3D Printing Guide

THE FREE
BEGINNER’S
GUIDE
TO
3D PRINTING
Table of Contents
Chapter 01 : Introduction: What is 3D printing?

05
Chapter 02 : History of 3D Printing
10
Chapter 03 : 3D Printing Technology
19
Chapter 04 : 3D Printing Processes
24
Chapter 05 : 3D Printing Materials
40
Chapter 06 : 3D Printing Global Effects
48
Chapter 07 : 3D Printing Benefits & Value
53
Chapter 08 : 3D Printing Applications
57
Glossary
72
3D Printing Basics:
Welcome to 3DPI’s Beginner’s Guide to 3D Printing. Whether you

are new to 3D printing technology or just looking to close a few
knowledge gaps, we’re glad you stopped by. By now, most of us
have heard, at some level, about the potential of 3D printing. But
with this guide we are o ffering insights into the history and the
reality of 3D printing — the processes, materials and applications —
as well as measured thoughts on where it might be heading.
!
We hope you’ll find this to be one of the most comprehensive 3D
printing resources available, and that no matter what your skill level
is, there will be plenty in here to meet your needs. As an added
bonus, we’re working on a handy downloadable PDF version of the
entire guide, and hope to have that ready very soon.
!
Are you ready? Let’s get started!
3D Printing — also known as additive manufacturing — has

been quoted in the Financial Times and by other sources as
potentially being larger than the Internet. Some believe this is
true. Many others urge that this is part of the extraordinary
hype that exists around this very exciting technology area. So
what really is 3D printing, who generally uses 3D printers and
what for?
!3
3dprintingindustry.com
Overview
The term 3D printing covers a

host of processes and
technologies that o ffer a full
spectrum of capabilities for the
production of parts and
products in di fferent materials.
Essentially, what all of the
processes and technologies commentators on this
have in common is the manner technology sector agree that,
in which production is carried as of today, we are only just
out — layer by layer in an beginning to see the true
additive process — which is in potential of 3D printing. 3DPI, a
contrast to traditional methods reliable media source for 3D
of production involving printing, brings you all of the
subtractive methods or latest news, views, process
moulding/casting processes. developments and applications
Applications of 3D printing are as they emerge in this exciting
emerging almost by the day, field. This overview article aims
and, as this technology to provide the 3DPI audience
continues to penetrate more with a reliable backgrounder
widely and deeply across on 3D printing in terms of what
industrial, maker and it is (technologies, processes
consumer sectors, this is only and materials), its history,
set to increase. Most reputable application areas and benefits.
!4
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Introduction
What is 3D printing?
!
5
Introduction – What is 3D printing?
Technology has affected recent newspapers and across online

human history probably more resources. What really is this
than any other field. Think of a 3D printing that some have
light bulb, steam engine or, claimed will put an end to
more latterly, cars and traditional manufacturing as
aeroplanes, not to mention the we know it, revolutionize
rise and rise of the world wide design and impose
web. These technologies have geopolitical, economic, social,
made our lives better in many demographic, environmental
ways, opened up new avenues and security implications to
and possibilities, but usually it our every day lives?
takes time, sometimes even !
decades, before the truly The most basic, di fferentiating
disruptive nature of the principle behind 3D printing is
technology becomes apparent. that it is an additive
! manufacturing process. And
It is widely believed that 3D this is indeed the key because
printing or additive 3D printing is a radically
manufacturing (AM) has the di ff erent manufacturing
vast potential to become one method based on advanced
of these technologies. 3D technology that builds up
printing has now been covered parts, additively, in layers at
across many television the sub mm scale. This is
channels, in mainstream fundamentally di fferent from
!6
any other existing traditional whether to achieve the end

manufacturing techniques. product itself or to produce a
! tool for casting or moulding
There are a number of processes — and this is a
limitations to traditional serious limitation within the
manufacturing, which has overall manufacturing process.
widely been based on human !
labour and “made by hand” For many applications
ideology rooting back to the traditional design and
etymological origins of the production processes impose a
French word for manufacturing number of unacceptable
itself. However, the world of constraints, including the
manufacturing has changed, expensive tooling as
and automated processes such mentioned above, fixtures, and
as machining, casting, forming the need for assembly for
and moulding are all (relatively) complex parts. In addition, the
new, complex processes that
require machines, computers
and robot technology.
!
However, these technologies
all demand subtracting
material from a larger block —
!7
subtractive manufacturing unprecedented design

processes, such as machining, freedom while being a tool-less
can result in up to 90% of the process that reduces
original block of material being prohibitive costs and lead
wasted. times. Components can be
! designed specifically to avoid
In contrast, 3D printing is a assembly requirements with
process for creating objects intricate geometry and
directly, by adding material complex features created at no
layer by layer in a variety of extra cost. 3D printing is also
ways, depending on the emerging as an energy-
technology used. Simplifying efficient technology that can
the ideology behind 3D provide environmental
printing, for anyone that is still efficiencies in terms of both
trying to understand the the manufacturing process
concept (and there are many), itself, utilising up to 90% of
it could be likened to the standard materials, and
process of building something throughout the product’s
with Lego blocks automatically. operating life, through lighter
! and stronger design.
3D printing is an enabling !
technology that encourages In recent years, 3D printing has
and drives innovation with gone beyond being an
!8
industrial prototyping and manufacturing process as the

technology has become more accessible to small companies and
even individuals. Once the domain of huge, multi-national
corporations due to the scale and economics of owning a 3D
printer, smaller (less capable) 3D printers can now be acquired for
under $1000.
!
This has opened up the technology to a much wider audience,
and as the exponential adoption rate continues apace on all
fronts, more and more systems, materials, applications, services
and ancillaries are emerging.
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History of 3D Printing
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10
The earliest 3D printing technologies first

became visible in the late 1980’s, at which
time they were called Rapid Prototyping
(RP) technologies. This is because the
processes were originally conceived as a
fast and more cost-e ffective method for
creating prototypes for product
development within industry. As an
interesting aside, the very first patent
application for RP technology was filed by a
Dr Kodama, in Japan, in May 1980.
Unfortunately for Dr Kodama, the full
patent specification was subsequently not
filed before the one year deadline after the
application, which is particularly disastrous
considering that he was a patent lawyer! In
real terms, however, the origins of 3D
printing can be traced back to 1986, when
the first patent was issued for
stereolithography apparatus (SLA). This
patent belonged to oneCharles (Chuck)
Hull , who first invented his SLA machine in
1983. Hull went on to co-found 3D Systems
Corporation — one of the largest and most
!11 3dprintingindustry.com
prolific organizations operating in the 3D

printing sector today.
!
3D Systems’ first commercial RP system, the
SLA-1, was introduced in 1987 and following
rigorous testing the first of these system
was sold in 1988. As is fairly typical with
new technology, while SLA can claim to be
the first past the starting post, it was not
the only RP technology in development at
this time, for, in 1987,Carl Deckard, who
was working at the University of Texas, filed
a patent in the US for the Selective Laser
Sintering (SLS) RP process. This patent was
issued in 1989 and SLS was later licensed to
DTM Inc, which was later acquired by 3D
Systems. 1989 was also the year thatScott
Crump , a co-founder of Stratasys Inc. filed a
patent for Fused Deposition Modelling
(FDM) — the proprietary technology that is
still held by the company today, but is also
the process used by many of the entry-level
machines, based on the open source
RepRap model, that are prolific today. The FDM patent was issued
to Stratasys in 1992. In Europe, 1989 also saw the formation of
EOS GmbH in Germany, emerging during these years,

founded byHans Langer. After namely Ballistic Particle
a dalliance with SL processes, Manufacturing (BPM) originally
EOS’ R&D focus was placed patented by William Masters,
heavily on the laser sintering Laminated Object
(LS) process, which has Manufacturing (LOM) originally
continued to go from strength patented by Michael Feygin,
to strength. Today, the EOS Solid Ground Curing (SGC)
systems are recognized around originally patented by Itzchak
the world for their quality Pomerantz et al and ‘three
output for industrial dimensional printing’ (3DP)
prototyping and production originally patented by Emanuel
applications of 3D printing. Sachs et al. And so the early
EOS sold its first ‘Stereos’ nineties witnessed a growing
system in 1990. The company’s number of competing
direct metal laser sintering companies in the RP market
(DMLS) process resulted from but only three of the originals
an initial project with a division remain today — 3D Systems,
of Electrolux Finland, which EOS and Stratasys.
was later acquired by EOS. !
! Throughout the 1990’s and
Other 3D printing technologies early 2000’s a host of new
and processes were also technologies continued to be
ntroduced, still focused wholly Technologies (an established

on industrial applications and vacuum casting OEM)
while they were still largely introduced the SLM technology
processes for prototyping in 2000,EnvisionTec was
applications, R&D was also founded in 2002,ExOnewas
being conducted by the more established in 2005 as a spin-
advanced technology providers off from the Extrude Hone
for specific tooling, casting and Corporation and Sciaky Inc was
direct manufacturing pioneering its own additive
applications. This saw the process based on its
emergence of new proprietary electron beam
terminology, namely Rapid welding technology. These
Tooling (RT), Rapid Casting and companies all served to swell
Rapid Manufacturing (RM) the ranks of Western
respectively. companies operating across a
! global market. The terminology
In terms of commercial had also evolved with a
operations, Sanders Prototype proliferation of manufacturing
(later Solidscape) and applications and the accepted
ZCorporation were set up in umbrella term for all of the
1996, Arcam was established in processes was Additive
1997, Objet Geometries Manufacturing (AM). Notably,
launched in 1998, MCP there were many parallel
developments taking place in applications across the

the Eastern hemisphere. aerospace, automotive,
However, these technologies, medical and fine jewellery
while significant in themselves sectors, as years of R&D and
and enjoying some local qualification are now paying
success, did not really impact off. A great deal still remains
the global market at that time. behind closed doors and/or
! under non-disclosure
During the mid noughties, the agreements (NDA). At the other
sector started to show signs of end of the spectrum, some of
distinct diversification with two the 3D printing system
specific areas of emphasis that manufacturers were
are much more clearly defined developing and advancing
today. First, there was the high ‘concept modellers’, as they
end of 3D printing, still very were called at the time.
expensive systems, which were Specifically, these were 3D
geared towards part printers that kept the focus on
production for high value, improving concept
highly engineered, complex development and functional
parts. This is still ongoing — prototyping, that were being
and growing — but the results developed specifically as o ffice-
are only now really starting to and user-friendly, cost-e ffective
become visible in production systems. The prelude to
today’s desktop machines. influences. The holy grail at

However, these systems were that time was to get a 3D
all still very much for industrial printer under $5000 — this
applications. was seen by many industry
! insiders, users and
Looking back, this was really commentators as the key to
the calm before the storm. opening up 3D printing
! technology to a much wider
At the lower end of the market audience. For much of that
— the 3D printers that today year, the arrival of the highly-
are seen as being in the mid anticipated Desktop Factory —
range — a price war emerged which many predicted would
together with incremental be the fulfillment of that holy
improvements in printing grail — was heralded as the
accuracy, speed and materials. one to watch. It came to
! nothing as the organization
In 2007, the market saw the faltered in the run up to
first system under $10,000 production. Desktop Factory
from 3D Systems, but this and its leader, Cathy Lewis,
never quite hit the mark that it were acquired, along with the
was supposed to. This was IP, by 3D Systems in 2008 and
partly due to the system itself, all but vanished. As it turned
but also other market out though, 2007 was actually
the year that did mark the But it wasn’t until January 2009
turning point for accessible 3D that the first commercially
printing technology — even available 3D printer – in kit
though few realized it at the form and based on the RepRap
time — as the RepRap concept – was offered for sale.
phenomenon took root. Dr This was the BfB RapMan 3D
Bowyer conceived the RepRap printer. Closely followed by
concept of an open source, Makerbot Industries in April
self-replicating 3D printer as the same year, the founders of
early as 2004, and the seed which were heavily involved in
was germinated in the the development of RepRap
following years with some until they departed from the
heavy slog from his team at Open Source philosophy
Bath, most notably Vik Oliver following extensive investment.
and Rhys Jones, who Since 2009, a host of similar
developed the concept through deposition printers have
to working prototypes of a 3D emerged with marginal unique
printer using the deposition selling points (USPs) and they
process. 2007 was the year the continue to do so. The
shoots started to show interesting dichotomy here is
through and this embryonic, hat, while the RepRap
open source 3D printing phenomenon has given rise to
movement started to gain a whole new sector of
visibility. commercial, entry-level 3D
printers, the ethos of the in awareness and uptake

RepRap community is all about across a growing maker
Open Source developments for movement, 2012 was also the
3D printing and keeping year that many di fferent
commercialization at bay. mainstream media channels
! picked up on the technology.
2012 was the year that 2013 was a year of significant
alternative 3D printing growth and consolidation. One
processes were introduced at of the most notable moves was
the entry level of the market. the acquisition of Makerbot by
The B9Creator (utilising DLP Stratasys.
technology) came first in June, !
followed by the Form 1 Heralded as the 2nd, 3rd and,
(utilising stereolithography) in sometimes even, 4th Industrial
December. Both were Revolution by some, what
launched via the funding site cannot be denied is the impact
Kickstarter — and both that 3D printing is having on
enjoyed huge success. the industrial sector and the
! huge potential that 3D printing
As a result of the market is demonstrating for the future
divergence, significant of consumers. What shape that
advances at the industrial level potential will take is still
with capabilities and unfolding before us.
applications, dramatic increase
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3D Printing Technology
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19
3D Printing Technology
The starting point for any 3D ceramics and sand are, now, all
printing process is a 3D digital routinely used for industrial
model, which can be created prototyping and production
using a variety of 3D software applications. Research is also
programmes — in industry this being conducted for 3D
is 3D CAD, for Makers and printing bio materials and
Consumers there are simpler, different types of food.
more accessible programmes Generally speaking though, at
available — or scanned with a the entry level of the market,
3D scanner. The model is then materials are much more
‘sliced’ into layers, thereby limited. Plastic is currently the
converting the design into a file only widely used material —
readable by the 3D printer. The usually ABS or PLA, but there
material processed by the 3D are a growing number of
printer is then layered alternatives, including Nylon.
according to the design and There is also a growing number
the process. As stated, there of entry level machines that
are a number of di fferent types have been adapted for
of3D printing technologies , foodstuffs, such as sugar and
which process di fferent chocolate.
materials in di fferent ways to
create the final object.
Functional plastics, metals,
How it Works
The different types of 3D

printers eachemploy a
different technology that
processesdi ff erent materials
in different ways. It is
important to understand that
one of the most basic
limitations of 3D printing — in
terms of materials and Start with a 3D CAD file either
applications — is that there is by creating the 3D model or
no ‘one solution fits all’. For scanned with a 3D scanner
example some 3D printers
process powdered materials printing process, reminiscent
(nylon, plastic, ceramic, metal), of 2D inkjet printing, but with
which utilize a light/heat superior materials to ink and a
source to sinter/melt/fuse binder to fix the layers.
layers of the powder together Perhaps the most common
in the defined shape. Others and easily recognized process
process polymer resin is deposition, and this is the
materials and again utilize a process employed by the
light/laser to solidify the resin majority of entry-level 3D
in ultra thin layers. Jetting of printers. This process extrudes
fine droplets is another 3D plastics, commonly PLA or ABS,
How it Works
negating the need for

assembly.
!
However, another important
point to stress is that none of
the 3D printing processes
come as plug and play options
as of today. There are many
steps prior to pressing print
and more once the part comes
Layer by layer the printer will
create the predetermined off the printer — these are
shape often overlooked. Apart from
the realities of designing for 3D
in filament form through a printing, which can be
heated extruder to form layers demanding, file preparation
and create the predetermined and conversion can also prove
shape. time-consuming and
! complicated, particularly for
Because parts can be printed parts that demand intricate
directly, it is possible to supports during the build
produce very detailed and process. However there are
intricate objects, often with continual updates and
functionality built in and upgrades of software for these
How it Works
functions and the situation is improving. Furthermore, once off

the printer, many parts will need to undergo finishing operations.
Support removal is an obvious one for processes that demand
support, but others include sanding, lacquer, paint or other types
of traditional finishing touches, which all typically need to be done
by hand and require skill and/or time and patience.
You will soon start to see At the end of the print

the object become more process you will have your
recognizable finalized object
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3D Printing Processes
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24
Stereolithography
Stereolithography (SL) is widely recognized as the first 3D printing

process; it was certainly the first to be commercialised. SL is a
laser-based process that works with photopolymer resins, that
react with the laser and cure to form a solid in a very precise way
to produce very accurate parts. It is a complex process, but simply
put, the photopolymer resin is held in a vat with a movable
platform inside. A laser beam is directed in the X-Y axes across the
surface of the resin according to the 3D data supplied to the
machine (the .stl file), whereby the resin hardens precisely where
the laser hits the surface. Once the layer is completed, the
platform within the vat drops down by a fraction (in the Z axis)
and the subsequent layer is traced out by the laser. This
continues until the entire object is completed and the platform
can be raised out of the vat for removal.
Stereolithography
Because of the nature of the SL process, it requires support

structures for some parts, specifically those with overhangs or
undercuts. These structures need to be manually removed.
!
In terms of other post processing steps, many objects 3D printed
using SL need to be cleaned and cured. Curing involves subjecting
the part to intense light in an oven-like machine to fully harden
the resin.
!
Stereolithography is generally accepted as being one of the most
accurate 3D printing processes with excellent surface finish.
However limiting factors include the post-processing steps
required and the stability of the materials over time, which can
become more brittle.
DLP
DLP — or digital light processing — is a similar process to

stereolithography in that it is a 3D printing process that works
with photopolymers. The major di fference is the light source. DLP
uses a more conventional light source, such as an arc lamp, with a
liquid crystal display panel or a deformable mirror device (DMD),
which is applied to the entire surface of the vat of photopolymer
resin in a single pass, generally making it faster than SL.
!
Also like SL, DLP produces highly accurate parts with excellent
resolution, but its similarities also include the same requirements
for support structures and post-curing. However, one advantage
of DLP over SL is that only a shallow vat of resin is required to
facilitate the process, which generally results in less waste and
lower running costs.
Laser Sintering / Laser Melting
Laser sintering and laser melting are interchangeable terms that

refer to a laser based 3D printing process that works with
powdered materials. The laser is traced across a powder bed of
tightly compacted powdered material, according to the 3D data
fed to the machine, in the X-Y axes. As the laser interacts with the
surface of the powdered material it sinters, or fuses, the particles
to each other forming a solid. As each layer is completed the
powder bed drops incrementally and a roller smoothes the
powder over the surface of the bed prior to the next pass of the
laser for the subsequent layer to be formed and fused with the
previous layer.
Laser Sintering / Laser Melting
The build chamber is completely sealed as it is necessary to

maintain a precise temperature during the process specific to the
melting point of the powdered material of choice. Once finished,
the entire powder bed is removed from the machine and the
excess powder can be removed to leave the ‘printed’ parts. One of
the key advantages of this process is that the powder bed serves
as an in-process support structure for overhangs and undercuts,
and therefore complex shapes that could not be manufactured in
any other way are possible with this process.
!
However, on the downside, because of the high temperatures
required for laser sintering, cooling times can be considerable.
Furthermore, porosity has been an historical issue with this
process, and while there have been significant improvements
towards fully dense parts, some applications still necessitate
infiltration with another material to improve mechanical
characteristics.
!
Laser sintering can process plastic and metal materials, although
metal sintering does require a much higher powered laser and
higher in-process temperatures. Parts produced with this process
are much stronger than with SL or DLP, although generally the
surface finish and accuracy is not as good.
Extrusion / FDM / FFF
3D printing utilizing the extrusion of thermoplastic material is

easily the most common — and recognizable — 3DP process. The
most popular name for the process is Fused Deposition Modelling
(FDM), due to its longevity, however this is a trade name,
registered by Stratasys, the company that originally developed it.
Stratasys’ FDM technology has been around since the early 1990’s
and today is an industrial grade 3D printing process. However, the
proliferation of entry-level 3D printers that have emerged since
2009 largely utilize a similar process, generally referred to as
Freeform Fabrication (FFF), but in a more basic form due to
patents still held by Stratasys. The earliest RepRap machines and
all subsequent evolutions — open source and commercial —
employ extrusion methodology. However, followingStratasys’

patent infringement filing against Afinia there is a question mark
over how the entry-level end of the market will develop now, with
all of the machines potentially in Stratasys’ firing line for patent
infringements.
!
The process works by melting plastic filament that is deposited,
via a heated extruder, a layer at a time, onto a build platform
according to the 3D data supplied to the printer. Each layer
hardens as it is deposited and bonds to the previous layer.
!
Stratasys has developed a range of proprietary industrial grade
materials for its FDM process that are suitable for some
production applications. At the entry-level end of the market,
materials are more limited, but the range is growing. The most
common materials for entry-level FFF 3D printers are ABS and
PLA
.
!
The FDM/FFF processes require support structures for any
applications with overhanging geometries. For FDM, this entails a
second, water-soluble material, which allows support structures
to be relatively easily washed away, once the print is complete.
Alternatively, breakaway support materials are also possible,
which can be removed by manually snapping them o ff the part.
Support structures, or lack thereof, have generally been a

limitation of the entry level FFF 3D printers. However, as the
systems have evolved and improved to incorporate dual extrusion
heads, it has become less of an issue.
!
In terms of models produced, the FDM process from Stratasys is
an accurate and reliable process that is relatively o ffice/studio-
friendly, although extensive post-processing can be required. At
the entry-level, as would be expected, the FFF process produces
much less accurate models, but things are constantly improving.
!
The process can be slow for some part geometries and layer-to-
layer adhesion can be a problem, resulting in parts that are not
watertight. Again, post-processing using Acetone can resolve
these issues.
Inkjet: Binder Jetting
There are two 3D printing process that utilize a jetting technique.
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Binder jetting: where the material being jetted is a binder, and is
selectively sprayed into a powder bed of the part material to fuse
it a layer at a time to create/print the required part. As is the case
with other powder bed systems, once a layer is completed, the
powder bed drops incrementally and a roller or blade smoothes
the powder over the surface of the bed, prior to the next pass of
the jet heads, with the binder for the subsequent layer to be
formed and fused with the previous layer.
Inkjet: Binder Jetting
Advantages of this process, like with SLS, include the fact that the
need for supports is negated because the powder bed itself
provides this functionality. Furthermore, a range of di fferent
materials can be used, including ceramics and food. A further
distinctive advantage of the process is the ability to easily add a
full colour palette which can be added to the binder.
!
The parts resulting directly from the machine, however, are not as
strong as with the sintering process and require post-processing
to ensure durability.
Inkjet: Material Jetting
Material jetting: a 3D printing process whereby the actual build

materials (in liquid or molten state) are selectively jetted through
multiple jet heads (with others simultaneously jetting support
materials). However, the materials tend to be liquid
photopolymers, which are cured with a pass of UV light as each
layer is deposited.
!
The nature of this product allows for the simultaneous deposition
of a range of materials, which means that a single part can be
produced from multiple materials with di fferent characteristics
and properties. Material jetting is a very precise 3D printing
method, producing accurate parts with a very smooth finish.
Selective Deposition Lamination (SDL)
SDL is a proprietary 3D printing process developed and

manufactured by Mcor Technologies. There is a temptation to
compare this process with the Laminated Object Manufacturing
(LOM) process developed by Helisys in the 1990’s due to
similarities in layering and shaping paper to form the final part.
However, that is where any similarity ends.
!
The SDL 3D printing process builds parts layer by layer using
standard copier paper. Each new layer is fixed to the previous
layer using an adhesive, which is applied selectively according to
the 3D data supplied to the machine. This means that a much
higher density of adhesive is deposited in the area that will
become the part, and a much lower density of adhesive is applied
Selective Deposition Lamination (SDL)
in the surrounding area that will serve as the support, ensuring

relatively easy “weeding,” or support removal.
!
After a new sheet of paper is fed into the 3D printer from the
paper feed mechanism and placed on top of the selectively
applied adhesive on the previous layer, the build plate is moved
up to a heat plate and pressure is applied. This pressure ensures
a positive bond between the two sheets of paper. The build plate
then returns to the build height where an adjustable Tungsten
carbide blade cuts one sheet of paper at a time, tracing the object
outline to create the edges of the part. When this cutting
sequence is complete, the 3D printer deposits the next layer of
adhesive and so on until the part is complete.
SDL is one of the very few 3D printing processes that can produce
full colour 3D printed parts, using a CYMK colour palette. And
because the parts are standard paper, which require no post-
EBM
The Electron Beam Melting 3D printing

technique is a proprietary process
developed by Swedish company
Arcam. This metal printing method is
very similar to the Direct Metal Laser
Sintering (DMLS) process in terms of
the formation of parts from metal
powder. The key di fference is the heat
source, which, as the name suggests is
an electron beam, rather than a laser,
which necessitates that the procedure
is carried out under vacuum
conditions.
!
EBM has the capability of creating fully-
dense parts in a variety of metal alloys,
even to medical grade, and as a result
the technique has been particularly
successful for a range of production
applications in the medical industry,
particularly for implants. However,
other hi-tech sectors such as
aerospace and automotive have also
looked to EBM technology for
manufacturing fulfillment.
EBM
processing, they are wholly safe and eco-friendly. Where the

process is not able to compete favourably with other 3D printing
processes is in the production of complex geometries and the
build size is limited to the size of the feedstock.
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3D Printing Materials
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40
The materials available for 3D printing have come a long way

since the early days of the technology. There is now a wide variety
of different material types, that are supplied in di fferent states
(powder, filament, pellets, granules, resin etc).
!
Specific materials are now generally developed for specific
platforms performing dedicated applications (an example would
be the dental sector) with material properties that more precisely
suit the application.
!
However, there are now way too many proprietary materials from
the many di fferent 3D printer vendors to cover them all here.
Instead, this article will look at the most popular types of material
in a more generic way. And also a couple of materials that stand
out.
3D Printing Materials: Plastics
Nylon, or Polyamide, is commonly

used in powder form with the
sintering process or in filament form
with the FDM process. It is a strong,
flexible and durable plastic material
that has proved reliable for 3D
printing. It is naturally white in colour
but it can be coloured — pre- or post
printing. This material can also be
combined (in powder format) with
powdered aluminium to produce
another common 3D printing material for sintering — Alumide.
!
ABS is another common plastic used for 3D printing, and is widely
used on the entry-level FDM 3D printers in filament form. It is a
particularly strong plastic and comes in a wide range of colours.
ABS can be bought in filament form from a number of non-
propreitary sources, which is another reason why it is so popular.
!
PLA is a bio-degradable plastic material that has gained traction
with 3D printing for this very reason. It can be utilized in resin
format for DLP/SL processes as well as in filament form for the
FDM process. It is o ffered in a variety of colours, including
transparent, which has proven to be a useful option for some
3D Printing Materials: Plastics
some applications of 3D printing. However it is not as durable or

as flexible as ABS.
!
LayWood is a specially developed 3D printing material for entry-
level extrusion 3D printers. It comes in filament form and is a
wood/polymer composite (also referred to as WPC).
3D Printing Materials: Metals
A growing number of metals and

metal composites are used for
industrial grade 3D printing. Two
of the most common are
aluminium and cobalt derivatives.
!
One of the strongest and therefore most commonly used metals
for 3D printing is Stainless Steel in powder form for the sintering/
melting/EBM processes. It is naturally silver, but can be plated
with other materials to give a gold or bronze e ffect.
!
In the last couple of years Gold and Silver have been added to the
range of metal materials that can be 3D printed directly, with
obvious applications across the jewellery sector. These are both
very strong materials and are processed in powder form.
!
Titanium is one of the strongest possible metal materials and has
been used for 3D printing industrial applications for some time.
Supplied in powder form, it can be used for the sintering/melting/
EBM processes.
Ceramics
Ceramics are a relatively new group
of materials that can be used for 3D
printing with various levels of
success. The particular thing to
note with these materials is that,
post printing, the ceramic parts need
to undergo the same processes as any
ceramic part made using traditional
methods of production — namely firing and glazing.
Paper
Standard A4 copier paper is a 3D printing
material employed by the proprietary
SDL process supplied by Mcor
Technologies. The company operates a
notably di fferent business model to
other 3D printing vendors, whereby the
capital outlay for the machine is in the
mid-range, but the emphasis is very
much on an easily obtainable, cost-e ffective
material supply, that can be bought locally. 3D printed models
made with paper are safe, environmentally friendly, easily
recyclable and require no post-processing.
Bio Materials
There is a huge amount of research
being conducted into the potential of
3D printing bio materials for a host of
medical (and other) applications. Living
tissue is being investigated at a number
of leading institutions with a view to
developing applications that include printing human organs for
transplant, as well as external tissues for replacement body parts.
Other research in this area is focused on developing food stu ffs —
meat being the prime example.
Food
Experiments with extruders for 3D
printing food substances has
increased dramatically over the last
couple of years. Chocolate is the
most common (and desirable).
There are also printers that work
with sugar and some experiments
with pasta and meat. Looking to the future, research is being
undertaken, to utilize 3D printing technology to produce finely
balanced whole meals.
Other
And finally, one company that does have a unique (proprietary)
material offering is Stratasys, with its digital materials for the
Objet Connex 3D printing platform. This o ffering means that
standard Objet 3D printing materials can be combined during the
printing process — in various and specified concentrations — to
form new materials with the required properties. Up to 140
different Digital Materials can be realized from combining the
existing primary materials in di fferent ways.
CHAPTE
R
3D Printing Global E ffects

!
48
Global Effects on Manufacturing
3D printing is already having bring production closer to the

an effect on the way that end user and/or the consumer,
products are manufactured – thereby reducing the current
the nature of the technology supply chain restrictions. The
permits new ways of thinking customisation value of 3D
in terms of the social, printing and the ability to
economic, environmental and produce small production
security implications of the batches on demand is a sure
manufacturing process with way to engage consumers AND
universally favourable results. reduce or negate inventories
! and stock piling — something
One of the key factors behind similar to how Amazon
this statement is that 3D operates its business.
printing has the potential to
Global Effects on Manufacturing
Shipping spare parts and pass, and even more rigorous

products from one part of the debate about the time frame in
world to the other could which it may occur.
potentially become obsolete, !
as the spare parts might The wider adoption of 3D
possibly be 3D printed on site. printing would likely cause re-
This could have a major impact invention of a number of
on how businesses large and already invented products,
small, the military and and, of course, an even bigger
consumers operate and number of completely new
interact on a global scale in the products. Today previously
future. The ultimate aim for impossible shapes and
many is for consumers to geometries can be created
operate their own 3D printer at with a 3D printer, but the
home, or within their journey has really only just
community, whereby digital begun. 3D printing is believed
designs of any (customizable) by many to have very great
product are available for potential to inject growth into
download via the internet, and innovation and bring back local
can be sent to the printer, manufacturing.
which is loaded with the
correct material(s). Currently,
there is some debate about
whether this will ever come to
Potential Effects to the Global Economy
The use of 3D printing all the way to intellectual

technology has potential property legal disputes and
effects on the global economy, settlements. Piracy is a current
if adopted world wide. The concern related to 3D printing
shift of production and for many IP holders.
distribution from the current !
model to a localized The effect of 3D printing on the
production based on-demand, developing world is a double-
on site, customized production edged sword. One example of
model could potentially reduce the positive e ffect is lowered
the imbalance between export manufacturing cost through
and import countries. recycled and other local
! materials, but the loss of
3D printing would have the manufacturing jobs could hit
potential to create new many developing countries
industries and completely new severely, which would take
professions, such as those time to overcome.
related to the production of 3D !
printers. There is an
opportunity for professional
services around 3D printing,
ranging from new forms of
product designers, printer
operators, material suppliers
Potential Effects to the Global Economy
The developed world, would benefit perhaps the most from 3D

printing, where the growing aged society and shift of age
demographics has been a concern related to production and work
force. Also the health benefits of the medical use of 3D printing
would cater well for an aging western society.
CHAPTE
R
3D Printing Benefits & Value

!
53
3D Printing Benefits & Value
3D printing, whether at an industrial, local or personal level,

brings a host of benefits that traditional methods of manufacture
(or prototyping) simply cannot.
Customisation
3D printing processes allow for mass customization — the ability
to personalize products according to individual needs and
requirements. Even within the same build chamber, the nature of
3D printing means that numerous products can be manufactured
at the same time according to the end-users requirements at no
additional process cost.
Complexity
The advent of 3D printing has seen a proliferation of products
(designed in digital environments), which involve levels of
complexity that simply could not be produced physically in any
other way. While this advantage has been taken up by designers
and artists to impressive visual e ffect, it has also made a
significant impact on industrial applications, whereby applications
are being developed to materialize complex components that are
proving to be both lighter and stronger than their predecessors.
Notable uses are emerging in the aerospace sector where these
issues are of primary importance.
Tool-less
For industrial manufacturing, one of the most cost-, time- and
labour-intensive stages of the product development process is the
production of the tools. For low to medium volume applications,
industrial 3D printing — or additive manufacturing — can eliminate
the need for tool production and, therefore, the costs, lead times
and labour associated with it. This is an extremely attractive
proposition, that an increasing number or manufacturers are
taking advantage of. Furthermore, because of the complexity
advantages stated above, products and components can be
designed specifically to avoid assembly requirements with intricate
geometry and complex features further eliminating the labour and
costs associated with assembly processes.
Sustainable / Environmentally Friendly

3D printing is also emerging as an energy-e fficient technology
that can provide environmental e fficiencies in terms of both the
manufacturing process itself, utilising up to 90% of standard
materials, and, therefore, creating less waste, but also throughout
an additively manufactured product’s operating life, by way of
lighter and stronger design that imposes a reduced carbon
footprint compared with traditionally manufactured products.
!
Furthermore, 3D printing is showing great promise in terms of
fulfilling a local manufacturing model, whereby products are
produced on demand in the place where they are needed —
eliminating huge inventories and unsustainable logistics for
shipping high volumes of products around the world.
CHAPTE
R
3D Printing Applications
!
57
The origins of 3D printing in ‘Rapid Prototyping’ were founded on the

principles of industrial prototyping as a means of speeding up the
earliest stages of product development with a quick and
straightforward way of producing prototypes that allows for multiple
iterations of a product to arrive more quickly and e fficiently at an
optimum solution. This saves time and money at the outset of the
entire product development process and ensures confidence ahead
of production tooling.
!
Prototyping is still probably the largest, even though sometimes
overlooked, application of 3D printing today.
!
The developments and improvements of the process and the
materials, since the emergence of 3D printing for prototyping, saw
the processes being taken up for applications further down the
product development process chain. Tooling and casting
applications were developed utilizing the advantages of the di fferent
processes. Again, these applications are increasingly being used and
adopted across industrial sectors.
!
Similarly for final manufacturing operations, the improvements are
continuing to facilitate uptake.
!
In terms of the industrial vertical markets that are benefitting greatly
from industrial 3D printing across all of these broad spectrum
applications, the following is a basic breakdown:
Medical and Dental
The medical sector is viewed as addition to making prototypes

being one that was an early to support new product
adopter of 3D printing, but development for the medical
also a sector with huge and dental industries, the
potential for growth, due to the technologies are also utilized
customization and to make patterns for the
personalization capabilities of downstream metal casting of
the technologies and the ability dental crowns and in the
to improve people’s lives as the manufacture of tools over
processes improve and which plastic is being vacuum
materials are developed that formed to make dental
meet medical grade standards. aligners. The technology is also
! taken advantage of directly to
3D printing technologies are manufacture both stock items,
being used for a host of such as hip and knee implants,
different applications. In and bespoke patient-specific
products, such as hearing aids, orthotic insoles for shoes,

personalised prosthetics and one-o ff implants for patients
suffering from diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and
cancer, along with accident and trauma victims. 3D printed
surgical guides for specific operations are also an emerging
application that is aiding surgeons in their work and patients in
their recovery. Technology is also being developed for the 3D
printing of skin, bone, tissue, pharmaceuticals and even human
organs. However, these technologies remain largely decades away
from commercialisation.
Aerospace
Like the medical sector, the Because of the critical nature

aerospace sector was an early of aircraft development, the
adopter of 3D printing R&D is demanding and
technologies in their earliest strenuous, standards are
forms for product critical and industrial grade 3D
development and prototyping. printing systems are put
These companies, typically through their paces. Process
working in partnership with and materials development
academic and research have seen a number of key
institutes, have been at the applications developed for the
sharp end in terms or pushing aerospace sector — and some
the boundaries of the non-critical parts are all-ready
technologies for flying on aircraft.
manufacturing applications. !
!
High profile users include GE / Morris Technologies, Airbus / EADS,

Rolls-Royce, BAE Systems and Boeing. While most of these
companies do take a realistic approach in terms of what they are
doing now with the technologies, and most of it is R&D, some do
get quite bullish about the future.
Automotive
Another general early adopter improved materials and end

of Rapid Prototying results for automotive parts.
technologies — the earliest !
incarnation of 3D printing — Many automotive companies
was the automotive sector. are now also looking at the
Many automotive companies potential of 3D printing to fulfill
— particularly at the cutting after sales functions in terms
edge of motor sport and F1 — of production of spare/
have followed a similar replacement parts, on
trajectory to the aerospace demand, rather than holding
companies. First (and still) huge inventories.
using the technologies for
prototyping applications, but
developing and adapting their
manufacturing processes to
incorporate the benefits of
Jewellery
Traditionally, the design and is investment casting — the

manufacturing process for origins of which can be traced
jewellery has always required back more than 4000 years.
high levels of expertise and !
knowledge involving specific For the jewellery sector, 3D
disciplines that include printing has proved to be
fabrication, mould-making, particularly disruptive. There is
casting, electroplating, forging, a great deal of interest — and
silver/gold smithing, stone- uptake — based on how 3D
cutting, engraving and printing can, and will,
polishing. Each of these contribute to the further
disciplines has evolved over development of this industry.
many years and each requires From new design freedoms
technical knowledge when enabled by 3D CAD and 3D
applied to jewellery printing, through improving
manufacture. Just one example traditional processes for
jewellery production all the way to direct 3D printed production

eliminating many of the traditional steps, 3D printing has had —
and continues to have — a tremendous impact in this sector.
Art / Design / Sculpture
Artists and Sculptors are engaging with 3D printing in myriad of

different ways to explore form and function in ways previously
impossible. Whether purely to find new original expression or to
learn from old masters this is a highly charged sector that is
increasingly finding new ways of working with 3D printing and
introducing the results to the world. There are numerous artists
that have now made a name for themselves by working
specifically with 3D modelling, 3D scanning and 3D printing
technologies.
!
•Joshua Harker
•Dizingof
•Jessica Rosenkrantz at Nervous System
•Pia Hinze
•Nick Ervinck
•Lionel Dean
•And many others.
The discipline of 3D scanning in conjunction with 3D printing also

brings a new dimension to the art world, however, in that artists
and students now have a proven methodology of reproducing the
work of past masters and creating exact replicas of ancient (and
more recent) sculptures for close study – works of art that they
would otherwise never have been able to interact with in person.
The work of Cosmo Wenman is particularly enlightening in this
field.
Architecture
Architectural models have long for increased innovation and

been a staple application of 3D improved communication.
printing processes, for !
producing accurate More recently some visionary
demonstration models of an architects are looking to 3D
architect’s vision. 3D printing printing as a direct
offers a relatively fast, easy and construction method. Research
economically viable method of is being conducted at a
producing detailed models number of organizations on
directly from 3D CAD, BIM or this front, most notably
other digital data that Loughborough University,
architects use. Many successful Contour Crafting and Universe
architectural firms, now Architecture.
commonly use 3D printing (in
house or as a service) as a
critical part of their workflow
Fashion
As 3D printing processes have gowns and even some under

improved in terms of wear have debuted at di fferent
resolution and more flexible fashion venues around the
materials, one industry, world.
renowned for experimentation !
and outrageous statements, Iris van Herpen should get a
has come to the fore. We are of special mention as the leading
course talking about fashion! pioneer in this vein. She has
! produced a number of
3D printed accessories collections — modelled on the
including shoes, head-pieces, catwalks of Paris and Milan —
hats and bags have all made that incorporate 3D printing to
their way on to global catwalks. blow up the ‘normal rules’ that
And some even more visionary no longer apply to fashion
fashion designers have design. Many have followed,
demonstrated the capabilities and continue to follow, in her
of the tech for haute couture footsteps, often with wholly
— dresses, capes, full-length original results.
Food
Although a late-comer to the market. Some other early

3D printing party, food is one experiments with food
emerging application (and/or including the 3D printing of
3D printing material) that is “meat” at the cellular protein
getting people very excited and level. More recently pasta is
has the potential to truly take another food group that is
the technology into the being researched for 3D
mainstream. After all, we will printing food.
all, always, need to eat! 3D !
printing is emerging as a new Looking to the future 3D
way of preparing and printing is also being
presenting food. considered as a complete food
! preparation method and a way
Initial forays into 3D printing of balancing nutrients in a
food were with chocolate and comprehensive and healthy
sugar, and these developments way.
have continued apace with
specific 3D printers hitting the
Consumers
The holy grail for 3D printing vendors is consumer 3D printing.
There is a widespread debate as to whether this is a feasible
future. Currently, consumer uptake is low due to the accessibility
issues that exist with entry level (consumer machines). There is
headway being made in this direction by the larger 3D printing
companies such as 3D Systems and Makerbot, as a subsidiary of
Stratasys as they try to make the 3D printing process and the
ancillary components (software, digital content etc) more
accessible and user-friendly. There are currently three main ways
that the person on the street can interact with 3D printing tech for
consumer products:
!
•design + print
•choose + print
•choose + 3D printing service fulfillment
CHAPTE
R
3D Printing Glossary
!
72
#
3DP
! 3D
Printing
Aa
AB
S
! Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
AM
!
! Additive Manufacturing
C
c
CAD / CAM
! Computer-aided design / Computer-aided
CA
E
!
! Computer-aided engineering
Dd
DL
P
!
Digital Light Processing
DMD
!
Direct Metal Deposition
DML
S
!
Direct Metal Laser Sintering
!
F
f
FDM
! Fused Deposition Modelling (Trademark of Stratasys)
FF
F
!
! Freeform Fabrication
L
l
LEN
S
! Laser Engineering Net-Shaping (Trademark of
SNL, licensed to Optomec)
L
S
!
! Laser Sintering
P
p
PL
A
! Polylactic
Acid
Rr
R
E
! Reverse Engineering
Rr
RM
! Rapid Manufacturing
R
P
! Rapid Prototyping
R
T
! Rapid
Tooling
S
s
S
L
! Stereolithography
SL
A
! Stereolithography Apparatus (Registered Trademark of 3D Systems)
SL
M
! Selective Laser Melting
S
s
SL
S
! Selective Laser Sintering (Registered
Trademark of 3D Systems)
STL / .stl
! Stereo Lithograpic

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Chapter 01 : Introduction: What is 3D printing?

Welcome to 3DPI’s Beginner’s Guide to 3D Printing. Whether you

3D Printing — also known as additive manufacturing — has

The term 3D printing covers a

Technology has aﬀected recent newspapers and across online

any other existing traditional whether to achieve the end

subtractive manufacturing unprecedented design

industrial prototyping and manufacturing process as the

The earliest 3D printing technologies ﬁrst

proliﬁc organizations operating in the 3D

EOS GmbH in Germany, emerging during these years,

ntroduced, still focused wholly Technologies (an established

developments taking place in applications across the

today’s desktop machines. inﬂuences. The holy grail at

printers, the ethos of the in awareness and uptake

The diﬀerent types of 3D

negating the need for

functions and the situation is improving. Furthermore, once oﬀ

You will soon start to see At the end of the print

Stereolithography (SL) is widely recognized as the ﬁrst 3D printing

Because of the nature of the SL process, it requires support

DLP — or digital light processing — is a similar process to

Laser sintering and laser melting are interchangeable terms that

The build chamber is completely sealed as it is necessary to

3D printing utilizing the extrusion of thermoplastic material is

employ extrusion methodology. However, followingStratasys’

Support structures, or lack thereof, have generally been a

There are two 3D printing process that utilize a jetting technique.

Material jetting: a 3D printing process whereby the actual build

SDL is a proprietary 3D printing process developed and

in the surrounding area that will serve as the support, ensuring

The Electron Beam Melting 3D printing

processing, they are wholly safe and eco-friendly. Where the

The materials available for 3D printing have come a long way

Nylon, or Polyamide, is commonly

some applications of 3D printing. However it is not as durable or

A growing number of metals and

3D Printing Global E ﬀects

3D printing is already having bring production closer to the

Shipping spare parts and pass, and even more rigorous

The use of 3D printing all the way to intellectual

The developed world, would beneﬁt perhaps the most from 3D

3D Printing Beneﬁts & Value

3D printing, whether at an industrial, local or personal level,

Sustainable / Environmentally Friendly

The origins of 3D printing in ‘Rapid Prototyping’ were founded on the

Medical and Dental

The medical sector is viewed as addition to making prototypes

products, such as hearing aids, orthotic insoles for shoes,

Like the medical sector, the Because of the critical nature

High proﬁle users include GE / Morris Technologies, Airbus / EADS,

Another general early adopter improved materials and end

Traditionally, the design and is investment casting — the

jewellery production all the way to direct 3D printed production

Art / Design / Sculpture

Artists and Sculptors are engaging with 3D printing in myriad of

The discipline of 3D scanning in conjunction with 3D printing also