturbated siliceous

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Gebel Qatrani Fm (~ 70–150 m)

facies association constituting this depositional sequence Depositional sequence‑2 (DS‑2)

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Fig. 10 North Africa paleogeo-

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

Content courtesy of Springer Nature, terms of use apply. Rights reserved.

You might also like