Police Comparative System: By: Prof. Roy E. Estillero, MPA
Police Comparative System: By: Prof. Roy E. Estillero, MPA
Police Comparative System: By: Prof. Roy E. Estillero, MPA
Examples are:
Money laundering
Drug trafficking
Terrorism
Human trafficking
Cyber crimes
What is International Crime?
Defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind
(Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 1994). The UN has identified the
following as international crimes:
Aggression (by one state against another)
Treat of aggression
Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group)
Terrorism
Drug trafficking
POLICE
- Body of men created/ maintained/ organized by the
government for the enforcement of law, protection of lives/
property and maintenance of peace/ order.
COMPARATIVE
- degree of likeness and unlikeness of two things
2) CONTINENTAL THEORY
• Policemen are regarded as state or servants of the
higher authorities (France, Italy, Spain)
CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE
1) OLD CONCEPT
• This philosophy advocates that the measurement
of police competence is the increasing number of
arrests, throwing offenders in detention facilities
rather than trying to prevent from committing
crimes
2) MODERN CONCEPTS
• Police efficiency is measured by the decreasing
number of crimes/ absence of crime
HIGHLIGHTS
OF
EARLY POLICING SYSTEM
ROME
• created the first organized police force called:
VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILES URBANI (watchmen of the
city), which had the primary task of firefighting and policing
• the Vigiles acted as night watch, apprehending thieves,
keeping an eye out for burglars and hunting down runaway
slaves, and were occasion used to maintain order in the
streets
• The Vigiles dealt primarily with petty crimes and looked for
disturbances of the peace while they patrolled the streets
• created a special unit called:
PRAETORIAN GUARDS …
- a special force of guards used by Roman Emperors, their
primary duty was to protect the Emperor from assassination
and other forms of attack against the Emperor
- idea of policing said to have originated
TUN POLICING SYSTEM
- A system of policing emerged during the Anglo- Saxon
whereby all male residents were required to guard the town
(tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties
of the people.
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
- A judicial practice wherein the guilt and innocence of the
accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant
and dangerous experience
* The Word “ORDEAL” was derived from the Medieval Latin
word “Del Indicum” w/c means “a miraculous decision”
TRIAL BY COMBAT
-A judicial practice wherein the guilt and innocence of the
accused is determined by means of combat
SHIRE-RIEVE
-Was a policing existed during the time of Norman William The
Conqueror (King of France) when he invaded the England
-Under this policing system … England was divided into “55”
military areas called “Shires”, each headed by a ruler called
“Rieve” (lieutenant of the army)
-Two “Constabuli” or the Keeper of the Horse … appointed to
each vilage to aid the Rieve in his duties … It became the source
of the word “Constable”
* The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word
“Sheriff”
FRANK PLEDGE SYSTEM
Required all males aged 12 and above to guard the town.
LEGES HENRICI
- An Act w/ following features:
Offenses were classifies as gaints the king and individuals
Policeman becomes public servants
The police and the citizen have the broad power to Arrest
Introduced the system called “citizen arrest”
Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of crime
eliminating the Trial by Ordeal System.
STATUTE OF 1295
• The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, w/c
demanded the closing of the gates of London during
sundown.
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
• Three to four men who were learned the laws of the land
were given authority to pursue, arrest and imprison law
violators
STAR CHAMBER COURTS
• Special court designed to try offenders against the state, the
room is setup in the shape of a star
• Judge were given great powers to force testimony from a
defendant leading to a great abuse of power and brutality on
the part of judges
KEEPERS OF THE PEACE
•A proclamation issued by King Richard of England that requires the
appointment of knights to keep the King’s Peace by standing as
guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering/
leaving the cities/ town
King Charles II of England
•Passed an act w/c established or promoted the employment of
watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise
Magna Carta or The Great Charter
•A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the
Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the document
Article 39 … “No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or
exiled except by legal judgment of his peers”
METROPOLITAN POLICE OF ACT 1829
• the law that created the first modern police force in London England,
called the Metropolitan Police Service
• this law was passed through the initiative of Sir Robert Peel,
• the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service is the Scotland
Yard, now known as the New Scotland Yard
Metropolitan Police Service Motto “TOTAL POLICING”
* SIR ROBERT PEEL Recognized as the Father of Modern Policing System
The Principles of Law Enforcement enunciated by Sir Robert Peel
Prevention of crime is the basic mission of the police
Police must have the full respect of the citizenry
A citizens’ respect for law develops his respect for the police
Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force increases
Police must render impartial enforcement of the law
Physical force is used only as a last resort
The police are the public and the public are the police
The police represent the law
The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency
COMPARISON
OF
POLICE RANKS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES
POLICE MODEL COMPARISON
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Selected U.S Police Agencies:
-New York Police Department (NYPD) = the largest police force in the United States
-Texas Ranger = police force originally created in response to colonization
-Boston Police Department = first local modern police department established in
the U.S
-Pennsylvania State Police = first state police agency established
-Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) = police force that hired the 1 st. Female
police officer named “Alice Stebbins Wells”
-Department of Homeland Security = a federal law enforcement agency in the U.S
w/cc handles U.S Custom, Border Protection, Immigration/ Custom enforcement,
U.S Secret Service, U.S Coast Guard and Transportation Security Administration
Japan Police System (National Level)
National Public Safety Commission (NPSC)
• an administrative commission operating on the basis of liaison and
coordination with the Cabinet, the National Public Safety Commission
is a government body responsible for the administrative supervision
of the police.
• composed of the Chairman and five members. A minister in the
Cabinet is appointed as the chairman of the Commission.
• controls the National Police Agency in terms of:
Police training
Communication
Criminal statistics
Equipment
Matters of police administration
National Police Agency (under NPSC)
•central coordinating agency of the Japanese police system
•The head of the NPA is the Commissioner General who is appointed and
dismissed by the National Public Safety Commission with the consent of the
Prime Minister.
•The Commissioner-General administers the tasks of the NPA, appoints and
dismisses Agency employees, and supervises and controls the prefectural police
regarding the affairs under the jurisdiction of the Agency.
Attached Agency of the NPA:
•National Police Academy = provides training to police officers
•National Research Institute of Police Science = conducts research in police
science
•Imperial Guards = provides escorts to the Emperor, Empress and other
Imperial Family/ responsible for the security of Imperial Palace
POLICE OFFICERS ARE DIVIDED INTO NINE RANKS:
•Commissioner / Keisatsu-chō Chōkan = Chief of National Police Agency
•Superintendent General/ Keishi-sōkan = Chief of Metropolitan Police
Department
•Superintendent Supervisor/ Keishi-kan = Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy
Superintendent General, The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of
Prefectural Police Headquarters, others
•Chief Superintendent/ Keishi-chō = The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters
•Senior Superintendent/ Keishi-sei = The Chief of Police Station
•Superintendent/ Keishi = The Chief of Police Station
•Police Inspector or Captain/ Keibu = Squad Commander of Police Station, Leader
of Riot Company
•Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant/ Keibu-ho = Squad Sub-Commander of
Police Station, Leader of Riot Platoon
•Police Sergeant/Junsa-buchō
•Senior Police Officer or Corporal/ Junsa-chō = Honorary rank of Police Officer
•Police officer, old Patrolman/ Junsa
Japan Police System (Prefectural or Local Level)
2. Prefectural Police
- Jurisdiction is generally confined in their respective prefectures
- There are 47 Prefectural Police Departments in Japan … The
Largest is the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department … and the
next is Osaka Police Department
Royal Malaysian Police
Police Force of Malaysia
Headquarters is located in Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
The constitution, control employment, recruitment,
fund, discipline, duties/ powers of the police force is
governed by the Police Act 1967 and under Ministry of
Home Affairs
The Royal Malaysian Police force is led by an Inspector-
General of Police (IGP)
Police Nationale
Ministry of the Interior
Gardien de la Paix stagiaire – lowest rank
Directeur des Services Actifs – highest rank
BELGIUM
Belgian Police
Belgian Government
Auxillary Police Officer – lowest rank
Chief Police Commissioner – highest
rank
LONDON
OBJECTIVES
Ensure the effective implementation of all resolutions adopted at the
ASEANAPOL Conferences;
Serve as a coordination and communication mechanism to allow members
to establish and to maintain all channels of interaction amongst members;
Foster mutual assistance and cooperation amongst members; and
Endeavour to increase regional cooperation efforts against transnational
crime.
*Members of ASEANAPOL
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Vietnam
Laos
Myanmar
Cambodia
Organization of ASEANAPOL
1.ASEANAPOL Executive Committee = comprise of duty heads
of delegation attending the annual conference. It provides a
summary reports of the activities of the secretariat to the
head of delegation
2.ASEANAPOL Permanent Secretariat
-is on rotational basis w/ member countries taking turn to
host the ASEANAPOL Conference and automatically assume
the role of the secretariat for the current year
-Headed by Executive Director(w/ tenure of 2 years) and
assisted by 2 directors(w/ tenure of 3 years)
-Started its operation fully on January 1, 2010
Important Dates in ASEANAPOL
INTERPOL
(International Police Criminal Organization/ ICPO)
world’s largest international police organization, with 190 member
countries
role is to enable police around the world to work together to make the
world a safer place by means of high-tech infrastructure of technical and
operational support that will help to meet the growing challenges of fighting
crime in the 21st century.
An organization facilitating international police cooperation.
190 member countries
* Initial Headquarters: Vienna Austria (interpol was founded)
* Present Headquarters: Lyon, France
1. General Assembly
-INTERPOL’s supreme governing body
-the General Assembly is composed of delegates
appointed by each member country
-It meets annually to take all important decisions related
to policy, resources, working methods, finances,
activities and programs
2. Executive Committee
-Elected by the General Assembly
-headed by the President of the Organization
-It provides guidance and direction to the Organization
and oversees the implementation of decisions made at
the annual General Assembly
-has 13 members comprising the President of the
Organization, three Vice-Presidents and nine Delegates,
all from different countries
3. General Secretariat
-Run by secretary general
-Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat
operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
4. National Central Bureau (NCB)
190 member countries of INTERPOL … Each country maintains a
National Central Bureau (NCB) staffed by national law enforcement
officers
POLICE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
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