Python (Advanced)

Python
(Advanced)
Sabyasachi Moitra
moitrasabyasachi@hotmail.com
OOP vs POP
OOP Terminology
Classes & Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Inheritance
Method Overriding
Operator Overloading
Data Hiding
PYTHON OBJECT ORIENTED

OOP vs POP
OOP POP
Object Oriented Programming Procedure Oriented Programming
Programs are divided into what are Large programs are divided into
known as objects. smaller programs known as functions.
Objects may communicate with each Data move openly around the system
other through functions. from function to function.
Data is hidden & cannot be accessed Does not have any proper way for
by external functions. Thus, more hiding data. Thus, less secure.
secure.
Follows bottom-up approach. Follows top-down approach.
3
OOP Terminologies
Terminology Description
Objects are the basic run-time entities
Object
in an object-oriented system.
A class is a collection of similar type of
objects.
Class Example
emp1=Employee()
emp1  OBJECT
Employee  CLASS
Data abstraction refers to the act of

representing essential features
Data Abstraction
without including the background
details or explanations.
Data encapsulation refers to the
Data Encapsulation wrapping up of data & functions into a 4
single unit.
OOP Terminologies (2)
Inheritance is the process by which objects
Inheritance of one class acquire the properties of
objects of another class.
• Ability to take more than one form.
• Using a single function name to perform
different types of tasks is known as
Function Overloading.
Polymorphism
• The process of making an operator to
exhibit different behaviors in different
instances is termed as Operator
Overloading.
Code associated with a given procedure call
Dynamic Binding is not known until the time of the call at
run-time.
Involves specifying the name of the object, 5
Message Passing name of the function (message) & the
information to be sent.
Classes & Objects
Sample Output
class Item: Number: 100
number=0
cost=0.0
Cost: 299.95
def
getdata(self,number,cost):
self.number=number
self.cost=cost
def putdata(self):
print "Number:
",self.number
print "Cost:
",self.cost
x=Item()
x.getdata(100,299.95)
x.putdata() 6
self  refers to the current object (like this
pointer in C++)
Constructors & Destructors
Sample (constructor) Output
class Item: Number: 100
number=0
cost=0.0
Cost: 299.95
def
__init__(self,number,cost):
self.number=number
self.cost=cost
def putdata(self):
print "Number:
",self.number
print "Cost:
",self.cost
x=Item(100,299.95)
x.putdata()
7
__init__()  Class constructor, which is fired
on creating a new instance/object of the class.
Constructors & Destructors (2)
Sample (destructor) Output
class Item:
number=0 Number: 100
cost=0.0 Cost: 299.95
def __init__(self,number,cost): Item destroyed
self.number=number
self.cost=cost
def putdata(self):
print "Number:
",self.number
print "Cost:
",self.cost
def __del__(self):
class_name=self.__class__.__name__
print class_name,"
destroyed"
x=Item(100,299.95)
x.putdata()
del x
__del__()  Destructor, that is invoked when the instance is
about to be destroyed. 8
__class__  Class to which the class instance belongs.
__name__  Class name.
Inheritance
Sample Output
class Item:
number=0
Child object created
cost=0.0 Number: 100
def
Cost: 299.95
getdata(self,number,cost):
self.number=number
self.cost=cost
def putdata(self):
print "Number:
",self.number
print "Cost:
",self.cost
class I1(Item):
def __init__(self):
print "Child object
created"
x=I1()
x.getdata(100,299.95) 9
x.putdata()
Method Overriding
• Method Overriding means having two methods with the same
method name and parameters (i.e., method signature).
• One of the methods is in the parent class and the other is in
the child class.
• Overriding allows a child class to provide a specific
implementation of a method that is already provided its
parent class.
• Run-time polymorphism.
10
Example
Sample Output
class Item:
number=0
Child object created
cost=0.0 Calling child method
def getdata(self,number,cost): Number: 0
self.number=number
self.cost=cost
Cost: 0.0
def putdata(self):
print "Number:
",self.number
print "Cost:
",self.cost
class I1(Item):
def __init__(self):
print "Child object
created"
def getdata(self,number,cost):
print "Calling child
method"
x=I1()
11
x.getdata(100,299.95)
x.putdata()
Operator Overloading
Sample Output
class Addition: Result: 30
a=0
def __init__(self, a):

self.a = a
def __add__(self,other):
return
Addition(self.a + other.a)
def display(self):
print 'Result:
',self.a
a=Addition(10)
b=Addition(20)
c=Addition(0)
c = a + b
c.display() 12
__add__()  Perform addition
Data Hiding
Sample Output
class JustCounter: 1
__secretCount = 0 2
Traceback (most recent call last):
def count(self): File "test.py", line 12, in <module>
self.__secretCount print counter.__secretCount
+= 1 AttributeError: JustCounter instance
print has no attribute '__secretCount'
self.__secretCount
counter = JustCounter()
counter.count()
counter.count()
print
counter.__secretCount
13
Functions VS Methods
Function Method
A function is a piece of code that is A method is a piece of code that is
called by name. called by name that is associated with
an object.
It can pass data to operate on (i.e., the It is able to operate on data that is
parameters) and can optionally return contained within the class.
data (the return value).
All data that is passed to a function is It is implicitly passed for the object for
explicitly passed. which it was called.
def sum(num1, num2): class Dog:
return num1 + num2 def my_method(self):
print "I am a Dog"
dog = Dog()
dog.my_method() # Prints "I am a
Dog"
14
What is a Regular Expression?
match() VS search()
Search and Replace
PYTHON REGULAR EXPRESSIONS

What is a Regular Expression?
A regular expression is a special sequence of characters that
helps you match or find other strings or sets of strings, using a
specialized syntax held in a pattern.
16
match() VS search()
match() search()
Checks for a match only at the Checks for a match anywhere in the
beginning of the string. string.
import re import re
line = "Cats are smarter than dogs"; line = "Cats are smarter than dogs";
matchObj = re.match( r'dogs', line, re.I) searchObj = re.search( r'dogs', line, re.I)
if matchObj: if searchObj:
print "match --> matchObj.group() : ", print "search --> searchObj.group() : ",
matchObj.group() searchObj.group()
else: else:
print "No match!!“ print "Nothing found!!“
Output Output
No match!! search --> searchObj.group() : dogs
r'dogs'  pattern (RE to be matched) r'dogs'  pattern (RE to be matched)
line  string which is to be searched to match the pattern at line  string which is to be searched to match the pattern
the beginning of string anywhere in the string
re.I  performs case-insensitive matching (flag) [optional] re.I  performs case-insensitive matching (flag) [optional]
17
Search and Replace
Sample Output
import re
Phone Num :
phone = "2004-959-559 Phone Num : 2004959559
# Remove the entire
num = re.sub(r'.*$', "", phone)
print "Phone Num : ", num
# Remove anything other than digits

num = re.sub(r'\D', "", phone)
print "Phone Num : ", num
r'.*$'  RE pattern whose occurrences in string is to
be replaced
""  replace string
phone  string
.  RE (Matches any single character except newline)
*  RE (Matches 0 or more occurrences of preceding
expression)
$  RE (Matches end of line)
\D  RE (Matches nondigits)
18
Introduction
Example
POST vs GET
Checkbox
Radio Button
Text Area
Drop Down Box
File Upload
Some Other Terminology(ies)
PYTHON WEB PROGRAMMING

Introduction
• Also termed as CGI (Common Gateway Interface)
Programming.
• The Common Gateway Interface, or CGI, is a set of standards
that define how information is exchanged between the web
server and a custom script.
20
Example
21
Output
22
• C:\Python27\python.exe  Installed location of
python.
• Content-type:text/html\r\n\r\n:
- Content-type  HTTP header, defining the format of
the file being returned (text/html in this case).
- An HTTP response consists of headers and body, separate by
the first \r\n\r\n received.
23
24
POST vs GET
POST Method GET Method
Data is not displayed in the URL. Thus, Data is visible to everyone in the URL.
POST is a little safer than GET. Thus, less secure compared to POST.
/test/hello.py /test/hello.py?name1=value
1&name2=value2
25
Example
Python_post_method.html hello_post.py
<html> #!C:\Python27\python.exe
<head> # Import modules for CGI handling
<title>Python POST import cgi, cgitb
Method</title>
# Create instance of FieldStorage
</head> form = cgi.FieldStorage()
<body>
<form action="hello_post.py" # Get data from fields
first_name =
method="post"> form.getvalue('first_name')
First Name: <input last_name = form.getvalue('last_name')
type="text"
print "Content-type:text/html\r\n\r\n"
name="first_name"><br /> print "<html>"
Last Name: <input type="text" print "<head>"
name="last_name" /><br /> print "<title>Hello - Second CGI
Program</title>"
<input type="submit" print "</head>"
value="Submit" /> print "<body>"
</form> print "<h2>Hello %s %s</h2>" %
(first_name, last_name) 26
</body> print "</body>"
</html> print "</html>"
Example (2)
Python_get_method.html hello_get.py
<title>Python GET import cgi, cgitb
Method</title>
# Create instance of FieldStorage
<body>
<form action="hello_get.py" # Get data from fields
first_name =
method="get"> form.getvalue('first_name')
First Name: <input last_name = form.getvalue('last_name')
type="text"
name="first_name"><br /> print "<html>"
Last Name: <input type="text" print "<head>"
name="last_name" /><br /> print "<title>Hello - Third CGI
Program</title>"
</form> print "<h2>Hello %s %s</h2>" %
(first_name, last_name) 27
Checkbox
Python_checkbox.html checkbox.py
#!C:\Python27\python.exe
<html>
import cgi, cgitb
<title>Python Checkbox</title>
</head> # Create instance of FieldStorage
form = cgi.FieldStorage()
<body>
# Get data from fields
<form action="checkbox.py" if form.getvalue('maths'):
method="POST" target="_blank"> math_flag = "ON"
else:
<input type="checkbox" math_flag = "OFF"
name="maths" value="on" /> if form.getvalue('physics'):
Maths<br> physics_flag = "ON"
else:
<input type="checkbox" physics_flag = "OFF"
name="physics" value="on" /> print "Content-type:text/html\r\n\r\n"
Physics<br> print "<html>"
print "<head>"
<input type="submit" print "<title>Checkbox - Fourth CGI
value="Select Subject" /> Program</title>"
print "</head>"
</form> print "<body>"
</body> print "<h2> CheckBox Maths is : %s</h2>" %
math_flag
28
</html> print "<h2> CheckBox Physics is : %s</h2>" %
physics_flag
print "</body>"
print "</html>"
Radio Button
Python_radiobutton.html radiobutton.py
<head>
# Import modules for CGI handling
<title>Python import cgi, cgitb
Radiobutton</title>
</head> # Create instance of FieldStorage
<body>
<form action="radiobutton.py" # Get data from fields
method="POST" target="_blank"> if form.getvalue('subject'):
<input type="radio" subject = form.getvalue('subject')
else:
name="subject" value="maths" />
subject = "Not set"
Maths<br>
<input type="radio" print "Content-type:text/html\r\n\r\n"
name="subject" value="physics" print "<html>"
print "<head>"
/> Physics<br>
print "<title>Radio - Fifth CGI
<input type="submit" Program</title>"
value="Select Subject" /> print "</head>"
print "<h2> Selected Subject is 29
</body>
%s</h2>" % subject
</html> print "</body>"
print "</html>"
Text Area
Python_textarea.html textarea.py

<title>Python import cgi, cgitb
Textarea</title> # Create instance of FieldStorage
<body>
# Get data from fields
<form action="textarea.py" if form.getvalue('textcontent'):
method="POST" text_content =
target="_blank"> form.getvalue('textcontent')
else:
<textarea name="textcontent" text_content = "Not entered"
cols="40" rows="4"
placeholder="Type your text print "<html>"
here..."> print "<head>"
</textarea><br> print "<title>Text Area - Sixth CGI
Program</title>"
30
print "<h2> Entered Text Content is
</form> %s</h2>" % text_content
Drop Down Box
Python_dropdown.html dropdown.py
<head>
# Import modules for CGI handling
<title>Python Dropdown</title> import cgi, cgitb
</head>
<body> # Create instance of FieldStorage
<form action="dropdown.py"
method="POST" target="_blank"> # Get data from fields
<select name="dropdown"> if form.getvalue('dropdown'):
<option value="Maths" subject = form.getvalue('dropdown')
else:
selected>Maths</option>
subject = "Not entered"
<option
value="Physics">Physics</option print "Content-type:text/html\r\n\r\n"
> print "<html>"
print "<head>"
</select><br>
print "<title>Dropdown Box - Seventh
<input type="submit" CGI Program</title>"
value="Submit" /> print "</head>"
print "<h2> Selected Subject is 31
</body>
%s</h2>" % subject
</html> print "</body>"
print "</html>"
File Upload
32
File Upload (contd…)
33
Some Other Terminology(ies)
Cookies A cookie is often used to identify a
user. A cookie is a small file that the
server embeds on the user's computer.
Each time the same computer
requests a page with a browser, it will
send the cookie too.
…..
34
Database Connection
Creating Database Table
INSERT Operation
READ Operation
UPDATE Operation
DELETE Operation
PYTHON MySQL DATABASE ACCESS

Database Connection
36
Output
37
MySQLdb
- MySQLdb is an interface for connecting to a MySQL database
server from Python.
- It is a module that doesn’t come with python installation. It
has to be downloaded from the below mentioned URL and
installed.
(https://sourceforge.net/projects/mysql-python/)
38
Creating Database Table
39
INSERT Operation
40
• commit()  Saving changes to the database
• rollback()  Restoring the database to the previously
defined (saved) state
41
READ Operation
42
• fetchall()  It fetches all the rows of a table in a result
set.
43
UPDATE Operation
44
DELETE Operation
45
What are sockets?
Example
PYTHON SOCKET PROGRAMMING

What are Sockets?
Sockets are the endpoints of a bidirectional communications
channel. Sockets may communicate within a process, between
processes on the same machine, or between processes on
different continents.
47
Server Socket
48
Client Socket
49
Output
50
What is SMTP?
Sending a Basic Email
PYTHON SENDING EMAIL

What is SMTP?
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol, which
handles sending e-mail and routing e-mail between mail servers.
52
Sending a Basic Email
import smtplib
server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com',
587)
server.starttls()
server.login("<your email address>", "<your
password>")
msg = "<your message>"
server.sendmail("<sender's email address>",
"<reciever's email address>", msg)
server.quit()
53
• smtplib  A native library in Python to send emails
• smtp.gmail.com  The host running the SMTP server
(Gmail in this case)
• 587  Port number, where the SMTP server is listening
• starttls()  A security function, needed to connect
to the SMTP server.
[NOTE: If your SMTP server is running on your local machine,

then you can specify just localhost in place of
smtp.gmail.com and 587]
54
Introduction
Starting a New Thread (using thread module)
Starting a New Thread (using threading module)
PYTHON MULTITHREADED
PROGRAMMING
Introduction
• Running several threads is similar to running several different
programs concurrently.
• Multiple threads within a process share the same data space
with the main thread and can therefore share information or
communicate with each other more easily than if they were
separate processes.
• Threads sometimes called light-weight processes and they do
not require much memory overhead.
56
Starting a New Thread
(using thread module)
Sample Output
import thread Thread-1: Wed Jul 12 10:26:07 2017
import time Thread-1: Wed Jul 12 10:26:09 2017Thread-2: Wed Jul 12
10:26:09 2017
# Define a function for the thread
def print_time( threadName, delay): Thread-1: Wed Jul 12 10:26:11 2017
count = 0 Thread-1: Wed Jul 12 10:26:13 2017Thread-2: Wed Jul 12
while count < 5: 10:26:13 2017
time.sleep(delay)
count += 1 Thread-1: Wed Jul 12 10:26:15 2017
print "%s: %s" % ( Thread-2: Wed Jul 12 10:26:17 2017
threadName, time.ctime(time.time()) ) Thread-2: Wed Jul 12 10:26:21 2017
Thread-2: Wed Jul 12 10:26:25 2017
# Create two threads as follows
try:
thread.start_new_thread(
print_time, ("Thread-1", 2, ) )
thread.start_new_thread(
print_time, ("Thread-2", 4, ) )
except:
print "Error: unable to start
thread"
while 1:
pass
57
The final loop waits for all of the threads to finish before the
main thread exists.
Starting a New Thread
(using threading module)
• Define a new subclass of the Thread class.
• Override the __init__(self [,args]) method to add additional
arguments.
• Then, override the run(self [,args]) method to implement what
the thread should do when started.
• Once the new Thread subclass is created, create an instance of
it start a new thread by invoking the start(), which in turn calls
the run() method, the entry point for a thread.
58
59
Output
60
What is XML?
Parsing XML with DOM APIs
PYTHON XML PROCESSING

What is XML?
• Extensible Markup Language.
• A markup language much like HTML.
• Designed to carry and store data, but not to display data (like
HTML), without requiring a SQL-based backbone.
• XML tags are not predefined. Programmers must define their
own tags.
• Information wrapped in tags.
• Designed to be self-descriptive.
• XML is not a replacement for HTML.
• XML is a portable, open source language that allows
programmers to develop applications that can be read by
other applications, regardless of operating system and/or
developmental language. 62
Parsing XML with DOM APIs
• The Python standard library provides a minimal but useful set
of interfaces to work with XML.
• One of the most basic and broadly used APIs to XML data is
the DOM (Document Object Model) interface.
• The entire file is read into memory and stored in a hierarchical
(tree-based) form to represent all the features of an XML
document.
63
student.xml File
64
test.py File
65
Output
66
Introduction
Python GUI Programming using Tkinter option
Example
Tkinter Button, Checkbox, Entry, Listbox, Menu, Radiobutton
Widgets
PYTHON GUI PROGRAMMING

Introduction
• Python provides various options for developing Graphical User
Interfaces (GUIs):
- Tkinter:- Tkinter is the Python interface to the Tk GUI toolkit
shipped with Python.
- wxPython:- This is an open-source Python interface for
wxWindows.
- JPython:- JPython is a Python port for Java which gives Python
scripts access to Java class libraries on the local machine.
68
Python GUI Programming
using Tkinter option
• Import the Tkinter module.
• Create the GUI application main window.
• Add one or more widgets (discussed later in this section) to
the GUI application.
• Enter the main event loop to take action against each event
triggered by the user.
69
Example
70
Output
71
Tkinter Button Widget
72
Output
73
Tkinter Checkbox Widget
74
Output
75
Tkinter Entry Widget
76
Output
77
Tkinter Listbox Widget
78
Output
79
Tkinter Menu Widget
80
Output
81
Tkinter Radiobutton Widget
82
Output
83
References
• Courtesy of YouTube – ProgrammingKnowledge. URL:
https://www.youtube.com/user/ProgrammingKnowledge,
Python Tutorial for Beginners (For Absolute Beginners)
• Courtesy of TutorialsPoint – Python Tutorial. URL:
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/python
• E Balagurusamy, Object Oriented Programming with C++, 5th
Edition, McGrawHill, 2011
84

Python (Advanced)

Uploaded by

Python (Advanced)

Uploaded by

Python

PYTHON OBJECT ORIENTED

Data abstraction refers to the act of

def init(self, a):

PYTHON REGULAR EXPRESSIONS

# Remove anything other than digits

PYTHON WEB PROGRAMMING

<head> # Import modules for CGI handling

PYTHON MySQL DATABASE ACCESS

PYTHON SOCKET PROGRAMMING

PYTHON SENDING EMAIL

[NOTE: If your SMTP server is running on your local machine,

PYTHON XML PROCESSING

PYTHON GUI PROGRAMMING

You might also like