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AREA 2: LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION

LEA-4 - LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS WITH CRIME MAPPING

POLICE PATROL, PLANS AND OPERATION

POLICE PATROL
PATROL – a regular repeated circuit of in guarding normally performed by the police over a particular are either on foot, mobile or
other means of patrol mobility for purposes of crime prevention, law enforcement and peace and order maintenance.
- The patrol force is tasked with the primary responsibility of safeguarding the community by way of the protection of
persons and property, the preservation and suppression of crimes, apprehension of criminals, enforcement of laws and
ordinances and performances of the other necessary services.
- This unit is considered the nucleus of the police organization from the special services branch-out and therefore; it is not
to be subordinated to any other units within the police organization.
- It is the Backbone of the Police Service considering that it is responsible for the over-all police function or total job.
Field operations – is directed by the field commander to his subordinates’ commanders and it is aimed toward the accomplishment of
the primary police tasks as the following:
a) Patrol
b) Investigation
c) Traffic Control
d) Vice Control
e) Juvenile Delinquency Control

CRIME TRIAD

OPPORTIUNITY

CRIME
DESIRE CAPABILITY

CRIME – will not exist if lack of either opportunity or capability and desire but there is exception when desire was eliminated and still
having opportunity so as crime will exist.
ONCE the three (3) are present and interact at the breeding grounds of crime (like for instance poverty, ignorance of the law, injustice
abuses, lose family values and fear) this already concern of the government.
Objectives of Police Field Operation (Patrol)
Serve and Protect – includes the objectives of protecting lives and property and providing all other services which is required or
expected from police officers.
Participative Law Enforcement – involves the readiness to actively cooperative with or engages in teamwork effort with the
community, other government agencies or other police units or elements in law enforcement and maintenance of peace and order.
Prevention of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior – this activity is particularly aimed at the ways and means of reducing the desire to
commit crime. It is responsibly of the police to identify would-be- offenders, delinquents and would-be delinquents before an arrest
becomes necessary. The field officers in their contacts regularly carry this out with juveniles whose behavior patterns are not yet indelibly
impressed and who may still vulnerable to change. The police officer should take steps to help the child to redirect energies into lawful
and socially acceptable channels.
Repression of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior – this particular objective is included to cause or influence people to refrain from
committing crime for fear of being caught and prosecuted. The theory is based upon the assumption that people will not commit crime if
they believe that their identification and arrest are a certainly.
Identification, Apprehension and Conviction of Offenders – the work of policeman does not end after he has identified and have
apprehended the offender and was able to put him behind bars. As a law enforcer, it is still incumbent upon him to actively participate
in prosecution because his work is not finished until the criminal is convicted of his crime.
Traffic Flow and Collision Reduction – pedestrian and vehicular traffic must be free flowing and collision-free so that people may
move safely from one place to another. The police objective is to determine the causes of congestion and to relieve it. This involves the
investigation of traffic accidents and application of the three E’s of traffic namely: Education. Engineering and Enforcement.
Definition of Patrol – a regular repeated circuit of in-guarding normally performed by the police over a particular area either on foot,
mobile or other means of patrol mobility for purposes of crime prevention, law enforcement and peace and order maintenance.
PURPOSE OF PATROL
1. Prevention of Crime 4. To Regulate Conduct
2. To eliminate Actual or Suspected Wrong Doing 5. To Maintain Peace and Order
3. Enforcement of Laws
FUNCTIONS OF PATROL OFFICER
1. Roving Surveillance 3. Inspection
2. Called for service
AREAS COVERED BY POLICE OPERATION
1. Residential area 3. Fishing/Agricultural area
2. Commercial area
Brief History of Police Patrol
The beginning of police patrol is perhaps as old as organized society. Basically, man has always needed protection, first from
animals, and then from his own kind. His first attempt to protect and secure himself and his family involved in barricading the entranceto
his cave.
As mankind multiplied, man groups themselves together in small communities where the business of securities and prevention
became a community affair. As the communities got larger, the need arose to develop a specialized group agency to provide protection.
The key to development of police patrol is closely associated with the congestion of population. Where the population is sparse or
spread-out the justification of a police patrol becomes less warranted. But as the towns became cities and cities grew in population, both
the justification and need for police patrol becomes greater.
Ancient Times
- In the old testaments (Songs of Solomon, Isaiah and Jeremiah) and the New Testament (Mathew and John), there are
references to “watchmen” whose duty was to protect the city and arrest of offenders.
- Ancient Egyptians were the first people to use police dogs on patrol, their police were called “Medjays” and although they
were civilians, an Egyptian military officer headed them.
- In Rome, Augustus formed the Vigiles of Rome, a group of over two thousand men whose duty was to keep the peace and
fight fire.
Middle Ages
ENGLAND
- The existence of Shire Reeve: watchmen, police protection by use of able-bodied men.
- The existence of “Hue and cry”
- Establishment of the “Keepers of the Peace” BY king Richard; it is the appointment of the Knight to keep the King’s peaceby
guarding the gates and bridges and checking people entering and leaving the town.
- The enactment of the “Statue of Winchesters” (Watch and Ward Act), which provided for watches who were stationed
between sunset and sunset and surprise at the gates of walled town; Marching watches were also formed.
- An act was passed by King Charles, which provided for the employment in London of thousand Night Watches or Bellmento
be on duly from sunset to sunrise; they were also called the “Charlie’s”, the local community called them “shivers and
shakes” that triggered the formulation of Merchant Police by merchants.
- The creation of the Bow Street Runners by Henry Fielding; it started with six (6) constables and with their effectiveness;
they were called the Thief takers and the Robin Redbreast.
- The formation of the Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel who is regarded as the Father of Modern Policing System, by
virtue of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1892.
FRANCE
- The French Police were given the powers and duties to control price, welfare, public moral and even sitting in the judgment
of offenders.
- Paris had two types of patrol:
1. Citizen Night Guard – Watchmen for the protection of the citizens.
2. Royal Guard – Formed for the protection of the King.
- “Vivilat ut Quiescant”, regarded as the international police motto, which means in English, “He watches that they may
sleep”
- “Officers de Paex”, the origin of the word “Police Officer”
UNITED STATES
- During the Colonial times, American watchmen were also called ‘Leader heads”.
- The first daytime and paid police service was adopted by Philadelphia.
- The formulation of ‘Vigilance Committee in San Francisco; their motto is “Flat Justitia Ruat Coeium”, which means,
‘Heaven decrees, let there be justice”.
PHILIPPINES
- Evolved from the practice of different tribes who selected able-bodied young men to protect their villages. Not from
themselves but from the attack of wild animals, which prey on their crops and livestock’s during the night.
- These young men walk around to protect their village at night need not to work in the field.
- This is the forerunner of the contemporary patrol function of the police for crime prevention.
Origin of the word “POLICE”
Originated from the Greek word “politeia” meaning government of a city. It applied to civil officers and not necessarily
policemen. The Romans used the same word with slight conversion into roman intonation. “Politia”. Ultimately the French change the
word to “Police” and applied it to individuals whose job was to enforce the law. Thereafter. The English and Americans borrowed the
French word and used it as a terminology for law enforces. Thus, the word “Police” is actually of French origin. “Patrol” originated
from French word “Patrouiller” which means – to go mud puddles.
Patrol is the Backbone of the Police Department.
The patrol is tasked with the primary responsibility of safeguarding the community by way of the protection of persons and
property. The preservation of peace, prevention and suppression of crimes, apprehension of criminals, enforcement of laws and
ordinances and performances of other necessary services. This unit is considered the nucleus of the police organization from which the
special services branch out and therefore, it is not to be subordinate to any other units within the police organization.
It is the backbone of the police service considering that it is responsible for the accomplishment of the over all police functionor
total job. In small police stations or substations where there is no specialization as yet, the patrol force is responsible for all primary,
secondary and even the administrative functions.
DISTRIBUTION OF PATROL FORCE
Factors that Determine Patrol Deployment:
1. Population – Knowing the resident or fixed population vis-à-vis the transient population is important in establishing the police-
population ratio
2. Numbers and types of crimes and arrests
3. Location of crimes and arrest
4. Traffic collision statistics and patterns
5. Location of “frequent incidents” or hazards requiring concentrated police coverage such as sports arenas, stadiums, popular
night spots, bars, theaters, transportation terminals and others places usually converge
6. Disproportionate concentrations of population.
7. Socio-economic factors.
8. Zoning plan of the city/municipality.
PREPARATION IN PATROL
General Preparation- the policeman value system must be in complete harmony with the objectives of law enforcement and
sentence of fair play. First and foremost, in his preparation for patrol duty is attitude preparation. As much as possible negative and
depressed himself.
Pre-Patrol Preparation- prior to going on patrol the policeman should be armed with knowledge and equipment. In order to
have knowledge of their task each day, there is usually a fall-in formation at headquarters or police precinct, which is, develop to the
giving assignment and instructions. Other matters include information relative to the passage of new laws. Ordinance, latest court
decisions, changes in jurisdictional boundaries. General special orders from higher headquarters or the introduction of new techniques
to improve field performance.
Vehicle Inspection- at any time that the officer assumes control of the patrol vehicle for his patrol duty, he must inspect and
make sure of the following:
1. Clean windows/windshield and workable wipers
2. Sufficient gas/correct oil levels/strong battery
3. Correct tire pressure/spare tire/jack functioning brakes
4. Well-functioning engine
5. Functioning lights/siren
6. Weapons and rescue/first aid equipment inside rear compartment
District Orientation Tour- once in field, field, the patrol officers strive to achieve a general familiarization and inspection tour of his
AOR in order to orient himself of his pattern and characteristics.
Fixed Surveillance – Although not means of transportation. It must not be overlooked as a type of patrol usually undertaken either in
person or with the use of cameras or monitors or stop-frame photography. It makes it possible for the police to watch
several locations at the same time for immediate response if necessary. Various types of listening and viewing devices
are now in use in order to supplement routine patrol in line with the concept of proactive patrol.
Patrol Equipment

1. Complete 3. Baton 5. Hand cuff 7. Clean sheet of paper

2. Firearm 4. Flashlight 6. Notebook 8. Hand radio
NORMAL SHIFTING
1.0800H-1600H (8:00-4:00)
2.1600H-2400H (4:00-12:00)
3. 2400H-0800H (12:00-8:00)

TEAM POLICING – It is an attempt to integrate the police and the community interest into a working relationship so as to produce the
desired objective of peacekeeping in the community. Originated in Aberdeen, Scotland. Teams of five to ten men were assigned
according to concentration of crimes and citizen-calls for police service; effective police community cooperation is critical to the successof
team policing system. Public assistance and participation must be solicited actively.
Characteristics of Team Policing
1. Geographic stability of the patrol force - the application of permanent patrolling to foster greater awareness and
sensitivity to local police problems by team members.
2. Maximum Interaction between team members – members must be given opportunity to work closely together in solving
problems. Members are encouraged to share information with one another through informal meetings or conferences.

3. Maximum communication between team members and community residents – team policing is intended to develop
a greater sense of understanding and increased cooperation between members of the team and the community problems
w/the team.
Organization Feature of Team Policing
1. Unity of Supervision – to encourage consistency and continuity of police policies and procedures and to provide greater
uniformity in developing solutions to community problems.
2. High-level Flexibility in Decision Making- members is encouraged to share and exchange ideas and work together in
solving problems within their area of responsibility.
3. Combined Investigation and Patrol Function
4. Unified delivery of service
Team – policing: Cause and Effect
1. Reduced crime rate and increase crime clearance
2. Increased community participation in crime control
3. Reduced public fear on crime
4. Improved police community relations
5. Increased police morale and job satisfaction
TYPES OF PATROL
The performance of police tasks within a defined area is the responsibility of the individual policeman and the accomplishmentof
his duty will require his ability to be able to move and adequately cover or saturate his area of responsibility. The choice of patrol that is
available to him whether foot or mobile, shall depend upon the existing terrain and conditions wherein he must seek the greatest
advantage. Of course, his two feet are still the most available and practically way to move himself from one place to another but then,
the necessity of effective aids such as vehicles, for greater mobility, must be availed of. However, in spite of the fact that each of the
different methods of patrol have their distinct advantage. They also have nonetheless their disadvantages.
1. FOOT PATROL
Its methods consist of the fixed post, line beat and random patrol. Foot patrol is restricted to small areas and used to deal with
special problems of prevention and repression of crime that connot be adequately handled by policemen in mobile cars. Fixed foot is
usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events. Moving foot patrol is used where there is considerable foot traffic. As
in business and shopping centers, bars, taverns, high crime areas, and specialized areas and in places where there are multiple family
dwellings. Traditional but most effective.
TYPES OF FOOT PATROL

1. One (1) Man Foot Patrol- applicable in highly peaceful community.

2. Two (2) Man Foot Patrol (BUUDY SYSTEM)- during emergency the other patrol officer can provide support to other in
carrying out patrol from a standard seating procedure- “at least 2 persons”.

ADVANTAGE OF FOOT PATROL

1. Foot patrol officers make more person-to-person contact and therefore they have a greater opportunity to promote good public
relation (Among other patrol officers foot patrol officers are more favorably because they are very close to the civilian)
2. Since they have many friends on the beat they can have good source of criminal informants. (output production of number one)
3. They know the physical layout of their beat better. (can easily enter into alleys or small pathways)
4. Can provide immediate response in all services. (easily respond to call for assistance)
5. Can shake to situation where mobile cars easily notice when approaching crime scene.
6. With the use of handy to case they can maintain communication with the headquarters especially when asking or requesting
assistance o-r reinforcement. (can communicate anytime)

S- select

I-investigate

P- persuasive (proper strategy of

 technique)A-approach
T- testing

FOOT PATROL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUE

1. Don’t establish set pattern of patrol.

- Task of patrol officers is to eliminate crime triad.
- He should never depend on the same pattern because he will easily detect.
- He should apply different strategy because criminal too studying the police movements.
2. When checking doors for force of entry used flashlight in the surrounding the door lock to see for fresh or noticeable jimmy
marks.
Jimmy marks- tool marks, fingerprint mark and any distinctive marks.
-before entering the room you should examine the door lock first, if you are not violating the “golden rule”
3. Don’t get into the habit of grabbing or twisting the lock when leaving or entering the room.
- Noise will produce or relay message to criminal.
4. When an open door is found never enter alone seek assistance or witness.
- Do not enter yourself alone you might be a victim of frame up.
5. At night verify fire escape of business establishment, check for possible out of burglars.
- Patrol officer should not only patrol on the road but rather to the unusual happening.
6. At night occasionally get into alleys or door entrance, peeping on the light and just being quit observing noises.
- Be sure your safety and secured.
7. Maintain efforts to have many friends on the beat that can help you.
- Collection of informants can give you more information.
8. Use all five senses when walking on the beat.
- Be sure that your senses are functioning and conditional.
9. Act as the eyes and ears for the police departments.
- Always inform your superior but there are more instances you should not inform your co-police officer except for those
exceptional matters.
10. Maintain a continuous and unsuspicious operation.
- Patrol officer should not relax.
11. Be constantly available to supply complete area coverage for the accomplishment of the police purpose.
- The entire area should be patrolled truly. There is tendency if patrol officer is not around, crime may exist.
12. Responsible for all activities in the field including of preliminary investigation of all cases, preservation of evidence and making
arrest except those which interfere for the performance of a regular duty.
- Police officer are bound to perform the other police duties but should meet only performing of task assigned.
13. At least two patrol officers shall be assigned to answer call for services especially the situation is ascertainable and danger may
exist.
- If responding you have to need somebody to back up. As standard seating procedure it should have at least two persons.
14. Seek assistance when arresting or inspecting suspicious situation.
- For security of public officer, somebody can provide assistance.
15. Periodic inspection shall be made on the business establishments especially during time not regularly occupied.
- Periodic- surprise inspection. Usually strike when nobody is around.
2. BICYCLES AND SMALL VEHICLES
The bicycle has used in many countries today as a simple and inexpensive mean of silent transportation to carry police officers
throughout their patrol duty. Small vehicles may be used for routine patrol to replace or augment foot or mobile patrol under conditions
when such vehicle is more practical than conventional modes of travel. The versality of small vehicles makes them more indispensable
for covering crowded areas and places inaccessible to automobile patrol.
3. HORSE PATROL
Horse may be used for certain patrol problems in jurisdictional that contain large park areas or similar places where automobile
either cannot go or may be forbidden. Mobile patrol cars cannot be expected to race across grass fields or wooden areas but horses
provide the best mobility in those situations.
4. MOTORCYCLES
Primary used for traffic control enforcement, their speed and maneuverability make them an indispensable vehicle in traffic
control.
5. HELICOPTERS AND FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT
Except for patrolling long stretches or highways or expanses of inaccessible land, the fixed-wing aircraft has little flexibility in
congested metropolitan areas. They are however excellent for traffic control in long stretches of highways, for search and surveillance,
and other special missions. The helicopter, on the other hand, has advantages of being able to travel at low speeds, to hover if
necessary, and to land even in accessible areas because of its special take off and landing capabilities. It is useful for rescue, medical
evacuation, general patrol, criminal apprehension, crime prevention and repression, emergency transportation, surveillance and other
activities.
6. AUTOMOBILE PATROL
The most extensively used and most effective means of transportation for police patrol, it is equipped with the latest kinds of
police gear. It provides a rapid, safe and efficient means of transportation under average operating conditions.
GENERAL TECHNIQUES FOR AUTOMOBILE PATROL
1. Check the police car thoroughly before leaving the garage. It could mean your very life if the car proved faulty during an
 emergency (BLOWAG).
2. As w/ the foot patrol, the beat should not be traveled the same way each night. If the criminal is able to time or clock your
movement, some place on your beat will be surely knock-over.
3. Don’t spend to much time on drive in coffee shop. Do not go for coffee when there is another police car already there.
4. Do not drive too fast on general patrol. It just wastes gasoline and a very little seen by the driver. The recommended speed for
patrolling is between 15 & 20 miles an hour is should be adjusted too suit the situation. Don’t patrol too slowly on heavy traffic.
Most motorist one hesitant should passing a police car &as a result traffic will back up.
5. During normal patrol, observe the rule of the road. A police man is exempt from traffic laws only in an traffic emergency,
officers are civilly liable when an accident caused that is not the result of emergency driving.
6. The licensed number of all strange or suspicious cars should be jotted down it takes but a few seconds this should be done on
all strange cars that are parked near places that are subject for robbers and burglaries. If it later turns out that crime was
committed. The licensed number might provide a good follow of clue.
7. Make it a habit to never leave the keys in the police cars, even it is just a minute there are many cases on record of police
carsw/ the keys in them being stolen, and it is quite embarrassing.
8. When working night, it is good idea to have a small pack of commercial nerve stimulant pills. They should not be use regularly.
9. The beat officer should learn the where about of all safe, safe light and outside lock on his beat.
10. A 3’’X 5’’ card file should list all of the cars, & among things, it should list all cars belonging to night workers & janitors.
11. The officer an automobile patrol must like the foot patrol always on the alert for possible information.
Advantages of mobile patrol
1. Mobile patrolling provides wider area coverage.
2. Mobile patrolling provides constant availability for public calls.
3. Mobile patrolling provides elements of surprise especially when the crimes is in progress.
4. Mobile patrolling provides immediate response when call for service.
5. Mobile patrolling provides the needed protection during inclement weather & can carry patrol equipment.
6. Mobile patrolling is more economical.
7. Mobile patrolling is less tiresome.
TWO-MAN PATROL CARS Advantages
of two-man patrol cars
1. A two-man patrol cars provides the officers w/ a greater safety factor by doubling the firepower & the physical protection.
2. The mistake that one man makes maybe caught by his partner & vice versa.
3. One officer does not drive eight hours & he is more rested & can do a better job.
4. Two pair of eyes is better than one.
5. One man can operate the radio while the other drive.
6. On quite nights the driver can have some to talk to help keep him awake. Morale is improved through companionship.
Advantages of one-man patrol car
1. The preventive enforcement is double by having twice as many police on the street.
2. When the officer is alone, he devoted his full attention to his driving & beat rather than to the conversation w/ his partner.
3. In two-man car, an officer began to rely on each other, & as a result of human error, an officer expects support when it isn’t
there. Aman alone develop self-reliance.
4. In two-man car, an officer will make changes than he is alone. He apparently builds a false sense of security & sometimes acts
without caution because he does not want to appear to be coward.
5. Personality clashes are reduced. Riding in a small patrol car w/ another person for eight hours will soon reveal most his faults.
Steps in Checking Suspected Vehicles
1. Avoid car chase whenever possible it is safer to just call other mobile patrol units in operating areas where suspected car is
heading for them. Patrol units to establish road block and apprehend suspect.
2. Before car chase begins call station & give identify of suspected car, color, year model, body licenses, plate no. of number of
occupants, the direction of travel & request, back up.
3. In chasing up, signal suspected driver to stop on road side & once order is followed also stop patrol car closely to that of
suspected car seeing to it that you have a full view of occupants therein & the lane of travel is cut off to avoid it from spreadingof
the scene.
4. In chasing switch on sirens will horn to signal other motorist & for them to give way to the patrol car & avoid traffic accident.
5. Maintain alertness.
6. Mobile driver remains on his seat & don’t stop engine.
7. Patrol passenger order suspected driver to put both on the wheel & don’t move front passenger to put both hands on the
windshield or behind his head & so w/ back passenger.
8. Once everything is carried out mobile driver lights from car & assures from action possession on the left front head of the car
facing the suspect w/ arm down & aimed at the suspect while his buddies proceeds to the rear portion of the suspect car to
control situation guard.
9. Mobile driver direct suspected driver to disembark using left front door & assume spend angle position on suspended car let
other suspect to follow the same procedure using only on the left front door as an exist.
10. Patrol passenger will now conduct through search of suspect’s car for his weapons & other counter in accordance w/ the rules
of searching & seizure while mobile driver provides support.
11. Apply handcuffs when necessary & bring the suspect to station for proper disposition.
DUTIES OF THE PATROLMAN ASSIGNED TO PATROL CAR
1. He shall operate the patrol car at the moderate speed in such manner as will enable him to observe occupancy that may
requirepolice attention.
 2. He shall report every hour to the base control operator or act such time designated by superior officer.
3. He shall regularly pay attention to critical area.
4. He shall exercise judgement & cases w/ safety of life & property when responding to an emergency call.
5. He shall perform such duties maybe assigned to him by his superior or higher authorities.
MOBILE PATROL ARREST TECHNIQUES
I.ONE MAN MOBILE PATROL
A. The patrol officer should check his police equipment such as;
1. Hand held radio/public address system/notebook.
2. Firearm issued.
3. Vehicle being used.
B. Interception of suspect vehicle
1. Position of your vehicle is at the rear of suspended vehicle.
2. Use the “FA” system (flexibility & alertness)
3. Advise the suspect to go out from their vehicle using the left portion as their exit.
4. Once they are out, subject them to position them on the left portion of the vehicle & observe clearly. Let them raise their
hands-up touching the top portion of the vehicle & legs must be wide spread enough.
5. Approach the suspect w/ caution.
6. Call to your station then report, give the identification of the suspect & vehicles.

II. TWO MAN MOBILE PATROL

A. The patrol officer check his police equipment such as:
1. Hand held radio/public address system/notebook
2. Firearm issued
3. Vehicle being issued.
B. Interception of the suspect vehicle.
1. Position the mobile car at the rear ride of the suspected vehicle.
2. Use the “FA” system.
3. Advise the suspect to go out from their car using the left front door as an exit.
4. One outside command subject to position themselves to the left position of the vehicles, clear observation, raise both
hands up touching the top of vehicle & legs spread wide enough.
5. Approach subject w/caution.
6. Call station & report.
Techniques in making arrest
A. Initial Contact w/ the subject
1. Patrol officer should identify himself in clear & audible voice.
2. Show ID card not in uniform.
3. Inform the suspect that he is under arrest.
B. Police officer conduct
1. Be pleasant natural but forceful & aggressive.
2. Demoralize or dominate the situation.
3. Voice must command w/ authority.
4. Demand prompt & and absolute obedience.
5. Control nervousness.
6. Avoid acting tough so that they will respect you.
7. Do not be apologetics.
8. Only one officer should talk to the suspect, the other provides support.
9. Assume that the suspect is a martial art expert he can take your life once given an opportunity.
General Principles & Techniques
1. Two or more police officer should make the arrest.
2. Always be in inconspicuous manner.
3. Arrest should not be affected on crowded street or public places where pursuit is difficult.
4. Used of firearms might be dangerous by innocence by stander.
5. Arrest should must be made at places fragmented by criminal or person. Sympathetic w/ him may give assistance.
6. Arresting officer should be certain that an individual arrested is the person wanted.
7. An arrest should be certain do not attempt to shot a person placing in automobile unless there is justification for firing/killing
them.
8. The police should identify himself for the criminal & display badge it is an effective means of identification & them inform the
suspect that he is under arrest.
9. The police officer should be firm & continuous force shall be used when there is a resistance & when it is necessary to
accomplish the arrest.
Five (5) Main Points of Arrest
1. Man 3. Movement 5. Surprise
2. Firearm Superiority 4. Simplicity
A Don’ts of Arresting Officer
1. Don’t be unnecessarily rough be firm & give the impression that you are in command of situation.
 2. Don’t grant request.
3. Don’t let the subject make excuses or delay, insist immediate obedience to your order.
4. Don’t under estimate the person that you are placing under arrest
5. Don’t get to close to person w/ firearms.
6. Don’t talk too much; be brief & clear in issuing order.
7. Don’t allow other person to come between you & the subject.
8. Don’t allow two or more subject to separate.
9. Don’t create a scene.
10. Don’t let the subject turn in back after you had made the arrest.
11. Don’t aim your firearm or gun.
Arrest on the Street
A. Should be done on rear side of the subject.
B. As much as possible the suspect should post towards a building wall.
C. Avoid conjected area whoever possible.

Arrest at Home, Office or Establishment

A. Restrict movement of the subject.
B. Don’t grant any request or personal necessities privileges, unless suspect has been searched.
C. Clothing & other requested item must be inspected first, before turning them to the suspect.
Night Foot Patrol Operation
A. Interception of subject person
1. Announce to the subject person that he is subject person that he is subject for arrest, then introduce yourself.
2. Subject person should be frisk for in concealed weapon.
3. Other police officer should be on guard.
4. Let the subject person to position in a wall, search method.
7. BOATS AND AMPHIBIANS VEHICLES
In some areas surrounded with water including inland waterways, various types of sea or watercrafts may be commissioned for
police services especially where smuggling of undocumented aliens and illegal contraband are common place.
8. PLAINCLOTHES PATROL
This type of assignment is particularly effective for saturation coverage of high crime areas. It provides extra coverage without
necessarily alarming the populace with the unusual number of policemen. For this kind of patrol, policemen should wear whatever
clothing is appropriate and should fit the activity being covered.
9. CANINE PATROL- refers to the patrol officer w/ a dog. Ex. Sniffing Dog.
10. DECOY PATROL- a strategy of patrol w/c means of deception/trick.
12. FIXED SURVEILLANCE
Usually undertaken either in person or with the use of cameras or monitors, or stop-frame photography, it makes it possible for
the police to watch several locations at the same time immediate response if necessary. Various types of listening and viewing devices
are now in use in order to supplement routine patrol in line with the concept of proactive patrol.
PATROL AND INSPECTION
The suppression and unwholesome influence is accomplished by the preventive activities of inspection and patrol. It is
important to have regular inspection and supervision of bars, night clubs and other establishments such as pool and billiard halls, and
other commercial recreation to include other establishments being frequented by the youth.
Other kinds of inspection in patrol
1. Building inspection
2. Crime follow-up
3. House inspection/visitation
4. Miscellaneous inspection
ATTRACTIVE NUISANCE VS PATROL HAZARD
Attractive nuisance- a known doctrine of law wherein an individual is said to maintaining in his premises (business or
residential) a condition, instrumentality machine, or other agency that is considered dangerous to young children because of their
inability to appreciate peril. Reasonably, the children may be attracted to such premises and be unnecessarily exposed to danger.
Patrol hazard- this term is frequently used to describe a specific condition or place that requires the patrol officer’s special
attention. The hazard may be a bar houses where fights frequently occur, an abandoned house or building frequented by suspected
person, public lavatories or even sleazy movie houses.
BASIC PATROL PROCEDURES
A. Foot Patrol:
1. Policeman should develop the friendly attitude while on foot patrol because they are performing the additional task of
community relations in addition to their usual patrol duties.
2. They are to maintain a free flow of pedestrian traffic, which is just as important as vehicular traffic.
3. When pounding their assigned beat, they should not develop a pattern or a routine, which will make them vulnerable, but they
should also see to it that they are able to saturate their AOR.
4. The entire duty time of policemen belongs to the department and to the people in general, therefore, it should be spent
accordingly.
5. When patrolling at nighttime, policemen are to approach each building with caution, always assuming the possibility that a
felon may be lurking inside.
6. He should know the personalities in his AOR specially the wanted persons, the known felons, drug users and pushers and the
 establishments, which are usually prone to armed robbery or burglary.
7. In daytime patrol, the patrol officer is to walk closest to the curb. But during night patrol, he is to walk farthest from the curb.
The reason for this is that during daytime, police visibility is prime and foremost while during the night police visibility is only
secondary to the augment of surprise, which should always be in favor of the patrol officer.
8. Patrol officers should always remember that police mean service and protection as well. Thus, they are never to hesitate to offer
their services especially if it is consistent with the objectives of law enforcement.

The Traditional Foot Patrol

1. Clockwise patrol pattern
o Short beats ideal for foot patrol
o Rectangular/square sized beats
2. Counter-clockwise Patrol Pattern
o The reverse of clockwise pattern with the same characteristics of an are to be patrolled.
3. Zigzag or Free-wheeling Patrol Pattern
o Patrolling within the perimeter not at random by with definite target location where presence of patrol officer is
necessary.
4. Criss-cross Patrol Pattern
o Hazard oriented patrol.
PATROL DRIVING
1. While on vehicle patrol, policemen should get out of the car frequently in order to be visible and accessible to the public.
2. When conducting solo patrol, the patrol officer should maintain frequent contact with communication personnel and other field
elements. When working in pairs or more, patrol officers are to work as a team for purposes of field contacts, citation issuance,
routine inspections and response to call for assistance.
3. Operate the vehicle at normal speed consistent with traffic conditions. A patrol vehicle driven at high speed during patrol is of
no value to the citizenry who are to be served and protected.
4. Patrol the district in such a way that the police is to be visible to the greatest number of people. Frequently turning corners and
covering the side streets as well as the main thoroughfares.
5. Whatever patrol method is being used, police patrollers should see to it that it is done in an irregular and unpredictable manner.
6. The entire district should be given ample attention with emphasis on those places that are considered as police hazards or
proneto criminality.
7. Always assume the possibility that a crime will be committed in the most illogical places at the most unusual times of the day.
8. Put on seat belt as a habit. Patrol officers who enforces, the law on the wearing of seat belt lose their credibility if people will
see them not wearing the seat belt themselves.
9. Keep awake. Patrol driving whether night or day is usually monotonous. Thus, the policeman on patrol should adopt acceptable
habits of keeping awake while on patrol as it concerns not only his personal safety but the efficient performance of his duty as
well.
10. Set the example among other motorist of obedience to all traffic rules and regulations particularly the traffic lights signal, speed
limits and the general road rules.
11. Police patrol vehicles should always be parked in the proper or legal manner unless an emergency situation exists. Car keys
should never be left in the cars ignition since criminals are expected to be capable of restoring to even the least expected.
THE REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE PATROL
Reactive Patrol- This is a patrol activity, which consist of driving around the district waiting for something to happen. Its not very
different from the stereotype old- time policemen who just set sensibility and affordability of this scheme is not being questioned becauseof
budgetary constrains and skyrocketing prices. Under the reactive type, police patrols were restricted only to answering to service.
Proactive Patrol- an alternative patrol system which means the fielding of the field units in their respective area of responsibility with
prescribe objectives and verifiable tasks schedule for the day to augment the calls and other on sight activities that make’s up the officer’s
day.
ESSENTIALS FOR AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS IN PATROL
The police department being emergency service. All forms of its communications must be geared or adopted to emergency
conditions and in top operating conditions at all times. The assurance of such a condition will be attained only if the following criteria
are meet.
1. Training- as much as practicable messages should be confronted and updated to uniform or standard procedures and
latestdevelopments.
2. Dependability- the police communications system must be totally dependable under both emergency and routine conditions.
Secondary system must be available on back up or stand-by, basis and they must be totally operational.
3. Security- it must be safe and secured from attack or any sabotage to disable the organization’s vital functions or from natural
disasters force may occur.
4. Accessibility or adaptability- all operational units of the organization must have convenient access to every type of
communication medium that is essential to its efficient operation.
5. Speed- maximum utilization of all available form of communication must be done in order to assure speed in message
transmissions.
6. Confidentiality- much of the information in police custody are private and personal in nature as it relates to victims and accused
persons. Such as the case. It is imperative that their confidentiality is maintained.
Objectives in Disaster Response
1. Identify the nature and extent of the problem.
2. Communicate information immediately.
 3. Administer immediate first aid/rescue operation if necessary.
4. Establish command post.
5. Contain the area.
6. Establish/open emergency escape passage.
7. Evacuate victims, survivors to safe area
8. Establish public information desk.
9. Coordinate with other agencies involved.
10. Allow entry access of authorized persons only.
11. Record the event.

Objective at Scenes of Unlawful Assembly

1. Maximum tolerance 5. Dispersal if necessary
2. Containment of activity 6. Arrest of law violators
3. Dialogue 7. Re-entry prevention
4. Establish priorities.
Keys to Effective Police Action Labor Strikes
1. Complete fairness and objectivity
2. Establish contact with employer and strike to point out that the police role is to protect lives and property and to enforce
the law.
3. Seek the cooperation of all parties of the dispute.
PRELIMINARY SEARCH – should be made immediately upon arrest and probably in the presence of a witness.
COMPLETE SEARCH – Is conducted in a close room only the subject and one officer, one subject should be search one at a time.
WALL SEARCH – Most effective method of conducting preliminary search.
Procedure in Conducting Wall Search
1. Remove subject headgear examine for concealed weapon.
2. Hold between the shoulder places down to the waste and up the right side of arm feet.
3. Feel the right arm to the wrist and outside and inside clothing.
4. Feel the throat and waist.
5. Empty all pockets.
6. Search carefully of the vicinity of the room.
7. Search down inside of right legs to the ankle check bottom of towers socks and feel inside, the top of the shoes.
8. Search up the outside of right leg.
9. Follow some procedure on the left leg.
HAND CUFFING
1. 1st ORDER
- Face the wall and spread angle position with both hand and foot spread sideward as much as possible and foot for
enoughfrom wall to ensure that suspect is out balanced.
2. 2nd ORDER
- Place right hand on the spinal to the back fastens handcuffing.
3. 3rd ORDER
- Lean head on the wall and place left hand off the spinal to the back fasten their handcuff double lock handcuff.
FUNDAMENTAL OBJECTIVE OF POLICE PATROL
1. Preventive Enforcement – Falls under the heading of protection and involves the prevention of crime through the noticeable
presence of police vehicles and personnel. This had been regarded as the soundest of all criminological theories.
2. Selective Enforcement – The basis of w/c is to go where the trouble is or where the trouble is likely to occur. Has proven to
be very effective technique in the patrol procedure. If certain area is subject to a high crime rate, the patrol cars spend a greater
part of their patrolling time in that area.
3. Traffic Enforcement – It is strongly dependent upon personal contact between the patrol officers and the violations, but the
important thing is that the violator is stopped and the violation is brought to his attention.
4. Emergency Call for Service – One of the duties and purposes of patrol is the handling of emergency calls for service. The
police vehicle had been equipped as an emergency vehicle, and special laws had been passes exempting the police officer
from the normal rules of the road when responding to emergency, since the handling of emergency calls for service is one od
the basic duties of the patrol officer, he should be trained in first aid and water lifesaving emergencies.
5. Routine Calls for service – Routine calls account for the majority of services provided by the patrol division.
TERMS/DEFINITION/DIFFERENTIATION
POLICE OMNIPRESENCE – it is the impression created in the minds of law abiding and would be criminals alike that thepolice
are always available to respond to any situation at a moment’s
Notice
PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE TYPES OF PATROL – proactive patrol is an alternative patrol system which means the fielding of
patrol elements in their respective AOR with prescribed objectives and verifiable tasks to be accomplished to augmenttheir response
to call for assistance and other on sight activities. Under the proactive type, police patrols were increased beyond normal levels
while under the reactive type; police patrols were restricted only to answering calls for service.
CRIME PREVENTION AND CRIME REPRESSION – in crime prevention the police objectives is to prevent crime before it
occurrence. In crime repression where crime has already occurred or crime has been committed. The police actions consist of
identification, apprehension and criminal prosecution. The impact of this particular action lie in the impression left in the criminal
 mind that “crime does not pay.”
LINE AND STAFF FUNCTION – line functions, such as patrol and criminal investigation, are those that are directly responsible for
accomplishing police goals and objectives. Staff, auxiliary or support functions are those that are designed solely to support and
enhance the operations of line units. They usually include records, communications, personnel, training propertymaintenance, and
the like.
HIGH VISIBILITY AND LOW VISIBILITY PATROL – high visibility patrol involves the increase in the deployment of patrol
forces in order to enhance their different effort. Low visibility patrol is designed in order to increase the abilities of the police to
apprehend criminals who have already committed or are in the process of, committing crime.
PATROL – is the backbone of the police department primarily charged in carrying out of the objectives of the police, through it’s
round the clock area of operation for crime prevention and control.
- Called as “backbone” because it is the unit consist bigger of policemen.
- As “round the clock” because it is continuous operation although it is divided several shifting.
- As “operation” because the main task of police is for crime prevention and control.
BEAT - entire area covered by patrol officers divided by several blocks.
POST – fix area where patrol officers perform patrol.
ROUTE – refers to the rotation of the police officers duties.
POLICE PLANS AND OPERATION
PLANNING – Is the process determining the problem of the organization and coming up with proposed resolution and finding thebest
solution.
- Is the conceptual idea of doing something to attain a goal or objectives?
- The process of preparing for the change and coping with uncertainty formulating future causes of action, the process of
determining the problem of the organization and coming up with proposal resolutions and finding best solutions.
- The process of combining all aspects of the department and realistic anticipation of future problems, the analysis of
strategy and the correlation of strategy to detail.
- The use of rational design or pattern for all department undertakings rather than relying on chance.
- The act of determining policies and guidelines for police activities and operations and providing controls and safeguards
for such activities and operations in the department.
- The conceptual idea or doing something to attain a goal or objective.
- The conceptual idea of doing something to attain a goal of objective.
PLAN- An organized schedule or sequence by methodological activities intended to attain a goal and objectives for the
accomplishments of missions or assignment.
POLICE PLANNING:
- Is the systematic and orderly determination of facts and events as basis for policy formulation and decision affecting law
enforcement.
- Is an attempt by administration to allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated service demand?
OBJECTIVE- A specific commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period of time.
GOAL- A general statement commitment to achieve a measurable result within a specific period of time.
STRATEGY- Is a broad design, method; a plan to attain a staged goal or objectives.
TACTIC- it is a specific design, method or course of action to attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy.
PROCEDURE- a sequence of activities to reach a point or to attain that, which is desired.
POLICY- a product of prudence or wisdom in the management of human affairs.
GUIDELINES- A rule of action for the rank and file to show them how they are expected to obtain the desired effect.
GENERAL EMERGENCY PLAN- set of procedures to meet varying degree of emergency while at the same time providingcontinuing
police coverage of areas not affected by the emergency.
SPECIFIC EMERGENCY PLAN- a sub type of plan to meet unusual need, which is similar to general emergency plan but it isbasically
for certain specific situation.
POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING- is the process of formulating coordinated sequence of methodical activities and theallocation of
resources to line units in order that it can attain mandated objectives or mission.
Objectives of Police Planning
1. To increase the chances of success by focusing on result.
2. To force analytical thinking and evaluation of alternatives for better decision.
3. To establish a framework for decision making consistent with the goal of the organization.
4. To orient people to action instead of reaction.
5. To modify the day-to-day operation for future management.
6. To provide basis for measuring original accomplishment or individual performance.
7. To provide decision making w/ flexibility.
8. To increase employee involvement and to improve communication.

Responsibility in Planning
1. Broad External Policy Planning- is the responsibility of the legislative branch of the government. The main concern of
the police in this external policy planning is assisting the legislature in the determination of police guideline, through the
passage of appropriate laws or ordinances for the police to enforce.
2. Internal Policy Planning- is the responsibility of the CPNP and other chiefs of the different units or headquarters within
their area of jurisdiction to achieve the objectives and mission of the police organization.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLAN
A. According to Coverage:
 1. Local plan
2. Regional plan
3. National plan
B. According to level of time
1. Strategic or Long-range Plan- plan that determine the organizational long-term goal with the resources expected to be
available.
2. Intermediate or Medium Range Plan- plans which determines quantity of efforts and accomplishment.
3. Operational or Short-Range Plan- plans those addresses immediate needs or which are specific and how it can be
accomplished on time with available resources.
TYPESOF POLICE PLAN
1. Policy or Procedural- plans related to standard operating procedures to guide policemen in their routine and field operation
and in some special operation.
a. Office Procedure- are procedures for reporting regulation and records division operation.
b. Field Procedures- are procedure to be followed in conduction raids, arrest, stopping suspicious person, using physical
force, and restraining devices.
c. Headquarters Procedure- are procedures to duties of personnel concern, which may include in the manual. Ex. How to
use the telephone, the use of fax machine, police radios etc.
d. Special Operating Procedures- are procedure pertaining to the organization of special units like SWAT.
2. Tactical Plans- are procedure for coping with specific situations at known location. Included in this category are plans
dealing with attacks against building with alarm system and police headquarters by lawless element. It also includes about
blockade, jail emergencies, and special community events, such as public gatherings.
3. Operational Plan- plans for the performance of the primary police functions like patrol, investigation, traffic, vice and
delinquency control.
a. Regular Operating Programs- plans designed to meet everyday year-round needs.
b. Meeting Unusual Needs- those designed to meet unusual need, the result of intermittent and usually
unexpectedvariations in activities that demand their attention.
4. Extra Department Plan- plans for emergencies, which require the involvement of the community to help the police in
achieving their objectives. It can be disaster management, or solving great in traffic and in organized crimes.
5. Management Plan involving the following:
a. Budget Planning- present the future money needs for personnel, materials and other needs
b. Accounting procedures- expenditure reports provided to assist in the making of administrative decision.
c. Specific and Purchasing Procedures.
d. Personnel Planning- consist of procedures by w/c PNP personnel are recruited, utilized and treated in their employment.
It also includes the methods of development the potential of the personnel so that they can get maximum satisfaction of
their work and contribute there best to the organization.
e. Organization Plan- a basic organization plan of the department must be made poster for guidance of the force, which
should be accompanied by duty manual definite relationship between the component units in terms of responsibilities.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PLAN

1. Clearly define objectives
2. Simplicity, direction and clarity
3. Flexibility
4. Attainable
5. Provides standard of operation
6. Economy in terms of resources needed for implementation
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANS
1. It reflects the experience or the line officers.
2. It incorporates the findings of the police statisticians.
3. It contains the conclusion of the crime analyst.
4. It incorporates the counsel of the staff officers
5. It includes the advices of the organic personnel and units involved in planning.
FACTORS AFFECTING PLANNING
1. Condition- Political atmosphere
- Public opinion
- Ideological aspiration
- Peace and order situation
- National community ethics, behavior and discipline
2. Time
a. Time available to establish plan before putting it into effort
b. Time when the plan effects.
c. Time interval that must be provided in the plan
d. Time allowed for revising or modifying the plan.
3. Resources available- man power, money and materials.
4. Skill and attitudes of management- refers to the level of experiences of the personnel who are involved in the preparation
of the plan and those who will execute the plan. Applicability of good management principles shall be exploited.
 5. Social and political environment- refers to social and political practices, w/c will be affected by the plan or plan affecting
these practices, beliefs and norms of society.
6. Physical Facilities- refers to machinery, instrument or tools in the attainment of the goals pf the plan. A certain system or
structural design in order to meet expected results.
7. Collection and analysis of data- ready resources and basis of good decision-making by the makers of the plan may
beproperly obtained through research and other means of information gathering techniques.
PARTS OF A POLICE OPERATIONAL PLAN
1. Security Classification
2. Number of copies and pages
3. Name of headquarters
4. Plan Title or Name
5. Reference
• The source of authority in formulating a plan based on:
a. Organizational Policy or Guidelines
b. Orders of Superior Officers or Authorities
c. Documents, maps, book, etc.
6. Situation- General situation and specific situation
7. Mission
8. Task Allocation
9. Coordinating Instructions- refers to the manner of giving alarm or signal when encountering such problems, which needs
immediate action.
10. Command- refers to the relationship between operating personnel or units with that of Police Headquarters.
11. Signal- defines communication network, which is to be used during a particular operation like using passwords.
12. Signature
13. Distribution- refers to what unit will be given copies of plan.A-
All units
B- Selected units
C- Very selected units
D- Only
• The source of authority in formulating a plan based on:
d. Organizational Policy or Guidelines
e. Orders of Superior Officer or Authorities
f. Documents, maps, book, etc.
STEPS IN PLANNING
1. Frame of Reference- this shall be based on a careful view of the matters relating to the situation for which plans are being
developed. Opinions or ideas of person who may speak with authority on the subject and the views of the police commander,
other government officials and other professionals shall be considered.
2. Clarifying the Problem- this call for identification of the problem, understanding both its record and its possible solution. A
situation must exist for which something must and can be done.
3. Collecting all Pertinent Facts- no attempt shall be made to develop a plan until all facts relating to it have been carefully
reviewed to determine the modus operandi, suspects, types of victims and such matter as availability, deployment and use of
present personnel shall be gathered.
4. Analyzing the Problem- after the date have been gathered a careful analysis and evaluation shall be made. This provides
thebasis from which a plan or plans are develop. Only such facts as may have relevance shall be considered.
5. Developing Alternative Plans- in the initial phases of plan development, several alternative measures shall appear too
logically comparable to the needs of a situation. As the alternative solutions are evaluated, one of the proposed plans shall
usually prove more logical than the others.
6. Selecting the most Appropriate Alternative- a careful consideration of all facts usually leads to the selection of the “Best”
of alternative proposals.
7. Selling the plan- a plan, to be effectively carried out, must be accepted by persons concerned at the appropriate level of
theplan’s development. For example, in robbery case, the patrol division head may be preparing the plan.
8. Arranging for the execution pf the Plan- the execution of a plan requires the issuance of orders and directives to units and
personnel concerned, the establishment of a schedule and the provision of manpower and requirement for carrying out of the
plan. Briefing shall be held and assurance shall be received that all involved personnel understand when, how, and what iso
be done.
9. Evaluating the effectiveness of the Plan- the results of the plan shall be evaluated. This is necessary in order to know
whether or not the plan was correct, whether or not the correct alternative was chosen, which phase was poorly implemented,
and whether additional planning may be necessary. In addition, the effects of the executed plan on other operations and on
total police operations shall be determined. Follow-up is the control factor for effective command management.
Public Safety- is a generic term, which covers the end- result of law enforcement, crime prevention and control, maintenance of peace
and order, fire safety protection and jail management and penology.
Public Safety Services- are the services and function performed by the PNP, BFP, BJMP and social defense in general whose
functions are national in scope.
Public Safety Doctrines- are body of principles officially acceptable and taught about as the best way of conducting public safety
namely; law enforcement, crime prevention and control, maintenance of peace and order, fire safety protection and jail management
and penology and social defense in general.
 Doctrines- is that which is taught or set for acceptance or belief, that which is held to be true by any person, sect, school specially in
religion, or tenet, or body of tenets.
PNP Doctrine- is an authoritative statement of principles prescribing the proper acquisition, use and employment of PNP human and
material resources to achieve planned objectives.
CATEGORIES OF DOCTRINES
A. Primary Doctrines
1. Fundamental Doctrine- are the basic principles in planning, organization and management of the PNP in support of the
overall pursuits of the PNP visions, mission, strategic plan and for the attainment of the national objectives.
2. Operational Doctrines- are the principles and rules governing the planning, organization, direction and employment of
PNP in the accomplishment of basic security operational mission in the maintenance of peace and order, crime
prevention and suppression, internal security and public safety operation.
3. Functional Doctrines- are principle that provide guidance for the specialized activities of the police in the fields of
personnel, intelligence, training, logistics, planning, etc.
B. Secondary Doctrines
1. Complementary Doctrine- are doctrines formulated jointly by two or more bureaus in order to affect a certain operation
with regard to public safety and peace and order.
2. Ethical Doctrine- are those, which define the fundamental principles, governing the rules of conduct, attitude, behavior
and ethical norm of the PNP.
Basis of Police Doctrine
- Police doctrines are primarily based on the vision and mission of the police organization.
Sample of Doctrine
1. Doctrine of Command and Responsibility
2. Doctrine of Maximum Tolerance
3. Doctrine of Public Accountability
4. Doctrine of Transparency
5. Doctrine of Poisonous Tree
NINE PRINCIPLES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ENUMERATED BY SIR ROBERT PELL, THE FOUNDER OF THEBRITISH POLICE
SYSTEM
1ST Principle- Prevention of crime is the Basic Mission of the
Police.2nd Principle- Police must have full Respect of the LAW.
3rd Principle- A Citizen’s Respect law develop his Respect for the police.
4th Principle- Cooperation of the Public Decreased as the Use of Force
Increase.5th Principle- Police Must Render Impartial Enforcement of the law.
6th Principle- Physical Force is Used Only as a Last Resort.
7th Principle- The police are the Public and the Public are the Police.
8th Principle- The Police Represent the Law.
9th Principle- The Absence of Crime and Disorder is the Test of the Police Efficiency.

POLICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

A. Definitions

1. Communication- In general, the transfer of thought or idea from one person to another through a common medium or
channel. Technically, this refers to the equipment which can be electrical or electronic used to exchange the thought or idea.
2. Communications- This refers to the technical field of study or science involving the exchange technical field of study or
science involving the exchange of intelligence through the various available channels. This refers also to the NETWORK or
SYSTEMS.
3. Communications Channel- The various means or systems used to transfer the intelligence between persons or units like
the telephone, facsimile, radio or TV.
4. Communications System- The channel or combination of channels used for the transfer of intelligence. It can be teletype,
radio, wire or combination.
5. Communication Medium- The language whether in clear or coded used when transferring the idea or intelligence. It can
be a Filipino, English or in codes.
6. Administrative Messages- Official messages in a police or law enforcement organizations that are non-operational in
nature such as: orders, directives, information bulletins, transfer and promotion of personnel or athletic notices.
7. Amplitude Modulation (AM)- Modulation in which the amplitude of a wave is the characteristic subject to variation. This is
used in a single side band, double side band and independent side band radios.
8. Frequency Modulation (FM)- Used in some radio equipment whereby the amplitude is made constant in the carrier wave
together with the signal so that variations are found in rarefactions and condensations of the wave just like in steel spring.
9. Antenna- Also called as aerial. A metallic wire or rod used for radiating or receiving waves to and from space.
10. Coordinating Center- The center base station of a police or law enforcement communications or CENTER.
11. Inter-com- Short for “intercommunication”. A wired system used within a building or compound for direct exchange of
calls.
12. Intra-communication- Communication existing within a province, organization or complex.
 13. Hotline- A term used as a direct means of inter-communication. The system is used for special purpose and can be wired
or wireless.
14. Landline- Wired communication like telephone, teletype, facsimile, etc. The wires can be underground, on the ground or
aerial.
15. Radio- Communication by electromagnetic waves transmitted through space.
16. Subscriber- A person, residence or office connected to the Private Base Exchange (PBX).
17. Telecast- Acronym of TELEvision broadcasting specifically a TV program.
18. Dispatchers/Coordinators- Personnel in a police Comcenter charged with receiving and transmitting messages.

B. GLOSSARY

ACD- Automatic Call Director. This is attached to SPRINT for computer dispatching.

ALERT- Automatic law-enforcement reporting technique. A type of data base info system.

APCO- Associated Public- Safety Communications Officers, Inc.

CABLE- Computer assisted Bay Area Law Enforcement.

CB- Citizens Band

LEAPS- Law Enforcement Agencies Processing System.

ORACLE- Optimum Record Automation for Court and Law- Enforcement.

RADAR- Radio detection and ranging. A complex electronic equipment capable of detecting approaching aircraft and altitude.

SPRINT- Special Radio Inquiry Network.

TRACIS- Traffic Records and Criminal Justice Information System.

VPU- Voice privacy unit. An electronic scramble device attached to telecom equipment for exclusive communication.

C. Essentials for a Police Communication System

1. Training- as much as possible, messages and communications should be conformed to standard procedure.

2. Dependability(Reliability)- it must be totally dependable under both emergency and routine conditions. Secondary system
must be available, on a stand-by basis and they must be totally operational.

3. Security- it must be secured from attack in the event of any criminal action directed toward destruction or neutralization of
any part of the organization’s vital functions.

4. Accessibility or Adaptability- all operational units of the organization must have convenient access to every type of
communications that is essential to its efficient operation.

5. Speed- maximum utilization of a language that is clearly understandable to all its users but that can be appreciably shorten
the time it takes to deliver the message.

6. Confidentiality- police communications should not be made public. Much of the information in possession of the police
agency private or personal; in nature as its relates to suspects and victims.

C. Communication Network in Police Activities

In modern society today, most of the activities of the citizen, one way or another, involve police action. Whether it is reporting a
suspicious character lurking in neighborhood or someone meeting a vehicular accident, police assistance will immediately sought. In fact,
when a fire breaks out in the neighborhood, the first impulse or reaction is to call the police. It is therefore, mandatory that efficient
communication between the police and the community be available at all time.

1. Administrative Communication Net

The exchange of non-operational information among police precincts, or between a prescient and its headquarters. Directives,
non-operational messages, order, follow-ups, memoranda, information cell are examples of communication passing through this net.

2. Operational Communication Net

 Pertains to police field and non-administrative activities involving peace, law and orders, as well as general public well being.

Examples of Police Operation Nets are:

a) Mobile and Foot Patrol- Mobile radio net is the backbone of operational police radio system.
b) Anti-riot and Crowd Control-
c) VIP Security-

D. Police Communication Operation

Requirements for Effective Police Communications

To operate an effective police communications system requires:

1. detailed planning
2. logistics reports
3. maintenance program
4. round the clock supervision
5. specialized training
6. good organization
7. qualified personnel

• Police Radio Operator

Called “Dispatcher”, “Coordinators”, or “Voice Radio Operators”. Before a policeman or civilian can be dispatchers, they must be
trained formally or by the job training.

• Dispatched Personnel

In communication center or coordinating center charged with the receiving and transmitting messages.

• Advantages of Trained Dispatchers

1. Ease of understanding
2. Elimination of errors
3. Minimum communication time
4. Development of a professional manner
5. Inter service cooperation
6. Conversation of equipment
1.

• Basic Qualification of a Dispatcher/Operator/Coordinator

1. Ability to speak clearly and distinctively at all times

2. Ability to reduce rambling and disconnected material into concise and accurate messages
3. Ability to think and act promptly in emergencies
4. Ability to analyze the situation accurately and to take an effective course of action
5. Thorough understanding of the capacities of the communication system
6. Adequate understanding of the technical operation of his own system to allow intelligent reporting about the equipment’s
failure
7. Physical and mental ability to work effectively under all conditions encountered
8. Knowledge of the rules and regulations applying to dispatchers responsibilities

• Three Characteristics of a Person’s Voice

1. Loudness or volume- depends on the size of the human voice box

2. Pitch or frequency- depends upon the number of cycles per time emitted by the speaker
3. Timbre or quality- makes a good speaker or singer
 • Requisites of a Good Dispatchers Voice

1. Alertness- give the impression that you are alert, wide awake, and interested in the person’s calling.

2. Pleasantness- build a pleasant office image with the proverbial “voice with smile”. Pleasantness is contagious.

3. Naturalness- use simple straightforward language. Avoid repetition or mechanical words or phrases; particularly avoid
technical words and slang.

4. Distinctiveness- speak clearly and distinctly. Move the lips, tongue and jaw freely. Talk directly into the microphone.

5. Expressiveness- a well-modulated voice carries best over the microphone, use normal tone of voice; it should be neither too
fast nor too slow. Vary your tone of voice will bring out the meaning of your sentences and add color and vitality to what you say.

E. Police Radio System

Advantages of the Use of Radio in Police Work:

1. the cost of transceivers has relatively gone down

2. the ease in the use of radio equipment
3. the relatively simple installation process
4. the availability of safeguards in the transmission of classified operational information

Frequencies Use to Meet the Needs of the Police Department

To meet the needs, police department utilize frequencies above 30 Megahertz (MHz) or within the Very High Frequency (VHF)
spectrum. VHF spectrum is from 30-300 (MHz). VHF is short range and has a line-of-straight propagation. Some countries with national
police agencies use frequencies below or above the High Frequency (HF) transmission.

Four Basic Requirements for any Communication System

1. Reliability- means that the radio is free from frequency drifts and interference’s and can operate continuously.

2. Adequacy- refers to the capability of the equipment to handle the load of traffic at all times.

3. Speed- is how fast can be receive by addressee.

4. Security- refers to the transmission of radio messages into codes and electronic scramblers.

F. How Sound Travels

Radio or electromagnetic waves travel as fast as the speed of light at 186,000 miles per second or 300,000 kilometers second.

Two General Types of Radio Waves:

1. Ground wave- is radiated energy that touches along the surface of the earth.
2. Sky wave- is radiated energy that travels to the ionosphere and is reflected back to earth.

The Frequency Ranges

Name of Abbreviation Frequency Range Wavelength Range

Very Low Frequency (VLF) 3-30 kHz 30,000- 10,000 mtrs

Low Frequency (LF) 30-300 kHz 10,000- 1,000 mtrs
Medium Frequency (MF) 300- 3000 kHz 1,000- 100 mtrs
High Frequency (HF) 3-30 MHz 100-10 mtrs
Very High Frequency (VHF) 30-300 MHz 10-1 mtrs
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300-3,000 MHz 100-10 cm
Super High Frequency (SHF) 3,000- 30,000 MHz 10-1 cm

G. Frequencies Above 30 MHz

For short distances transmission, frequency range between 30-300 MHz is used.

Characteristics of VHF transmission are the following:

 a. the received strength is proportional to the height of the transmitting and receiving antennas
b. the signal is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the receiver and the
transmitter.
c. the signal strength is directly proportional to the frequency.
d. the field strength of the space wave is proportional to the square root of the radiated power.

Associated Public Safety Communication Officers, Inc. 10-56 Intoxicated pedestrian

10-57 Hit and Run
APCO TEN SIGNALS 10-58 Direct traffic
10-59 Convoy or escort
10-0 Caution 10-60 Squad in vicinity
10-1 Unable to copy/ change location 10-61 Personnel in area
10-2 Signal good 10-62 Reply to message
10-3 Stop transmitting 10-63 Prepare to make written copy
10-4 Acknowledgment/ roger 10-64 Message to local delivery
10-5 Relay 10-65 Next message assignment
10-6 Busy- standby unless urgent 10-66 Message cancellation
10-7 Out of service 10-67 Clear to read net message
10-8 In Service 10-68 Dispatch information
10-9 Repeat/ Say again 10-69 Message received
10-10 Fight in progress 10-70 Fire alarm
10-11 Dog case 10-71 Nature of fire
10-12 Stand-by 10-72 Report progress in fire
10-13 Weather and road report 10-73 Smoke report
10-14 Report of prowler 10-74 Negative
10-15 Civil disturbance 10-75 In contact with
10-16 Domestic trouble 10-76 En route
10-17 Meet complainant 10-77 ETA (estimate time of arrival)
10-18 Complete the assignment quickly 10-78 Need assistance
10-19 Return to______ 10-79 Notified
10-20 Location 10-80 Kidnapping
10-21 Call______ by telephone 10-81 Stolen vehicle
10-22 Disregard 10-82 Reserve lodging
10-23 Arrived at scene 10-83 Found vehicle
10-24 Assignment complete 10-84 If meeting advice ETA
10-25 Report in person (meet) 10-85 Will be late
10-26 Detaining subject, expedite 10-86 Missing person
10-27 Drivers License Information 10-87 Pick-up checks for distribution
10-28 Vehicle Registration Information 10-88 Advice present telephone number of______
10-29 Check record for wanted 10-89 Found person
10-30 Illegal use of radio 10-90 Bank alarm
10-31 Crime progress 10-91 Unnecessary use of radio
10-32 Man with gun 10-92 Wanted person
10-33 Emergency 10-93 Blockade
10-34 Riot 10-94 Drag racing
10-35 Major crime alert 10-95 Stole cattle
10-36 Correct time 10-96 Mental subject
10-37 Investigate suspicious vehicle 10-97 Secret
10-38 Stopping suspicious vehicle 10-98 Prison jailbreak
10-39 Urgent use light and siren 10-99 Record indicate wanted or stolen
10-40 Silent run- no light or siren
10-41 Beginning of tour of duty MORSE CODE
10-42 Ending tour of duty
10-43 Information Alphabet
10-44 Request permission to leave patrol
10-45 Animal carcass in lane at_______ A Alpha .
10-46 Assist motorist B Bravo ___ . . .
10-47 Emergency road repairs needed C Charlie ___ . ___ .
10-48 Traffic standards needed repairs D Delta ___ . .
10-49 Traffic lights out E Echo . ___
10-50 Accident F Foxtrot . . ___ .
10-51 Wrecker needed G Golf ___ ___ .
10-52 Ambulance needed H Hotel ....
10-53 Road blocked I India ..
10-54 Firestock highway J Juliet . ___ ___ ___
10-55 Intoxicated driver K Kilo ___ . ___
L Lima . ___ . . Numbers
M Mama ___ ___
N November ___ . 1 . ___ ___ ___ ___
O Oscar ___ ___ ___ 2 . . ___ ___ ___
P Papa . ___ ___ . 3 . . . ___ ___
Q Quebec ___ ___ . ___ 4 . . . . ___
R Romeo . ___ . 5 .....
S Sierra ... 6 ___ . . . .
T Tango ___ 7 ___ ___ . . .
U Uniform . . ___ 8 ___ ___ ___ . .
V Victory . . . ____ 9 ___ ___ ___ ___ .
W Whiskey . ___ ___ 0 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
X X-ray ___ . . ___
Y Yankee ___ . ___ ___ Distress Signal (SOS)
Z Zulu ___ ___ . .
. . ___ ___ ___ . . .