VioLert: Parking Violation Monitoring and Detection of Paid Parking Facilities

through Image Recognition

A Capstone Project Presented to

The Undergraduate Program
College of Technology
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

By

De Guzman, Julius Bryan B.

Engco, Barveily Joanabeth V.
Grefiel, Dharlene I.

Prof. Mark Anthony S. Mercado

July 2023
 Chapter One

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Parking is an important component of urban infrastructure, enabling a variety of

social and economic activities. This component compliments driving as it helps in
ensuring that people get to their destinations. However, acquiring parking space becomes
challenging at times due to urbanization's rapid growth, rising vehicle ownership, and a
shortage of available space. According to Parmar (2020), there is a linear increase to the
demand of parking space to the increasing number of vehicles. The effects of lack of
parking space can adversely affect traffic and

The preference of utilizing private vehicles to travel and work comes from the lack
of sustainable public transportation. According to Statista (2022), there are
approximately 1.27 million private cars registered in 2022 with a gradual increase
increased year-on-year since 2020. Given the variety of purposes to use vehicles, drivers
may ought to avail private or on-street parking. Consequently, using these places has
both rules set by law and the owner of the space itself. Any violations incurred within
these places result in penalties and fines and differ in consequences depending on the
violation.

Paid parking is a system in which drivers must pay in exchange for the right to
leave their cars in pre-designated parking spaces. Typically, parking authorities or
operators would charge this fee, which is intended to cover the costs of operating and
maintaining the parking lot or spot. In the Philippines, R.A. 4136 or “Land
Transportation and Traffic Code” covers parking regulations, violations, and penalties.
This includes the areas when and where parking is considered illegal.

As part of paid parking system, parking management is very essential to ensure

that parking spaces are utilized efficiently and effectively. Integration of technologies
such as sensors and mobile application development are being used to manage these

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spaces. There are also studies that utilize machine learning techniques to enhance the
capabilities of such tools that uses License Plate Recognition and Computer Vision Te

The study’s goal is to create a comprehensive, automated system for monitoring

and identifying parking violations in paid parking facilities. Given the complexity and
challenge of monitoring parking spaces, the study aims to leverage monitoring through
machine learning algorithms.

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1.2 Statement of the Problem

In developing a parking monitoring and detection system, the study seeks to

solve the following problems:

1. Insufficient Detection and Monitoring- The current methods for monitoring and

detecting violations are frequently manual and dependent on human observation, which

has the disadvantages of restricted coverage, delays in recognizing violations, and a

higher chance of inconsistent enforcement. The efficient enforcement of parking laws

and the equitable use of fee-based parking spots are seriously hampered by this.

2. Accuracy and Efficiency Challenges – Traditional methods for detecting parking

violations in facilities with paid parking frequently have low accuracy rates and are

inefficient. The effective detection of violations and timely enforcement actions are

hampered by human error, restricted visibility, and the inability to analyze a huge

volume of data in real-time. These difficulties result in missed violations, lost income,

and decreased parking management efficacy in general.

3. Resource Allocation and Optimization – Effective resource allocation is hampered

by the absence of an automated and intelligent method for monitoring and identifying

parking offenses in paid parking facilities. Parking authorities encounter difficulties in

efficiently deploying enforcement staff, managing parking spots, and improving revenue

collection without accurate data on infraction incidences and patterns. The ability to

maximize the use and profitability of paid parking spaces is hampered by this issue.

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1.3 Objective of the Study
1.3.1 General Objective

The general objective of the study is to develop and implement a parking

violation monitoring and detection of paid parking facilities system, which aims to
improve efficiency, accuracy, and fairness in resource allocation and enforcement by
using image recognition technology for parking violation monitoring and detection in
paid parking facilities.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1.3.2.1 Develop an automated parking violation monitoring system to

enhance coverage and remove the need for manual observation using image
recognition algorithms.

1.3.2.2 Enhance accuracy and efficiency in parking violation detection

by using real-time data analysis and machine learning methods.

1.3.2.3 Optimize resource allocation and revenue generation by

utilizing an intelligent parking management system.

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1.4 Significance of the Study

This study is beneficial to the following:

Parking Space Users – this study makes parking more equitable and
transparent for users. Users may be confident that parking restrictions are consistently
enforced thanks to accurate and effective infringement detection. This prevents
unpermitted parking, enhances access to parking spots, and encourages equitable use of
paid parking facilities.

Parking Enforcement Personnel – this study provides real-time warnings and

notifications about parking offenses, which makes the job of the staff members who
enforce parking regulations easier. This makes it possible for them to react quickly to
violations, issue penalties or warnings, and guarantee adherence to parking rules.

Parking Authorities and Operators – this study helps parking management

organizations and authorities to improve the management of parking lots and their
capacity for enforcement. They can increase accuracy rates, shorten enforcement
procedures, and more effectively deploy resources by automating the identification of
parking offenses.

City and Urban Planners – this study enhances parking management while
contributing to overall urban planning and transportation management initiatives. The
system helps municipal planners make informed decisions about parking infrastructure,
traffic management, and urban growth by providing useful data and insights about
parking violation trends, occupancy rates, and resource use.

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1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.5.1 Scope

This study covers creation and use of an image recognition-based system for
surveillance and detection of parking violations in paid parking facilities. The emphasis
is on implementing algorithms and technology to enhance parking infringement
detection's efficacy, accuracy, and fairness. Real-time monitoring, violation alerting, and
reporting features are also included in the scope to enable enforcement measures.

1.5.2 Limitations

The study focuses on a limited number of paid parking facilities in a specific

geographical area. It may be possible for the effectiveness and applicability of the
system to differ depending on the specific characteristics and context of the chosen area.
Depending on the parking facility selected, its implementation may require
specific hardware, such as surveillance cameras and sensors. The extent and viability of
the system may be affected by the accessibility and compatibility of the necessary
hardware infrastructure.
The study understands the significance of the legal and privacy issues related to
monitoring parking violations. Regarding the gathering and processing of visual data,
adherence to local laws, rules, and privacy policies is crucial.
For efficient coordination and enforcement operations, the research may link
with already-existing parking management systems, enforcement databases, or
communication channels. The scope includes considerations for seamless integration,
although the integration specifications and system compatibility may change.
Based on predetermined criteria and datasets, the research will assess the
system's efficiency and correctness. However, the assessment might not take into
consideration all possibilities, environmental factors, or variations in parking facility
layouts.

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 Chapter Two

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Related Literature

Local Literature

MMDA: 748 held for illegal parking

During road clearing operations carried out by the Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority (MMDA) last week, more than 700 persons were detained. The MMDA said
that 748 persons received infraction tickets for unauthorized parking between January 23
and January 28. (Ong, 2023)

Baguio tackles 11,000-slot parking backlog

Only 2,700 public parking spaces are currently open in the city, creating a short-term
backlog of more than 11,000 spaces. According to a study by the local administration,
Baguio needs to add between 14,000 and 22,000 more parking spots over the next three
years, according to Magalong. (Castillo, 2023)

San Juan City implements seamless payment via QR code for illegal parking fines

However, because the San Juan LGU and Starpay recently signed a Memorandum of
Agreement, vehicles that have been clamped are now able to promptly pay their fines to
the City Treasury online. All major banks and e-wallets can be used to pay the fee by
simply scanning a QR code the enforcer brought along. The clamps on their cars will then
be removed right away. (Doctolero, 2023)

Iloilo City to tow illegally parked vehicles

The municipal Legal Office is presently reviewing the Iloilo City Clamping Ordinance,
which permits the municipal government to work with a third party, he noted.The car will
be alerted and a complaint will be made to the LTO if the drivers are not present at the

7
time of the arrest, forcing them to pay their debt to the local government before the
vehicle can be renewed. (Lena, 2023)

Illegally parked vehicles worsen waste management problems—not just traffic—in

PH

To assist reduce traffic congestion in the city, the government has started cracking down
on illegally parked cars, especially those around the metro. But many of us are unaware
that these roadblocks have an impact on more than simply traffic—waste management is
one such issue that is impacted. (Grecia, 2023)

Should more PH parking garages use license plate recognition in payment process?
According to Laurel (2022), it's not just the lack of available free parking spaces that
might be a hassle. Long lineups at the exit can be very annoying as well, especially if
they are brought on by a poor payment system. Including license plate recognition
functionality in the payment systems for parking garages is one approach.

MMDA renews crackdown vs illegally-parked vehicles in NCR

As the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) began to remove

unlawfully parked cars from the Panay Avenue section of the Mabujay Lanes in Quezon
City, at least 25 vehicles were either given traffic violation notices or were towed.
(Recuenco, 2022)

Over 2K CAR vehicle owners fined for illegal parking

2,253 parking offenses have been reported in the region overall, according to the Police
Regional Office-Cordillera (PROCor), which released this information on Wednesday.
(Agoot, 2022)

What are the consequences of illegal parking in the Philippines?

It depends on a lot of variables, including the occasion, location, and length of your
illegal parking. Be aware that different local and federal government agencies will have
varying guidelines regarding vehicles parked unlawfully. (Lee, 2022)

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Illegal Parking Laws in the Philippines: How not to be a Parking Jerk

The daily severe traffic in the Metro has been attributed in large part to motorists
disobeying parking restrictions and regulations. Picture a city of 12.8 million people
crammed into a space about the size of Singapore, which, by the way, only has about half
as many people living there. Within the Metropolitan region, the criteria for parking vary
from city to city, with each having its own set of regulations. (Robles, 2021)

Manila fires 25 parking attendants

The MTPB advises that drivers only pay the prescribed parking fees that are shown on
the certified parking tickets that the local authority issues.The agency additionally
encouraged drivers to ignore parking penalties if the attendant declined to write down the
fee. (Lim, 2021)

MMDA seizes 85,000 illegally parked autos

Since beginning the city's enhanced campaign against unauthorized parking last year, the
Metro Manila Development Authority has seized a total of 85,637 automobiles. In
addition to the fines assessed to the owners, records from the MMDA Traffic Discipline
Office showed that 22,591 of the total number of vehicles seized in 2018 were
impounded. (Zurbano, 2019)

5 Things You Should Know About Illegal Parking and Traffic Violations in Metro
Manila

Unofficially, there is a "5-minute rule" for unattended vehicles. The owner of an

unattended unlawfully parked car will still be penalized as soon as an MMDA enforcer
shows up and notices the infringement. (Belle, 2019)

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Higher fines for illegal parking starting today—MMDA

According to an MMDA regulation, the fine for attended automobiles parked unlawfully
has increased from P200 to P1,000. Meanwhile, the penalty for abandoned automobiles
has increased from P500 to P2,000. From only P150, drivers who block the road will now
be subject to a P1,000 fine. With this, a driver who parks illegally could be penalized up
to P4,000 per day. (Orellana, 2018)

DLSU student drivers cite concerns on limited parking spaces

According to Felix & Santos (2017), 54 out of 55 DLSU student drivers who participated
in an informal survey conducted by The LaSallian in June expressed the opinion that
parking places near DLSU are insufficient. The Enrique Razon Sports Complex is
preferred by the majority of students for parking since it is safer and the security fee is
set. But, if the sports facility parking lot is full, students must park elsewhere, which is
frequently more expensive, hazardous, or both.

Foreign Literatures

Major challenges in managing parking lots

It can be difficult to install new parking options at malls and commercial centers that
already exist. Perhaps even more challenging is the integration of these technologies into
systems run by outside parties. For instance, a distinct provider might be in charge of
managing security and fire. Operations may be difficult unless all the companies involved
are ready to support integration. (Thomas, 2023)

How the $8 billion parking industry is evolving to stay alive

According to Ferris (2023), insiders claim that almost every market, with the exception of
hospitals and events, is seeing a flat or declining demand for paid parking. According to
Jerry Marcus, who owns the Parking Advisory Group, a parking consultant with offices
in Boston, the total revenue generated by the parking sector was estimated to be $121
billion in 2022.

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A plan for paid parking set to emerge in Napa three decades after meters were
removed

During the 2022 holiday season, the city conducted a parking survey and received 507
replies. During their most recent excursions to the downtown or Oxbow district, almost
35% of respondents stated it took them longer than 10 minutes to find a parking space,
and about the same percentage said they were "extremely unsatisfied" with their entire
parking experience. (Booth, 2023)

Traffic congestion control by monitor illegal parking and enabling intimation

According to Gomathi, et al. (2023), cities with illegal parking experience regular traffic
congestion. Automobile placement is typically done carelessly, with no regard for
substitute commuters. In a mere brief span of your time, black-market parking hampers
the conventional flow of traffic and inconveniences pedestrians.

What Causes Curbside Illegal Parking Behavior: A Method Based on Structural

Equation Model

According to Yan, Zhou & Ji (2023), the results showed that curbside illegal parking
behavior had a direct and positive link with parking facilities and driver characteristics
but a direct and negative correlation with the environment. Moreover, parking facilities
made the biggest difference.

Cities have a parking problem. More parking is not the solution.

Although parking is frequently considered to be a problem that primarily affects the

car-centric US, it's crucial to realize that it actually is a global concern. Cities around the
world are experiencing sharp increases in motor vehicle ownership along with a demand
for parking as global living standards rise and urbanization speeds up, especially in India
and China. Between 2001 and 2015, the number of private cars in India increased by
approximately 400%, from 55 million to 210 million. (Sisson, 2022)

11
The paid parking space organization as one of the ways to increase the capacity of
the road in Belgorod urban agglomeration

According to Kushchenko, Kushchenko, Ivan Novikov, & Alexander Novikov (2022),

several issues are brought about by the rapid increase of motorization, one of which is the
intense traffic flow and dearth of parking spots, particularly in the city's central business
district. To enhance the capacity of the road and arrange traffic without parking
violations, Belgorod is actively forming parking spots in the city's center. This will
increase traffic speed, cut down on delays, and improve the city's environmental
situation.

Paid Parking As Progressive Social Policy

Every day, passenger cars are driven for around an hour on average. It takes a lot of room
and storage to store vehicles during the other 23 hours of the day. In actuality, most
municipalities require at least three parking places per vehicle, including spaces for use at
home, at work, in educational and recreational facilities, and in commercial settings.
(Parking Management, 2022)

Analysis of the System of Controlling Paid Parking Zones

According to the findings of a process analysis of number plate identification for the
category of matches, all number plates (100%) were correctly identified throughout the
day. Its coefficient for evening was 99.06%. The authors came to the conclusion that the
anonymization procedure is 100% effective when applied to the number plates of
accidentally photographed automobiles, but only 98.8% effective when applied to
individuals. (Kozłowski et al., 2021)

Illegal parking and optimal enforcement policies with search friction

According to the model, drivers are more likely to park illegally when their dwell time is
short, and the likelihood of receiving a ticket rises with dwell time while falling with
arrival rate. We also give a counterintuitive conclusion that the citation fine can lengthen
the violators' dwell duration. (Nourinejad, Gandomi & Roorda, 2020)
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Sustainable Parking Management: Practices, Policies, and Metrics

According to Milosavljevic & Simicevic (2019), parking requirements are a rule that
directly affects the important parts of the parking supply. They can be formed up at the
national, regional, local, or in some situations, based on a national guidance paper, at the
local level.

A Guide to Parking

Video (image) analytics that keep an eye out for changes in a video stream (image) to
spot the presence or movement of cars in particular spots or when they're parked there.
Additionally, a business can identify vehicles by license plate and assist consumers in
remembering where their car is using this technology. (International Parking Institute,
2018)

Parking Solutions: A Comprehensive Menu of Solutions to Parking Problems

To be efficient parking enforcement must be regular, fair and polite. It is crucial to have
enough signs and warnings so that drivers are aware of what is required of them when
parking, how to pay, and the consequences of breaking the rules. Officers who enforce
parking laws ought to be polite and professional, providing information and support to
those who need it. Fines must be substantial enough to deter improper parking conduct
while without appearing exorbitant. (TDM Encyclopedia, 2017)

Market-Priced Parking in Theory and Practice

According to Access Magazine (2017), the cost of entering central London by car
increased from 0 to £5 when congestion pricing was imposed in London in 2004. The
first day of tolling saw a 25% decrease in traffic flow. Similar outcomes were observed in
Stockholm, where traffic levels decreased by more than 10%, and in Singapore, where
traffic volumes decreased by 44% in the first year of tolling.

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Analysis of Illegal Parking Behavior in Jeddah

According to the findings, unauthorized parking appears to be a problem in Jeddah city

both during the week and on the weekends, impeding the viability of the transportation
system. In order to lessen the effects of illegal parking behavior and to promote
sustainable transportation, Jeddah city must implement strict parking laws. (Aljoufie,
2017)

2.2 Related Studies

Local Studies

Illegal Parking Violators Real-time Monitoring using Image Processing

According to de Leon, Abis & Rabe (2023), a method that reduces the workload of traffic
cops tasked with dealing with motorists who violate parking laws was devised as part of
the study. This system watched over unlawful parking locations using a Raspberry Pi and
a Raspberry Pi NoIR camera module. The system took the streamed videos as input and
processed the images to identify the vehicle's license plate, alert the traffic cop, and
compile evidence to support an arrest.

An Automated Parking Reservation System for a Small to Midscale Parking Lots:

IoT Design

Using ultrasonic sensors, which employ sound waves to detect items within an area and
LED lights to signal an area's condition, the system can determine whether or not it is
occupied. While it's important to note that slots are not guaranteed for reservation unless
the system is integrated to an establishment's business operation to personally check the
reserved parking slot's status, the system also allows users to reserve a parking slot
through the interface and view where and how many slots are available within a
business.(Biancaflor & Abellon, 2023)

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Proposed Multi-Storey Terminal Parking for PUJs To Alleviate Traffic Congestion
in Plaza Burgos, Guagua, Pampanga

The movement of people and products, as well as economic events, depend on the land
transportation infrastructure. Specifically in the Province, both within and between areas
in Pampanga. (Quizon et al., 2023)

Tcu smart parking: a taguig city university vehicle parking lot organizer through
plate detection

The respondents "Strongly Agreed" when asked to rate the proposed TCU Smart Parking:
A Taguig City University Vehicle Parking Lot Organizer Using Plate Detection. The
outcome demonstrates that there are no appreciable differences in student, faculty, and
staff ratings of TCU Smart Parking: A Taguig City University Vehicle Parking Lot
Organizer Using Plate Detection. (Buce et al., 2022)

PARADA: Parking Space Rental and Leasing Application System

According to Balmes et al., (2022), this project successfully handled the creation of a
mobile application thanks to the Scrum methodology. In order to get input from the
potential consumers, a survey was also carried out. According to the findings, the mobile
application left a positive effect on the system's usability, functionality, sustainability,
ergonomics, and security.

Systemizing Parking Area Using loT

The study's findings indicate that the Arduino worked well as a microcontroller. The IR
sensor responded well since it can precisely discern the insides and outsides of the
automobiles. Unfortunately, it was discovered that the Web Application had a time delay
of five seconds. Overall, the study was successful in achieving its goal of improving the
speed and efficiency of the parking system. (Bascon, Sampang & Asmad, 2022)

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Development of an Automatic Data-centered Parking Space Occupancy Detection
with Vehicle License Plate Web-Based Monitoring

On average, the license plate detection is effective and achieves 100% accuracy on static
photos, in 0.023 seconds. An indicator for parking space occupancy can classify the 37
parking spaces as vacant, with a 0.06 average vacancy with 10.14% false occupancy
identification in seconds, 0.92% of vacancies were falsely identified, and 88.94%
accurate recognition. even when it was examined, the results of the tests demonstrate that
the system can be put into practice and used on real parking lots. (Tagolanao, Ambia &
Dadula, 2021)

ILL-Park: A Deep Learning Approach of Illegal Parking Detection

According to Casuat, Sua & Alon (2020), the researchers suggested an illegal parking
identification method based on an existing deep learning technology to increase the
effectiveness of law enforcement for car parking management. After training, Epoch
41/50, which has a 96.41 training accuracy and a 92.13 validation accuracy, was found to
be the best model to utilize.

A Machine Vision Detection of Unauthorized On-Street Roadside Parking in

Restricted Zone: An Experimental Simulated Barangay-Environment

According to Alon & Dioses (2020), the technology was put in place to keep an eye on
illegal parking at a particular barangay's simulated roadside parking lot. With an overall
performance rate of 96.16% and 98.93% for legally and illegally parked vehicles,
respectively, and a combined test result of 97.56%, the assessment's findings show that
the study was capable of identifying illegally parked vehicles. Due to the strength of deep
learning, the study demonstrated that the detection was resistant to variations in light
intensity and the presence of shadow effects in various environmental situations.

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Parking Study and Willingness to Pay for Vehicle Parking: The Case in Iligan City,
Philippines

According to Trinidad & Cantila (2019), the parking study's findings indicate that, on
average, weekdays see an average parking index of 1.44 while weekends see an average
index of 1.18. This indicates that there aren't enough parking spots available at a given
moment, forcing potential parkers to find alternative locations. However other people can
turn to illegal parking if the closest parking spot is farther away from the desired location.

The Technology Adoption and Governance of Artificial Intelligence in the

Philippines

The adoption of AI technology by the government and top business executives depends
on its widespread adoption. Research and development holds great promise for
accelerating human productivity and having a positive impact on global industries. The
Philippines is still adjusting to the deployment of AI systems, but it may lead the world
by tightening up technology regulation and enforcing laws like the PDP 2017-2022 and
its HNRDA. (Concepcion et al., 2019)

Potentials And Barriers In The Advancement Of Transportation Revolution In The

Philippines

According to Villegas (2018), information on traffic infractions must be processed by the

ITSPh, and then that alert the drivers to the infraction through email or SMS. For private
automobiles, parking directions and information must be made available through current
or newly created navigational tools.

On-street Parking Evaluation Divisoria, Cagayan De Oro City

The study's findings showed that the area's daily parking demand will not be satisfied by
the number of available parking. Both on Mondays and Wednesdays, the parking
situation is poor. In addition, the frequency of parking and the rate of parking usage
showed that drivers had more trouble obtaining a parking place in the afternoon as
compared to the morning as the demand for parking spaces rises. (Alfaro et al.,2017)
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Development of an Open-Space Visual Smart Parking System

According to Dizon et al., (2017), the system consists of wireless sensor nodes with
cameras that keep an eye on the condition of every parking spot in a parking lot. To check
for occupancies, each node is capable of performing a parking lot occupancy algorithm.
The outcomes are then transmitted to a central controller linked to the internet, where
they will be made available via a GUI designed for both web and mobile platforms.

Foreign Studies

Research on Parking Space Status Recognition Method Based on Computer Vision

According to Li et al., (2023),parking spaces are identified in three environmental states:
with direct light, without direct light, and in rain and snow. This system was constructed
using the Python environment. The experimental data' 97.2% overall average accuracy
validates the model's correctness.

Automatic Vehicle License Plate Recognition Based on YOLO v4 for Smart Parking
Management System

In this study, automatic license plate recognition and Line features are combined to create
an intelligent parking management system. For this system, there are primarily three
pieces. Initially, the photograph is used to determine the location of the license plate.
Then, the characters on the license plate are recognized. In order to push parking fee
messages, the recognition result is finally supplied to LINE Bot and Line Notify. 100
images shot on campus had a 100% recognition rate according to the trial. (Hsieh et al.,
2023)

Parking Time Violation Tracking Using YOLOv8 and Tracking Algorithms

In this research, a method for implementing a low-cost time violation tracking system
that makes use of CCTV, Deep Learning models, and object tracking techniques is
presented. Due to its application of the SOTA detection technology, object tracking
method, and time limit implementations, this concept is very novel. We use YOLOv8 and
the DeepSORT/OC-SORT algorithm to detect and track time violations so that we may
18
set a timer and monitor it. The same equipment combined with Deep Learning models
and algorithms has led to a more effective system. The results showed that both tracking
algorithms performed admirably, with MOTA scores for DeepSORT and OC-SORT of
(1.0, 1.0, 0.96, 0.90) and (1, 0.76, 0.90, 0.83) in four separate surveillance data sets,
respectively. (Sharma et al., 2023)

Predicting on-street parking violation rate using deep residual neural networks
According to Karantaglis, Passalis & Tefas (2022), a DL-based model for forecasting
on-street parking violations was presented and tested in the study. The construction of
such a system faced with difficulties, from data sparsity issues to encoding data in the
most suitable manner for the used DL model. To solve these problems, the researchers
created a unique method that allots the current ground truth annotations to time slots,
greatly enhancing performance.

Deep Learning for On-Street Parking Violation Prediction

According to Karantaglis, Passalis & Tefas (2022), in order to forecast fine-grained

parking violation rates for on-street parking systems, the study used a Deep Learning
(DL)-based model. Additionally, we created a data augmentation and smoothing strategy
to enhance the DL models' accuracy in the presence of missing and noisy data. By
conducting trials using actual data gathered in Thessaloniki, Greece, we are able to show
that the developed system is capable of making precise predictions regarding parking
violations.

Visual Detection and Image Processing of Parking Space Based on Deep Learning
The construction of a parking space extraction technique based on the connected region
has significantly simplified image processing and parking space extraction. According to
the experiment's findings, the Faster R-CNN model's mAP (mean Average Precision)
value is 89.30%, which is 2.28% higher than that of the Faster R-CNN model employing
the 50-Floor ResNet as the feature extraction network. The model developed in this paper
can accurately identify the majority of parking spaces. (Huang et al., 2022)

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A Novel Memory and Time-Efficient ALPR System Based on YOLOv5

According to Batra et al., (2022), the photos from the Google Open Images collection and
the Indian License Plate dataset made up the dataset we used for this study. To show the
size and performance comparison, we also trained YOLOv4 models on the same dataset
as the YOLOv5 models. The whole system with detection and recognition, on the other
hand, takes roughly 85 milliseconds, and our proposed ALPR system results in a 14
megabytes model with a mean average precision of 87.2% and 4.8 ms testing time on still
images using Nvidia T4 GPU.

Car Parking Automation and Premises Security System

The project is focused on creating a completely autonomous parking system. Ineffective

Premises Security Systems are the other significant issue we are now dealing with.
Intruders can easily damage us or steal our possessions because of some flaws. Our
premises security system protects your house and the area around it safe, discourages
crime, and is very useful in an emergency. We mechanized it to make it much safer and
more secure, which will help us maintain the homes' security. (Trimbake et al., 2022)

Affecting factors of double parking violations on urban trips

The K-means clustering approach was used to group the recorded NPC index values, and
other variables were also categorized. The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis
statistical tests were used to determine the variables influencing the NPC parameter.
According to the findings, the factors influencing the visual search distance to identify an
open on-street parking space include the variables of educational level, trip purpose,
driver presence or absence, and parking time. The Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis
statistical tests were also used to rank the categories of each of these factors. (
Kadkhodaei, Shad & Ziaee, 2022)

20
Investigating the Effect of Personal Characteristics of Passenger Car On-street
Parking Violations (Case Study: Rasht City)

In this respect, four avenues in Rasht city—Lakani, Golsar, Nawab, and Takhti—were
chosen based on various goals. Also, Google's live traffic photographs were used to
analyze the peak times to establish the peak times. A number of variables were taken into
consideration as potential influences on the double park infraction, including driver age,
sex, and coverage, park distance, junction, vehicle, pick-up time, and weather. As a
result, the longest parking distance at 1013 was between 150 and 250 meters, proving that
there isn't really any parking on the streets. Also, the majority of double park offences
occur when it is raining, demonstrating how rain affects double park violations. (
Bargegol & Hassanjani, 2022)

Recognition of Taxi Violations Based on Semantic Segmentation of PSPNet and

Improved YOLOv3

According to Yang & Yu (2021), using the PSPNet semantic segmentation network, a taxi
illegal parking detection method is suggested. In order to increase the ability to obtain
global information in an organized manner and to increase the precision of taxi illegal
parking detection, this method can gather the global information of road condition images
and aggregate the image information of various regions. The experimental results
demonstrate the excellent recognition performance of the suggested method, with
detection rates of license plate occlusion behavior DR of 85.3% and taxi illegal parking
phenomenon DR of 96.1%.

Smart parking systems: comprehensive review based on various aspects

By offering a thorough understanding of the appropriateness of SPSs in various

environmental situations and highlighting their benefits and drawbacks, the study closes
the research gap. Researchers, designers, and policymakers would be able to choose the
best SPS and comprehend the current developments in this industry thanks to the detailed
comparison of many SPS features.(Fahim, Hasan & Chowdhury, 2021)

21
Smart Vehicle Parking Management System using Image Processing

The application has two interfaces: one for the administrator and the other for the
direction of incoming drivers. The administrator is also alerted by the later interface if a
car is improperly parked in the virtual space. This parking system would make managing
such spaces less expensive and eliminate the stress and time waste involved with car
parking. (Waqas et al., 2021)

Smart Parking Systems: Reviewing the Literature, Architecture and Ways Forward
According to Biyik et al. (2021), due to its connections to IoT, AI, machine learning,
augmented reality, and other cutting-edge contemporary technology, smart parking
systems are expected to have a bright future. In this time of the fourth industrial
revolution, they are the same technologies that are propelling digital transformation for
enterprises.

Problem of Parking in Urban Areas and their Possible Solutions

According to Singh et al. (2021), the study examines cutting-edge technical innovations
and planning trends that can lessen the burden of the issue. The paper also covers the
environmental impacts that should be taken into considerations for solutions proposed, as
car parking solutions are not an end in themselves, but rather a means of achieving larger
community goals in order to improve urban transportation and make cities more livable
and efficient. Several recommendations have been made based on the study's findings
regarding the best use of the available area. The study's findings will be beneficial to
planners, engineers, and policy makers.

Analysis and Prediction of Intersection Traffic Violations Using Automated

Enforcement System Data

A logistic model's findings indicated that the likelihood of traffic offences would be
higher during the midday time, weekends, residential areas, collector roads, congested
traffic conditions, high traffic flow, low wind speed, and cold weather. The random forest
approach, which has been shown to be the best traffic violation prediction model among

22
logistic regression, Gaussian naive Bayes, and support vector machines, predicted the
likelihood of violations. (Lia et al., 2021)

Temporal Modeling of On-Street Parking Data for Detection of Parking Violation in

Smart Cities

According to Sahoo et al., (2020), the parking information gathered by field sensor
devices needs to be carefully and in-depth evaluated in order to identify parking offenses
and manage them effectively. A novel mathematical model and curve-fitting approach
utilizing the quasi-Newton method are proposed in this study along with a temporal
analysis of Melbourne's on-street parking data with the goal of identifying parking
violations.

Research on License Plate Image Segmentation and Intelligent Character

Recognition

According to Huang (2020), the findings demonstrate that the suggested method's
character recognition rate for license plates reaches 99.71%, and the processing time is
brief. This decreases recognition time while also increasing character recognition rates.
The findings demonstrate the method's critical practical use in the identification of
license plates.

Automatics Number Plate Recognition Using Convolution Neural Network

According to Roy (2020, this research suggests a deep learning-based method for
automatically detecting and identifying the Indian license plate. It is based on brand-new
computer vision algorithms for character segmentation and number plate detection. For
the training to be more accurate, more photos are required. By initially training several
split characters, we created a training set database. To observe the change in accuracy, a
number of tests were conducted by changing the Epoch value. The accuracy is greater
than 95%, which is fairly decent and represents a respectable value when compared to
related efforts. It also recognizes the hazy license plate.

23
Vehicle License Plate Detection for Parking Offenders Using Automatic
License-Plate Recognition

According to the test findings, employing the Canny method in the morning and
positioning the camera at a height of three meters, a distance of two meters, and an angle
of sixty degrees, a 100% accuracy rate for license plate detection was achieved. (Pratama
et. al, 2020)

Survey of Smart Parking Systems

SPS types mentioned in the literature, the types of VDT employed in these SPS, the
algorithms or procedures they implement, and the stage of development at which they are
at were the four main factors taken into account by the survey. This work successfully
acquired the state of the research field based on a search and results extraction
methodology. Also, a discussion of the primary challenges, as well as the gaps and
unresolved issues found for the SPS, could be established thanks to the thorough analysis
of the studies examined. Further studies on the topic might build on the findings of this
study. (Ogás , Fabregat & Aciar, 2020)

Parking Violation Detection System based on Video processing

In this study, a camera serves as a detector to record movies in order to identify the
infraction. Additionally, moving cars are found. The background subtraction method is
used in the procedure for this. Around Prince of Songkla University's Faculty of
Engineering, the proposed algorithm is put to the test. This system module's suggested
technique makes it possible to identify automobiles that breach parking zone
rules.(Khantasak et al.,2019)

Automatic Detection of Parking Violation and Capture of License Plate

According to Liu, Chen & Yeo (2019),for end-to-end illegal parking detection, a fully
automated pipeline is suggested in this study. You Only Look Once Version 3 (YOLOv3),
a deep learning-based object detection system, is used to detect vehicles quickly and
accurately. With built-in measures for mistake tolerance, movement tracking tracks the
24
stationary time of the offending vehicle using template matching and intersection over
union (IoU) calculations. The license plate is extracted using OpenALPR. According to
empirical findings, license plate collection performs very well and vehicle detection and
movement tracking are highly accurate in a variety of environmental settings.

A Deep Learning based Illegal Parking Detection Platform

Based on an existing deep learning method, the suggested platform offers an algorithm to
enhance the performance of identifying car license plates from movies. We also offer a
way to predict where cars will park. Videos of security patrols can be uploaded to this
portal. Via a map-based interface, end users can specify restricted zones, and once
patrolling films are received, all cars seen in these zones can be quickly identified. (Yin et
al., 2019)

Deep Learning-Based Parking Detection System Using Structural Similarity

According to Ng (2019), in various weather circumstances, experimental results showed

a high accuracy of over 99% in parking occupancy recognition and 98.7% precision rate
in locating unlawful parking occurrences with no missed detection. When compared to a
pure CNN classification strategy, the use of the SSIM decision system to detect a single
instance of parking occupancy change was able to expedite parking occupancy detection
by up to six times.

Parking Violation Detection System based on Video processing

In this study, a camera serves as a detector to record movies in order to identify the
infraction. Moreover, moving cars are found. The background subtraction method is used
in the procedure for this. Around Prince of Songkla University's Faculty of Engineering,
the proposed algorithm is put to the test. This system module's suggested technique
makes it possible to identify automobiles that breach parking zone rules. (Khantasak et
al.,2019)

25
Lightweight Deep Neural Network Approach for Parking Violation Detection

According to Ng, Cheong & Foo (2018), to make parking enforcement easier, the
program shows real-time parking infraction data at parking lots together with each
unlawfully parked vehicle's location. To test the detecting performance of the first
prototype, Multimedia University in Malaysia's outdoor parking lot was used. With no
missed detection and a 98.7% precision rate, experimental results show the suggested
system to be highly reliable and resilient. Within a minimum of 3.46 seconds, three
illegal parking regions have had their parking violations detected.

Automated Detection of Various Parking Permit and Violation

It was discovered that a parked car's RFID tag can be successfully questioned by an
in-ground RFID reader. The nature of the parking permit and the type of the parking
citation, if any, can then be determined by querying this data into a central database via
an IoT infrastructure. This significant development will enable the subsequent creation of
a fully autonomous parking lot management system. (Lakshimi et al., 2018)

Developing Recognition System for New Iraqi License Plate

According to Ali (2018), in this research, we attempt to develop an image

recognition-based system that can recognize the characters on the new car license plates
in Iraq. Using optical character recognition technology, first take a photo of the car using
a digital camera. Next, match the text of the photo to all of the vehicle plate numbers that
are contained in the database.

An IoT-based E-parking system for smart cities

Although there are many research studies on the development of smart parking systems
in the literature, the most of them have not addressed the issue of real-time inappropriate
parking recognition and automatic parking fee collection. This study proposes a prototype
for an internet-of-things-based electronic parking system. To solve the aforementioned
problems and offer smart parking management throughout the city, the proposed
E-parking system incorporates a parking meter.(Sadhukan, 2017)
26
A Data-driven Approach to Predict Double Parking Events Using Machine
Learning Techniques

According to Gao & Ozbay (2017), 50 locations in Midtown Manhattan, New York,
where ground truth data is accessible, are also used to estimate double parking
performance using Random Forests, one of the most powerful machine learning
techniques. The Random Forests model has an accuracy rate of 85%. The study shows
that the addition of extra street parameters to violation tickets and 311 service requests
increases the prediction accuracy for double parking instances.

iParking – a real-time parking space monitoring and guiding system

According to Yang et al. (2017), the paper emphasizes parking along the roadside. The
suggested system uses image analysis to determine whether parking spaces are available,
with the images coming from the embedded event recorders in the vehicles that are
driving the roadways. When a parking request is received, the system looks for the
closest parking spot and then directs the requesting driver to the space. The system is
anticipated to increase traffic and safety on the roads, as well as benefit all motorists and
the government.

RFID Based Parking System and Vehicle Plate Number Image Recognition

To authorize a vehicle, the system will compare the character's photograph and RFID in
the database record. With a reading speed of 131.89 milliseconds and an accuracy of 91%
at a distance of 60 cm, image processing was carried out using the contour analysis
method. Based on a match between RFID and the recognition of vehicle license plates,
the system had been able to operate to automatically open and close gates.(Windato,
Wijaya & Windasari, 2017)

Car Parking Problem in Urban Areas, Causes and Solutions

In this regard, modern technology has generated a wide range of fresh approaches and
methods. The study examines cutting-edge technical innovations and planning trends that
can lessen the burden of the issue. The paper also covers the environmental impacts that
27
should be taken into considerations for solutions proposed, as car parking solutions are
not an end in themselves, but rather a means of achieving larger community goals in
order to improve urban transportation and make cities more livable and efficient.
(Ibrahim, 2017)

Analysis of Illegal Parking Behavior in Hanoi City

According to Tuan (2017), further investigation using a discrete choice model has
revealed that whereas motorcycle parking users are sensitive to the walking time,
automobile parking customers are not. These findings necessitate paying close attention
to how off-street parking lots are planned and how much parking is charged for
motorcycle users. The study makes a number of recommendations for dealing with the
problem of parking management in general and unauthorized parking in particular based
on its findings. Further work for this study should evaluate the illegal parking patterns of
various groups (by gender, age, and trip purpose) and at various times of the day.

28
2.3 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study

29
 The conceptual framework, as illustrated in Figure 1, shows the different stages
that the researchers need to accomplish to achieve the objectives of the study. The input
stage includes knowledge, hardware, and software requirements for the development of
the VioLert System using Image Recognition. Basic concepts of Computer Vision,
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Deep Learning Algorithms, Python (Anaconda)
Language are included in the knowledge requirements . Developing the system requires
computers, Raspberry Pi, and Computer Vision devices as hardware requirements. As
part of the software requirements, Jupyter notebook will be used to train the image
recognition model using Image Processing and Computer Vision techniques which will
be the main objective of the study in identifying the violation type. Raspberry Pi will be
used as the base station to detect parking violations to the system. Additionally, Visual
Studio Code will be used for programming in Django. Under Agile Software
Development, there will be phases that need to be undergone before presenting and
deployment. The system is evaluated in terms of functional stability, performance
efficiency, usability, reliability, and portability from ISO 25010 software quality model.
The evaluation of the system’s performance is done through an evaluation questionnaire.
The output of the study is to develop an Parking Violation Monitoring and Detection of
Paid Parking Facilities through Image Recognition.

30
2.4 Theoretical Framework

Figure 2. Theoretical Model of the Study

Image Processing Theory - The image recognition part of the system is built on
the principles of image processing theory. It includes methods for improving,
examining, and extracting significant data from photographs.

Decision Theory- The system uses elements of decision theory to help users make
the best choices possible depending on the identified parking violations. Decision
theory directs the system in selecting the best enforcement measures by taking into
account elements including violation severity, location, available enforcement
resources, and pertinent rules.

Cognitive Psychology Theory- The design of the system user interface and
interaction is guided by cognitive psychology theory. The visual display of
31
violation warnings and notifications can be improved with an understanding of
human perception, attention, and cognitive processes, making them more obvious,
clear, and actionable for parking enforcement officers.

Privacy Theory- When creating and implementing VioLert, privacy theory is

essential for addressing issues with the processing of personal data and privacy
rights. Applying privacy theory ensures adherence to pertinent laws and moral
requirements, including gaining consent, anonymizing or encrypting data, putting
data protection measures into place, and creating safe data storage and transit
protocols.

2.5 Definition of Terms

Definition of Terms

Parking - refers to any act of parking within a particular space. This could either be legal
or illegal.

Parking Violation- refers to offenses committed while a vehicle is parked within a

parking space.

Image Recognition- the machine learning component that will classify the parking
violations.

Base Station- acts as the bridge between the camera and the system. This has the
pre-loaded image recognition model used to detect parking violations.

Camera - used to capture parking related violations.

Paid Parking- refers to any use of parking space that requires fees and payments.

Raspberry Pi- the component used to become the base station for the study.

32
Cloud- the part of the system wherein parking violations recorded by the camera are
kept.

Smart Parking Management System- refers to a parking management system that is

composed of multiple machine learning components.

Violator- refers to the vehicle that was caught in having a parking violation.

33
 Chapter Three

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

Figure 3.1 Context Design

As illustrated in Figure 3, the Context Design shows how the study uses the
Raspberry Pi into using image recognition. The camera captures the parking space where
it could detect potential parking violations. The Raspberry Pi is the main component on
how the System will detect if any parking violation is being committed. It also utilizes the
tensorflow module to load the image recognition model . The web-system handles the
information gathered through the camera and Raspberry Pi and processes it towards the
database wherein retrieval of data could be executed.

3.1.1 System Architecture

34
 Figure 3.1.1: Data Flow Diagram

The System Architecture, as illustrated in Figure 3.1.1., explains how the parking
violation detection takes place within the system. Given the input from the camera, it is
then sent to the base station wherein it has the pre-loaded image recognition model and
performs processes to identify and classify a parking violation. The next step would be
the cloud where the data is stored and will be retrieved by the web-system application.

3.2 Research Development

Figure 3.2 Agile Software Development Diagram

The system development methodology used by the researchers is Agile Software

Development for this research titled "VioLert: Parking Violation Monitoring and
Detection of Paid Parking Facilities through Image Recognition" in order to efficiently
work with requirements and solutions that are required in developing the said system.
The aforementioned methodology is applicable and appropriate, considering the time
frame of this research, and has the ability to adapt and respond to rapidly changing
situations. It consists of various phases namely planning, requirement analysis, building,

35
designing, and testing, and each phase has a significant impact on the development of this
research.

Planning

This phase involves focusing on the concept of the research. In terms of planning,
it mainly considers and analyzes the existing issues of paid parking facilities and the
objectives that are needed to be fulfilled and achieved in each timeframe. Moreover, data
collection is needed in this particular phase in order to justify that the problems have a
huge impact on the process.

1. Data Collection

2. Identifying the problems

3. Indicating the objectives

4. Defining the scope and delimitation

Requirement Analysis

The researchers were able to identify requirements, features, and functionalities

that must be considered in the system development of this research in accordance with
the data collected in the previous phase.

1. Determining both the developers’ and users’ hardware and software requirements

2. Identifying the characteristics, features, and functionalities of the system

3. Finalizing the goals and objectives

Designing

In this phase, choosing the appropriate design layouts for the user interface and
user experience in accordance with the demography of its potential users were taken into
consideration. The researchers ensure that the system is scalable, available, and reliable
for the administrators and easy to navigate and use for the students.

36
1. Layout of the system’s design using Figma (Create mockups for the system’s
design using Figma)

2. Establishing the architecture of the system

3. Considering the DDOS attacks prevention, password encryption, and storage of

user’s credentials security.

Building

This phase is the development of the web system itself through coding and
integration of applications and libraries and compiling these in order to produce a running
and executable system. Using Visual Studio Code as our compiler and xampp server in
order to establish connection to the database.

1. Development of the web-based system through the use of Python programming

language and Django framework for faster progress.

2. Use of CSS and Bootstrap for the front-end framework

3. Integration of several libraries into the system

Testing

In this testing phase, this is where the web-system features and functionalities
satisfy the objectives that must be met in the research. It must be in line with the expected
output. Also, this phase is recognized as a crucial part of the system development to an
extent that all bugs and errors must be resolved to prevent future issues. Furthermore, the
finalized system has undergone system evaluation done by the potential users, which are
parking space owners.

1. System Testing

2. Debugging

3. Checking of objectives

37
4. System Evaluation

5. System Deployment

3.3. Data Collection

Researchers will conduct an evaluation of the proposed system using a survey
questionnaire. All the questions in the survey form and evaluation form can be seen in the
appendices. The system will be evaluated based on the criteria as follows: Functional
Suitability, Usability, and Security. Respondents answered each item of the questionnaire
using the Likert scale.

Numerical Scale Verbal Descriptions

5 Extremely Satisfied (ES)

4 Fairly Satisfied (FS)

3 Neutral (N)

2 Dissatisfied (D)

1 Extremely Dissatisfied (ED)

Table A. Scaling for Level of Satisfaction on Proposed System

3.4 Sampling Technique

In this study, three hundred (300) drivers in Metro Manila, were the respondents.
Moreover, a random sampling technique was used in order to obtain the needed
information that has a significant impact on this research. This type of sampling method
is applicable for it evaluates the drivers from the said region regarding the functionalities
and features of the system.

38
3.5 Data Analysis and Procedures
To analyze the data, mean and rank will be used to present and analyze evaluation
data regarding the experience, opinion, and feedback of the evaluator-respondents while
using the system.

A 5-point numerical scale with statistical ranges and verbal descriptions was used
to represent the responses of each respondent to the questionnaire. Level of satisfaction
with the proposed system will be quantified using a set of numerical scales, each with the
corresponding rubrics, to facilitate the interpretation and analysis of results, as shown in
Table B:

Numerical Scale Statistical Limits Verbal Descriptions

5 4.50 - 5.00 Extremely Satisfied (ES)

4 3.50 - 4.49 Fairly Satisfied (FS)

3 2.50 - 3.49 Neutral (N)

2 1.50 - 2.49 Dissatisfied (D)

1 1.0 - 1.49 Extremely Dissatisfied (ED)

Table B. Scaling and Quantification of Data on Level of Satisfaction on Electoral System

Management

3.6 Evaluation

Evaluation is a crucial step in the development of system software to ensure that it

aligns with the research's goals and objectives, meets quality standards, and fulfills
specified requirements. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 25010
provides a set of characteristics and qualities that serve as the standard for evaluating
system software and determining relevant metrics. By adhering to these standards, the
VioLert System, utilizing image recognition, focuses on specific attributes such as
functional stability, usability, reliability, security, and maintainability, which are most
suitable for the system in question

39
3.7 References:

Ong, G. (2023, January 29). MMDA: 748 held for illegal parking. Philstar.com;
Philstar.com.
https://www.philstar.com/nation/2023/01/30/2241198/mmda-748-heldfor-illegal-parkin
g

Baguio tackles 11,000-slot parking backlog. (2023, February 27). RAPPLER.

https://www.rappler.com/nation/baguio-tackles-parking-slot-backlog/

News. (2023, April 11). San Juan City implements seamless payment via QR code for
illegal parking fines. PIA.
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-code-for-illegal-parking-fines#:~:text=However%2C%20with%20the%20recent%20si
gning,major%20banks%20or%20e%2Dwallets.

Lena, P. (2023, January 11). Iloilo City to tow illegally parked vehicles. @Pnagovph;
Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1192485

Illegally parked vehicles worsen waste management problems—not just traffic—in PH.
(2023). Https://Www.topgear.com.ph.
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blems-a4354-20230117

Should more PH parking garages use license plate recognition in payment process?
(2022). Https://Www.topgear.com.ph.
https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/motoring-news/license-plate-recognition-parking-a9
62-20221214

MMDA renews crackdown vs illegally-parked vehicles in NCR. (2022). Manila

Bulletin.
https://mb.com.ph/2022/03/16/mmda-renews-crackdown-vs-illegally-parked-vehicles-i
n-ncr/

‌ goot. (2022, September 7). Over 2K CAR vehicle owners fined for illegal parking.
A
Philippine News Agency. Retrieved July 14, 2023, from
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1183103

40
Lee, E. (2021, November 29). What are the consequences of illegal parking in the
Philippines? AutoDeal; AutoDeal.com.ph.
https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-features/what-are-consequences-illegal-parki
ng-in-philippines

Robles, R. (2019, November 28). Illegal Parking Laws in the Philippines: How not to
be a Parking Jerk. Philkotse.com; Philkotse.
https://philkotse.com/safe-driving/illegal-parking-laws-in-the-philippines-how-not-to-b
e-a-parking-jerk-5972

Lim, M. (2019, September 10). Manila fires 25 parking attendants.

Metronewscentral.net; Metro News Central.
https://metronewscentral.net/manila/police-news/metro-cities/manila-fires-25-parking-
attendants

Zurbano, J. E. (2019, March 9). MMDA seizes 85,000 illegally parked autos. Manila
Standard; Manila Standard.
https://manilastandard.net/news/national/289662/mmda-seizes-85-000-illegally-parked
-autos.html

5 Main Things You Should Know About Illegal Parking and Traffic Violations in
Metro Manila. (2017). Life after Grind.
https://www.lifeaftergrind.com/parking-and-traffic-violations-in-manila

Orellana, F. (2018, December). Higher fines for illegal parking starting

today—MMDA. INQUIRER.net; INQUIRER.net.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1064477/illegal-parking-slapped-higher-fines-starting-tod
ay-mmda

"Consultant, T. (2023). Major challenges in managing parking lots. Asmag.com;

asmag.com. https://www.asmag.com/showpost/28445.aspx"

Ferris, R. (2023, May 6). How the $8 billion parking industry is evolving to stay alive.
CNBC; CNBC.
https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/06/how-the-8-billion-parking-industry-is-evolving-to-st
ay-alive-.html

41
‌

Booth, E. (2023, February 25). Rep. Mike Thompson meets with Napa County leaders
at Raymond winery. The Napa Valley Register.
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set-to-emerge-in-napa-three-decades-after-meters-were/article_d36a5406-b482-11ed-b
6d6-0b0613488c17.html

V Gomathi, G Sai Sumanth, G Charansai, & Charan, G. (2023). Traffic congestion

control by monitor illegal parking and enabling intimation. 2484(1), 012047–012047.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2484/1/012047

Yan, J., Zhou, X. & Ji, Y. What Causes Curbside Illegal Parking Behavior: A Method
Based on Structural Equation Model. KSCE J Civ Eng (2023).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-023-0048-6

Sisson, P. (2022, November 24). Cities have a parking problem. More parking is not
the solution. City Monitor.
https://citymonitor.ai/transport/cities-have-a-parking-problem-more-parking-is-not-the-
solution

Liliya Kushchenko, Sergey Kushchenko, Novikov, I., & Novikov, A. (2022). The paid
parking space organization as one of the ways to increase the capacity of the road in
Belgorod urban agglomeration. 63, 868–877.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2022.06.084

Policy, S. (2022, April 21). Parking Industry. Parking Industry.

https://www.parkingindustry.ca/parking-management/paid-parking-as-progressive-soci
al-policy

Marcin Kozłowski, A. Czerepicki, Jaskowski, P., & Kamil Aniszewski. (2021).

Analysis of the System of Controlling Paid Parking Zones. 13(8), 4211–4211.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084211

Nourinejad, Mehdi & Gandomi, Amir & Roorda, Matthew J., 2020. "Illegal parking
and optimal enforcement policies with search friction," Transportation Research Part E:
Logistics and Transportation Review, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).

42
Sustainable Parking Management. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2023, from
https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzacebftpeiquokh6ycatwm4h2rhrb2havvlnhs67ksa4a
m5cr7qsum5e?filename=Nada%20Milosavljevic%2C%20Jelena%20Simicevic%20-%
20Sustainable%20Parking%20Management_%20Practices%2C%20Policies%2C%20a
nd%20Metrics-Elsevier%20%282019%29.pdf

A Guide To Parking (n.d.).Retrieved July 14,2023, from

https://gateway.ipfs.io/ipfs/bafykbzaceddqm6ctqod67lazkexkxngbd6zpwwvcbwc3chw
kozngmcymiu77g?filename=International%20Parking%20Institute%20-%20A%20Gui
de%20to%20Parking-Routledge%20%282018%29.pdf

Online TDM Encyclopedia - Parking Solutions. (2017). Vtpi.org.

https://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm72.htm

Market-Priced Parking in Theory and Practice – ACCESS Magazine. (2014).

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Aljoufie, M. (2017) Analysis of Illegal Parking Behavior in Jeddah. Current Urban

Studies, 4, 393-408. doi: 10.4236/cus.2016.44026.

de Leon, C. , Abis, K. & Rabe, J. (2023). Illegal Parking Violators Real-time

Monitoring using Image Processing. Ani: Letran Calamba Research Report, 19(1), 98.

Blancaflor, E., Aaron Paul Abellon, Cydel John Ariola, Andrea Krystel Danao, Medel,
D., & Zhenadoah, Ma. (2023). An Automated Parking Reservation System for a Small
to Midscale Parking Lots: IoT Design. https://doi.org/10.1109/apct58752.2023.00018

Quizon, A., Baluyut, B., Guevarra, A., & Lyca, W. (n.d.). Proposed Multi-Storey
Terminal Parking for PUJs To Alleviate Traffic Congestion in Plaza Burgos, Guagua,
Pampanga. https://www.irejournals.com/formatedpaper/1704751.pdf

43
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