Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 3 views

    2.meiosis 1

    Uploaded by

    taskmask37
    Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It occurs in the production of gametes (eggs and sperm). There are two rounds of division, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II involves separating sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells that are genetically different from each other and the original cell. Meiosis produces genetic variation that is important for survival of organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    2.meiosis 1

    Uploaded by

    taskmask37
    3 views36 pages
    Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It occurs in the production of gametes (eggs and sperm). There are two rounds of division, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II involves separating sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells that are genetically different from each other and the original cell. Meiosis produces genetic variation that is important for survival of organisms.

    Original Description:

    Original Title

    2.MEIOSIS_1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It occurs in the production of gametes (eggs and sperm). There are two rounds of division, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II involves separating sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells that are genetically different from each other and the original cell. Meiosis produces genetic variation that is important for survival of organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views36 pages

    2.meiosis 1

    Uploaded by

    taskmask37
    Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It occurs in the production of gametes (eggs and sperm). There are two rounds of division, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II involves separating sister chromatids, resulting in four haploid cells that are genetically different from each other and the original cell. Meiosis produces genetic variation that is important for survival of organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 36

    MEIOSIS

    BY:M.SAIDI

    0848331738
    ThunderEDUC
    FOR OUR STUDY VIDEOS –

    FOR STUDY NOTES :

    ThunderEDUC
     a type of cell division that results in four
    daughter cells each with half the number
    of chromosomes of the parent cell.
     as in the production of gametes and plant
    spores.
     In animals, its occurs ovary–female-ova
     testes-male-spermatozoa
     In plants, it occurs in ovary-female-ovules
     anthers-male-pollen grains
     Chromosomes are
    thread-like structures
    present in the nucleus,
    which carries genetic
    information from one
    generation to another.
     Each chromosome is
    made up of DNA (genes) Un-replicated
    tightly coiled many times chromosomes

    around proteins called replicated


    chromosomes
    histones that support
    its structure.
     The number of
    chromosomes in a cell is a
    characteristic of an
    organism (for example
    humans have 46
    chromosomes/23 pairs)
     Chromosomes which are
    single threads/strand, Single double
    become double (two stranded stranded
    chromos chromosomes
    chromatids joined by a omes
    centromere) as a result of
    DNA replication
     Haploid is the quality of a cell or organism
    having a single set of chromosomes
     Diploid is when a cell or organism has paired
    or two sets chromosomes, one from each
    parent.
     For sexual reproduction to take place, a
    haploid male gamete will fuse with a haploid
    female gamete during fertilization. The result
    is a diploid zygote
    haploid + haploid = diploid
    Half Half = whole
    n n 2n
    sperm + ovum =zygote
     Sex cells (gametes) i.e. sperms and ova are
    haploid (n), (23 chromosomes in human)
     somatic cells (body cells) are diploid (2n),(46
    / 23 pairs of chromosomes in human).
    The 23 pairs of chromosomes that result in a
    zygote are divided as follows:
     22 pairs of autosomes
     1 pair of sex chromosomes / gonosomes
    represented by:
    XX in females
    XY in males
     Humans cells are made of 46 chromosomes,
     arranged in pairs, each pair is different from
    other by shape, size and genetic composition.
     from pair 1 to 22 are called Autosomes,
     the 23rd pair is called Gonosome, which has
    XX for female and XY for male, X is long and
    big over Y
     OccursIn every living organism, in the
    somatic (body) cells to produce
    genetically identical cells.
     Two identical cells are produced with
    identical chromosomes equal to the
    original cell.
     Mitosis
    has only one cycle i.e. NO one
    and two
     a type of cell division that results in four
    daughter cells each with half the number
    of chromosomes of the parent cell.
     Meiosis is a continuous process but the
    events are divided into different phases.
     Events of interphase:
     DNA replication takes place
     Chromosomes which are single threads,
    become double
     Each chromosome will now consist of
    two
     chromatids joined by a centromere
     DNA Replication
     DNA replication helps to double the
    genetic
     material so that it can be shared
    equally by the new cells arising from
    cell division
     Prophase I
     Metaphase I
     Anaphase I
     Telophase I

     Prophase II
     Metaphase II
     Anaphase II
     Telophase II
     IPMAT
     Meiosis I (first meiotic division): this is called
    reduction division where the chromosome
    number in the nucleus is halved. The
    resulting gametes are haploid.

    ➢ PROPHASE 1
    ➢ Chromatin network condense
    to forms chromosomes.
    ➢ Homologous chromosomes are
    formed.
    ➢ Crossing over takes place
    ➢ Spindle threads start formed.
    ➢ Nuclear membrane disappears.
     Homologous
    chromosomes align
    together
    • One chromatid of each
    chromosome overlaps
    with a chromatid of its
    homologous partner.
    • crossing-over takes place
    at a point called chiasma
     The chromosomes
    separate in such that the
    each has new genetic
    material from both
    chromosome is shared.
     Homologous
    chromosomes
    randomly line up
    along the equator
    of the cell in two
    rows.
     Each chromosomes
    is attached to the
    spindle thread
    from each pole.
     The spindle
    threads shorten
    and pull the
    homologous
    chromosomes to
    the opposite poles.
     Chromosomes of
    the homologous
    pair separate.
    ➢ chromosomes reach at
    the poles of the cell.
    ➢ Cytoplasm and cell
    membrane divide
    (cytokinesis)
    ➢ two haploid cells are
    formed.
    ➢ Nucleolus reforms
    ➢ New nuclear membrane
    forms around
     PROPHASE 2 METAPHASE 2
    ➢ Nucleolus and nuclear Individual chromosomes
    membrane disappears. line up at the equator of
    ➢ New spindle fibres are each cell, with the
    centromeres attached to
    formed.
    the spindle fibres.
    ➢ Chromosomes become
    visible.
     ANAPHASE 2
     The spindle fibres start
    to contract.
     The centromeres split
    and homologous
    chromosomes/
    chromatids are pulled
    to the opposite poles
    of each cell.
     The daughter chromosomes
    reach the poles
     a new nucleus forms.
     The cell membrane of each cell
    constricts
     the cytoplasm divides into two
    cells. (cytokinesis)
     Four haploid daughter cells are
    formed.
     Each daughter cell has half the
    number of chromosomes of the
    original cell.
     The daughter cells are genetically
    different from each other.
     Production of haploid gametes
     The halving effect of meiosis overcomes the
    doubling effect of fertilisation,
     Thus maintaining a constant chromosome
    number from one generation to the next.
     produces genetic variation by way of the
    process of recombination.
     Why is meiosis important for survival?
     It is of great importance, because it creates
    genetic diversity in the population. Hence
    differences in survival of organisms in
    environment
     Is the differences between organisms of
    the same species. It may be due to genetic
    factors or environmental factors.

     CAUSES OF GENETIC VARIATION


     1.Crossing-over
     2.Random arrangement of
    chromosomes during metaphase
     3.Random fertilization
     4.Random mating
     5.Mutation
     1.CROSSING-OVER
     When homologous
    chromosomes form pairs
    during prophase I of
    meiosis I, crossing-over can
    occur.
     leads to new
    combinations of maternal
    and paternal genetic
    material in each new cell
     The random arrangement of chromosomes during
    metaphase results in gametes with a unique
    combinations of alleles.
     at the equator during metaphase, it allows different
    combinations of chromosomes/chromatids to go
    into each new cell resulting from meiosis, making
    them different.
    Any sperm cell stand a chance of fertilising
    any egg cell/ovum.between different ovum
    and different sperm cells formed by meiosis
    result in offspring that are different from each
    other.
     Mating takes place within species/ organisms
    randomly which leads to a different set of
    offspring from each mating pair.
     changes the structure of a gene or
    chromosome and therefore the organism’s
    genotype changes too.
     Since the genotype influences the phenotype,
    it creates organisms with new, different
    characteristics from one generation to the
    next.
     Non-disjunction, is the failure of
    chromosomes or chromatids to separate
    during anaphase.
     Each nucleus should contain 23 chromosomes after
    meiosis but if Non-disjunction occurs,
     one nucleus contains 22 while the other has
    24,When either of these resulting gametes fuses
    with a normal gamete(23), the result in 45 or 47
    chromosomes instead of 46 (23 + 22 = 45 or 23 +
    24 = 47),
     this may lead to Down syndrome child
     The child will have 45 autosomes, with three
    number 21chromosomes instead of the normal pair
    and one pair of sex chromosomes.
     Women over the age of 40 have a greater chance
    of having a child with Down;s Syndrome.
     stocky body
     distinct facial features such as a flattened face
    with a small, broad nose, small skin
     folds in the inner corner of the eyes that appear
    to slant upward, ears situated lower
     down on the head and a large tongue
     broad hands with short fingers and a crease that
    runs across the palm
     a wide space between the first and second toes.
    MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II

    The chromosomes arrange at the Chromosomes line up at the


    equator of the cell in homologous pairs. equator of the cell individually.
    Whole chromosomes move to opposite Daughter chromosomes/chromatids
    poles of the cell. move to opposite poles of the cell.
    Two cells form at the end of this Four cells are formed at the end of
    division. this division.
    The chromosome number is halved The chromosome number remains
    during meiosis I. the same during meiosis II.

    Crossing over takes place. Crossing over does not take place.
    ➢ Both processes involve division of the nucleus.
    ➢ Both involve cell division.(formation of new cells)
    ➢ Both the processes occur in the M-phase of the
    cell cycle.
    ➢ In both cycles, the stages are common –
    prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
    ➢ Synthesis of DNA occurs in both.
    ➢ Cytokinesis takes place
    MITOSIS MEIOSIS
    Occurs all cells/somatic (body) Occurs Reproductive organs
    cells (ovaries and testes)
    Production of genetically identical Production of genetically non -
    cells identical cells
    Results in 2 daughter cells Results in 4 daughter cells
    One nuclear division Two nuclear divisions
    No crossing-over in prophase 1 crossing-over in prophase 1
    occurs

    Resulting daughter cells are Resulting daughter cells are


    diploid (2n) haploid (n)

    Results in somatic cells Results in gametes (eg sperms and


    ova)
    TOGETHER WE CAN MAKE SOUTH
    AFRICA SHINE

    EACH STEP AHEAD


    MAKES A DIFFERENCE

    BY:M.SAIDI
    Email:[email protected]
    contact: 0848331738

    EMPOWERD BY: Thunder MOVIES

    You might also like