2024

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DISEASES

meera das
[Company name]

1/1/2024
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

RERODUCTIVE TRACT DISEASES

SUBMITTED BY

NAME ;MEERA DAS.P

CLASS; XII
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude to Ms. Divyasree maam for her
thank tremendous support and assistance in the completion of my project. I
would also like to our Principal, Mrs.Sreelekha maam , for providing me with
this wonderful opportunity to work on a project with the topic Reproductive tract
diseases .The completion of the project would not have been possible without
their help and insights.
CONTENT

1. INTODUCTION

2. COMMON REPRODUCTIVE TRACT DISEASES

3. ENDOMETRIOSIS

4. UTERINE FIBROIDS

5. GYNECOLOGIC CANCER

6. HIV/AIDS

7. INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS

8. POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS)

9. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

10.CONCLUSION

11.BIBILOGRAPHY
What is reproductive tract disease ?

Reproductive tract infection (RTI) are infections that affect the reproductive
tract, which is part of the reproductive system. For females, reproductive tract
infections can affect the upper reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, ovary and
uterus) and the lower reproductive tract (vagina, cervix and vulva); for males
these infections affect the penis, testicles, urethra or the vas deferens. The three
types of reproductive tract infections are endogenous infections, iatrogenic
infections and the more commonly known sexually transmitted infections. Each
has its own specific causes and symptoms, caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus
or other organism. Some infections are easily treatable and can be cured, some
are more difficult, and some are non curable such as AIDS and herpes.

Some of the reproductive tract disesases of women

• Gynecologic Cancer.

• Endometriosis.

• Uterine Fibroids.

• HIV/AIDS.

• Interstitial Cystitis

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

 Female reprodutive tract

ENDOMETRIOSIS

Endometriosis is a problem affecting a woman’s uterus—the place where a baby

grows when a woman is pregnant. Endometriosis is when the kind of tissue that
normally lines the uterus grows somewhere else. It can grow on the ovaries,
behind the uterus, on the bowels, or on the bladder. Rarely, it grows in other
parts of the body.

This “misplaced” tissue can cause pain, infertility, and very heavy periods. The
pain is usually in the abdomen, lower back, or pelvic areas. Some women have
no symptoms at all, and having trouble getting pregnant may be the first sign
they have endometriosis.

There's no cure for endometriosis and it can be difficult to treat. Treatment aims
to ease symptoms so the condition does not interfere with your daily life.
Treatment can be given to: relieve pain.
symptoms
Painful periods, with severe cramping known as dysmenorrhea, and painful
sexual intercourse are two very common symptoms of endometriosis. Other
symptoms include:
• Heavy menstrual bleeding
• Excessive bleeding in between periods
• Chronic pelvic pain
• Painful ovulation
• Infertility in some cases
• Painful urination and bowel movements
UTERINE FIBROIDS

• Pain d Uterine fibroids are the most common noncancerous tumors in

women of childbearing age. Fibroids are made of muscle cells and other
tissues that grow in and the around the wall of the uterus, or womb. The
cause of fibroids is unknown. Risk factors include being African-
American or being overweight. The symptoms of fibroids include
• Reproductive problems, such as infertility, multiple miscarriages, or early
labor.
Fibroids vary in number and size. You can have a single fibroid or
more than one. Some of these growths are too small to see with the
eyes. Others can grow to the size of a grapefruit or larger. A fibroid
that gets very big can distort the inside and the outside of the uterus.
In extreme cases, some fibroids grow large enough to fill the pelvis or
stomach area. They can make a person look pregnant.

SYMPTOMS

• Heavy menstrual bleeding or painful periods.

• Longer or more frequent periods.
• Pelvic pressure or pain.
• Frequent urination or trouble urinating.
• Growing stomach area.
• Constipation.
• Pain in the stomach area or lower back, or pain during sex.
GYNECOLOGIC CANCER

Gynecologic cancer is any cancer that starts in a woman’s reproductive organs.

Gynecologic cancers begin in different places within a woman’s pelvis, which
is the area below the stomach and in between the hip bones.

• Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, which is the lower, narrow end of
the uterus.
• Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries, which are located on each side of
the uterus.
• Uterine cancer begins in the uterus, the pear-shaped organ in a woman’s
pelvis where the baby grows when a woman is pregnant.
• Vaginal cancer begins in the vagina, which is the hollow, tube-like
channel between the bottom of the uterus and the outside of the body.
• Vulvar cancer begins in the vulva, the outer part of the female genital
organs.
Gynecologic Cancer Symptoms

• Pelvic pain or pressure.

• Itching or burning of the vulva.
• Changes in vulva color or skin (rash, sores, warts, or ulcers)
• Changes in bathroom habits (increased urination, constipation, or
diarrhea)
• Bloating.
• Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge.
• Pain in the back or stomach
TREATMENT FOR GYNECOLOGICAL CANCERS

• Surgery: We use minimally invasive approaches whenever possible to

preserve your organs, organ function and fertility. Our gynecologic
oncologists are skilled in laparoscopic techniques, robotic equipment and
vaginal approaches to remove tumors. These techniques use smaller or no
incisions, which can reduce your recovery time.
• Chemotherapy: Medications, such as pills, injections or infusions, travel
through the bloodstream to destroy cancer. Chemo can help shrink tumors
before surgery to remove them. It can also help prevent cancer from
returning after other treatments.
• Radiation therapy: Using high-energy X-rays to destroy cancer cells,
radiation is the main treatment for certain gynecologic cancers. Radiation
therapy can help shrink tumors to make them easier to remove with
surgery. We also use radiation therapy to treat advanced cancer that has
spread (metastasized) to other organs.
• Immunotherapy: These medications teach your own immune system to
recognize and destroy cancer cells.
• Targeted therapies: These medications can target specific substances on
cancer cells to destroy the cancer and slow its growth.
• Hormone therapy: These medications block hormones or stop their
production. Hormone therapy treats cancers stimulated by estrogen or
other hormones.
SOME IMAGES OF GYNECOLOGIC CANCERS

Uterine cancer
HIV/AIDS
HIV is the human immunodeficiency virus. HIV affects specific cells of the
immune system (called CD4 cells). Over time, HIV can destroy so many of these
cells that the body can’t fight off infection anymore. The human body cannot get
rid of HIV—that means once a person has HIV, he or she has it for life. There is
no cure at this time, but with proper medical care, the virus can be controlled.
HIV is the virus that can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or
AIDS. AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection, when a person’s immune system
is severely damaged. HIV and Breastfeeding
HIV can be spread through breast milk, so mothers who have HIV should not
breast-feed their babies.

SYMPTOMS

Pain areas: in the abdomen

Pain circumstances: can occur while swallowing

Cough: can be dry

Whole body: fatigue, fever, loss of appetite, malaise, night sweats, or sweating

Gastrointestinal: nausea, persistent diarrhoea, vomiting, or watery diarrhoea

Mouth: ulcers or white tongue

Groin: sores or swelling

Throat: difficulty swallowing or soreness

Also common: opportunistic infection, headache, oral thrush, pneumonia, red

blotches, severe unintentional weight loss, skin rash, or swollen lymph nodes
TREATMENT

The treatment of HIV with medicines is called antiretroviral therapy (ART). It

involves taking a combination of medicines every day. ART is recommended
for everyone who has HIV. The medicines do not cure HIV infection, but help
people with HIV live longer, healthier lives.

INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic bladder condition resulting in recurring
discomfort or pain in the bladder or surrounding pelvic region. People with IC
usually have inflamed or irritated bladder walls that can cause scarring and
stiffening of the bladder. IC can affect anyone; however, it is more common in
women than men. Some people have some or none of the following symptoms:

• Abdominal or pelvic mild discomfort.

• Frequent urination.
• A feeling of urgency to urinate.
• Feeling of abdominal or pelvic pressure.
• Tenderness.
• Intense pain in the bladder or pelvic region.
• Severe lower abdominal pain that intensifies as the urinary bladder fills or
empties.

Treatment is lifestyle modification and oral or intravesical therapy

Painful bladder syndrome is often difficult to treat. Therapies may include

medication, physiotherapy and biofeedback. Antibiotics haven't been shown to
help with painful bladder syndrome.

Dietary modification
Adjusting diet to prevent or treat disease.

Bladder training

Gradually increasing the amount of time from the point where an urge to urinate
develops to urinating.

Stress management

Pursuing an enjoyable activity or verbalising frustration to reduce stress and

improve mental health.

POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome happens when a woman’s ovaries or adrenal glands
produce more male hormones than normal. One result is that cysts (fluid-filled
sacs) develop on the ovaries. Women who are obese are more likely to have
PCOS. Women with PCOS are at increased risk of developing diabetes and heart
disease. Symptoms may include

• Infertility.
• Pelvic pain.
• Excess hair growth on the face, chest, stomach, thumbs, or toes.
• Baldness or thinning hair.
• Acne, oily skin, or dandruff.
• Patches of thickened dark brown or black skin.
Treatment is a combination of medication and other supportive therapy to
manage symptoms

Treatments such as birth control pills to regulate menstrual cycles, metformin to

counter insulin resistance and prevent diabetes, statins to manage high
cholesterol, hormones to boost fertility, and procedures to remove excess hair
may be prescribed.

Self-care

Physical exercise, Weight loss and Electrolysis

Medications

Anti-diabetic medication, Statin, Hormone and Hair growth inhibitor

SEXUALLY TRASMITTED DISEASES

Sometimes sexually transmitted infections are spread in ways other than sexual
contact. For example, STIs can spread to infants during pregnancy or childbirth.
STIs also can spread through blood transfusions or shared needles.

STIs don't always cause symptoms. A person can get sexually transmitted
infections from another person who seems healthy and may not even know they
have an. infection

Symptoms
STDs can have a range of symptoms, including no symptoms. That's why
sexually transmitted infections may go unnoticed until a person has
complications or a partner is diagnosed.
STI symptoms might include:

• Sores or bumps on the genitals or in the oral or rectal area.

• Painful or burning urination.
• Discharge from the penis.
• Unusual or odorous vaginal discharge.
• Unusual vaginal bleeding.
• Pain during sex.
• Sore, swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the groin but sometimes more
widespread.
• Lower abdominal pain.
• Fever.
• Rash over the trunk, hands or feet.
Sexually transmitted infection symptoms may appear a few days after exposure.
But it may take years before you have any noticeable problems, depending on
what's causing the STI.

Some common STIs

• Chlamydia.
• Genital herpes.
• Gonorrhea.
• HIV.
• HPV.
• Pubic lice.
• Syphilis.
• Trichomoniasis.
CONCLUSION

A low prevalence of reproductive tract infections, coupled with a high

level of reported risk behaviour, indicated a need for primary
programmes that would prevent an increase in the incidence of
reproductive tract infections, sexually transmitted infections and HIV
infection.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
1. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/womensrh/healthconce
rns.html
2. NCERT TEXTBOOK
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease h
4. https://www.webmd.com/women/ss/slideshow-women-
reproductive-problems