S.

NO DESCRIPTION ABBREVIATION

1 MCCB MOULDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER

2 Shunt trip

3 ELCB Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

RCD Residual Current Device
SLD single-line diagram

4 mV drop test Milli volt drop test (Factory test)

5 ECC
6 PSC Prospective Short Circuit Current
7 PEFC Prospective Earth Fault Current
8 PE Protective Earth
9 IR port Infrared Port

10 CAT III

11 CAT IV

12 MEN Multiple earthed neutral {MEN} system

13 Earth fault loop

Definition

14 LV Switchgear
14 LV Switchgear

Components

Types of Loads

15 LV Switchgear testing Standards

16 DDC Direct Digital Control
17 Test pack development SAT reports
18 CIR Commissioning Inspecion Request
19 WIR Work Inspection Request
20 DSTI Daily Safety Task Instructions
21 ESSW Electrical Safe System of Work
22 HIRA Hazard Identification Risk Assessment
23 PCT Pre-Commissioning Test Record Sheet
24 SSSP Site Specific Safety plan
25 MCC Motor Control Center
26 PFC Power factor control unit
27 PMU Power Monitoring Units

28 Hunting

29 VFD

30 CPC Circuit Protective Conductors

31 Short circuit study

32 Co-ordination study

33 Earthing systems TT,IT,TN (TN-C, TN-S, TN-CS)

34 IET The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Earth fault loop
35 BS7671
impedence
36 Bus Bar rating Ampere rating of Bus bar
37 kVA rating Kilo Volt Ampere

38 PF Power factor

39 SPD Surge Protection Device

40 GS General Specifications
41 VD Voltage Drop
42 VLF Very Low Frequency Test
43 FFL Finished Floor Level
44 Discrimination study Discrimination study of breakers

45 NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association

46 NFPA 70B National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70B

47 Harmoics Harmonics in Power system

48 THD Total Harmonic Distortion

49 DOL starter Direct Online Starter
50 PTZ camera Pan Tilt and Zoom camera
51 NPR camera Number Plate recognition camera
52 ETS Energy Transfer Stations
53 AAV Automatic Air Vent
54 FFL,SSL,SFL,BGL
55 SAG,SAD,RAG
 FUNCTION

Electrical protection device that is used to protect the electrical circuit from excessive current, which can cause over

A shunt trip breaker is an optional accessory for your circuit breaker that can allow you to trip the breaker remotely
preventing injuries and equipment damage during emergencies.

Millivolt drop measurements on busbar joints are normally relative, so no typical values are given. It is for you on sit
The exception is maybe specific equipment (ACB contacts for instance) where the manufacturer may give a guide va

We normally assume that a joint should measure less than the equivalent length of bar, so you can easily work out
readings will be affected by ambient temperature due to their sensitivity. Probe positioning will also be critical.

CAT III. Measurement category III is for measurements performed in the building installation. Examples are measur
breakers, wiring, including cables, bus-bars, junction boxes, switches, socket-outlets in the fixed installation, and eq

CAT IV: This category is for measurements performed at the service entrance or on power lines (overhead or buried
service equipment overcurrent device.

This type of earthing system requires a link to be made between the neutral conductors and protective earths, the l
between the main neutral link and earth bar, known as the MEN link.

The earth fault loop in an MEN system comprises the following components:
1. The protective earthing conductor (PE). The objective of the earth fault loop impedance
calculation (see Section 4) is to properly determine earth cable size.
2. The neutral return path consisting of the neutral conductor (N) between the main neutral
terminal and the transformer neutral point.
3. The path through the transformer winding.
4. The active conductor (A) as far as the point of the fault.

Low-voltage switchgear fundamentals:

What is low-voltage metal-enclosed switchgear? Low-voltage metal-enclosed switchgear is a three-phase power dist
efficiently and reliably supply electric power at voltages up to 1,000 volts and current up to 6,000 amps.

Function - Protection, Isolaton & Switching operatons from Live pars.

ACB
MCCB
MCB
ELCB
Isolators
Fuses
Motors, lighting, Air Conditioners, Industrial machiner
loads, transformer cooling system etc
260100, 260800, 262400,BS7671
Control and Monitoring workstation

Hunting is the phenomenon of oscillation of the rotor about its steady state position or equilibrium state in a synchron
momentary fluctuation in the rotor speed of a synchronous motor.

Pulse Width Modulated Variable Frequency Drives. When operated from a constant frequency power source (typicall
speed devices. A variable frequency drive controls the speed of an AC motor by varying the frequency supplied to th

A short circuit study is performed to verify that each device of the electrical distribution system, including service eq
and connected equipment will meet the minimum requirements of short circuit energy at their connection point in th

A coordination study, in general, is used to evaluate the effect of equipment failures and fault currents within a powe
on the system operation.

Should not exceed 200Ω .

Width*thickness in mm
Eg: Width (W)=100mm, thickness (t)=10
BB Rating= 1.2*W*t=1200A
BB Rating= 1.6*W*t=1600A
BB Rating=0.8*W*t=800A
BB Rating=0.6*W*t=600A
BB Rating=0.6*W*t=600A
Transformers are rated in kVA because the losses occurring in the transformers are independent of the power factor
transformer are never known to the manufacturer at the time of transformer design. Hence it cannot be rated in kW

Represented in kVA= Kilo volt amperes

kVA=kW+kVAR
kVA=Apparent power
kW=Active Power
kVAR=Reactive power
The above expression illustrates total/apparent power is the sum of Active and Reactive power, i.e, transformer
load circuit will contain resistive & inductive load

PF=kW/kVA
PF=Active power/Apparent power

The co-ordination of set of protective devices placed in an electrical system in which the protective device which is n
(NEMA) is an organization that forms the standards for the manufacturing of medical imaging equipment and electri
the safety, environment, and marketing enhancement of the industry.

Serves to provide guidance to electrical maintenance managers on how to develop and implement an electrical main
framework to safeguard people, equipment and processes from electrical system failures

Harmonics or harmonic frequencies of a periodic voltage or current are frequency components in the signal that are
main signal. This is the basic outcome that Fourier analysis of a periodic signal shows. Harmonic distortion is the dis
harmonics.

The distortion produced by an amplifier, as measured in terms of the harmonics of the sinusoidal components of the
This starter is used when a motor is started with full load at rated voltage. Applicable for motors less than or equal t
PTZ cameras can pan horizontally, tilt vertically and zoom in on a subject to enhance the image quality without digit

avoid air in closed loop piping during filling the system. extract the dissolved air in water during running under work
2 Finished Floor Level (FFL) 3 Structural Floor Level (SFL) / Structural Slab Level (SSL) 4 Building Ground Level (BGL
SAG = Supply Air Grille. SAD = Supply Air Diffuser. RAG = Return Air Grille.
 FUNCTION

protect the electrical circuit from excessive current, which can cause overload or short circuit.

y for your circuit breaker that can allow you to trip the breaker remotely at any time or automatically during a surge,
during emergencies.

ts are normally relative, so no typical values are given. It is for you on site to define the test and repeat as required.
(ACB contacts for instance) where the manufacturer may give a guide value.

asure less than the equivalent length of bar, so you can easily work out an expected range. Bear in mind that
rature due to their sensitivity. Probe positioning will also be critical.

easurements performed in the building installation. Examples are measurements on distribution boards, circuit-
, junction boxes, switches, socket-outlets in the fixed installation, and equipment for industries.

performed at the service entrance or on power lines (overhead or buried). This includes measurements before the

to be made between the neutral conductors and protective earths, the link is usually made in the main switchboard
r, known as the MEN link.

comprises the following components:

The objective of the earth fault loop impedance
termine earth cable size.
neutral conductor (N) between the main neutral

ng.
oint of the fault.

s:
gear? Low-voltage metal-enclosed switchgear is a three-phase power distribution product designed to safely,
r at voltages up to 1,000 volts and current up to 6,000 amps.

ching operatons from Live pars.

 Protection & Isolation of Main incomer bus
Protection & Isolation of Feeder bus
Protection & Isolation of Domestic,commercial & industrial appliances
Protection & Isolation of Residential & Commercail appliances
Manually operated to isolate mains from sub-electrical systems
Isolation of circuits during over current.

the rotor about its steady state position or equilibrium state in a synchronous motor. Hence, hunting means a
a synchronous motor.

Drives. When operated from a constant frequency power source (typically 60Hz), AC induction motors are fixed
ontrols the speed of an AC motor by varying the frequency supplied to the motor

that each device of the electrical distribution system, including service equipment, breakers, branch panel boards
nimum requirements of short circuit energy at their connection point in the electrical distribution system.

evaluate the effect of equipment failures and fault currents within a power system and to help analyze the impacts

100mm, thickness (t)=10

Copper
Silver
Aluminium
Iron
Galvanized iron
 losses occurring in the transformers are independent of the power factor. The loads that will be connected to the
acturer at the time of transformer design. Hence it cannot be rated in kW.

rent power is the sum of Active and Reactive power, i.e, transformer supplies supplies both power since the
ive load

PF=1 means Power factor at full load i.e, unity power factor.
PF=0.8 means power factor at 80% load.

es placed in an electrical system in which the protective device which is nearest to the fault should only trip
andards for the manufacturing of medical imaging equipment and electrical equipment. The purpose is to provide
hancement of the industry.

intenance managers on how to develop and implement an electrical maintenance program (EMP). It provides a
and processes from electrical system failures

riodic voltage or current are frequency components in the signal that are at integer multiples of the frequency of the
Fourier analysis of a periodic signal shows. Harmonic distortion is the distortion of the signal due to these

measured in terms of the harmonics of the sinusoidal components of the signal that it introduces.
d with full load at rated voltage. Applicable for motors less than or equal to 4kW
cally and zoom in on a subject to enhance the image quality without digital pixelation.

the system. extract the dissolved air in water during running under working pressure
oor Level (SFL) / Structural Slab Level (SSL) 4 Building Ground Level (BGL)
Diffuser. RAG = Return Air Grille.
Instamojo
In order of most conductive to least
conductive:
Silver.
Copper.
Gold.
Aluminum.
Zinc.
Nickel.
Brass.
Bronze.

Parameter

Definition

Nature of Load

Power factor value

Power factor angle

Reactive power component

Reactive power absorption

Power factor correction

Examples of loads
Phasor diagram

The entire process is controlled by a microprocessor which monitors the:

incoming voltage supply,

speed set-point,
DC link voltage,
output voltage and current to ensure operation of the motor within established parameters.

In the simplest drives or applications, the speed reference is simply a set-point; however, in more complex applicati
(PLC) or a tachometer.
How do you read ACB name plate?
Circuit Breaker Type. Few manufacturer also called this as designation. ...
Serial No. It's a serial number of the breaker. ...
Reference IS & IEC standard. This tells us about the standard based on which the
circuit breaker is manufactured. ...
Rated Voltage. ...
Rated Current. ...
Frequency. ...
Number of pole. ...
Breaking Capacity.

Lagging Power Factor

For a given load, if the load current lags behind the voltage, then the power factor
of the load is called lagging power factor.

The lagging power in an AC electric circuit is caused by the inductive loads such as
induction motors, etc.

The value of lagging power exists between -1 and 0. Here, the "-ve" sign have
significance in case of digital meters only.

For lagging power factor, the phase angle of current is negative with respect to the
phase angle of voltage.

For lagging power factor, the reactive component is negative.

When the power factor of the load is lagging, then it absorbs lagging reactive
power or we can say it delivers leading reactive power.

A poor lagging power factor can be improved by adding a capacitive load in the
circuit.

The loads of lagging power factor are inductive loads such as inductors,
transformers, electromagnetic relays, induction motors, etc.
y a microprocessor which monitors the:

ure operation of the motor within established parameters.

ons, the speed reference is simply a set-point; however, in more complex applications, the speed reference comes from a proce
Capacitor μ-Farad to kVAR and kVAR to μ-Farad Conversion Formula:
C = kVAR x 103 / 2π x f x V2 … in Farad.
C = 159.155 x Q in kVAR / f x V2 … in Farad.
C = kVAR x 109 / (2π x f x V2) … in Microfarad.
C = 159.155 x 106 x Q in kVAR / f x V2 … in Microfarad

Leading Power Factor

For a given load, if the load current leads or advances in phase the voltage, then the
load power factor is called leading power factor.

In an AC electric circuit, the capacitive loads cause a leading power factor.

The value of leading power factor exists between 0 and 1.

In case of leading power factor, the phase angle of current is positive with respect to
the phase angle of voltage.

The reactive power component is positive for a load of leading power factor.

When the load have leading power factor, then it absorbs leading reactive power (or
delivers lagging reactive power).

A poor leading power factor can be corrected by adding an inductive load in the circuit.

The capacitive loads have leading power factor, the common examples are overexcited
synchronous motor, capacitors, radio circuits, etc.
s, the speed reference comes from a process controller such as a Programmable Logic Controller
S.NO PROJECT REFERENCE CLEINT CONSULTANT

1 La Vie tower 23002 Central Dubai Projects LLC Next Engineering consultants
 Value
CONTRACTOR SCOPE OF WORK
PO THIS SCOPE
Elemec Witnessing of LV & SMDB panels 115,164.00 18,000.00 1
2
 BOQ

LV panel - 4 Nos.
SMDB panels - 48 Nos.
s
4 Secondary injection Megger
ISA
Omicron
E EARTH ELECTRODE

5 Secondary injection (V Measurement) Megger

ISA
Omicron
F OTHER MEASUREMENTS

6 Secondary Injection (Operation test) Megger

ISA
Omicron

7 Insulation resistance Megger

Contact Resistance Megger
Scope
Secondary injection (OC & EF test) Megger
ISA
Omicron
Breaker timing test (C, O, CO, OC, OCO ) ISA
GFUVE
Megger
Scope

8 Earth Resistance Test Fluke

 Megger SVERKER 900, FREJA 546/549, SMRT 410D
ISA RELTEST 1000 (local), DRTS 33/66
Omicron CMC 256 Plus, 353/356

Megger SVERKER 900, FREJA 546/549, SMRT 410D

ISA RELTEST 1000 (local), DRTS 33/66
Omicron CMC 256 Plus, 353/356

Megger SVERKER 900, FREJA 546/549, SMRT 410D

ISA RELTEST 1000 (local), DRTS 33/66
Omicron CMC 256 Plus, 353/356

Megger MIT515
AC Supply/battey backup Megger DLR100, DLR200
LV, MV & HV systems Scope CRM 100B/100C/100B/200B/200B+
Megger SVERKER 900, FREJA 546/549, SMRT 410D
ISA RELTEST 1000 (local), DRTS 33/66
Omicron CMC 256 Plus, 353/356
ISA CBA 1000/3000
GFUVE T209
Megger TM 1700/1800
Scope CB Scope, HISAC Swift

Fluke Fuke 1623-2, 1625-2