POLICE COMPARATIVE SYSTEM

By: Prof. Roy E. Estillero, MPA

 What is Comparative Police System?
 
It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the
police system of nations. It covers the study of police
organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various
nations.
 What is Transnational Crime?
 
It is a term that has been used in comparative and international
criminal justice study in recent years to reflect the complexity and
enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the United Nations
(UN) offences whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect
effects involve in more than one country.

Examples are:

Money laundering
Drug trafficking
Terrorism
Human trafficking
Cyber crimes
 What is International Crime?
 
Defined as crimes against the peace and security of mankind
(Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 1994). The UN has identified the
following as international crimes:
 
Aggression (by one state against another)
Treat of aggression
Genocide (destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group)
Terrorism
Drug trafficking
 POLICE
- Body of men created/ maintained/ organized by the
government for the enforcement of law, protection of lives/
property and maintenance of peace/ order.

COMPARATIVE
- degree of likeness and unlikeness of two things

POLICE COMPARATIVE SYSTEM

- process of outlining the similarities and differences of one
police system to another in order to discover insights in the
field of international policing.

- study of likeness and difference of two different police

model/ system
Globalization
-package of transnational flow of people,
production, investment, information, ideas
and authority
-refers to the integration of economics and
societies all over the world.
Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement:
- unaccountable flow of migration and open
markets present different threats.
 THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
 

1) HOME RULE THEORY

• Policemen are regarded as servants of the
community (England, U.S, Philippines)

2) CONTINENTAL THEORY
• Policemen are regarded as state or servants of the
higher authorities (France, Italy, Spain)
 CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE
 

1) OLD CONCEPT
• This philosophy advocates that the measurement
of police competence is the increasing number of
arrests, throwing offenders in detention facilities
rather than trying to prevent from committing
crimes

2) MODERN CONCEPTS
• Police efficiency is measured by the decreasing
number of crimes/ absence of crime
 HIGHLIGHTS
OF
EARLY POLICING SYSTEM
 
ROME
• created the first organized police force called:
VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILES URBANI (watchmen of the
city), which had the primary task of firefighting and policing
• the Vigiles acted as night watch, apprehending thieves,
keeping an eye out for burglars and hunting down runaway
slaves, and were occasion used to maintain order in the
streets
• The Vigiles dealt primarily with petty crimes and looked for
disturbances of the peace while they patrolled the streets
• created a special unit called:
PRAETORIAN GUARDS …
- a special force of guards used by Roman Emperors, their
primary duty was to protect the Emperor from assassination
and other forms of attack against the Emperor
- idea of policing said to have originated
TUN POLICING SYSTEM
- A system of policing emerged during the Anglo- Saxon
whereby all male residents were required to guard the town
(tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties
of the people.

HUE AND CRY

- Method of apprehending a criminal by an act of the
complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble
and arrest the suspect

TRIAL BY ORDEAL
- A judicial practice wherein the guilt and innocence of the
accused is determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant
and dangerous experience
* The Word “ORDEAL” was derived from the Medieval Latin
word “Del Indicum” w/c means “a miraculous decision”
TRIAL BY COMBAT
-A judicial practice wherein the guilt and innocence of the
accused is determined by means of combat
SHIRE-RIEVE
-Was a policing existed during the time of Norman William The
Conqueror (King of France) when he invaded the England
-Under this policing system … England was divided into “55”
military areas called “Shires”, each headed by a ruler called
“Rieve” (lieutenant of the army)
-Two “Constabuli” or the Keeper of the Horse … appointed to
each vilage to aid the Rieve in his duties … It became the source
of the word “Constable”
* The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word
“Sheriff”
FRANK PLEDGE SYSTEM
 Required all males aged 12 and above to guard the town.
LEGES HENRICI
- An Act w/ following features:
 Offenses were classifies as gaints the king and individuals
 Policeman becomes public servants
 The police and the citizen have the broad power to Arrest
 Introduced the system called “citizen arrest”
 Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of crime
eliminating the Trial by Ordeal System.
STATUTE OF 1295
• The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, w/c
demanded the closing of the gates of London during
sundown.
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE
• Three to four men who were learned the laws of the land
were given authority to pursue, arrest and imprison law
violators
STAR CHAMBER COURTS
• Special court designed to try offenders against the state, the
room is setup in the shape of a star
• Judge were given great powers to force testimony from a
defendant leading to a great abuse of power and brutality on
the part of judges
KEEPERS OF THE PEACE
•A proclamation issued by King Richard of England that requires the
appointment of knights to keep the King’s Peace by standing as
guards on bridges and gates while checking the people entering/
leaving the cities/ town
King Charles II of England
•Passed an act w/c established or promoted the employment of
watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise
Magna Carta or The Great Charter
•A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the
Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the document
Article 39 … “No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or
exiled except by legal judgment of his peers”
METROPOLITAN POLICE OF ACT 1829
• the law that created the first modern police force in London England,
called the Metropolitan Police Service
• this law was passed through the initiative of Sir Robert Peel,
• the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service is the Scotland
Yard, now known as the New Scotland Yard
Metropolitan Police Service Motto “TOTAL POLICING”
* SIR ROBERT PEEL  Recognized as the Father of Modern Policing System
The Principles of Law Enforcement enunciated by Sir Robert Peel
 Prevention of crime is the basic mission of the police
 Police must have the full respect of the citizenry
 A citizens’ respect for law develops his respect for the police
 Cooperation of the public decreases as the use of force increases
 Police must render impartial enforcement of the law
 Physical force is used only as a last resort
 The police are the public and the public are the police
 The police represent the law
 The absence of crime and disorder is the test of police efficiency
 COMPARISON
OF
POLICE RANKS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES
POLICE MODEL COMPARISON
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Selected U.S Police Agencies:
-New York Police Department (NYPD) = the largest police force in the United States
-Texas Ranger = police force originally created in response to colonization
-Boston Police Department = first local modern police department established in
the U.S
-Pennsylvania State Police = first state police agency established
-Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) = police force that hired the 1 st. Female
police officer named “Alice Stebbins Wells”
-Department of Homeland Security = a federal law enforcement agency in the U.S
w/cc handles U.S Custom, Border Protection, Immigration/ Custom enforcement,
U.S Secret Service, U.S Coast Guard and Transportation Security Administration
 Japan Police System (National Level)
National Public Safety Commission (NPSC)
• an administrative commission operating on the basis of liaison and
coordination with the Cabinet, the National Public Safety Commission
is a government body responsible for the administrative supervision
of the police.
• composed of the Chairman and five members. A minister in the
Cabinet is appointed as the chairman of the Commission.
• controls the National Police Agency in terms of:
 Police training
 Communication
 Criminal statistics
 Equipment
 Matters of police administration
National Police Agency (under NPSC)
•central coordinating agency of the Japanese police system
•The head of the NPA is the Commissioner General who is appointed and
dismissed by the National Public Safety Commission with the consent of the
Prime Minister.
•The Commissioner-General administers the tasks of the NPA, appoints and
dismisses Agency employees, and supervises and controls the prefectural police
regarding the affairs under the jurisdiction of the Agency.
Attached Agency of the NPA:
•National Police Academy = provides training to police officers
•National Research Institute of Police Science = conducts research in police
science
•Imperial Guards = provides escorts to the Emperor, Empress and other
Imperial Family/ responsible for the security of Imperial Palace
 POLICE OFFICERS ARE DIVIDED INTO NINE RANKS:
•Commissioner / Keisatsu-chō Chōkan = Chief of National Police Agency
•Superintendent General/ Keishi-sōkan = Chief of Metropolitan Police
Department
•Superintendent Supervisor/ Keishi-kan = Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy
Superintendent General, The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of
Prefectural Police Headquarters, others
•Chief Superintendent/ Keishi-chō = The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters
•Senior Superintendent/ Keishi-sei = The Chief of Police Station
•Superintendent/ Keishi = The Chief of Police Station
•Police Inspector or Captain/ Keibu = Squad Commander of Police Station, Leader
of Riot Company
•Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant/ Keibu-ho = Squad Sub-Commander of
Police Station, Leader of Riot Platoon
•Police Sergeant/Junsa-buchō
•Senior Police Officer or Corporal/ Junsa-chō = Honorary rank of Police Officer
•Police officer, old Patrolman/ Junsa
 Japan Police System (Prefectural or Local Level)

1. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC)

- Established under the jurisdiction of the respective Prefectural
Governors, it control the Prefectural Police in its respective
jurisdiction

2. Prefectural Police
- Jurisdiction is generally confined in their respective prefectures
- There are 47 Prefectural Police Departments in Japan … The
Largest is the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department … and the
next is Osaka Police Department
 Royal Malaysian Police
 Police Force of Malaysia
 Headquarters is located in Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
 The constitution, control employment, recruitment,
fund, discipline, duties/ powers of the police force is
governed by the Police Act 1967 and under Ministry of
Home Affairs
 The Royal Malaysian Police force is led by an Inspector-
General of Police (IGP)

*Motto: Komuniti Sejahtera, Komitmen Kami

Our Commitment Towards the Peaceful Community
 Royal
Malaysia
n Police
Ranks
 INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE
The official police force for Indonesia
The police were formally separated from the military in
April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July
2000 and placed under the Office of the President.
Has a centralized command and divided into territorial
forces
The headquarters, known as Markas Besar/Mabes in
Indonesian, is located in Kebavoran Baru, South Jakarta
RANK STRUCTURE
 SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE
 is the Republic's main police agency tasked with
maintaining law and order in the island city-state
 formerly known as the Republic of Singapore
Police
Singapore Police Ranks

CP       Commissioner of Police

DC       Deputy Commissioner of Police
SAC     Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police
DAC    Deputy Assistant Commissioner of Police
AC       Assistance Commissioner of Police
Supt     Superintendent
DSP     Deputy Superintendent of Police
ASP     Assistant Superintendent of Police
SSI2     Senior Station Inspector 2
Insp.      Inspector
SSI       Senior Station Inspector
SI          Station Inspector
SSS      Senior Staff Sergeant
SS        Staff Sergeant  
Sgt       Sergeant
Cpl        Corporal
PC Police Constable
 ROYAL THAI POLICE

The national police of Thailand.

Primary responsibility for the maintenance of public order
through enforcement of the kingdom's laws
Charged with performing police functions throughout the
entire country
Royal Thai Police Ranks
 Myanmar Police Force
 formally known as The People's Police Force, was established in
1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home
Affairs.
 Its command structure is based on established civil jurisdiction.
Each Myanmar’s seven states and seven divisions has their own
Police Foreces w/ headquatrers in the respective capital cities.
 People’s Police of Vietnam
 The law enforcement in Vietnam is called the Vietnam
People's Public Security.
 It is under command of the Ministry of Public Security.
 Vietnam People's Public Security is a part of Vietnam
People's Armed Forces, it includes two branches:

 Vietnam People's Police

 Vietnam People's Security Force

Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK

Police Chief Ministry of Police General Police Sub -

Public Security Lieutenant
 Cambodian National Police Force

 The primary law enforcement agency in Cambodia

 The CNPF is divided into four autonomous units,
headed collectively by the First Deputy Director of
National Police, and five central departments, each
managed by a Chief of Department and Deputy
Director
 Under of ministry of interior
 Cambodian Police Force Ranks
GENERAL (STARED)
 
Brigadier General
Major General
General Lieutenant

HIGH COMMISSIONER (STRIPED) (NON-STRIPED)

 
Major Staff Sergeant
Lieutenant Colonel First Sergeant
Colonel Command Sergeant Major
Second Lieutenant Warrant Officer
First Lieutenant Chief Warrant Officer
CAPTAIN Officer Cadet
 
 Brunei Darussalam
Royal Brunei Police Force

Head of Police DEPARTMENT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK

Commissioner Ministry of Inspector Constable

Home Affairs General of
Police
 AUSTRALIA
 Australian Federal Police (AFP) under Home Affairs Ministry
Commissioned Ranks
• Commissioner
• Deputy Commissioner
• Assistant Commissioner
• Commander
• Superintendent
• Inspector
 Senior Non-Commissioned Ranks
• Senior Sergeant
• Sergeant
Non Commissioned Ranks
• Senior Constable
• Constable
• Probationary constable
• Recruit
Federal Police of Belgium
 FRANCE

 Police Nationale
 Ministry of the Interior
 Gardien de la Paix stagiaire – lowest rank
 Directeur des Services Actifs – highest rank
 BELGIUM

 Belgian Police
 Belgian Government
 Auxillary Police Officer – lowest rank
 Chief Police Commissioner – highest
rank
 LONDON

 City of London Police

 Metropolitan Police Service
 Police Constable – lowest rank
 Police Commissioner – highest rank
 PHILIPPINES

 Philippine National Police

 Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG)
 Police Officer I – lowest rank
 Police Director General – highest
rank
 Brazil
•Coronel (colonel)
•Tenente-coronel (lieutenant –Colonel)
•Major (major)
•Capitao (captain)
•1st tenente (1st lieutenant)
•2nd tenente (2nd lieutenant)
•Aspirante-a-oficial (cade, student Rank)
•Subtenente (under-lieutenant)
•1st sargento (1st sergeant)
•3rd sargento (3rd sergeant)
•Cabo (corporal)
•Soldado de 1 classe (1st class Soldier)
•Soldado de 2nd classes (2nd class Soldier, student rank)
 Canada
•Commissioner
•Deputy Commissioner
•Assistant Commissioner
•Chief Superintendent
•Superintendent
•Inspector
•Corps Sergeant Major
•Sergeant major
•Staff sergeant major
•Staff sergeant
•Sergeant
•Corporal
•Police constable 1st class (Gendarme)
•Police Constable 2nd class (Gendarme)
•Police constable 4th class (gendarme)
•Cadet
 Iraq
•Chief of police
•Chief of superintendent
•Superintendent
•Chief of inspector
•Inspector
•Captain
•Lieutenant
•Sergeant
•Patrolman
 Ireland
•Commissioner
•Deputy commissioner
•Assistant commissioner
•Chief superintendent
•Superintendent
•Inspector
•Sergeant
•Garda
•Student garda
•Reserve Garda
 South Korea
•Commissioner general
•Chief superintendent general
•Senior superintendent general
•Superintendent general
•Senior superintendent
•Superintendent
•Senior inspector
•Inspector
•Assistant inspector
•Senior police officer
•Police officer
 Netherlands
•Chief
•Constable (Hoofscommissaris)
•Commissioner (Commissaris)
•Superitendent (Hoofdinspecteur)
•Inspector (Inspector)
•Sergeant (Brigadier)
•Constant First Class (Hoofdagent)
•Constable (agent)
•Police Patrol Officer (surveillant)
•Police trainee (aspirant)
 UNITED NATIONS
- officially came into existence on October 24, 1945
- coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt
- This declaration was made to officially by the cooperation
of Great Britain, United States and the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republic

*Official Language of U.N

- Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
 The MAIN ORGANS of the UN are the …
 General Assembly
 Security Council
 Economic and Social Council
 Trusteeship Council
 International Court of Justice
 UN Secretariat

All were established in 1945 when the

UN was founded …
1. UN General Assembly
- main deliberative, policy making and representative
organ of the United Nations
- Comprising of 193 Members of the U.N
- It provides a unique forum for multilateral discussion of
the full spectrum if international issues covered by the
charter
- Headed by the president , elected from the member
states and 21 vice presidents
- Meets from September to December
2. Security Council
The most powerful of all branches of UN
has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and
security. 
It has 15 Members (5 permanent and 10 non-permanent members).
Each Member has one vote.
Under the Charter, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council
decisions.
The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to
the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by
peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement.
In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even
authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. 
 The Security Council has a Presidency, which rotates, and changes, every
month.
3. Trusteeship Council
Task of supervising the administration of Trust Territories
placed under the Trusteeship system. It is made up of the five
permanent members of Security council: China, France,
Russian,, United Kingdom, United States
Its goal is to promote the advancement of the inhabitants
of trust territories and their progressive development
towards self-government or independence
4. Economic and Social Council
is the principal body for coordination, policy review, policy
dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and
environmental issues, as well as implementation of
internationally agreed development goals.
Higher standards of living
Condition of economic and social progress/ development
Solutions of international economic, social, health related problems
Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
5. International Court of Justice
Located in the Hague, Netherlands
Universal Court for international law
is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations
It is the only one of the six principal organs of the United
Nations not located in New York, USA
 The Court’s role is to settle, in accordance with international
law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and to give advisory
opinions on legal questions referred to it by authorized United
Nations organs and specialized agencies.
6. Secretariat
comprises the Secretary-General and tens of thousands of
international UN staff members who carry out the day-to-day
work of the UN as mandated by the General Assembly and the
Organization's other principal organs. 
Ex. Organization of conference, writing reports, studies
preparation of budget plan
 The Secretary-General is chief administrative officer of the
Organization, appointed by the General Assembly on the
recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year,
renewable term.
 UNITED NATION POLICE
Is an integral part of the United Nations peace operations
Currently there are over 12,500 UN Police operating in over
90 countries.
The goal of the UN Police is to help create a safer
environment, as well as protecting civilians from criminal
activities.
The UN Police works throughout the world through 17
different field missions.

•1960 - First Police Deployment … The UN first deployed Police

officers in 1960 to the United Nations Operation in the Congo
(ONUC).
 What the UN Police do in the field?
United Nations Police are deployed at the same time as military
personnel in most peacekeeping operations and are deployed as
advisers in a number of UN special political missions. Their duties
are defined by the mandates that the missions are given and can
range from executive to advisory functions.
Assistance to host-state police and other law enforcement
agencies
Interim law enforcement
Protecting UN personnel and material
ASEANAPOL
-Manila 1981, 1st. Formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN POLICE … attended
by first five (5) original member countries such as : Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
-PNP is a member of the ASEANAPOL.

OBJECTIVES
Ensure the effective implementation of all resolutions adopted at the
ASEANAPOL Conferences;
Serve as a coordination and communication mechanism to allow members
to establish and to maintain all channels of interaction amongst members;
Foster mutual assistance and cooperation amongst members; and
Endeavour to increase regional cooperation efforts against transnational
crime.
  *Members of ASEANAPOL
 Indonesia
 Malaysia
 Philippines
 Singapore
 Thailand
 Brunei Darussalam
 Vietnam
 Laos
 Myanmar
 Cambodia
Organization of ASEANAPOL
1.ASEANAPOL Executive Committee = comprise of duty heads
of delegation attending the annual conference. It provides a
summary reports of the activities of the secretariat to the
head of delegation
2.ASEANAPOL Permanent Secretariat
-is on rotational basis w/ member countries taking turn to
host the ASEANAPOL Conference and automatically assume
the role of the secretariat for the current year
-Headed by Executive Director(w/ tenure of 2 years) and
assisted by 2 directors(w/ tenure of 3 years)
-Started its operation fully on January 1, 2010
Important Dates in ASEANAPOL
 INTERPOL
(International Police Criminal Organization/ ICPO)
world’s largest international police organization, with 190 member
countries
role is to enable police around the world to work together to make the
world a safer place by means of high-tech infrastructure of technical and
operational support that will help to meet the growing challenges of fighting
crime in the 21st century.
An organization facilitating international police cooperation.
190 member countries
* Initial Headquarters: Vienna Austria (interpol was founded)
* Present Headquarters: Lyon, France

* It focuses on: Combat Crimes & Transnational Crimes

Project minorities against dominant group
Maintain law enforcement regardless of race or religion
 HISTORY

The idea of INTERPOL was born in 1914 at the first International

Criminal Police Congress, held in Monaco.

Officially created in 1923 as the International Criminal Police

Commission.

The Organization became known as INTERPOL in 1956.

 INTERPOL STRUCTURE

1. General Assembly
-INTERPOL’s supreme governing body
-the General Assembly is composed of delegates
appointed by each member country
-It meets annually to take all important decisions related
to policy, resources, working methods, finances,
activities and programs
2. Executive Committee
-Elected by the General Assembly
-headed by the President of the Organization
-It provides guidance and direction to the Organization
and oversees the implementation of decisions made at
the annual General Assembly
-has 13 members comprising the President of the
Organization, three Vice-Presidents and nine Delegates,
all from different countries
3. General Secretariat
-Run by secretary general
-Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat
operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
4. National Central Bureau (NCB)
190 member countries of INTERPOL … Each country maintains a
National Central Bureau (NCB) staffed by national law enforcement
officers

Africa = 54 National Central Bureau

America = 44 National Central Bureau
Asia and South Pacific = 49 National Central Bureau
Europe = 51 National Central Bureau
4. ADVISERS
-these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may
be appointed by the Executive Committee and confirmed
by the General Assembly.
5. Commission for the Control of INTERPOL's Files (CCF)
-is an independent monitoring body. It operates in line with a
number of official rules and documents and has three main
functions:

Monitoring the application of the Organization's data protection

rules to personal data processed by INTERPOL;
Advising the Organization with regard to any operations or
projects concerning the processing of personal information.
Processing requests for access to INTERPOL's files. 
 INTERPOL GOVERNANCE

-Comprises the General Assembly and Executive Committee,

which is headed by the President …

*President of INTERPOL = elected by the General Assembly for 4

years period

-*Oskar Dressler = 1st Secretary General of INTERPOL

-* Johann Schober = 1st. President of the INTERPOL

* The former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980 to 1984 ..

 Jolly R. Bugarin (Philippines)
 INTERPOL
CORE FUNCTIONS

SECURE GLOBAL POLICE

COMMUNICATION SERVICES
 INTERPOL’s global police communications
system, known as I-24/7, enables police in all
member countries to request, submit and access
vital data instantly in a secure environment.
 OPERATIONAL DATA SERVICES AND
DATABASES FOR POLICE
 Member countries have direct and
immediate access to a wide range of
databases including information on known
criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and
stolen or lost travel documents. INTERPOL
also disseminates critical crime-related data
through a system of international notices.
 OPERATIONAL POLICE SUPPORT SERVICES

 INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the

field with emergency support and operational
activities, especially in its priority crime areas. A
Command and Co-ordination Centre operates 24
hours a day, seven days a week and can deploy an
Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious
crime or disaster.

 
 POLICE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT

 INTERPOL provides focused police training

initiatives with the aim of enhancing the
capacity of member countries to effectively
combat transnational crime and terrorism. This
includes sharing knowledge, skills and best
practices in policing and establishing global
standards.
INTERPOL NOTICES … are international requests for cooperation
or alerts allowing police in member countries to share critical
crime-related information.
 Thank You!!!

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