Creed Review Center: Online Review Program Area 2: Law Enforcement Administration
Creed Review Center: Online Review Program Area 2: Law Enforcement Administration
Creed Review Center: Online Review Program Area 2: Law Enforcement Administration
CRIME TRIAD
OPPORTIUNITY
CRIME
DESIRE CAPABILITY
CRIME – will not exist if lack of either opportunity or capability and desire but there is exception when desire was eliminated and still
having opportunity so as crime will exist.
ONCE the three (3) are present and interact at the breeding grounds of crime (like for instance poverty, ignorance of the law, injustice
abuses, lose family values and fear) this already concern of the government.
Objectives of Police Field Operation (Patrol)
Serve and Protect – includes the objectives of protecting lives and property and providing all other services which is required or
expected from police officers.
Participative Law Enforcement – involves the readiness to actively cooperative with or engages in teamwork effort with the
community, other government agencies or other police units or elements in law enforcement and maintenance of peace and order.
Prevention of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior – this activity is particularly aimed at the ways and means of reducing the desire to
commit crime. It is responsibly of the police to identify would-be- offenders, delinquents and would-be delinquents before an arrest
becomes necessary. The field officers in their contacts regularly carry this out with juveniles whose behavior patterns are not yet indelibly
impressed and who may still vulnerable to change. The police officer should take steps to help the child to redirect energies into lawful
and socially acceptable channels.
Repression of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior – this particular objective is included to cause or influence people to refrain from
committing crime for fear of being caught and prosecuted. The theory is based upon the assumption that people will not commit crime if
they believe that their identification and arrest are a certainly.
Identification, Apprehension and Conviction of Offenders – the work of policeman does not end after he has identified and have
apprehended the offender and was able to put him behind bars. As a law enforcer, it is still incumbent upon him to actively participate
in prosecution because his work is not finished until the criminal is convicted of his crime.
Traffic Flow and Collision Reduction – pedestrian and vehicular traffic must be free flowing and collision-free so that people may
move safely from one place to another. The police objective is to determine the causes of congestion and to relieve it. This involves the
investigation of traffic accidents and application of the three E’s of traffic namely: Education. Engineering and Enforcement.
Definition of Patrol – a regular repeated circuit of in-guarding normally performed by the police over a particular area either on foot,
mobile or other means of patrol mobility for purposes of crime prevention, law enforcement and peace and order maintenance.
PURPOSE OF PATROL
1. Prevention of Crime 4. To Regulate Conduct
2. To eliminate Actual or Suspected Wrong Doing 5. To Maintain Peace and Order
3. Enforcement of Laws
FUNCTIONS OF PATROL OFFICER
1. Roving Surveillance 3. Inspection
2. Called for service
AREAS COVERED BY POLICE OPERATION
1. Residential area 3. Fishing/Agricultural area
2. Commercial area
Brief History of Police Patrol
The beginning of police patrol is perhaps as old as organized society. Basically, man has always needed protection, first from
animals, and then from his own kind. His first attempt to protect and secure himself and his family involved in barricading the entranceto
his cave.
As mankind multiplied, man groups themselves together in small communities where the business of securities and prevention
became a community affair. As the communities got larger, the need arose to develop a specialized group agency to provide protection.
The key to development of police patrol is closely associated with the congestion of population. Where the population is sparse or
spread-out the justification of a police patrol becomes less warranted. But as the towns became cities and cities grew in population, both
the justification and need for police patrol becomes greater.
Ancient Times
- In the old testaments (Songs of Solomon, Isaiah and Jeremiah) and the New Testament (Mathew and John), there are
references to “watchmen” whose duty was to protect the city and arrest of offenders.
- Ancient Egyptians were the first people to use police dogs on patrol, their police were called “Medjays” and although they
were civilians, an Egyptian military officer headed them.
- In Rome, Augustus formed the Vigiles of Rome, a group of over two thousand men whose duty was to keep the peace and
fight fire.
Middle Ages
ENGLAND
- The existence of Shire Reeve: watchmen, police protection by use of able-bodied men.
- The existence of “Hue and cry”
- Establishment of the “Keepers of the Peace” BY king Richard; it is the appointment of the Knight to keep the King’s peaceby
guarding the gates and bridges and checking people entering and leaving the town.
- The enactment of the “Statue of Winchesters” (Watch and Ward Act), which provided for watches who were stationed
between sunset and sunset and surprise at the gates of walled town; Marching watches were also formed.
- An act was passed by King Charles, which provided for the employment in London of thousand Night Watches or Bellmento
be on duly from sunset to sunrise; they were also called the “Charlie’s”, the local community called them “shivers and
shakes” that triggered the formulation of Merchant Police by merchants.
- The creation of the Bow Street Runners by Henry Fielding; it started with six (6) constables and with their effectiveness;
they were called the Thief takers and the Robin Redbreast.
- The formation of the Metropolitan Police by Sir Robert Peel who is regarded as the Father of Modern Policing System, by
virtue of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1892.
FRANCE
- The French Police were given the powers and duties to control price, welfare, public moral and even sitting in the judgment
of offenders.
- Paris had two types of patrol:
1. Citizen Night Guard – Watchmen for the protection of the citizens.
2. Royal Guard – Formed for the protection of the King.
- “Vivilat ut Quiescant”, regarded as the international police motto, which means in English, “He watches that they may
sleep”
- “Officers de Paex”, the origin of the word “Police Officer”
UNITED STATES
- During the Colonial times, American watchmen were also called ‘Leader heads”.
- The first daytime and paid police service was adopted by Philadelphia.
- The formulation of ‘Vigilance Committee in San Francisco; their motto is “Flat Justitia Ruat Coeium”, which means,
‘Heaven decrees, let there be justice”.
PHILIPPINES
- Evolved from the practice of different tribes who selected able-bodied young men to protect their villages. Not from
themselves but from the attack of wild animals, which prey on their crops and livestock’s during the night.
- These young men walk around to protect their village at night need not to work in the field.
- This is the forerunner of the contemporary patrol function of the police for crime prevention.
Origin of the word “POLICE”
Originated from the Greek word “politeia” meaning government of a city. It applied to civil officers and not necessarily
policemen. The Romans used the same word with slight conversion into roman intonation. “Politia”. Ultimately the French change the
word to “Police” and applied it to individuals whose job was to enforce the law. Thereafter. The English and Americans borrowed the
French word and used it as a terminology for law enforces. Thus, the word “Police” is actually of French origin. “Patrol” originated
from French word “Patrouiller” which means – to go mud puddles.
Patrol is the Backbone of the Police Department.
The patrol is tasked with the primary responsibility of safeguarding the community by way of the protection of persons and
property. The preservation of peace, prevention and suppression of crimes, apprehension of criminals, enforcement of laws and
ordinances and performances of other necessary services. This unit is considered the nucleus of the police organization from which the
special services branch out and therefore, it is not to be subordinate to any other units within the police organization.
It is the backbone of the police service considering that it is responsible for the accomplishment of the over all police functionor
total job. In small police stations or substations where there is no specialization as yet, the patrol force is responsible for all primary,
secondary and even the administrative functions.
DISTRIBUTION OF PATROL FORCE
Factors that Determine Patrol Deployment:
1. Population – Knowing the resident or fixed population vis-à-vis the transient population is important in establishing the police-
population ratio
2. Numbers and types of crimes and arrests
3. Location of crimes and arrest
4. Traffic collision statistics and patterns
5. Location of “frequent incidents” or hazards requiring concentrated police coverage such as sports arenas, stadiums, popular
night spots, bars, theaters, transportation terminals and others places usually converge
6. Disproportionate concentrations of population.
7. Socio-economic factors.
8. Zoning plan of the city/municipality.
PREPARATION IN PATROL
General Preparation- the policeman value system must be in complete harmony with the objectives of law enforcement and
sentence of fair play. First and foremost, in his preparation for patrol duty is attitude preparation. As much as possible negative and
depressed himself.
Pre-Patrol Preparation- prior to going on patrol the policeman should be armed with knowledge and equipment. In order to
have knowledge of their task each day, there is usually a fall-in formation at headquarters or police precinct, which is, develop to the
giving assignment and instructions. Other matters include information relative to the passage of new laws. Ordinance, latest court
decisions, changes in jurisdictional boundaries. General special orders from higher headquarters or the introduction of new techniques
to improve field performance.
Vehicle Inspection- at any time that the officer assumes control of the patrol vehicle for his patrol duty, he must inspect and
make sure of the following:
1. Clean windows/windshield and workable wipers
2. Sufficient gas/correct oil levels/strong battery
3. Correct tire pressure/spare tire/jack functioning brakes
4. Well-functioning engine
5. Functioning lights/siren
6. Weapons and rescue/first aid equipment inside rear compartment
District Orientation Tour- once in field, field, the patrol officers strive to achieve a general familiarization and inspection tour of his
AOR in order to orient himself of his pattern and characteristics.
Fixed Surveillance – Although not means of transportation. It must not be overlooked as a type of patrol usually undertaken either in
person or with the use of cameras or monitors or stop-frame photography. It makes it possible for the police to watch
several locations at the same time for immediate response if necessary. Various types of listening and viewing devices
are now in use in order to supplement routine patrol in line with the concept of proactive patrol.
Patrol Equipment
TEAM POLICING – It is an attempt to integrate the police and the community interest into a working relationship so as to produce the
desired objective of peacekeeping in the community. Originated in Aberdeen, Scotland. Teams of five to ten men were assigned
according to concentration of crimes and citizen-calls for police service; effective police community cooperation is critical to the successof
team policing system. Public assistance and participation must be solicited actively.
Characteristics of Team Policing
1. Geographic stability of the patrol force - the application of permanent patrolling to foster greater awareness and
sensitivity to local police problems by team members.
2. Maximum Interaction between team members – members must be given opportunity to work closely together in solving
problems. Members are encouraged to share information with one another through informal meetings or conferences.
3. Maximum communication between team members and community residents – team policing is intended to develop
a greater sense of understanding and increased cooperation between members of the team and the community problems
w/the team.
Organization Feature of Team Policing
1. Unity of Supervision – to encourage consistency and continuity of police policies and procedures and to provide greater
uniformity in developing solutions to community problems.
2. High-level Flexibility in Decision Making- members is encouraged to share and exchange ideas and work together in
solving problems within their area of responsibility.
3. Combined Investigation and Patrol Function
4. Unified delivery of service
Team – policing: Cause and Effect
1. Reduced crime rate and increase crime clearance
2. Increased community participation in crime control
3. Reduced public fear on crime
4. Improved police community relations
5. Increased police morale and job satisfaction
TYPES OF PATROL
The performance of police tasks within a defined area is the responsibility of the individual policeman and the accomplishmentof
his duty will require his ability to be able to move and adequately cover or saturate his area of responsibility. The choice of patrol that is
available to him whether foot or mobile, shall depend upon the existing terrain and conditions wherein he must seek the greatest
advantage. Of course, his two feet are still the most available and practically way to move himself from one place to another but then,
the necessity of effective aids such as vehicles, for greater mobility, must be availed of. However, in spite of the fact that each of the
different methods of patrol have their distinct advantage. They also have nonetheless their disadvantages.
1. FOOT PATROL
Its methods consist of the fixed post, line beat and random patrol. Foot patrol is restricted to small areas and used to deal with
special problems of prevention and repression of crime that connot be adequately handled by policemen in mobile cars. Fixed foot is
usually used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events. Moving foot patrol is used where there is considerable foot traffic. As
in business and shopping centers, bars, taverns, high crime areas, and specialized areas and in places where there are multiple family
dwellings. Traditional but most effective.
TYPES OF FOOT PATROL
1. Foot patrol officers make more person-to-person contact and therefore they have a greater opportunity to promote good public
relation (Among other patrol officers foot patrol officers are more favorably because they are very close to the civilian)
2. Since they have many friends on the beat they can have good source of criminal informants. (output production of number one)
3. They know the physical layout of their beat better. (can easily enter into alleys or small pathways)
4. Can provide immediate response in all services. (easily respond to call for assistance)
5. Can shake to situation where mobile cars easily notice when approaching crime scene.
6. With the use of handy to case they can maintain communication with the headquarters especially when asking or requesting
assistance o-r reinforcement. (can communicate anytime)
S- select
I-investigate
Responsibility in Planning
1. Broad External Policy Planning- is the responsibility of the legislative branch of the government. The main concern of
the police in this external policy planning is assisting the legislature in the determination of police guideline, through the
passage of appropriate laws or ordinances for the police to enforce.
2. Internal Policy Planning- is the responsibility of the CPNP and other chiefs of the different units or headquarters within
their area of jurisdiction to achieve the objectives and mission of the police organization.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PLAN
A. According to Coverage:
1. Local plan
2. Regional plan
3. National plan
B. According to level of time
1. Strategic or Long-range Plan- plan that determine the organizational long-term goal with the resources expected to be
available.
2. Intermediate or Medium Range Plan- plans which determines quantity of efforts and accomplishment.
3. Operational or Short-Range Plan- plans those addresses immediate needs or which are specific and how it can be
accomplished on time with available resources.
TYPESOF POLICE PLAN
1. Policy or Procedural- plans related to standard operating procedures to guide policemen in their routine and field operation
and in some special operation.
a. Office Procedure- are procedures for reporting regulation and records division operation.
b. Field Procedures- are procedure to be followed in conduction raids, arrest, stopping suspicious person, using physical
force, and restraining devices.
c. Headquarters Procedure- are procedures to duties of personnel concern, which may include in the manual. Ex. How to
use the telephone, the use of fax machine, police radios etc.
d. Special Operating Procedures- are procedure pertaining to the organization of special units like SWAT.
2. Tactical Plans- are procedure for coping with specific situations at known location. Included in this category are plans
dealing with attacks against building with alarm system and police headquarters by lawless element. It also includes about
blockade, jail emergencies, and special community events, such as public gatherings.
3. Operational Plan- plans for the performance of the primary police functions like patrol, investigation, traffic, vice and
delinquency control.
a. Regular Operating Programs- plans designed to meet everyday year-round needs.
b. Meeting Unusual Needs- those designed to meet unusual need, the result of intermittent and usually
unexpectedvariations in activities that demand their attention.
4. Extra Department Plan- plans for emergencies, which require the involvement of the community to help the police in
achieving their objectives. It can be disaster management, or solving great in traffic and in organized crimes.
5. Management Plan involving the following:
a. Budget Planning- present the future money needs for personnel, materials and other needs
b. Accounting procedures- expenditure reports provided to assist in the making of administrative decision.
c. Specific and Purchasing Procedures.
d. Personnel Planning- consist of procedures by w/c PNP personnel are recruited, utilized and treated in their employment.
It also includes the methods of development the potential of the personnel so that they can get maximum satisfaction of
their work and contribute there best to the organization.
e. Organization Plan- a basic organization plan of the department must be made poster for guidance of the force, which
should be accompanied by duty manual definite relationship between the component units in terms of responsibilities.
A. Definitions
1. Communication- In general, the transfer of thought or idea from one person to another through a common medium or
channel. Technically, this refers to the equipment which can be electrical or electronic used to exchange the thought or idea.
2. Communications- This refers to the technical field of study or science involving the exchange technical field of study or
science involving the exchange of intelligence through the various available channels. This refers also to the NETWORK or
SYSTEMS.
3. Communications Channel- The various means or systems used to transfer the intelligence between persons or units like
the telephone, facsimile, radio or TV.
4. Communications System- The channel or combination of channels used for the transfer of intelligence. It can be teletype,
radio, wire or combination.
5. Communication Medium- The language whether in clear or coded used when transferring the idea or intelligence. It can
be a Filipino, English or in codes.
6. Administrative Messages- Official messages in a police or law enforcement organizations that are non-operational in
nature such as: orders, directives, information bulletins, transfer and promotion of personnel or athletic notices.
7. Amplitude Modulation (AM)- Modulation in which the amplitude of a wave is the characteristic subject to variation. This is
used in a single side band, double side band and independent side band radios.
8. Frequency Modulation (FM)- Used in some radio equipment whereby the amplitude is made constant in the carrier wave
together with the signal so that variations are found in rarefactions and condensations of the wave just like in steel spring.
9. Antenna- Also called as aerial. A metallic wire or rod used for radiating or receiving waves to and from space.
10. Coordinating Center- The center base station of a police or law enforcement communications or CENTER.
11. Inter-com- Short for “intercommunication”. A wired system used within a building or compound for direct exchange of
calls.
12. Intra-communication- Communication existing within a province, organization or complex.
13. Hotline- A term used as a direct means of inter-communication. The system is used for special purpose and can be wired
or wireless.
14. Landline- Wired communication like telephone, teletype, facsimile, etc. The wires can be underground, on the ground or
aerial.
15. Radio- Communication by electromagnetic waves transmitted through space.
16. Subscriber- A person, residence or office connected to the Private Base Exchange (PBX).
17. Telecast- Acronym of TELEvision broadcasting specifically a TV program.
18. Dispatchers/Coordinators- Personnel in a police Comcenter charged with receiving and transmitting messages.
B. GLOSSARY
ACD- Automatic Call Director. This is attached to SPRINT for computer dispatching.
ALERT- Automatic law-enforcement reporting technique. A type of data base info system.
RADAR- Radio detection and ranging. A complex electronic equipment capable of detecting approaching aircraft and altitude.
VPU- Voice privacy unit. An electronic scramble device attached to telecom equipment for exclusive communication.
1. Training- as much as possible, messages and communications should be conformed to standard procedure.
2. Dependability(Reliability)- it must be totally dependable under both emergency and routine conditions. Secondary system
must be available, on a stand-by basis and they must be totally operational.
3. Security- it must be secured from attack in the event of any criminal action directed toward destruction or neutralization of
any part of the organization’s vital functions.
4. Accessibility or Adaptability- all operational units of the organization must have convenient access to every type of
communications that is essential to its efficient operation.
5. Speed- maximum utilization of a language that is clearly understandable to all its users but that can be appreciably shorten
the time it takes to deliver the message.
6. Confidentiality- police communications should not be made public. Much of the information in possession of the police
agency private or personal; in nature as its relates to suspects and victims.
In modern society today, most of the activities of the citizen, one way or another, involve police action. Whether it is reporting a
suspicious character lurking in neighborhood or someone meeting a vehicular accident, police assistance will immediately sought. In fact,
when a fire breaks out in the neighborhood, the first impulse or reaction is to call the police. It is therefore, mandatory that efficient
communication between the police and the community be available at all time.
The exchange of non-operational information among police precincts, or between a prescient and its headquarters. Directives,
non-operational messages, order, follow-ups, memoranda, information cell are examples of communication passing through this net.
a) Mobile and Foot Patrol- Mobile radio net is the backbone of operational police radio system.
b) Anti-riot and Crowd Control-
c) VIP Security-
1. detailed planning
2. logistics reports
3. maintenance program
4. round the clock supervision
5. specialized training
6. good organization
7. qualified personnel
Called “Dispatcher”, “Coordinators”, or “Voice Radio Operators”. Before a policeman or civilian can be dispatchers, they must be
trained formally or by the job training.
• Dispatched Personnel
In communication center or coordinating center charged with the receiving and transmitting messages.
1. Ease of understanding
2. Elimination of errors
3. Minimum communication time
4. Development of a professional manner
5. Inter service cooperation
6. Conversation of equipment
1.
1. Alertness- give the impression that you are alert, wide awake, and interested in the person’s calling.
2. Pleasantness- build a pleasant office image with the proverbial “voice with smile”. Pleasantness is contagious.
3. Naturalness- use simple straightforward language. Avoid repetition or mechanical words or phrases; particularly avoid
technical words and slang.
4. Distinctiveness- speak clearly and distinctly. Move the lips, tongue and jaw freely. Talk directly into the microphone.
5. Expressiveness- a well-modulated voice carries best over the microphone, use normal tone of voice; it should be neither too
fast nor too slow. Vary your tone of voice will bring out the meaning of your sentences and add color and vitality to what you say.
To meet the needs, police department utilize frequencies above 30 Megahertz (MHz) or within the Very High Frequency (VHF)
spectrum. VHF spectrum is from 30-300 (MHz). VHF is short range and has a line-of-straight propagation. Some countries with national
police agencies use frequencies below or above the High Frequency (HF) transmission.
1. Reliability- means that the radio is free from frequency drifts and interference’s and can operate continuously.
2. Adequacy- refers to the capability of the equipment to handle the load of traffic at all times.
4. Security- refers to the transmission of radio messages into codes and electronic scramblers.
Radio or electromagnetic waves travel as fast as the speed of light at 186,000 miles per second or 300,000 kilometers second.
1. Ground wave- is radiated energy that touches along the surface of the earth.
2. Sky wave- is radiated energy that travels to the ionosphere and is reflected back to earth.
For short distances transmission, frequency range between 30-300 MHz is used.