LUNARTECH

HOW TO
START A CAREER
IN DATA SCIENCE
THE DATA SCIENCE AND AI HANDBOOK
 02
Introduction
In this handbook, I'll show you how to use proven strategies and insights to
get into the fields of AI and Data Science.

I'll help you navigate the exciting world of Data Science and AI in 2023 so
you can increase your chances of landing a job.

Every sunrise brings a new opportunity; a chance to rewrite your

story, embrace new beginnings, and create the life you envision.
- ANONYMOUS

Who is this Handbook For?

This handbook is designed to appeal to a broad spectrum of readers.

If you're an aspiring data scientist and AI specialist looking to start a career in

Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, it's for you.

Also, if you're a business professional interested in harnessing the power of Data

Science and AI to transform your business strategies, boost efficiency, and create
a competitive edge, it's for you, too.

Whether you come from a technical background or not, this guide will help you
have a smoother transition into these exciting areas of technology.

This guide will demystify complex concepts and offer tangible strategies on how
to incorporate current cutting-edge technologies, Data Science best practices, and
AI strategies into your business practices.

We'll discuss the importance of Data Science in 2023. We'll talk about the
connection between Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (AI), and we'll
understand some core Data Science concepts.

Finally, we will examine the role of Data Science and AI in businesses and learn
about some benefits of using Data Science and AI in enterprises.

Essentially, this handbook is meant for anyone who is keen to unlock the potential
of Data Science and AI, irrespective of their professional background and career
stage.
03

About Our goal is straightforward – transform

individuals worldwide into elite tech experts.
We equip our learners with the expertise to

Us excel in high-stakes tech interviews, even at

prestigious FAANG companies.

VALUES
Bold Ambition: Dreaming big LunarTech was founded on a
and redefining limits. profound belief: the future is for the
Innovation & Adaptability: tech-savvy. In an ever-accelerating
Leading in a dynamic digital digital world, we recognized the
era. imperative for inclusive, top-tier tech
Decisiveness: Swift, informed education that caters to all,
actions keeping us ahead. regardless of their past experiences
Empowerment: Equipping all or backgrounds.
for tech success.
Mission
Tech Evolution: Surpassing At LunarTech, we're not just

traditional bounds to ignite a teaching; we're revolutionizing tech

tech revolution. education. We're passionate about

granting everyone the opportunity to
Universal Tech Access:
join the data-driven revolution. Our
Empowering all to mold the
commitment is unwavering: making
tech future.
tech education accessible, ensuring
AI's Rise: Ensuring everyone
everyone gets their chance to shape
harnesses AI's transformative
the industry's future.
essence.

AI-Ready Careers: Preparing

professionals for the AI-driven
era.
 04

Meet
Tatev Aslanyan
Tatev Aslanyan's journey into the world of Data Science began with a
stellar academic foundation. She graduated from the challenging
Econometrics and Operations Research program in the Netherlands,
completing her bachelor's in a swift three years and her master's in just one.
Her dedication and prowess were evident as she emerged in the top 10% of
her class. Tatev boasts an extensive research background in Computer
Science and Information Retrieval, having pioneered innovative
recommender systems through the integration of Machine Learning and
NLP. Her groundbreaking work not only earned a prestigious spot at the
SIGGAP conference but also led to first-authored scientific paper in the
esteemed ACM Computer Science publication.

Immediately post-graduation, Tatev joined the ranks of Relx as a Data

Scientist. Here, she became an integral part of the recommender systems and
search engine teams. Within a year, her exceptional skills saw her stepping
into a leading role for a product named Funding Institutional, replacing a
senior data scientist. Her trajectory at Relx was nothing short of meteoric.
After two years, marked by successful projects, she was promoted to
esteemed position of Data Scientist III.
Tatev's expertise isn't limited to traditional data science roles. She ventured
beyond, leading cross-functional projects, bridging gaps between back-end
and front-end teams, and collaborating with industry stalwarts, including
vice presidents, tech leads, and product directors. RELX invited Tatev also
to present the company during reputable tech conferences in Amsterdam
tech hub .
05

Meet
Tatev Aslanyan
Her journey then took her to Canada, where she joined Arcurve. Here, she
showcased her versatility, working as both a Data Scientist and an
Engineering consultant. She helmed a project for WSPGolder, an
international environmental and energy consulting firm, employing
Machine Learning to predict landslides across Canadian regions.

Another notable project under her leadership was for the global retail giant,
7Eleven, where she harnessed AI, Deep Learning, to detect system failures
in gas stations.

Tatev's prowess was further highlighted in her work for the startup,
Infrasight. Here, she wore multiple hats - from a Data Engineer to a
Software Developer. She oversaw the entire data domain, ensuring robust
data collection, governance, and processing, culminating in the creation of
a cloud computing unit.

Over five enriching years, Tatev has led numerous projects, touching all
data science domains including Product Data Science, NLP, AI, Machine
Learning and more while collaborating with a diverse range of
professionals from software engineers to UX designers.

In Tatev Aslanyan, you find a true luminary in Data Science, a professional

whose journey and achievements stand as a testament to her expertise and
dedication.
 06

Meet
Vahe Aslanyan
In the dynamic realm of digital marketing and technology, few shine as
brightly as Vahe Aslanyan. From a tender age, his prowess was evident,
and his achievements are a testament to his unparalleled expertise.

At just 15, Vahe showcased his prodigious talent by developing a

proprietary software tailored for amplifying the growth of social media
accounts, spanning platforms like Instagram and Twitter. But this wasn't
just any software; it was the catalyst behind a staggering network surge
to over 5 million followers.

Vahe's software didn't just revolutionize social media growth; it was a

game-changer in the affiliate marketing arena. With the power of his
tool, Vahe skyrocketed to the top echelons of premier affiliate marketing
networks, setting benchmarks that many could only aspire to.

While still navigating the challenges of school, Vahe didn't just rest on his
laurels. He harnessed his strategies, refining and teaching them to
thousands. The result? An exponential increase in traffic, further
solidifying his reputation as a digital marketing savant.
07

Meet
Vahe Aslanyan
The success of Vahe's software was just the beginning. With an
entrepreneurial spirit, he expanded his horizons, founding companies
that soon established footholds in strategic locations, including the UK
and the US.

Vahe's journey has been nothing short of transformative for the

software, affiliate and social media marketing sectors. Now, with the
same passion and expertise, he's poised to usher in a new era of
innovation in the tech world.
 08
CHAPTER 1

What is Data Science?

Data Science has become one of the most innovative fields in the
world of technology. It's not just shaping our present and future, but
it's also creating a high demand for skilled professionals.

If you find yourself fascinated by data, emerging technologies, and

AI and you aim to build a career in these fields, you’ve come to the
right place.

This handbook will give you all the tools and knowledge to succeed
in this field. It's a blend of practical advice and insights to help you
on your journey.

You can be a part of this digital revolution, whether you have a

technical background or not.

We will kick off with an understanding of what Data Science is and

what Data Scientists do, without too much technical jargon. We will
also look at why Data Science is so important as well as the core
concepts of Data Science.

We will also look at some examples from daily life where you can
apply Data Science techniques as well as different domains that
Data Science covers.
09

What do Data
Scientists do?
So, what is Data Science? Data Science is, in its most basic
form, a discipline that uses scientific methods, systems,
algorithms, and processes to extract meaningful knowledge and
insights from raw data.

Data Science is a combination of Statistics, Machine Learning,

and AI algorithms and techniques, as well as Computer Science,
Programming, and Business Analytics.

The primary goal of many data scientists is to uncover hidden

patterns in raw data, build data-driven products, and make data-
driven decisions.
 10

What is Data?
LLet’s first dive into the most important part of Data Science and
AI – the data itself. Data is a digital fingerprint for information.
Data can be anything, from facts to numbers, images, and videos,
that is stored and organized.

Data is all around you without you even noticing it. Imagine an
Excel spreadsheet to track your monthly expenses or a phone
contact list. These are all simple ways to store data.

Databases are used by companies to store large amounts of

information. These databases are organized collections of data
that allow companies to track things like customer information,
sales records, and inventory. Social media platforms store
information about your interactions, likes, and posts.
11

Why is Data Science

Important?
Data science jobs are some of the most sought-after in the
technology industry. Companies are increasingly looking for
data scientists as technology continues to advance, particularly
with AI, automation, and Machine Learning.

Data Science can help businesses use data for their benefit,
whether it is in marketing, healthcare, finance, or online
shopping. Data scientists can discover hidden insights and help
companies make intelligent decisions.

If you’re considering a career in technology, data science

should be on your list because the demand for data analysts is
always growing. This is a field that offers many opportunities.

Data Science will likely continue to be a dominant field in 2023

due to its ability to drive innovation across various industries.
IBM’s report predicts that the number of job listings for data
scientists, and other advanced analytical roles, will increase by
364,000 by 2023. This shows the growing reliance on data
science across the board.

A McKinsey Global Institute report indicates that data science

and analytics could unlock up to $15.4 trillion annually in
economic value worldwide by the end of 2023. The importance
of data science in solving complex social challenges is further
highlighted by the fact that it can be used to solve a range of
issues, from climate modeling to disease prediction.
 12
Where do Data Scientists
shine?
But of course, data alone is not sufficient. You need someone who
knows what to do with that data – and that’s exactly where Data
Scientists come in.

Data scientists are the ones who unlock the true value of the data.
They are the detectives who dig into data to uncover patterns and
gain valuable insights.

And keep in mind that all data is different and every project is
different, so Data Scientists are the innovators in the data and
business world. They are responsible for turning raw data into
knowledge that can be used to make better decisions and discover
hidden opportunities.

Data Scientists employ various techniques such as Statistics, Linear

Algebra, Calculus, Machine Learning, Data Analytics, Data
Visualization, Big Data tools, and Programming languages to work
with and make sense of the data. They use these tools to predict
outcomes and understand trends.
13

Where do Data Scientists

shine?

Imagine you are in a huge bookstore. Each book represents a

bit of information. You’re now looking for specific topics, say
all the books about Italian cuisine.

Data Science is similar to searching for specific books. It’s

about finding useful information within a sea of data. Data
scientists search through these vast amounts of digital data to
uncover meaningful insights and trends.

In a nutshell, data science is a versatile field that uses many

different techniques to extract value from data.
 14

How Data Science and AI

are used in businesses
Data Science and AI play a key role in the transformation of
businesses across a range of industries. They offer a variety of
benefits and growth opportunities.

Businesses that utilize their data can:

reduce operational costs

increase sales (with targeted marketing)
improve profitability
identify weak points in the business
automate business processes
globalize logistics and operational processes
manage a business from a single central location, and
monitor it with dashboards
make data-driven decisions (like which product to launch or
which version)
improve customer engagement
improve customer satisfaction
create Statistics, ML or AI-based software products

Let’s go through some known companies that you will likely

recognize, and how they use Data Science at a high level.

Telecommunication companies such as Fido, or Beeline, for

example, use data science to enhance network performance and
customer experience, forecast network outages, and ensure
uninterrupted connectivity for customers.

Platforms like list.am, a leading Armenian tech company, also

use algorithms powered by data science and AI to build
Recommender Systems in order to recommend relevant products
and services. This increases engagement and conversion rates.
15

How Data Science and AI

are used in businesses
Data science is also a key component of search engines such as
Google. Google’s algorithms provide millions of users with accurate
and personalized results by analyzing the user's behavior, search
patterns, and relevance of content. This allows businesses to reach
their target audiences and improve their online presence.

Companies like Uber and Yandex use data science to automate

warehouse processes and optimize driving routes. By analyzing data
on inventory levels and order volumes, and product demand they
efficiently manage inventory, replenish stocks and streamline order
fulfillment. This automation reduces errors, speeds up order
processing, and increases customer satisfaction.

Data science and AI is also used extensively in supply chain and

logistics management. Retail chains, supermarkets, and other retail
chains use data science to predict demand and optimize stock levels.
It also helps ensure that supply chain operations are efficient. This
reduces shortages of stock, and helps cut down on waste and increase
customer satisfaction.

Data science has also significant implications for the military and
defense sectors. AI-powered systems, face recognition software, and
predictive analytics enable the armed forces to analyze large amounts
of data, detect threats, and make informed strategic decisions. This
improves situational awareness and supports efficient resource
allocation. It also improves operational efficiency.

These examples demonstrate just a few applications of AI and data

science in business.
07 16

Data Science Core

Concepts
Data science is about finding meaningful
information in the huge amount of data that we
produce every day. You’re like a detective searching
for patterns and clues in data.
It involves techniques such as:
Statistics
Machine Learning
Natural Language Preprocessing
Artificial Intelligence
A/B testing and Experimentation
Programming in Python or R
Data Analysis
Data Visualization

Let's understand what each of these techniques

are.
17

What is Statistics?
Statistics is a key component of data science. It allows
data scientists to analyze and interpret data, draw
conclusions, and use data to automate processes, make
predictions, and inform business decisions.

By identifying patterns and gaining insights into the data,

it’s like solving a puzzle. Data scientists can use statistical
techniques to uncover relationships, quantify uncertainty,
and make informed decisions based on data.

Data-driven decision-making is based on statistics, which

allows data scientists to gain valuable insights and achieve
meaningful outcomes.

Data Science can use statistics in many ways. For example:

Analyzing data from customers to optimize marketing

strategies and identify patterns of buying.
Market research surveys are conducted to gain insights
into consumer trends and preferences.
 18

What is Machine
Learning?
Machine Learning allows computers to make predictions
and learn from data without having to be explicitly
programmed. Data Scientists teach computers how to
become more intelligent over time, by using patterns and
relationships in the data.

Machine learning algorithms detect patterns and

automatically "learn" them, allowing computers make
accurate predictions based on unknown or new data.

Data scientists can create models that automate tasks,

detect anomalies, and classify data. They can also optimize
processes. Data scientists can drive transformational
outcomes by harnessing machine learning.

Data Scientists can use Machine Learning in many ways,

such as:

Developing a recommendation system to

personalize product suggestions based on the
user’s behavior.
A retail company can build a model that predicts
sales and helps optimize its inventory management
by building a predictive model.
19

What is Natural
Language Processing?
Natural Language Processing plays an important role
in enabling Data Scientists to extract meaningful
insights from human language data.

Data scientists can use NLP techniques to process,

analyze, and interpret large amounts of textual
information, including customer reviews, news articles,
and social media posts.

NLP is useful for tasks such as sentiment analysis, text

classifying, entity recognition, and language
generation. Data scientists can use it to unlock the
power and potential of language for a variety of
applications including chatbots, customer sentiment
analysis and language translation.

NLP can be used in Data Science in many ways, like:

Analyzing reviews of products or services to identify

areas that need improvement.
Build a chatbot capable of understanding and responding
to customer questions in natural language.
 20

What is Artificial
Intelligence?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an innovative field that
aims at developing intelligent machines that can
perform tasks that require something like human
intelligence.

Data scientists can use AI to create algorithms and

models that can make predictions and automate
complex tasks. AI includes a variety of techniques
such as deep learning, machine learning, and using
neural networks, which allows data scientists to
create intelligent systems capable of recognizing
patterns, understanding speech, and making
autonomous decisions.

Data scientists can use AI to drive innovation,

optimize operations, and create intelligent products
by harnessing its power. Here are some examples:

Computer vision systems that automatically

classify and detect images are needed for self-
driving cars.
You can use AI to create a virtual assistant who can
understand voice commands and provide
personalized assistance (like Alexa).
21

What is A/B Testing?

A/B Testing and Experimentation are crucial
components of data science. They involve
conducting controlled experiments in order to
evaluate the efficacy of different strategies and
interventions.

Data scientists compare and test two or more

versions of a design, feature, or marketing
campaign to determine their impact on the
user’s behavior or business outcome. Data
scientists can optimize user experience and
improve key performance metrics by carefully
designing experiments and analyzing their
results.

A/B tests are widely used for areas such as

website optimization, app design, marketing
campaigns and user interface.

Data Science can use A/B Testing and

Experimentation for:

Testing different layouts of websites to see

which one leads to a higher conversion rate.
Testing different pricing strategies in order to
determine the best price for a service or
product.
 22

How is Programming
related to Data Science?
Programming is a vital skill for data scientists. Certain
programming languages like Python and R offer a
flexible and robust environment for data analysis,
modeling, and manipulation.

Data scientists use programming to clean and

preprocess the data, apply statistical algorithms, build
machine-learning models, and create visualizations.

Python and the R programming language provide rich

ecosystems with libraries and frameworks that are
specifically designed for data science tasks. This
allows data scientists to process and analyze large data
sets, implement complex algorithms and generate
insights.

Data Scientists can use programming skills for many

things, including:

Writing Python scripts for cleaning and

preprocessing large datasets prior to
performing data analysis.
Machine learning algorithms can be
implemented using R to create predictive
models for fraud detection.
23

What is Data Analysis?

Data Analysis consists of the exploration, cleaning, and
transformation of data in order to discover patterns,
relationships, and insights.

Data scientists employ a variety of statistical

techniques, exploratory analysis, and visualization
tools to better understand the data. You can read more
about some of them here.

Data scientists can use statistical methods to extract

valuable information from data, identify patterns,
detect anomalies, and make informed decisions based
on data.

Data analysis is an important step to solving complex

business issues, optimizing processes, and driving
data-informed decisions. Data Science can use Data
Analysis for example:

Exploring sales data in order to identify factors

that influence customer churn, and developing
strategies for improving customer retention.
Analysis of healthcare data can identify
patterns and trends which may help predict
disease outbreaks and improve patient care.
 24
What is Data
Visualization?
Data visualization is a way to represent data visually in
order to facilitate communication and understanding.
Data scientists use visualizations in order to
communicate complex information clearly and
intuitively.
Data scientists can convey patterns, trends, and
relationships in data by creating interactive charts,
graphs, and visual representations.

Data visualization is a vital tool for storytelling, making

data available to non-technical users, and enabling
data-driven decision-making within organizations. Data
scientists can use it to share their findings, look at data
from various angles and discover actionable insights.

Data Visualization can be used for Data Science in the

following ways:
Creating interactive dashboards for tracking key
performance indicators in real time and visualizing financial
performance metrics.
Visualizing the results of an analysis of social media
sentiment, to highlight public opinion and trends

Data Scientists are able to unlock the power in data by

combining these techniques and approaches to create
amazing data-driven products. They can discover
trends, make forecasts, and provide valuable insight
that drives decision-making across various industries.
25

Data Science in Action

Here are some examples of data science in action that you
may be familiar with from your work or everyday life.

Example 1 – Statistics in Healthcare

In healthcare, for example, doctors will use statistics to
compare the effects of a drug to a placebo. The doctors will
compare the data of two groups — one that received the drug
and the other that received a placebo — and then look at the
results. This statistical analysis allows them to determine
whether or not the drug is effective.

Example 2 – AI and face recognition

Have you ever unlocked an iPhone by using facial
recognition technology? This is a real-world example of AI.
This technology allows a machine to mimic human
behavior.

In our iPhone example, AI uses a technology called machine

learning in order to unlock your phone and recognize your
unique facial characteristics.

You’ve probably heard the term AI a lot recently, both in the

contexts of ChatGPT and Generative AI, as well as in recent
years when discussing self-driving vehicles. All of this is AI-
based.
 26

Data Science in Action

Example 3 – Machine Learning and predictions

Machine Learning is a subset of AI that allows systems to learn
from their experience and improve without having been explicitly
programmed.

Machine learning is used in your weather apps, for example, to

predict tomorrow’s temperatures. It uses historical data, such
as past weather conditions, humidity, wind speed, and so on to
make a more accurate prediction.

Example 4 – A/B testing and sales research

Imagine you’re an online store owner who wants to know which
button design (red or green) leads to the most sales. You can
show the green button to half your visitors and the red one to
the other, then compare the results.

This is an example of A/B Testing in action. Data science can be

used in this area as well.

Example 5 – NLP and predictive text

Have you ever noticed that your phone will suggest the next
word as you type a text? This is NLP in action, another area of
data science that shines. It allows computers to understand,
interpret, and generate human languages in a useful way.
27

The Role of AI in Data

Science
Artificial Intelligence and Data Science are
interconnected fields that are shaping the digital world.

Data science is the process of extracting knowledge

and insights from data. AI is concerned with creating
intelligent programs that can perform repetitive or time-
consuming tasks that would take humans a lot of time
to complete.

Data Scientists use AI and its related fields all the time
– and pretty much all AI applications need data. So the
two fields are closely linked.

Let's dive in a little deeper, shall we?

 28

What is AI?
Artificial Intelligence or AI is a branch of
Computer Science that aims to create machines
that can mimic or simulate human intelligence.
Imagine a computer program that can learn from
experience, make data driven decisions, and even
predict future events.

Instead of being explicitly programmed to

perform a specific task, AI algorithms are trained
using large amounts of data and can improve
their performance over time (like in the case of
Machine Learning).

From voice assistants on your phone to

recommendation systems on retail stores
websites or streaming platforms, AI is
increasingly becoming a part of everyone's daily
lives. AI helps us automate tasks and provide
information in a way that was previously thought
to be exclusive to humans.
29

How is AI used in Data

Science projects?
AI complements data science and helps make
machines intelligent. It allows machines to
recognize patterns in data and solve complex
issues.

As we've discussed, AI is present in many

domains such as autonomous vehicles, fraud-
detection systems, healthcare diagnostics,
and virtual assistants such as Siri and Alexa.
 30

Examples of AI use cases:

Voice Assistants:
Ever wondered how Siri or Alexa seems to understand
exactly what you’re saying? They’re actually utilizing AI to
comprehend and reply to our commands in everyday
language.

Recommender Systems:
You know when Netflix and Spotify just seem to know
what you want to watch or listen to next? That’s AI
working behind the scenes, learning from your choices to
suggest new movies, songs, or products.

Autonomous Vehicles:
The magic behind self-driving cars, like Tesla or Waymo’s
models, lies in their use of AI. It allows them to navigate,
dodge obstacles, and follow the rules of the road.

Facial Recognition:
When Facebook automatically tags you or your friends in
photos, or when your iPhone unlocks by recognizing your
face, that’s AI at work.

Diagnosing with Healthcare AI:

AI isn’t just for convenience. Tools like IBM’s Watson can
sift through medical data and images, aiding doctors in
diagnosing illnesses more efficiently.

Chatbots:
Those handy chatbots that help you with your queries?
They’re AI-powered and designed to provide efficient
customer service. ChatGPT is a good example.
31

Examples of AI use cases:

Living Smartly:
Ever marvel at how smart devices like Google Nest or Amazon
Echo seem to ‘learn’ your preferences? That’s all thanks to AI,
making your home functions, from lighting to security, smarter.

Emails:
AI is even taking care of your inbox. Gmail, for instance, uses to
weed out spam and organize your emails so you can focus on
what matters.

Detecting Fraud:
AI is the watchdog in the financial world, helping banks spot
unusual patterns that could hint at fraud.
Generating News: AI can even write the news! Associated
Press, for example, uses AI to automatically draft news pieces,
especially for sports scores or financial earnings.

Translating Languages:
You know that instant translation Google Translate offers?
You’ve got AI to thank for the ability to communicate in multiple
languages on the fly.

Marketing Personally:
Ever noticed how ads seem to ‘know’ you? AI helps businesses
understand their customers, providing personalized marketing
based on your data.

Predicting Text:
Even as you type on your smartphone, AI is predicting your next
word, speeding up your texting game.
 32

CHAPTER 2

How to Prepare for a

Data Science Role
To prepare for a career in Data Science, regardless of
the specifialization you want to go into, you should
build a strong foundation in the core Data Science
concepts.

To embark on this journey, acquiring the right

education and/or skills is essential. In this chapter,
we will go through the required educational
background in Data Science and AI or the knowledge
you must have to enter the field.

We will also differentiate between must-have and

nice to have skills. Then we'll look into the
importance of having Practical Projects on your
résumé, as well as how to create a Data Science
portfolio. Finally, we will finish off this section with
the importance of being prepared for Data Science
interviews.
33

The Traditional
Background of
Data Scientists

Though you don't need a formal technical degree

to enter Data Science field, many current Data
Scientists have some technical education under
their belt, in addition to their experience.

Let's look at a list of common Bachelor's and

Master's degrees that many data scientists have:
 34

Bachelor Degrees for

Data Science
1. Statistics: This is one of the most common degrees for data
scientists. It focuses on statistical methods and their
implementations, for instance multivariate statistics.
Computer Science: Another very common degree for data
scientists that provides a foundation in programming, data
structures, and algorithms.

2. Mathematics: Many data scientists have a strong background

in applied mathematical studies like linear algebra and calculus.

3. Econometrics: Econometrics and other quantitative degrees

that combine mathematics, economics, business and statistics
are directly applicable to data science.

4. Physics: Physicists are trained in quantitative reasoning and

this has become a popular degree from which data scientist
come.

5. Engineering (especially Computer Engineering and Electrical):

These degrees often involve a lot of mathematical modeling and
problem-solving skills.

6. Biology (especially Bioinformatics): With the rise of genomics

and computational biology, many graduates from this field
transition to data science these days.
35

Master's Degrees:
1. Master's in Data Science: Many popular universities
offer advanced programs in data science.

2. Master's in Computer Science: With a focus on

machine learning, artificial intelligence, or data analytics.

3. Master's in Business Analytics: This study combines

business strategy with data-driven decision-making.

4. Master's in Statistics: Advanced statistical modeling

and methods.

5. Master's in Applied Mathematics: Focuses on

mathematical modeling and computational methods.

6. Master's in Operations Research: Study involving

optimization, modeling, and decision analysis.

7. Master's in Economics (especially Econometrics):

Advanced quantitative methods in economics are
makeing a great source of Data Science foundation.

8. Master's in Bioinformatics or Computational Biology:

For those focusing on biological or medical data.
 36

What Skills Do You

Need as a Data Scientist?
To lay a solid foundation for a career in Data Science and AI,
it's beneficial to have the following skills and educational
background:
Fundamentals of Statistics
Fundamentals of Machine Learning
A/B Testing and Experimentation
NLP and AI Basics
Programming for Data Science

You should get comfortable with the Fundamentals of

Statistics like random variables, sampling techniques,
statistical measures, descriptive statistics and hypothesis
testing. These skills will help you make sense of data and
draw meaningful conclusions.
Here are some resources to help you prepare:

Top stats concepts to know before getting into

Data Science
Programming, math, and stats you need to know
for Data Science and Machine Learning
Statistics for Data Science course

Get into the basics of Machine Learning and learn the

popular ML algorithms, model evaluation and training, and
optimization methods to train AI models that can make
accurate predictions.

Check out this course on how to use PySpark for Data

Processing and ML
And here's a fun course on Python for Bioinformatics
37

What Skills Do You

Need as a Data Scientist?
Learn experimentation, specifically A/B Testing. It's a powerful
technique that allows you to compare different variations of a
product, or UX feature, and measure their impact on user
behaviour or business outcomes. This is essentially important for
making data-driven decisions in businesses.

Explore the world of text data with Natural Language Processing

(NLP) and learn the recent developments in AI, such as sentiment
analysis, text classification, and language generation.

You should also understand the basics and high-level differences

between various LLMs (Large Language Models such as BERT,
GPT3, and GPT4). As a junior Data Scientist, you are not expected
to know these models' architecture and the nitty gritty details, but
you should know the differences between them, and what makes
GPT4 so powerful. Make sure to know also what Generative AI is.

Here's a fun tutorial that'll help you play around with ChatGPT and
OpenAI's API.

Develop solid programming skills in programming languages like

Python or R (my recommendation would be to go with Python).
These are essential for data manipulation, analysis, and
visualization. These skills will help you process data efficiently,
implement Machine Learning and Deep Learning algorithms, and
explore complex datasets.

By gaining a strong educational knowledge in these fundamental

Data Science concepts, you will be well-prepared to embark on a
rewarding journey in Data Science and AI. These skills will
empower you to tackle real-world challenges, uncover valuable
insights, and drive meaningful outcomes in the field.
 38

Must Have vs Nice to

Have Data Science Skills
When it comes to landing your first Data Science job,
there are certain skills that are must-haves, while
others are considered nice to have.

For instance you don't need to have advanced

business acumen or know how to train a Neural
Network, but you should have a solid foundation in
many of the skills we just discussed.

Let’s break down these skills to differentiate must-

have skills from nice-to-have ones:

Must-have skills:
1. Strong foundation in Statistics
2. Proficiency in Machine Learning
3. Experience with A/B Testing
4. Knowledge of Natural Language
Processing (NLP)
5. Proficiency in programming languages like
Python or R
39

Must Have vs Nice to

Have Data Science Skills
Nice-to-have skills:
Familiarity with big data technologies: Having
experience with tools like PySpark and DataBricks can
be beneficial for working with large-scale datasets.
Proficiency in database languages like SQL: Knowing
how to query and manipulate data in databases is
valuable for data extraction and analysis.
Stakeholder management and project management
skills: These skills help in effectively communicating
and collaborating with stakeholders, ensuring smooth
project execution.
Familiarity with project management tools like Jira:
Using tools like Jira can enhance your project
organization and task management capabilities.
Knowledge of Latex and Confluence: These tools are
useful for writing technical documentation and
collaborating on projects.
Technical writing and presentation skills: Being able to
communicate complex concepts effectively through
technical writing and presentations is highly valued.
Proficiency in data visualization tools like Tableau: Data
visualization skills help in presenting insights in a clear
and visually appealing manner.
 40
Must Have vs Nice to
Have Data Science Skills
Nice-to-have skills:
Cloud computing skills with platforms like Azure, AWS,
and GCP: Understanding cloud computing concepts and
being familiar with these platforms can be
advantageous.
Deep Learning and AI concepts (ANN, RNN, GANs, CNN,
LSTMs, Transformers): know the types of AI models that
generate new data instances that resemble the training
data, instead of classifying input training data into
categories. Popular examples of Generative AI are
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Machine
Learning.
AI with NLP Advanced Concepts (How to develop and
train BERT, GPT3, GPT4 and other LLMs): transformer
models such as GPT3, GPT4 (based on auto-encoders
used in the infamous ChatGPT)
Ethics in GenerativeAI
Advanced NLP concepts (Topic Modeling, Information
Retrieval)
Knowledge of Git version control system and VisualCode:
basic knowledge of Git can enhance your versatility as a
Data Science professional and make you more effective
in collaborating with others on data projects or
contributing to open-source initiatives.
...and the list could go on :)
41

Must Have vs Nice to

Have Data Science Skills

While the must-have skills are essential for starting

a career in Data Science or Artificial Intelligence,
acquiring the nice-to-have skills can further
enhance your profile and increase your chances of
landing your dream job.

So, I would suggest focusing on developing a

strong foundation in the fundamental skills and
but also continuously expanding your knowledge
and expertise in these additional areas. This will
help you stand out in the competitive field of Data
Science and AI.
 42

How to Get Practical

Data Science Experience
as a Beginner
Practical projects and hands-on experience play a crucial role in
your journey of becoming a successful Data Science
professional.

While theoretical knowledge provides the foundation, it is

through practical application that you truly grasp the details and
nuances of working with real-world data and solving complex
problems. The more you practice and go through the process in
your data science projects, the better you'll be in your future
Data Science work.

Engaging in practical projects allows you to apply your skills,

experiment with different techniques, and gain valuable insights
into data analysis, modeling, and interpretation. By working on
hands-on projects, you develop the ability to navigate through
challenges, make data-driven decisions, and communicate your
findings effectively.

Practical experience also helps you build a strong portfolio,

showcasing your expertise and problem-solving abilities to
potential employers. It demonstrates your ability to tackle real-
world scenarios, adapt to new technologies, and deliver
impactful results.
43

How to Build Your

Data Science Portfolio
Creating a portfolio is an essential step in establishing yourself
as a competent Data Science professional. A portfolio serves
as a tangible representation of your skills, expertise, and the
projects you have worked on. It allows potential employers to
assess your capabilities and understand the value you can
bring to their organization.

When building your portfolio, focus on showcasing a diverse

range of projects that highlight your expertise in different areas
of Data Science. You don’t want all your projects to be in
Exploratory Data Analysis, for instance – you want one project
to be in Machine Learning, another one in Recommender
Systems or NLP, and so on – you get the idea.

So, include projects that demonstrate your proficiency in

Product Data Science, Statistics, Machine Learning, and other
relevant domains. Each project should clearly outline the
problem statement, the approach taken, the methodologies
employed, and the insights or outcomes achieved.

In addition to project details, make sure to highlight the tools,

technologies, and programming languages you have utilized
throughout your projects. This helps potential employers
understand your technical proficiency and the breadth of your
skill set.
 44

How to Build Your

Data Science Portfolio
Here's a helpful article that discusses what programming
language to choose for your Data Science projects. And
here's some advice about leveling up your developer
portfolio to give you a strong base for building your Data
Science portfolio.

Furthermore, consider incorporating visualizations,

interactive dashboards, or any other means of effectively
communicating the results of your projects. Presenting
your findings in a visually appealing and intuitive manner
enhances the impact of your portfolio and allows viewers to
easily grasp the value you have delivered through your
work.

Here's a great course on Data Viz with D3.js to get you

started creating cool visualizations.
45

How to Build Your

Data Science Portfolio
Regularly updating and expanding your portfolio with
new projects and experiences is crucial. This not only
demonstrates your commitment to continuous learning
but also showcases your ability to adapt to evolving
industry trends and technologies.

Keep in mind that your portfolio is your opportunity to

make a lasting impression on potential employers. It
serves as a testament to your abilities and sets you
apart from other candidates. By investing time and
effort into building a strong portfolio, you increase your
chances of securing exciting opportunities and
advancing your career in Data Science.
 46

CHAPTER 3
How to Prepare for Data
Science Interviews
Data Science interviews are notorious for their
broad coverage, as Data Science and AI cover
many domains.

The interview depends a lot on the particular

position you are applying for as well as the
location and company. It also matters whether
the company is service-based or product based,
or whether its focused on Statistical Modeling,
Predictive Analytics, Data Analytics, Product Data
Science, Machine Learning, NLP, or Deep
Learning – or all of them.

And though you can almost never predict what to

expect from these interviews, you can prepare
yourself for success and gain all the confidence
you need by following these tips and strategies.

But first things first – you'll need a strong

résumé. So let's now look at how to craft one.
47

How to Write a Résumé for a

Data Science Role
Creating a standout résumé is more important
than ever, as the 2023 job market is competitive
and many people are applying to the same
position.

Your résumé or your digital career face is your

chance to make a lasting first and last
impression on the hiring team. It all starts with a
unique and attention-grabbing
header/summary.

Here’s how you can tailor your résumé to shine

for Data Science and AI jobs:
 48

Craft a captivating and unique

header/summary
Start your résumé with an informative and attention-
grabbing summary. This is your chance to show your
personality and highlight what makes you You.

Try to include something unique, not like everyone

else. An engaging summary will catch the attention of
hiring managers and make them want to learn more
about you.

Highlight job-relevant skills

Here you want to focus on and highlight your technical skills,
including programming languages you know (like Python, or R,
or SQL), data analysis tools, machine learning algorithms and
models, and any other software or tools you have experience
in.

But don’t forget to create a section for your soft skills like
communication, problem-solving, and teamwork, as these
skills play a vital role in these jobs.

Try not to mention only the soft skills that 99% of the rest of
the candidates will put (like communication and teamwork).
Include something that describes you in particular to make
yourself stand out (perhaps you're bold and fearless,
empathetic, kind, or a good listener).
49

Work or other experience

Focus on projects and roles that demonstrate your
expertise in the field of Data science and AI. If you are
here, most likely it’s because you are an aspiring Data
Scientist with no or little Data Science job experience. But
worry not, as you can still use your past experiences from
other fields and personal projects to showcase your skills.

Describe your past responsibilities briefly if at all. But

more importantly, highlight the impact of your work or your
personal projects. Did you revolutionize a process,
contribute to a critical decision, or develop a successful
model? Quantify your achievements whenever possible to
showcase the value you brought to the table.

Showcase your portfolio

projects
Include any personal or academic projects related to Data
Science or AI by providing a short description of the
project. Mention the most important tools and techniques
you used (highlight those by making them bold to catch
the eye of the Hiring Manager). Also share the results (for
example, you improved the Recommender System
algorithm performance by 15%).

If possible, also provide a link to the project page or your

code (in a GitHub Repository, for example) to give
employers a deeper insight into your capabilities.
 50

Education and Certifications

Don’t forget to list your educational background and
relevant courses, bootcamps, and certifications. If
you’ve completed any courses related to Data Science
or AI, this is definitely the time to mention them, even if
they were online or part-time.

This will demonstrate your commitment to continuous

learning in the field and motivation to enter the field.

Keep it Short and Clean

In the case of a résumé, typically less is more. So, a well-
organized, easy-to-read and short résumé is often key to
your success.

Hiring managers are said to spend about 3–15 seconds

scanning your résumé, so believe me – cleanliness is the
key!

Keep it to one page if you can (unless you've had a long

and distinguished career in tech with many related
previous jobs) but if you have lot of experience make it 2
but no more. Use bullet points or enumeration, for clarity,
and avoid technical jargon as much as possible.

Remember, your résumé may be reviewed by non-

technical individuals too, so make it accessible and
understandable for everyone, with or without tech
expertise.
51

Keep it Short and Clean

Crafting an effective résumé is an art! It’s
about showcasing your skills along with your
unique background and experiences in a way
that grabs attention and demonstrates your
unique value.

As a Junior Data Scientist candidate, the focus

of your résumé should be on the
education/achievement and projects section.
As a more Senior Data Scientist candidate, the
focus will be on your experience first and then
on your education and so on.

With these tips, you’ll be on your way to

creating a résumé that opens doors to exciting
opportunities in the world of Data Science and
AI.

Here is an example of my résumé, which you

can use as a reference to build your own
résumé. If you don't have relevant Data
Science Experience, you can put more relevant
projects instead. If you are fresh graduate, you
can put the experience section on the top.
 52

RESUME Page 1
53

RESUME Page 2
 54

How to Search Effectively

for Data Science Jobs
You'll need an effective strategy if you want to
successfully search for jobs to apply to. You might
wonder why this is important...well, let me tell you:

Maximize Your Opportunities

Good job search strategies help you maximize
exposure to job opportunities. You can increase
your chances to find hidden job opportunities by
actively networking, using online platforms, and
staying up-to-date on industry trends.

Make yourself stand out from the

competition
With the increasing popularity of Data Science roles
and AI, the competition for these jobs is fierce.

You can differentiate yourself by tailoring your

application to the specific company and role,
highlighting relevant skills and experience, and
demonstrating a genuine interest in both the
company and role.
55

Build a strong network

Networking can be a powerful tool for job seekers. You
can create connections by engaging with professionals,
attending industry events, and participating in online
forums.

These connections may lead to valuable insight into job

openings, referrals and mentorship opportunities. Your job
search can be significantly improved by a strong network.

Extend your knowledge

Preparing for a job search can expose you to a wealth of
industry knowledge. You can better understand Data
Science and AI by researching companies, browsing job
boards and keeping up to date with industry trends.

You can for instance use LinkedIn, Indeed or Glassdoor

which are super popular job boards to start your job
search. By leveraging these platforms, you can gain
insights into the data science landscape, connect with
professionals in the field, and kickstart your job search
with a wealth of opportunities in your hand.

You can use this knowledge to make informed choices,

align your goals and market demands, or showcase your
expertise.
 56

Boost your online presence

Make yourself shine in the digital world by
optimizing your professional profiles on platforms
like LinkedIn and GitHub. Showcase your skills,
projects, and achievements related to Data
Science and AI. Consider creating a personal
website or blog to share your expertise and
passion for the field.

Utilize job boards and networks

Explore job boards, both general and industry-
specific, to uncover exciting Data Science and AI
opportunities. Don’t forget to tap into professional
networks and online communities dedicated to
these fields. They often share job postings and
provide valuable insights into the latest industry
trends and opportunities.
57

Discover the hidden job market

Not all job openings are advertised publicly. Cast

a wider net by actively networking with
professionals in your field of interest. Attend
industry conferences, participate in webinars,
and engage in relevant online communities. You
never know what hidden gems you might
discover by talking to people in the field you
want to enter.

These strategies can help you enhance your

visibility, expand your network, and increase your
chances of securing a position in Data Science
and AI. Remember to stay resilient, adaptable,
and open to new opportunities that may come
your way, as you never know where your dream
job will come from.

Now let's look more deeply at the interview

process itself.
 58

The Data Science

Interview Process
Data Science interviews typically consist of
several rounds to evaluate your technical skills,
problem-solving abilities, and fit with the
company’s culture. The number of rounds may
vary based on the company or the position, but
it is helpful to know what’s normal.

In general, a typical Data Science interview

process may include:

Let's go through each of these steps one by one:

59

Round 1: Initial
recruiter/phone screening
This is often the first round, where a recruiter or
hiring manager assesses your basic
qualifications and fit for the role.

It usually involves a brief conversation to

evaluate your background and interest in the
position. You can expect to go through your
résumé, and this is also your chance to ask
questions to find out whether this is a role that
corresponds to your career goals and interests,
and seems realistic.
 60

Round 2: Technical
interviews
This round assesses your technical skills and problem-solving
abilities. It may involve demonstrating knowledge of:

Machine Learning
Statistics
Basic NLP Concepts
Recent Developments in AI (and NLP)
A/B Testing
Coding challenges (in Python or your preferred
programming language)
Data Analysis tasks
Case-based or portfolio project review at a technical level
Take-home assignments that focus on topics such as
statistics, data manipulation, machine learning
algorithms, NLP concepts, Recommender Systems etc.

The technical assessment helps evaluate your ability to apply

Data Science techniques to real-world scenarios.

These rounds delve deeper into your technical knowledge and

expertise. They may include discussions or whiteboard sessions
to assess your understanding of statistical concepts, machine
learning algorithms, NLP techniques, or A/B testing
methodologies.

Expect questions that test your ability to analyze data, design

experiments, or optimize models.
61

Round 3: Behavioural
interviews
These rounds focus on evaluating your soft skills, teamwork
abilities, and cultural fit within the organization.

Behavioral interviews typically involve conversations with hiring

managers, team members, or stakeholders, where you may be
asked about your past experiences, problem-solving approach, or
how you handle challenging situations.

The number of interview rounds can range from 2 to 5, depending

on the company’s hiring process. It’s important to note that
excessive rounds may indicate a more rigorous selection process
or a highly competitive job market. Make sure you assess the
overall time commitment and ensure it aligns with your
availability and commitments.

By being aware of the typical interview stages and understanding

the number of rounds involved, you can better prepare yourself
for each stage and allocate your time and resources accordingly.

Remember to tailor your preparation to the specific topics and

skills commonly assessed in Data Science interviews (as well as
to the specific role/company), such as statistics, machine
learning, NLP, A/B testing, and data analysis.

Through diligent preparation, practicing through mock

interviews, and following common strategies, you should be able
to confidently showcase your expertise in both the technical and
behavioural rounds of the interview process.
 62

How to Prepare for the

Technical Interview
Preparing for interviews is a critical aspect
of successfully landing a Data Science job.
It involves honing your technical skills,
enhancing your problem-solving abilities,
and learning how to effectively
communicating your knowledge and
experience to potential employers.

Here are some key strategies to help you

be well-prepared for technical Data
Science interviews:
63

How to Prepare for the

Technical Interview
1. Review fundamental concepts: Refresh your
understanding of key concepts in Statistics,
Machine Learning, A/B Testing, Data Analysis,
NLP, and Programming. Focus on core principles,
algorithms, and techniques commonly used in
Data Science projects.

2. Practice coding: Data Science interviews often

include coding exercises or technical
assessments. Familiarize yourself with
programming languages like Python or R and
practice implementing algorithms, solving data-
related problems, and writing clean, efficient
code.

3. Solve case studies: Case studies provide an

opportunity to demonstrate your analytical
thinking and problem-solving skills. Practice
solving real-world Data Science problems by
working on case studies that require data
exploration, feature engineering, modeling, and
interpretation of results.
 64

How to Prepare for the

Technical Interview
4. Stay updated with industry trends: Keep yourself
informed about the latest advancements and trends in
Data Science and AI. You want to stay updated on new
tools, frameworks, and techniques that are relevant to the
field. This demonstrates your enthusiasm and dedication
to continuous learning.

For instance, you want to showcase that you know on a

high level what ChatGPT is, what are Large Language
Models (LLMs) and Transformers, and so on.

Machine Learning development has seen significant

advancements with the integration of NLP techniques, AI,
and specifically Deep Learning based transformers, and
large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. These
technologies have revolutionized various applications,
such as language translation, chatbots, sentiment
analysis, and text generation.

Familiarity with these ML and NLP concepts can give you a

competitive edge and open doors to exciting opportunities
in the job market.
65

How to Prepare for the

Behavioral Interview
Data Science interviews often include behavioral or
situational questions to assess your soft skills, teamwork
abilities, and how you approach challenges.

These type of interviews are mainly to test how you've

acted in specific situations in the past, which is often a
good indicator of how you'll behave in similar situations
in the future.

Here are some tips to help you prepare:

Understand the Purpose

You should recognize that the goal of behavioral questions
is to test how you handle various situations. Hiring
Managers want to see evidence of soft skills like teamwork,
problem-solving, leadership, resolution, conflict and
adaptability.
 66

Research the Company

Prior to the interview, thoroughly research the
company and its Data Science, AI, and data-related
initiatives. You should also understand the company's
values, culture, and its mission.

Visit their Social Media to also get an idea about their

culture. Understand their industry, products or
services, and any recent developments or challenges
they may be facing.

This helps you to tailor your responses to align with the

company’s objectives and showcase your genuine
interest in their work. This last step will definitely set
you apart from the rest of the candidates.

Use the STAR Method

This method can help you frame your approach
mentally:

Situation: Describe the context or background.

Task: Explain the challenge or task you were faced
with.
Action: Detail the specific actions you took to
address the task or challenge.
Result: Share the outcome of your actions,
emphasizing positive results and lessons learned.
67

Review Your Work History

or Relevant Projects
Try to reflect on past roles, relevant projects,
and experiences. Identify situations where you
demonstrated key behaviors or qualities the
hiring manager might be looking for.

Prepare Most Common

Questions
Some common behavioral questions include:

Tell me about yourself

Tell me about a time when you had to deal
with a difficult colleague or client (Conflict
Resolution)
Describe a situation where you had to meet
a tight deadline (Prioritization and Working
under Pressure)
Give an example of a time when you were in
leadership role or shoes of a leader
(Leadership)
Explain a situation where you made a
mistake and how you handled it (Learning
and Growth)
 68

Practice mock interviews

Engage in mock interviews with peers, or try to
rehearse your answers few times just to know how you
are doing when it comes to explaining your ideas and
answers.

This helps to build confidence, improves your interview

performance, and allows you to receive valuable
feedback on areas that need improvement.

While you don't want to sound rehearsed, practicing

can definitely help you articulate your thoughts clearly
and concisely. It can also help reduce anxiety.

Try to Be Honest
Don't exaggerate or fabricate any stories. The right
employer will recognize your talent and abilities.
Interviewers can often tell when a story doesn't ring
true. It's okay to discuss situations that didn't turn out
perfectly, as long as you can highlight what you learned
from the experience.

Ask for Feedback

Practice with a family or a friend or mentor and ask to
give you a feedback. They might offer a different
perspective or try to help you identify areas you can
improve.
69

Stay Positive
Frame your answers positively, even if the question
revolves around a challenging or negative situation.
Focus on what you learned and how you grew from the
experience.

Reflect on Feedback
If you've such behavioral interviews in the past and
received feedback, use it to reflect on it and improve
yourself. Consider areas you can improve upon or
highlight more effectively.

Prepare Questions for the

Interviewer
At the end of most interviews, you'll have the
opportunity to ask questions. This is a chance to further
demonstrate your interest in the role and the company.

Prepare a list of thoughtful questions to ask the

interviewer that will help you to learn about the
company, about this job, and find out also whether this
is the right opportunity for you. This demonstrates your
curiosity, critical thinking, and engagement in the
conversation. It also helps you gain a better
understanding of the company and the role you are
applying for.
 70

Stay Calm and Confident

Remember, the interview is a mutual and two-
way process. It is as much an opportunity for
you to learn about the company as it is for them
to learn about you. Approach it as a
conversation rather than an interrogation.

You should prepare thoughtful responses that

showcase your ability to work in teams, and
effective communication skills. Just try not be
too nervous. Be calm and try to stay true to
yourself and the right company will find you.

Acing the data science interview goes beyond

showcasing your technical skills. While your
skills in statistics, machine learning, data
wrangling, or NLP are undeniably essential, the
interview process often probes deeper,
assessing your problem-solving skills,
communication ability, and cultural fit.

As a data science job candidate, interviews can

be nerve-wracking. But with the right
preparation and mindset, you can navigate this
challenge with confidence.
71

How to Negotiate
Your Salary
Negotiating a salary that makes you feel
comfortable and secure is crucial to landing your
first Data Science position. Here are some tips on
how to successfully navigate this process:

How to Negotiate Your Salary

Find out the average salary for Data Science jobs in your
area and industry. Sites like Glassdoor and Payscale
provide useful insights.

Take into consideration factors like your education and

experience, as well as the size and location of the
company.

How to Negotiate Your Salary

Assess your qualifications, skills, and value to an
organization. Take into account your education, experience,
and unique skills. You can use this information to determine
your market value.
 72

How to Prepare for the

Be ready to negotiate
Behavioral Interview
Once you receive an offer of employment, it is
common to discuss certain aspects such as
salary, benefits or other perks. Set your desired
salary range, and understand the value that you
can bring to the position.

Negotiations should be conducted professionally

and confidently. Emphasize the value that you can
bring to an organization.

Understand the Purpose

Consider the entire package

Salary is important but you should also consider
other factors, such as benefits, stock options, and
professional development opportunities. Consider
You should recognize that the goal of behavioral questions
is the
to total valueyou
test how of the job offer,
handle andsituations.
various how it aligns to
Hiring
your career
Managers want goals.
to see evidence of soft skills like teamwork,
problem-solving, leadership, resolution, conflict and
adaptability.
73

If you need guidance, ask for it

If salary negotiations are unfamiliar to you, get

help from mentors or career advisors. You can
also consult professional networks. They can offer
valuable insight and support throughout the
negotiation process.

Remember that negotiation is a process of two-

way communication. It’s important to be
professional and respectful when you approach
the situation. Consider the learning and growth
potential of the company and the role. Be willing to
make compromises.

Following these tips for interview success and

negotiating your salary strategically will increase
your chances to land a Data Science position that
matches your skills, financial expectations, and
aspirations.

Embrace the challenge, stay curious, and embrace

the power of data to drive meaningful change!
 74

CHAPTER 4

How to Navigate the

Data Science Job Market
The fields of Data Science and AI are not just thriving,
they’re exploding with opportunities and growth.

With all the developments in automation using AI

solutions like Large Language Models and other tools,
the demand for Data Scientists is at an all-time high.

Companies across a wide range of industries are

recognizing the power of data and AI, and are actively
seeking employees who can utilize this power to drive
business innovation and growth.

Job positions like Data Scientists, AI Engineers, or AI

Specialists, which were once considered ‘niche,’ are
now some of the most in-demand. And you'll need
knowledge of Machine Learning, Deep Learning, NLP,
and Predictive Analytics, among other areas, to excel.
These technical skills are the building blocks for
anyone looking to make it big in these fields.
75

How to Navigate the

Data Science Job Market

But it’s not all about crunching numbers. Soft

skills are as important as ever, as companies need
people with good problem-solving, and
communication abilities as well as a solid
knowledge of business strategies.

So now is the perfect time to take the plunge and

get into Data Science. Arm yourself with
continuous learning, practical experience, and an
insatiable curiosity. You’ll be more than ready to
ride the exhilarating wave of these rapidly
evolving fields.
 76

Industries Hiring
Data Scientists
The demand for Data Scientists, AI Engineers, and AI
specialists is widespread. Basically, wherever there is data,
there is a need for Data Scientists.

While the tech and finance sectors continue to be major

employers of Data Scientists and AI Engineers, there is a
growing demand in industries like healthcare,
manufacturing, retail, and even agriculture. Governments
and NGOs also need Data Scientists to help them make
data-driven decisions.

Let’s look at some of the key industries where Data

Scientists and AI specialists are in demand:

Tech sector: Tech companies use Data Science for

everything from building recommender systems to
personalizing recommendations, from search engine
optimization to optimizing operations and creating more
efficient solutions to common problems.
Finance: Insurance companies, hedge funds, banks, and
investment firms use data science to detect fraud,
optimize investment portfolios, manage risk and provide
personalized customer support to their customers.
Healthcare: Data science is used to improve patient care,
predict diseases in patients and disease outbreaks, drive
research and development, optimize treatment plans, and
optimize hospital operations.
77

Industries Hiring
Data Scientists
Retail: E-commerce and Retailers use data science
to understand customer behavior, optimize
inventory, personalize marketing campaigns, build
data-driven loyalty cards, build personalized
recommender systems, reduce costs, and improve
sales.
Transportation & Logistics: These industries use
data science to optimize routes, predict delivery
times, and improve operational efficiency.
Manufacturing: Data science is used in
manufacturing to optimize production processes,
improve quality control, predict maintenance
needs, and streamline supply chains.
Telecommunication: These type of companies use
data science to improve network performance,
optimize customer support, predict customer
churn, and personalize recommendations.
Energy: Energy companies use data science to
predict equipment failures, optimize production,
manage resources, and improve the efficiency of
their operations and processes.
Education: Educational institutions use data
science to predict student performance, improve
curriculum design, personalize learning, and
optimize resource allocation.
 78

Industries Hiring
Data Scientists
Real Estate: Real-estate companies use data
science in order to optimize portfolios and make
personalized recommendations.
Agriculture: Data science is used in agriculture to
optimize operations, improve crop yields, and
manage resources.
Media and entertainment: Entertainment are using
data science to optimize advertising and predict
trends, personalize content recommendations,
and understand audience preferences.
Government and Public Sector: Data Science is
used in this sector for everything from predicting
crimes and optimizing services to improving
policies and managing resources.
Pharmaceuticals & Biotech: Companies are using
data science to improve clinical trials, optimize the
production process, and personalize medicines.
Tourism and Hospitality: Companies are using
data science to improve operations, personalize
experiences for customers, and optimize pricing.
79

Companies Hiring
Data Scientists
Let’s now look into specific companies across the globe
hiring Data Scientists in 2023. The transformative power
of data science is being recognized globally, leading to a
surge in demand for data science professionals across a
diverse range of industries.

Firstly, the technology sector continues to be a significant

employer of data scientists. Tech giants like Google,
Amazon, and Facebook, along with numerous startups,
are always on the hunt for data scientists to help them
decipher the vast amounts of data they collect and to
drive innovation.

In addition to these global players, Canadian tech

companies such as Shopify, BlackBerry, and OpenText,
Armenian tech companies like PicsArt, ServiceTitan, and
gg, and Dubai-based tech companies like Careem and
Fetchr are also actively recruiting data scientists. These
companies are leveraging data science to enhance their
services, optimize user experience, and drive growth.

The finance sector, including Armenian banks like

Ameriabank and Armeconombank, Canadian banks like
Royal Bank of Canada (RBC), and Qatar-based banks like
Qatar National Bank and Commercial Bank of Qatar, are
other major recruiters. These institutions are using data
science to manage risk, detect fraud, optimize portfolios,
and provide personalized customer service.
 80

Companies Hiring
Data Scientists
The healthcare industry, including Armenian healthcare
companies like the Izmirlian Medical Center, Canadian
healthcare companies like Telus Health, and Dubai-based
healthcare companies like Aster DM Healthcare, is
increasingly leveraging data science to improve patient
care, optimize treatment plans, and drive research and
development.

Retail companies, including Armenian businesses like SAS

Supermarkets and Yerevan Mall, Canadian businesses like
Loblaw Companies and Canadian Tire, Dubai-based
supermarkets like Carrefour UAE and Lulu Hypermarket,
and international chains like Walmart and Amazon, are
using data science to understand customer behavior,
optimize inventory, and personalize marketing efforts.

In the manufacturing sector, including Armenian

companies like Grand Candy and Ararat Brandy, Canadian
companies like Bombardier and Magna International, and
Dubai-based companies like Emirates Global
Aluminiumand Ducab, is also embracing data science,
using data to optimize production processes, improve
quality control, and predict maintenance needs.

Finally, AI-focused companies such as DeepMind, OpenAI,

xAI, Element AI, and Dubai-based AI companies like
Wrappup and Derq are at the forefront of hiring data
scientists and AI specialists. These companies are pushing
the boundaries of what’s possible with AI and machine
learning, and are looking for talented professionals to join
their teams.
81

Summary
and FAQ
 82

Summary and FAQ

There has never been a more exciting time to
start your journey into the worlds of Data
Science, and AI. Opportunities are growing
every day thanks to the demand for
professionals who have the right skills and the
rapid advancements in AI and automation.

You have the opportunity to leave your mark on

this transformative area of Data Science. Take
advantage of this opportunity to unlock your
full potential. Data Science and AI are the future
for those who explore them and use their
insights to shape the world.

Now is the time to start a career. If you have a

thirst for knowledge, practical experience and
an insatiable sense of curiosity, you are ready
to take on the exciting wave of these rapidly
changing fields.

Here are some most frequently asked

questions for you.
83

What background is required

to pursue a career in Data
Science?
To pursue a career in Data Science, you
need a strong background or knowledge in
fundamentals in Statistics, Machine
Learning, A/B Testing and basic knowledge
in NLP.

Knowledge in at least 1 programming

language is a must, think about Python
and/or R.

Additionally, knowledge of data

visualization, data wrangling and databases
is beneficial. A solid understanding of data
analysis techniques and problem-solving
skills is also very important.
 84

Can I transition into Data

Science from a non-technical
background?

Absolutely, you can transition into Data

Science from a non-technical background if
you have the motivation and willingness to
learn.

While a technical background provides a strong

foundation and advantage, people from non-
technical backgrounds can also acquire the
fundamental skills through online courses,
bootcamps, and self-study.

Developing proficiency in statistics, machine

learning, A/B Testing, programming and data
analysis techniques will be crucial in making a
successful transition.
85

How long does it typically

take to break into Data
Science?
Data Science is a field that requires varying amounts
of time depending on various factors, including your
existing skills, your education background,
commitment to learning, and job requirements.

The traditional educational route, such as obtaining a

formal degree in a Statistics, Computer Science, or
Mathematics field or self-study takes months to years
to develop necessary skills and knowledge.

Bootcamps are another option. They offer specialized

training in Data Science and can help you get a job
faster. These intensive programs last between 3-12
months, depending on bootcamp.

Bootcamps are great for those who are looking for a

fast transition into Data Science, or want a exact and
structured path of learning. It is important to choose
the right bootcamp that covers everything you need to
land a job, and you'll need to keep in mind any
financial obligations those bootcamps might require.
 86

How to choose a Data

Science bootcamp
Try to choose a bootcamp that is affordable and
meets your requirements. It is also important to
choose a bootcamp which offers
comprehensive career guidance and interview
preparation strategies, and will help you become
a job ready Data Scientist.

An ideal Data Science bootcamp should provide

you with the essential theoretical and technical
skills required, while focusing on the
fundamentals without overwhelming you with
excessive details or advanced topics (to land a
Junior Data Scientist job you don’t need to know
how to train a Deep Neural Network, for
example).

It should cover a wide range of crucial areas,

such as statistics, machine learning, A/B
testing, basic knowledge of NLP, and
programming languages combined with data
analysis and visualization.
87

How to choose a Data

Science bootcamp
Moreover, a comprehensive bootcamp should go
beyond theory and offer practical experience
through examples, quizzes, assignments,
programming demos, and case studies. These
components, commonly known as Data Science
portfolio projects, allow you to implement what
you have learned and gain hands-on experience
in various Data Science domains.

Additionally, the bootcamp should offer support

in navigating the job market, improving interview
skills, and help you develop a portfolio that
effectively showcases your abilities.

By striking the right balance between core

fundamentals and practical implementation, an
excellent bootcamp can provide you with the
necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in the
field of Data Science.
 88

Navigating the
Data Science
Landscape in 2023
89

Navigating the Data Science

Landscape in 2023
As we saw in this handbook, the world of Data Science and AI
is evolving rapidly, and 2023 promises even more
innovations. For those looking to dive into this interesting and
highly impactful IT field, the journey might seem daunting.
But with the right resources, breaking into the industry can
be a smooth experience.

Ever had a dream so vivid, you just had to bring it to life?

That's precisely how I felt about creating a space for genuine,
impactful learning in the Data Science world. That dream
materialized as LunarTech.

It wasn't just about building another online educational

platform – it was about democratizing this field and creating
a community, a family of eager learners and experts. Our
"Ignite Data Science Career: The Ultimate Data Science
Bootcamp" is a labor of love and passion for Data Science,
meticulously designed to delve deep into both the
foundational and the hands-on aspects of data science. And
it strongly emphasizes real-world projects and career
guidance. I believe that true succeeding in Data Science goes
beyond theory.

If you're considering breaking into Data Science this year, it's

worth exploring various educational avenues. Whether it's a
bootcamp, university course, or self-study, the key is to find a
direction that aligns with your career goals and learning
approach. And do keep in mind that in the ever-evolving tech
landscape, continuous learning is the go to strategy.
 90

The Data Science and AI

Handbook – How to Start a
Career in Data Science
© 2023 | Tatev Aslanyan

"Navy Elegant Portfolio Cover Document" used

under Canva Pro License

This design was created on Canva.com on 09/03/2923. It is

copyrighted by LunarTech and may not be reproduced
without permission.