EC8751 UNIT 5 Non Linear Effects
EC8751 UNIT 5 Non Linear Effects
EC8751 UNIT 5 Non Linear Effects
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• A connection request between modes A and B is blocked if one of the H
intervening fibers is full.
• The probability Pb’ that a the connection request from A to B is blocked is
the probabity and fiber link with all wavelength F.
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• The effect of path length is small, and q rapidly approaches I as F becomes
large.
A Network Without Wavelength Conversion
• A connection request between A and B can be honoured only if there is a
free wavelength.
• The probability Pb that the connection request from A and B is blocked is
the probability that each wavelength is used on at least one of the H links,
• Where the approximation holds for large values of H and for Pb1/F not too
close to unity.
• In this case, the achievable utilization is inversely proportional to the length
of the path H between A and B.
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• Here the effect of path length (i.e., the number of links) is dramatic.
• The gain G=q/P to be the increase in fiber or wavelength utilization for the
same blocking probability.
• The non-linear process can be depend on the transmission length, the cross-
sectional area of the fiber, and the optical power level in the fiber.
• Effective Length Leff: Which takes into account power adsorption along
the length of the fiber (i.e., optical power decays exponentially with length) is
given by
• When there is a optical amplifier in a link, the effective length is the sum of
the effective lengths of the individual spans between optical amplifiers.
• If the total amplified link length is LA and the span length between
amplifier is L, the effective length is
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• The total fraction of power coupled out of 0 to all the other channel is
• To keep power penalty <0.5 dB and Fout <0.1 use equation (5.31) with
Aeff=55μm2, the criterion.
• The SBS threshold power increase as the source linewidth becomes larger.
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• Several schemes are available for reducing the power penalty effects of
SBS as follows:
- Keeping the optical power per WDM channel below the SBS thresholds, for
long-haul systems.
- Increasing the linewidth of the source, smince the gain bandwidth of SBS is
very small. This can be achieved through direct modulation of the source.
- Slightly dithering the laser output in frequency, at roughly tens of kilohertz.
The dither frequency should scale as the ratio of the injected power to the SBS
threshold.
4. Cross Talk
Crosstalk: it is defined us the feed through of one channel signal into another
channel.
Types Of Crosstalk:
There are two types of crosstalk that can occur is WDM systems:
(1) Intrachannel crosstalk
(2) Interechannel crosstalk
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Two independent signals, each at a wavelength 1, enter an optical switch.
This switch routes the signal entering port 1 to output port 4, and routes the
signal entering port 2 to output port 3.
Within the switch, a spurious fraction of the optical power entering port 1 gets
coupled to port 3, where it interferes with the signal from port 2.
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Example, a 1 –dB penalty arises when the intrachannel level is 38.7 dB below
the signal level and for interchannel crosstalk is 16 dB below the signal.
Optical CDMA
To communicate with another node, user imprint their agreed upon code onto
the data. The receiver can then decode the bit stream by locking onto the code
sequence.
The concept is to spread the energy of the optical signal over a frequency band
that is much wider than the minimum bandwidth required to send the
information.
On optical encoder is used to map each bit of information into the high-rate
(longer-code-length) optical sequence.
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The signature sequence contains six chips. When the data signal contains 1 data
bit, the six-chip sequence is transmitted, no chips are sent for a 0 data bit.
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To send information from node j to node k, the address code for node k is
impressed upon the data by the encoder at node j.
Each receiver correlates its own address f(n) with the received signal s(n). The
receiver output r(n) is
Prime-sequence codes and optical orthogonal codes (OOCs) are the commonly
used spreading sequences in optical CDMA systems.
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Repetition rate typically ranges from 2.5 to 10 Gb/S, which corresponds to the
bit rate of the electric data tributaries feeding the system.
The pulse streams is 10 Gb/S and N=4, each of these channels is then
individually modulated by an electrical tributary data source at a bit rate B.
Optical post amplifier and preamplifier are generally included in the link to
compensated for splitting and attenuation loss.
At the receiving end, the aggregate pulse stream is demultiplexed into the
original N independent data channels for further signal processing.
Solitons
Group velocity dispersion (GVD) causes most pulses to broaden in time as they
propagate through an fiber.
A ‘solitons’ are pulses that travel along the fiber without change in shape or
amplitude or velocity.
The term “soliton” refers to special kinds of waves that can propagate
undistorted over long distances and remain unaffected after collision with each
other.
In an optical communication system, solitons are very narrow, high intensity
optical pulses that retain their shape through the interaction of balancing pulse
dispersion with the non-linear properties of an optical fiber.
In an relative effects of SPM and GVD are controlled just right, and the
appropriate pulse shape is chosen, the pulse compression routing from SPM can
exactly offset the pulse broadening effect of GVD.
Fundamental Solitons- The family of pulse that do not change in shape are
called fundamental solitons.
1. SOLITONS PULSE
When a pulse transverse a medium with a positive GVD parameter β 2 for the
constituent frequencies, the leading part of the pulse is shifted toward a longer
wavelength (lower frequencies) so that the speed in that portion increases.
In the trailing half, the frequency arises. So the speed decreases. This causes the
trailing edge to be further delayed.
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When a narrow high-intensity pulse traverse a medium with a negative GVD
parameter for the constituting frequencies, GVD counteracts the chirp
produced by SPM.
GND retards the low frequencies in the front end of the pulse and advances
the high frequencies at the back.
The result is that the high-intensity sharply peaked soliton pulse changes
neither its shape nor its spectrum as it travels along the fiber.
To derive the evolution of the pulse shape required for sodium transmission,
one needs to consider the non-linear schrodinger (NLS) equation
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Special soliton units to eliminate scaling constants.
The Three Right-Hand Terms
(1) The first term represents GVD effects of the fiber.
(2) The second non-linear term denotes the fact that the refractive index of
the fiber depends on the light intensity.
Through the self-modulation process, this physical phenomenon broadens the
frequency spectrum of a pulse.
(3) The third term represents the effects of energy loss or gain.
2. Solitons Parameters
Where such (t) is the hyperbolic secant function. This is a bell-shaped pulse.
The phase term exp (jz/2) in equation (5.46) has no influence on the shape of
the pulse, the soliton is independent of z and hence is non-dispersive in the
time domain.
For the NLS equation, to find the first-order effects of the dispersive and non-
linear terms are just complementary phase shifts.
For a given by equation (5.46), these phase shifts are
Since such a phase shift changes neither the temporal nor the spectral shape
of a pulse, the soliton remains completely non-dispersive in both the temporal
and frequency domain.
SONET/SDH
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✓ OC stands for optical carrier. It has become common to refer to SONET links
as OC-N links.
✓ The basic SDH rate is 155.52 Mb/s and is called the synchronous transport
module—level 1 (STM 1).
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SONET ADM is a fully synchronous, byte oriented device, that can be used
add/drop OC sub-channels within an OC-N signal
Ex: OC-3 and OC-12 signals can be individually added/dropped from an OC-48
carrier
SONET/SDH Rings:
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Ex: Total capacity OC-12 may be divided to four OC-3 streams, the OC-3 is
called a path here
✓ Rx compares the signals received via the primary and protection paths and
picks the best one
✓ Constant protection and automatic switching
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✓ If an entire node fails or both the primary and protection fibers in a given
span are severed, the adjacent nodes switch the primary-path connections to the
protection fibers, in order to loop traffic back to the previous node.
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In case of failure, the secondary fibers between only the affected nodes (3 & 4)
are used, the other links remain unaffected
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If both primary and secondary are cut, still the connection is not lost, but both
the primary and secondary fibers of the entire ring is occupied.
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• Each link can carry a certain number off wavelength which can be directed
independently to differently output paths at a node.
• Each node may have logical connections with several other nodes in the
network, where each connection uses a particular wavelength.
• The paths taken by any two connections do not overlap, they can use the
same wavelength.
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• Each transmitter sends its information at a fixed wavelength.
• All the transmissions from the various nodes are combined in a passive
star. Coupler or coupled onto a bus and sent out to all receivers.
• An interesting point to note is that the WDM setup is protocol transparent.
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• An example, a four node broadcast and select multihop network where each
node transmits on one set of two fixed wavelengths and receives on another set
of two fixed wavelengths.
• Information destined for other nodes will have to be routed through
intermediate stations.
• Considering the operation, a simplified transmission scheme in which
message are sent as packets with a data field and an address header containing
source and destination identifiers (i.e,. routing information) with control bits.
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• At intermediate node, the optical signal is converted to an electrical format.
• The address header is decoded to examine the routing information field,
which will indicate where the packet should go.
• Routing information is used to send the electronic packets from optical
transmitter to the next node in the logical path toward its final destination.
• Advantage: There are no destination conflicts or packet collisions in the
network.
• For H hops between nodes, there is a network throughput penalty of at least
1/H.
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• a (p,k)=(2,2) shuffle net, where the (k+1)th column represents the
completion of a trip around the cylinder back to the first column.
• Performance parameter for the shuffle net is the average number of hops
between any randomly chosen nodes.
• Since, all nodes have p output wavelength, p nodes can be reached from
any node in one hop, p2 additional nodes can be reached in two hope, until all
the (pk-1) other nodes are visited.
• The maximum number of hops is
• Consider figure above, the connections between nodes 1 and 5 and nodes 1
and 7. In first case, the hop number is one.
• In second case three hops are needed with routes 1- 6 – 7 or 1 – 5 – 2 -7.?