M.A.

(JOURNALISM AND MASS COMMUNICATION) - II

MJM-027: ELECTRONIC MEDIA

Course Code: MJM-027

Due Date: 31 March 2024

Assignment Code: MJM-027 /Jul23

Maximum Marks: 100

Note: Answer all the questions. All questions carry equal marks = 20 each

1. Explain the following camera movements with diagram: (150 words each)
a. Pan
\b. Tilt
c. Dolly
d. Dolly Zoom

2. Discuss the different rules of photography composition. (500 words)

3. Describe the following terms: (150 words each)

4. How do you see the future of radio in India? Support your answer with relevant data. (500
words)

5. Write short notes on any four of the following: (150 words each)
a. Previsualization
b. Flat Lighting
c. Long Shot
d. Phone in Programmes
e. Radio/Audio Drama
f. Parallel Editing
 MJM-027: ELECTRONIC MEDIA

Course Code: MJM-027

Assignment Code: MJM-027/Jul22/Jan23

Due Date: 31 March 2023 / 30 September 2023

Maximum Marks: 100

Weightage: 30%

Note: Answer all the questions. All questions carry equal marks = 20 each

1. Explain the following camera movements with diagram: (150 words each)

a. Pan

Ans:- Pan shot: Panning is a camera movement where the camera pivots left or right on a horizontal axis while
its base remains in a fixed location. A camera pan expands the audience's point of view by swiveling on a fixed
point, taking in a wider view as it turns.

b. Tilt

Ans:- A camera tilt is a vertical movement in which the camera base remains in a fixed location while the camera
pivots vertically. Tilting is useful for establishing shots that contain tall vertical scenery or introducing a character
in a dramatic fashion.

c. Dolly

Ans:- Dolly shot: Dollying is a type of tracking shot in which the camera operator moves the entire camera
forward or backward along a track.

d. Dolly Zoom

Ans:- A dolly zoom is a shot in which the camera crew dollies backward or forward while simultaneously
zooming the lens in the opposite direction. This causes the subject in the frame to stay the same size while the
foreground and background are distorted. A dolly zoom is also called a "Vertigo shot" in tribute to Alfred
Hitchcock's famous execution of this movement in his 1958 thriller Vertigo.
2. Discuss the different rules of photography composition. (500 words)

Ans:- 1. Simplify the scene

Declutter the background to draw attention to your subject.

2. Rule of thirds

Instead of placing your subject centre-frame, split the frame into thirds. Imagine a noughts and crosses board of
two horizontal lines and two vertical lines. Position your subject on these lines, or where they intersect.

3. Fillthe frame

Too much 'negative' or unused space might not work for your photo. You could get closer to your subject on
these lines, or zoom in to fill the frame.

4. Diagonal lines

Diagonal lines bring dynamism and energy to your composition, providing a sense of depth when they converge,
or crossover other lines.

5. High or low

Experiment with a bird's eye view (getting above the subject) or a worm's eye view (getting below) to create a
compelling perspective.

6. Reflect
 Improve your composition by revisiting your work and studying the work of other photographers. Look at photos
you like, and note why different elements work well visually.

3. Describe the following terms: (150 words each)

a. Exposure Triangle

Ans:- The exposure triangle is an analogy to explain the main elements that affect the exposure in a photograph:
aperture, shutter speed, and ISO, and the way that these elements are related.

According to the exposure triangle definition, all three elements must be in balance in order to get a perfectly
exposed photo. This often results in having an exposure value EV equal to zero when selecting the right
metering mode. If, after achieving such a balance, you need to change any of the settings that affect the
exposure, you will have to compensate by adjusting the other two settings to continue maintaining the EV and
the balance in the exposure triangle.

o90eeeeAperture

b. ISO

Ans:- ISO is your camera’s sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value
means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity. It’s one element of photography’s
exposure triangle — along with aperture and shutter speed — and plays an essential role in the quality of your
photos.

Every camera has a range of ISO values, with the lowest number identified as the base ISO (usually around 100).
From there, each ISO value on the scale is typically double the previous one, such as: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600.
These numbers, however, can vary — your camera might have a base ISO as low as 50 and additional values
such as 150 and 300, or 140 and 280.

c. Aperture

Ans:- Aperture is one of the three pillars of photography (the other two being Shutter Speed and ISO, which are
two other chapters in our Photography Basics guide). Of the three, aperture is certainly the most important. In
this article, we go through everything you need to know about aperture and how it works.
Aperture can be defined as the opening in a lens through which light passes to enter the camera. It is an easy
concept to understand if you just think about how your eyes work. As you move between bright and dark
environments, the iris in your eyes either expands or shrinks, controlling the size of your pupil.

In photography, the “pupil” of your lens is called aperture. You can shrink or enlarge the size of the aperture to
allow more or less light to reach your camera sensor. T

d. Shutter Speed

Ans:- Shutter speed is exactly what it sounds like: It’s the speed at which the shutter of the camera closes. A fast
shutter speed creates a shorter exposure — the amount of light the camera takes in — and a slow shutter speed
gives the photographer a longer exposure.

A slow shutter speed can help you illuminate a darker scene, as it brings more light through the lens. But with a
faster shutter speed, the lens is open for a shorter length of time, so less light enters the lens. That makes low
light a challenge and demonstrates the importance of a well-lit scene. Be mindful of this as you shoot or you
could end up with very dark photos that miss what you want to capture.

4. How do you see the future of radio in India? Support your answer with relevant data. (500 words)

Ans:- Back in the late 70’s, English new wave band The Buggles shot to fame with their incredibly catchy debut
single, Video Killed The Radio Star which rued the technological changes that they thought would eventually kill
the audio medium. This was the time when television was slowly becoming more popular and people were
slowly moving from radio to the visually attractive video medium.

Fast forward 43 years and Radio has turned out to be one of the most resilient mediums. Radio has not just
survived the coming in of television but also more technologically advanced audio devices be it our Walkmans
and CDs, to now even audio streaming app. It has been the ultimate survivor that has evolved with the dynamic
changes in consumer behavior and has adapted well to the changing times.

While the pandemic led to an obvious drop in ad volumes on the medium, things are slowly on the path to
recovery. If recent data from TAM is to be believed, after a 27% drop in radio ad volumes in 2020, there was a
29% year-on-year growth in 2021.

Every year, World Radio Day is celebrated on 13 February. The Day was decided by UNESCO back in 2011 during
its 36th conference. The theme of the 2022 edition of World Radio Day is devoted to ‘Radio and Trust’ because
despite a global decline in trust in the internet and social media networks, radio continues to be seen by people
as one of the most trustworthy news sources.

We thought this would be a good time to look at Radio’s evolution and understand what has led to the
medium’s resilience and continued relevance.

The evolution of Radio: Adapting to changing consumer needs

Despite being one of the oldest mediums, Radio has stood the test of time. Apart from the fact that it has
massive reach in the country, it still remains one of the most trusted mediums. Over the past few years, most of
the major FM players have gone digital because at the end of the day, it is all about evolving with consumer
needs and giving them exactly what they want.

On a few things Mirchi has done in the past few years to stay relevant, Prashant Panday, MD & CEO, Mirchi, ENIL
said, “We’ve understood that our listeners want their radio station at their convenience. We have therefore
curated some of our stations which are available on Gaana.com. In international markets (US, UAE, Qatar,
Bahrain to begin with), we have launched our own digital platform on which our consumers across those
countries can consume Mirchi radio stations from their own country and from back home in India! Secondly, we
have understood that our listeners love audio stories. With this platform, we offer exciting audio stories and
entertainment across multiple languages! Moreover, we also make podcasts and audio stories for external
platforms like Gaana and Spotify.”

5. Write short notes on any four of the following: (150 words each)

a. Previsualization

Ans:- Previsualization is the process of making a stripped down version of your film before actually making it.
Usually made within the 3D program, a previz is animated very basically, just enough to get the story across.

In recent years, live action filmmakers have started making previsualizations before shooting their films, because
it’s such a great way to see your shots before actually going out and shooting them. This could save a lot of time
and money since you know if the scene is going to work ahead of shooting.

For animation it’s a necessary step. Animating takes so much time, that you wouldn’t want to waste days and
days working on a shot only to find out later that the sequence doesn’t work. After storyboarding and making an
animatic, previz is the last step before diving into full animation.

b. Flat Lighting

Ans:- Even though flat lighting lacks contrast and is usually considered a bad thing, there is a time and a place
where it makes sense to use it. TV programs, especially those taped in front of a live studio audience, are the
productions most commonly associated with this type of lighting.

News programs, infomercials, and reality shows commonly make use of flat lighting as well. Sitcoms and soap
operas are practically synonymous with this style of lighting. While flat lighting would typically be considered
unacceptable in a film, it is expected and accepted in a sitcom, soap opera, or reality show.

The main benefit of this type of lighting is that it creates a standard, unified look for an entire set. This
eliminates the need to adjust lighting between every setup like what would happen on a film.

This can save a great deal of time, which is extremely valuable when shooting on the tight schedules of sitcoms
and soap operas. This method can also be valuable when trying to make a film with a micro-budget.
 c. Long Shot

Ans:- A long shot, sometimes referred to as a wide or a full shot, is a foundational type of camera shot in the
cinematographer’s toolbox.

Long shots center your audience in the scenes they’re about to witness, and understanding this camera angle is
key to your success as a filmmaker.

d. Phone in Programmes

Ans:- Communication as an academic discipline, sometimes called “communicology” relates to all the ways we
communicate, so it embraces a large body of study and knowledge. Although, there is such a thing as one-way
communication, communication can be better described as a two way process in which there is an exchange of
ideas, thoughts, feelings towards a mutually accepted goal or direction.

Hence, the process of a phone-in-programme. Mass media are important communication strategy to generate
awareness and disseminate information. In most developing countries, Nigeria inclusive, radio is an effective
medium to reach the general population. Unlike TV and print , radio phone-in-programmes are popular
platforms for direct audience participation to exchange views and voice concerns on issues to increase
knowledge, encourage open discussion on health and other socially relevant issues and promote sustained
behavioural change.

In broadcasting, a phone-in is a programme format in which listeners are invited to air their live comments by
telephone, usually in respect of a specific topic selected for discussion on the day of broadcast.

According to research, BBC radio Nottingham is credited with having aired the first phone-in on February 4 1968,
a programme called “What Are They Up To Now”?

Speech-based Talk Radio UK was launched in 1995, with much of its programming featuring phone-in-
programmes.

lan Hutchby researched poor relations in phone-in-programmes looking at arguments and confrontations. Using
conversation analysis, he describes how the host retains power through devices such as “the second position” -
the concept of going second in a discussion, giving the host time to formulate a response.

e. Radio/Audio Drama

Ans:- Audio dramas are experiencing a resurgence in popularity as the ear delights gradually win over podcast
listeners.

With sound elements only, the audio dramas evoke real-life scenes in the theatre of the mind. Listeners recreate
characters in their own image and visualize their actions, akin to enjoying a good novel. The possibilities are
limitless.
 A radio drama is a performance of fictional work distributed on the radio. It's entirely acoustic-based with no
visual components. Audiences understand what is happening through dialogue, sound effects, and music. They
give the story form by visualizing the settings and characters.

Audio dramas may be fictional works written explicitly for radio broadcasting or podcasting. Alternatively, they
may be adapted from theatre plays, novels, short stories, etc.

Now, there's often a need to write audio dramas specifically for radio because theatre plays rely on what the
audience can see on stage.

f. Parallel Editing

Ans:- Parallel editing is when a video editor jumps between two different scenes. The scenes take place in two
different locations but simultaneously in the world of the film. Parallel editing is a type of cross-cutting
technique that best showcases contrast. Parallel editing is a technique almost as old as the film itself. Most films
utilize parallel editing, and for a good reason.

With the parallel editing technique, an editor can jump between two or more different locations, scenarios and
even jump forward or backward in time to deepen the storyline. That’s why it’s an effective tool when used
correctly.