Mastering End-to-End

Business Processes: A Key to

Success in SAP S/4HANA
Implementation

Preliminaries

Defining end-to-end processes like O2C (Order to Cash), P2P (Procure to Pay),
R2R (Record to Report), H2R (Hire to Retire) is critical when implementing SAP
S/4HANA. Some of the advantages of defining these processes during SAP
S/4HANA implementation include:

· Enhanced standardization: SAP S/4HANA is a highly customizable

platform, and defining end-to-end processes helps ensure that these
customizations are standardized across the organization. This can help ensure
consistency, minimize errors, and simplify maintenance and support.

· Improved efficiency: By defining end-to-end processes, organizations can

identify inefficiencies and bottlenecks and streamline the process accordingly.
This can help reduce processing time, save costs, and increase productivity.

· Better alignment with business goals: Defining end-to-end processes can

help align the SAP S/4HANA implementation with the organization's business
goals. By ensuring that the processes are tailored to the organization's needs,
the implementation can better support the organization's objectives.

· Facilitates training and user adoption: When end-to-end processes are

defined, it becomes easier to train employees and ensure that they are using
the system effectively. This can help reduce user errors and increase user
adoption.
· Improved reporting and analysis: By defining end-to-end processes, it
becomes easier to analyze data and generate reports on the performance of
each process. This can help identify opportunities for improvement and make
informed decisions.

2.0 End-to-end Business Processes & its mapping with

S/4HANA

End-to-end business processes are comprehensive processes that span across

multiple departments and functions of an organization. They involve a series of
interconnected activities that are designed to deliver value to customers or
stakeholders. Here are some of the most popular end-to-end business
processes:

2.1 Order-to-Cash (O2C)

Order-to-Cash (O2C): O2C is a process that involves the entire lifecycle of a

customer order, from order placement to payment collection. This includes
everything from order entry, order processing, inventory management,
shipping, invoicing, and payment collection. O2C is a critical process for
organizations that sell products or services to customers. The process owner
for O2C may be the Finance department, Sales department, or a cross-
functional team that includes representatives from both departments.

End-to-End Processes of Order-to-Cash (O2C):

· Order entry: The first step in the O2C process is to enter the customer's
order into the system. This may be done through an online store, a sales
representative, or other means.

· Order processing: Once the order is entered, it must be processed. This

involves checking inventory levels, verifying pricing and discounts, and
determining the availability of the product or service.

· Inventory management: If the product is available, it must be picked,

packed, and shipped to the customer. The inventory levels must also be
updated in the system to reflect the transaction.
· Shipping: Once the product is packed and ready, it must be shipped to the
customer. This may involve coordinating with a third-party logistics provider or
using an in-house shipping system.

· Invoicing: After the product has been shipped, an invoice must be

generated and sent to the customer. This invoice should include all relevant
information, such as the product or service sold, the price, any discounts or
taxes, and payment terms.

· Payment collection: The final step in the O2C process is to collect payment
from the customer. This may involve processing credit card payments, sending
invoices to accounts payable departments, or other means of payment
collection.

Mapping with SAP S/4HANA solution:

SAP S/4HANA is an ERP system that can help streamline the O2C process by
providing a single source of truth for customer orders, inventory, and financial
data. Here's how SAP S/4HANA can be mapped to the O2C process:

· Order entry: SAP S/4HANA can be used to enter customer orders manually
or through integration with an online store or other sales channels.

· Order processing: SAP S/4HANA can automate the process of checking

inventory levels, verifying pricing and discounts, and determining the
availability of the product or service.

· Inventory management: SAP S/4HANA can be used to manage inventory

levels, including tracking stock levels, recording transactions, and generating
reports.

· Shipping: SAP S/4HANA can help coordinate with third-party logistics

providers or in-house shipping systems to manage the shipping process.

· Invoicing: SAP S/4HANA can generate invoices automatically based on the

order details and pricing information.

· Payment collection: SAP S/4HANA can be integrated with payment

processing systems to automate the process of collecting payments from
customers.
The O2C process involves order entry, order processing, inventory
management, shipping, invoicing, and payment collection. SAP S/4HANA can
help streamline this process by providing a single source of truth for customer
orders, automating key tasks, and generating accurate and timely reports.

2.2 Procure-to-Pay (P2P)

Procure-to-Pay (P2P): P2P is a process that involves the entire lifecycle of

purchasing goods or services from suppliers. This includes everything from
identifying a need, selecting a vendor, negotiating a contract, creating a
purchase order, receiving the goods or services, and processing payment. P2P
is a critical process for organizations that rely on external suppliers for their
operations. The process owner for P2P may be the Procurement department or
a cross-functional team that includes representatives from Procurement,
Finance, and Operations.

End-to-End Processes of Procure-to-Pay (P2P):

· Identify a need: The first step in the P2P process is to identify the need for
goods or services. This may be initiated by a department within the
organization or through a central procurement function.

· Select a vendor: Once the need is identified, potential vendors are

evaluated based on their product or service offerings, pricing, and other factors
such as delivery time and quality.

· Negotiate a contract: After selecting a vendor, a contract is negotiated that

includes the terms and conditions of the purchase, pricing, and delivery details.

· Create a purchase order: Once the contract is signed, a purchase order is

created and sent to the vendor. This document specifies the goods or services
being purchased, quantities, and agreed-upon pricing.

· Receive the goods or services: When the goods or services arrive, they are
inspected and accepted or rejected based on quality and conformity to the
purchase order.

· Process payment: After the goods or services are received and accepted,
an invoice is generated by the vendor and sent to the organization. Payment is
processed based on the terms agreed upon in the contract.
Mapping with SAP S/4HANA solution:

SAP S/4HANA is an ERP system that can help streamline the P2P process by
providing a single source of truth for vendor information, contracts, purchase
orders, and invoices. Here's how SAP S/4HANA can be mapped to the P2P
process:

· Identify a need: SAP S/4HANA can be used to track and analyze

procurement data, including spend, supplier performance, and inventory levels
to identify needs.

· Select a vendor: SAP S/4HANA can be used to manage vendor

information, including supplier ratings, capabilities, and past performance.

· Negotiate a contract: SAP S/4HANA can be used to manage contracts,

including terms and conditions, pricing, and delivery details.

· Create a purchase order: SAP S/4HANA can automate the creation of

purchase orders based on pre-negotiated contract terms and vendor
performance data.

· Receive the goods or services: SAP S/4HANA can be used to track the
delivery of goods or services and automate the acceptance process based on
predefined criteria.

· Process payment: SAP S/4HANA can be used to automate the processing

of invoices and payments based on the terms agreed upon in the contract.

2.3 Record-to-Report (R2R)

Record-to-Report (R2R): R2R is a process that involves the entire lifecycle of

financial reporting. This includes everything from recording financial
transactions, reconciling accounts, closing the books at the end of a period,
and generating financial statements. R2R is a critical process for organizations
that need to comply with financial reporting regulations and provide accurate
financial information to stakeholders. The process owner for R2R is typically
the Finance department, specifically the Accounting or Financial Reporting
team.

End-to-End Processes of Record-to-Report (R2R):

· Recording financial transactions: The first step in the R2R process is to
record all financial transactions, including invoices, receipts, payments, and
journal entries. These transactions are recorded in the organization's
accounting software, such as SAP S/4HANA.

· Reconciling accounts: Once financial transactions are recorded, the next

step is to reconcile accounts. This involves comparing the recorded
transactions against bank statements, supplier statements, and other financial
documents to ensure that all transactions are accurate and complete.

· Closing the books: At the end of a period, typically monthly or quarterly,

the books must be closed. This involves making sure that all transactions are
recorded and accounted for, and that any necessary adjustments are made.
This is a critical step in ensuring that the financial statements are accurate and
reflect the organization's financial position.

· Generating financial statements: The final step in the R2R process is to

generate financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement,
and cash flow statement. These statements are used to provide financial
information to stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, and regulators.

Mapping with SAP S/4HANA solution:

SAP S/4HANA is an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system that can help
streamline the R2R process by providing a single source of truth for financial
data. Here's how SAP S/4HANA can be mapped to the R2R process:

· Recording financial transactions: SAP S/4HANA can be used to record

financial transactions, either manually or through integration with other
systems.

· Reconciling accounts: SAP S/4HANA has a built-in reconciliation tool that

can help automate the process of comparing recorded transactions against
bank statements and other financial documents.

· Closing the books: SAP S/4HANA can automate the process of closing the
books, including making any necessary adjustments and generating financial
reports.

· Generating financial statements: SAP S/4HANA has powerful reporting

capabilities that can be used to generate financial statements quickly and
accurately.
2.4 Hire-to-Retire (H2R)

Hire-to-Retire (H2R): H2R is a process that involves the entire lifecycle of an

employee within an organization, from recruitment and hiring to retirement or
separation. This includes everything from sourcing candidates, conducting
interviews, onboarding new hires, managing employee performance, and
processing payroll and benefits. H2R is a critical process for organizations that
rely on their workforce to achieve their goals. The process owner for H2R is
typically the Human Resources department, specifically the HR Operations or
HR Services team.

End-to-End Processes of Hire-to-Retire (H2R):

· Sourcing candidates: The first step in the H2R process is to source

candidates for open positions through various channels such as job boards,
social media, referrals, or internal job postings.

· Conducting interviews: Once candidates are sourced, they are screened

and invited for interviews. The interview process may include multiple rounds
and may involve various stakeholders such as hiring managers, HR personnel,
and potential teammates.

· Onboarding new hires: After an offer is extended and accepted, the new
hire goes through an onboarding process that includes completing paperwork,
setting up benefits and payroll, and receiving training on company policies and
procedures.

· Managing employee performance: Throughout their employment,

employees are evaluated and given feedback on their performance. They may
also receive training and development opportunities to help them grow in
their roles.

· Processing payroll and benefits: Payroll and benefits are processed for
each employee based on their employment status, compensation, and benefit
selections.

· Retirement or separation: When an employee retires or leaves the

organization, the necessary paperwork and processes are completed to ensure
a smooth transition.

Mapping with SAP S/4HANA solution:

SAP S/4HANA can help streamline the H2R process by providing a single
source of truth for employee data, automating key tasks, and generating
accurate and timely reports. Here's how SAP S/4HANA can be mapped to the
H2R process:

· Sourcing candidates: SAP S/4HANA can be used to manage job postings

and track candidate applications and interviews.

· Conducting interviews: SAP S/4HANA can be used to schedule interviews,

manage interviewer feedback, and track the status of candidates.

· Onboarding new hires: SAP S/4HANA can be used to automate the

onboarding process, including document signing, benefit and payroll setup,
and training.

· Managing employee performance: SAP S/4HANA can be used to manage

performance evaluations, goal setting, and training and development
programs.

· Processing payroll and benefits: SAP S/4HANA can be used to automate

payroll and benefit calculations, including tax withholding and benefit
deductions.

· Retirement or separation: SAP S/4HANA can be used to manage the

retirement or separation process, including exit interviews and offboarding
procedures.

2.5 Concept-to-Customer (C2C)

Concept-to-Customer (C2C): C2C is a process that involves the entire lifecycle

of a product, from idea generation to delivery to customers. This includes
everything from product ideation, design, engineering, testing, manufacturing,
distribution, and customer support. C2C is a critical process for organizations
that develop and sell products to customers. The process owner for C2C may
be the Product Development department, or a cross-functional team that
includes representatives from Product Development, Operations, and Sales.

End-to-End Processes of Concept-to-Customer (C2C):

The Concept-to-Customer (C2C) process involves the entire lifecycle of a
product, from ideation to delivery to customers. Here is a breakdown of the
steps involved in the C2C process:

· Idea generation: The first step in the C2C process is to come up with an
idea for a product or service. This may involve market research, customer
feedback, and brainstorming sessions.

· Concept development: Once an idea has been identified, the next step is
to develop a concept for the product or service. This may include designing
prototypes, conducting feasibility studies, and analyzing the potential market.

· Design and engineering: After the concept has been developed and
validated, the next step is to design and engineer the product. This may
involve creating detailed drawings, conducting simulations and tests, and
selecting materials and components.

· Manufacturing: Once the design has been finalized, the product is ready
for manufacturing. This may involve setting up production lines, procuring raw
materials and components, and producing the product.

· Quality assurance: As the product is being manufactured, it is important to

ensure that it meets quality standards. This may involve conducting
inspections, testing the product, and making adjustments as necessary.

· Distribution: Once the product has been manufactured and meets quality
standards, it is ready for distribution. This may involve setting up distribution
channels, such as warehouses and logistics providers, and shipping the
product to retailers or customers.

· Customer support: After the product has been delivered to customers, it is

important to provide ongoing customer support. This may include offering
technical support, handling returns and exchanges, and providing information
about the product.

Mapping with SAP S/4HANA solution:

Mapping the Concept-to-Customer (C2C) process with SAP S/4HANA solution

involves using various modules of the platform to streamline the process and
improve efficiency. Here are some examples of how the C2C process can be
mapped to SAP S/4HANA:
· Idea generation: Organizations can use the SAP Analytics Cloud module to
conduct market research and analyze customer feedback to identify new
product ideas.

· Concept development: The SAP Product Lifecycle Management (PLM)

module can be used to develop and validate product concepts, create
prototypes, and conduct feasibility studies.

· Design and engineering: The SAP Engineering Control Center module can
be used to manage the product design process, create detailed drawings, and
conduct simulations and tests.

· Manufacturing: The SAP Manufacturing Execution (ME) module can be

used to manage production lines, track production progress, and ensure
quality standards are met.

· Quality assurance: The SAP Quality Management (QM) module can be

used to manage quality control processes, conduct inspections, and track
defects.

· Distribution: The SAP Extended Warehouse Management (EWM) module

can be used to manage warehouse operations, optimize inventory levels, and
track shipping and logistics.

· Customer support: The SAP Customer Experience (CX) module can be used
to manage customer interactions, provide technical support, and handle
returns and exchanges.

By using these modules and integrating them with each other, organizations
can create a seamless end-to-end process that improves efficiency and reduces
costs. SAP S/4HANA provides real-time data visibility and analytics, enabling
organizations to make data-driven decisions and improve the overall customer
experience.

2.6 Lead-to-Customer (L2C)

Lead-to-Customer (L2C): L2C is a process that involves the entire lifecycle of a

lead, from initial contact to becoming a paying customer. This includes
everything from lead generation, lead qualification, sales, customer acquisition,
and customer onboarding. L2C is a critical process for organizations that rely
on sales and marketing to grow their customer base. The process owner for
L2C may be the Sales department or a cross-functional team that includes
representatives from Sales, Marketing, and Customer Service.

End-to-End Processes of Lead-to-Customer (L2C):

The Lead-to-Customer (L2C) process involves the following steps:

· Lead Generation: The process starts with identifying potential customers

through various channels such as website inquiries, social media, and referrals.

· Lead Qualification: The leads generated are then evaluated based on

criteria such as budget, need, and authority to make decisions.

· Sales: The next step is to engage with the qualified leads and convert them
into paying customers through a sales process that includes proposals,
negotiations, and closing deals.

· Customer Acquisition: Once the deal is closed, the organization needs to

acquire the customer formally by creating a contract or an agreement that
outlines the terms of the sale.

· Customer Onboarding: The final step is to onboard the customer by

providing them with the necessary information, training, and support required
to use the product or service.

Mapping the L2C process with SAP S/4HANA involves the following:

· Lead Generation: Organizations can use the SAP Marketing Cloud module
to generate leads through targeted campaigns, personalized content, and
customer segmentation.

· Lead Qualification: The SAP Sales Cloud module can be used to qualify
leads based on criteria such as budget, need, and authority.

· Sales: The SAP Sales Cloud module can be used to manage the sales
process, including creating proposals, negotiating deals, and closing sales.

· Customer Acquisition: The SAP Contract Lifecycle Management (CLM)

module can be used to create contracts and agreements that outline the terms
of the sale.

· Customer Onboarding: The SAP Service Cloud module can be used to

provide customer training, support, and manage customer interactions.
By integrating these modules and automating the L2C process, organizations
can reduce the time and cost involved in acquiring new customers, increase
customer satisfaction, and improve overall revenue growth. SAP S/4HANA
provides real-time data visibility and analytics, enabling organizations to make
data-driven decisions and optimize the entire L2C process.

2.7 Design-to-Operate (D2O)

Design-to-Operate (D2O): D2O is the process of managing the entire lifecycle

of a product or service, from design and development to operations and
maintenance. This includes everything from product design and engineering,
to manufacturing and production, to logistics and distribution, to ongoing
maintenance and support. The potential process owners for D2O can be the
Product Development or Engineering department, or a cross-functional team
that includes representatives from Product Development, Manufacturing,
Supply Chain, and Operations.

End-to-End Processes of Design-to-Operate (D2O):

The Design-to-Operate (D2O) process involves the entire lifecycle of a product

or service, from design and development to operations and maintenance. Here
are the steps involved in the D2O process:

· Design and Engineering: This involves product ideation, research, design,

and engineering. The process owner for this step is typically the Product
Development or Engineering department.

· Manufacturing and Production: This involves the creation of the product,

including sourcing raw materials, manufacturing, and quality control. The
process owner for this step is typically the Manufacturing department.

· Logistics and Distribution: This involves managing the transportation and

distribution of the product to customers or retail locations. The process owner
for this step is typically the Supply Chain department.

· Operations and Maintenance: This involves ongoing maintenance and

support for the product or service, including repairs, upgrades, and customer
service. The process owner for this step is typically the Operations or Customer
Service department.

Mapping with SAP S/4HANA solution:

To map the D2O process with SAP S/4HANA solution, organizations can use
SAP's Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) module, which helps manage the
entire lifecycle of a product or service. This module integrates with other SAP
modules, including Materials Management (MM), Production Planning (PP),
Quality Management (QM), and Sales and Distribution (SD) to provide end-to-
end visibility and control over the D2O process. Additionally, organizations can
use SAP's Manufacturing Execution System (MES) to manage manufacturing
processes and SAP's Supply Chain Management (SCM) module to manage
logistics and distribution.

2.8 Plan-to-Product (P2P)

Plan-to-Product (P2P): P2P is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a

product, from planning and design to production and delivery. This includes
everything from product planning and ideation, to product design and
development, to production and manufacturing, to logistics and delivery. The
process owner for P2P can be the Product Development or Engineering
department, or a cross-functional team that includes representatives from
Product Development, Manufacturing, Supply Chain, and Sales.

Plan-to-Product (P2P) Process:

The P2P process involves managing the entire lifecycle of a product, from
planning and design to production and delivery. The process owner for P2P
can be the Product Development or Engineering department, or a cross-
functional team that includes representatives from Product Development,
Manufacturing, Supply Chain, and Sales. The P2P process includes the
following steps:

· Product planning and ideation: The first step in the P2P process is to
identify the need for a new product or an update to an existing product. This
involves market research, customer feedback, and internal brainstorming
sessions to generate product ideas.

· Product design and development: Once a product idea is identified, the

next step is to design and develop the product. This includes creating detailed
product specifications, developing prototypes, and testing the product to
ensure it meets customer needs and regulatory requirements.
· Production and manufacturing: After the product has been designed and
tested, the next step is to produce and manufacture the product. This includes
sourcing materials, creating a production plan, and manufacturing the product
in compliance with quality and safety standards.

· Logistics and delivery: Once the product has been manufactured, the next
step is to deliver it to customers. This involves creating a distribution plan,
managing inventory levels, and delivering the product to customers on time.

Mapping with SAP S/4HANA solution:

SAP S/4HANA solution offers a comprehensive set of tools and features to

manage the P2P process. The solution includes modules such as Product
Lifecycle Management (PLM), Production Planning and Control (PPC), Material
Requirements Planning (MRP), and Sales and Distribution (SD). These modules
can be used to streamline the P2P process and improve efficiency and
productivity.

The PLM module can be used to manage product specifications, collaborate

with stakeholders, and track product development progress. The PPC and MRP
modules can be used to plan and manage production schedules, inventory
levels, and material requirements. The SD module can be used to manage
customer orders, delivery schedules, and invoicing.

SAP S/4HANA solution provides a complete set of tools and features to

manage the Plan-to-Product (P2P) process, from product planning and design
to production and delivery.

2.9 Procure-to-Contract (P2C)

Procure-to-Contract (P2C): P2C is the process of managing the entire lifecycle

of a procurement contract, from identifying a need to selecting a vendor and
finalizing a contract. This includes everything from identifying a procurement
need, to selecting a vendor, to negotiating and finalizing a contract, to
managing the ongoing relationship with the vendor. The process owner for
P2C is typically the Procurement department, specifically the Contract
Management team.

The Procure-to-Contract (P2C) process involves the following steps:

· Identify procurement need: The process begins with identifying a
procurement need within the organization, such as the need for goods or
services to support business operations.

· Vendor selection: Once the procurement need has been identified, the
next step is to select a vendor. This involves evaluating potential vendors
based on criteria such as cost, quality, reliability, and compliance with legal and
regulatory requirements.

· Contract negotiation: After selecting a vendor, the organization needs to

negotiate the terms of the contract with the vendor. This includes determining
the scope of work, pricing, payment terms, and other contractual obligations.

· Contract finalization: Once the contract terms have been agreed upon, the
contract is finalized and signed by both parties.

· Contract management: After the contract has been signed, it needs to be

managed throughout its lifecycle. This involves monitoring vendor
performance, ensuring compliance with contractual obligations, and resolving
any issues or disputes that may arise.

SAP S/4HANA provides various solutions that can support the P2C process. For
example, the SAP Ariba solution can help with vendor selection and contract
management, while the SAP Sourcing and Procurement solution can assist with
contract negotiation and finalization. The SAP Supplier Relationship
Management (SRM) solution can also help with monitoring vendor
performance and ensuring compliance with contractual obligations.

2.10 Quote-to-Cash (Q2C)

Quote-to-Cash (Q2C): Q2C is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a

customer quote, from creating the quote to collecting payment. This includes
everything from generating a customer quote, to managing the quote
approval process, to processing the order, to invoicing and collecting payment.
The process owner for Q2C may be the Sales department, specifically the Sales
Operations or Order Management team.

End-to-end process breakdown of Quote-to-Cash (Q2C):

· Customer Inquiry: It starts with a customer inquiry where the customer
shows interest in buying a product or service. The sales representative gathers
the necessary information to create a quote.

· Quote Creation: The sales representative creates a quote based on the

customer's requirements and sends it to the customer for review.

· Quote Approval: The customer approves the quote, or the sales

representative negotiates with the customer to finalize the quote.

· Order Processing: Once the quote is approved, the sales representative

processes the order, creates a sales order, and confirms the order with the
customer.

· Product Delivery: The order is then forwarded to the warehouse to pick,

pack, and ship the products to the customer.

· Invoice Creation: The billing department creates an invoice based on the

order and sends it to the customer.

· Payment Collection: The customer makes payment based on the invoice,

and the payment is collected by the billing department.

· Order Completion: The process ends with the completion of the order.

Mapping with SAP S/4HANA solution:

SAP S/4HANA provides a comprehensive solution for managing the entire

Quote-to-Cash (Q2C) process. It offers various modules to manage sales,
billing, and accounting functions. Here is how the Q2C process can be mapped
to SAP S/4HANA solution:

· Sales Order Management: SAP S/4HANA provides a Sales and Distribution

(SD) module that enables the creation and management of sales orders, order
confirmation, and delivery processing.

· Billing and Invoicing: SAP S/4HANA has a Financial Accounting (FI) module
that allows the creation of invoices and billing documents.

· Payment Collection: SAP S/4HANA provides the Accounts Receivable (AR)

module that enables the tracking of payments and receivables.
· Analytics and Reporting: SAP S/4HANA provides real-time analytics and
reporting that enables businesses to monitor and optimize the Q2C process.

SAP S/4HANA solution provides a comprehensive solution for managing the

Quote-to-Cash (Q2C) process, from sales order management to payment
collection, enabling businesses to streamline their operations and improve
their customer satisfaction.

3.0 Conclusion

Defining end-to-end processes like O2C, P2P, R2R, H2R, etc. is crucial for
organizations that are implementing SAP S/4HANA. These processes help
organizations standardize and optimize their operations, which can lead to
improved efficiency, transparency, and customer satisfaction.

Looking towards the future, it's likely that the trend towards end-to-end
process optimization will continue to grow. Organizations are increasingly
looking to integrate their operations and gain a holistic view of their business
processes. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence and machine
learning are also likely to play a role in this trend, helping organizations
identify patterns and trends and make data-driven decisions.

Defining end-to-end processes is critical for organizations that want to

optimize their operations and stay competitive in today's fast-paced business
environment. As organizations continue to implement SAP S/4HANA and look
towards the future, end-to-end process optimization will likely remain a key
focus area.

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