Chemquest 2024 - CG Adura

ChemQuest 2024 - Cg Adura
Bab 1 Keseimbangan Redoks
[2023-Kelantan-07] Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu

eksperimen untuk mengkaji beza keupayaan antara dua elektrod
menggunakan elektrolit masing-masing dalam suatu tindak balas redoks.
Diagram 6 shows the arrangement of apparatus for an experiment to study
the potential difference between two electrodes using their respective
electrolytes in a redox reaction.
Rajah 6/ Diagram 6
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan elektrolit?

What is meant by electrolyte?
.....................................................................................................................
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(b) Senaraikan semua kation yang hadir dalam bikar Q

List all the cations present in beaker Q
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Jadual 5 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Siri Keupayaan Elektrod

Piawai.
Table 5 shows a part of Standard Electrode Potential Series.
Tindak balas sel setengah E, V (297K)

Half-cell reaction
Mg2+(aq) + 2e-  Mg(s) -2.38
Zn2+(aq) + 2e-  Zn(s) -0.76
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-  Cu(s) +0.34
Ag+(aq) + e-  Ag(s) +0.80
1 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

Berdasarkan Rajah 6 dan Jadual 5/ Based on Diagram 6 and Table 5
(i) Tuliskan notasi sel untuk tindak balas itu

Write the cell notation for the reaction
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) Kirakan nilai E°sei bagi tindak balas itu

Calculate the value of the E°sei for the reaction
[1M]
(iii) Pilih pasangan logam yang akan menghasilkan nyalaan mentol yang
paling terang. Wajarkan pilihan anda.
Choose the pair of metals that will produce the brightest light of bulb. Justify
your choice.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(iv) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (c)(iii), tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi

mewakili tindak balas yang berlaku pada terminal negatif sel.
Based on your answer in (c)(iii), write a half equation to represent the reaction
that occurs at the negative terminal of the cell.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(d) Rajah 7 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji

hasil elektrolisis larutan kuprum (II) klorida dengan menggunakan elektrod
karbon.
Diagram 7 shows the arrangement of the apparatus used to study the results
of electrolysis of copper (II) chloride solution using carbon electrodes.
Rajah 7/ Diagram 7

Diberi/ Given
Tindak balas sel setengah E, V (297K)

Half-cell reaction
2H+(aq) + 2e-  H2(g) 0.00
Cu2+ (aq) + 2e-  Cu(s) +0.34
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e-  4OH-(aq) +0.40
Cl2(g) + 2e-  2Cl-(aq) +0.80
Terangkan perbezaan pemerhatian pada anod dalam kedua-dua sel

elektrolisis yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 7.
Explain the difference observed at the anode in the two electrolysis cells
shown in Diagram 7.
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............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-Kedah-07] Rajah 7 menunjukkan susunan radas satu Sel Daniell.

Diagram 7 shows set up of the apparatus of a Daniell Cell.
Rajah 7 / Diagram 7
Diberi nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai bagi:

Given the value of standard electrode potential for:
Zn2+ (ak) + 2e  Zn(p) E° = -0.76 V

Zn2+ (aq) + 2e  Zn(s) E° = -0.76 V
Cu2+ (ak) + 2e  Cu(p) E° = + 0.34 V

Cu2+ (aq) + 2e  Cu(s) E° = + 0.34 V

Berdasarkan Rajah 7/ Based on Diagram 7 :
(a) Nyatakan semua formula ion yang hadir dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.
State all the formula of ions present in copper(II) sulphate solution.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Fungsi titian garam ialah membenarkan ion mengalir melaluinya bagi
melengkapkan litar. Cadangkan satu bahan kimia yang boleh digunakan
sebagai titian garam.
The function of a salt bridge is allowing ions to flow through it to complete the
circuit. Suggest a chemical that can be used as salt bridge.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Eksperimen dijalankan selama 20 minit. Terangkan perbezaan bagi

pemerhatian pada kepingan zink dan kepingan kuprum.
The experiment is conducted for 20 minutes. Explain the differences in
observation at zinc strip and copper strip.
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............................................................................................................. [3M]
(d) Tuliskan setengah persamaan di anod.

Write the half equation at anode.
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(e) Tuliskan notasi sel dan kira nilai voltan bagi sel Daniell.
Write the cell notation and calculate the value of the voltage for Damell’s cell.
[2M]

(f) Jadual 7 menunjukkan keupayaan elektrod piawai, E bagi X, Y dan Z.

Table 7 shows standard electrode potential, E for X, Y and Z.
Persamaan sel setengah E(V)

Half-cell equation
X2+(ak) + 2e  X(p) -2.38
X2+(aq) + 2e  X(s)
Y2+(ak) + 2e  Y(p) -0.44
Y2+(aq) + 2e  Y(s)
Z2+(ak) + 2e  Z(p) +0.34
Z2+(aq) + 2e  Z(s)
Jadual 7 / Table 7
Lukiskan satu sel kimia ringkas yang dapat menghasilkan nilai voltan
sebanyak +1.94 V.
Draw a simple chemical cell that can produce a voltage value of+1.94 V.
[2M]

[2023-Selangor-Set02-05] Jadual 5 menunjukkan nilai keupayaan elektrod

piawai, E bagi argentum, kuprum, ferum dan plumbum.
Table 5 shows standard electrode potential values, E for silver, copper, iron
and lead.
Set Tindak balas sel setengah E/V

Set Half-cell reaction
I Ag+ (ak/aq) + e ⇌ Ag (p/s) + 0.87
II Cu2+ (ak/aq) + 2c ⇌ Cu (p/s) + 0.34
III Fe2+ (ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Fe (p/s) - 0.44
IV Pb2+ (ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Pb (p/s) - 0.13
Jadual 5/ Table 5
(a) Apakah maksud tindak balas redoks?

What is the meaning of redox reaction?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Pasangan keupayaan elektrod piawai yang manakah digunakan sebagai

sel setengah untuk menghasilkan voltan yang paling tinggi?
Which pair of standard electrode potential is used as a half-cell to produces
the highest voltage?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Lukis susunan radas berlabel sel kimia yang menggabungkan dua sel
setengah bagi jawapan anda di 5(b).
Draw a labelled diagram of a chemical cell that combines two half-cells for
your answer in 5(b).
[2M]

(d) Berdasarkan susunan radas berlabel 5(c) dan nilai keupayaan elektrod
piawai sel setengah.
Based on labelled diagram 5(c) and the standard electrode potential value of
a half-cell.
(i) Tulis persamaan ion keseluruhan bagi tindak balas redoks yang berlaku.
Write the overall ionic equation for the redox reaction occurs.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) Hitungkan voltan sel, Esel./ Calculate the voltage of the cell, Ecell.
[2M]
[2023-JohorPPDTangkak-07] Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi

satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji beza keupayaan antara dua elektrod
dalam tindak balas redoks.
Diagram 5.1 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to study the
potential difference between two electrodes in a redox reaction.
Rajah 5.1/ Diagram 5.1
(a) Nyatakan warna bagi larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.

State the colour of copper(II) sulphate solution.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(b) Kenal pasti semua kation yang hadir dalam pasu berliang.
Identify all the cations present in the porous pot.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Jadual 5.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Siri Keupayaan Elektrod

Piawai.
Table 5.1 shows a part of Standard Electrode Potential Series.
Tindak balas sel setengah E/V (297K)

Half- cell reaction
Mg2+ + 2e ⇌Mg -2.38
Zn2+ + 2e ⇌Zn -0.76
Fe2+ + 2e ⇌Fe -0.44
Cu2+ + 2e ⇌Cu +0.34
Jadual 5.1/ Table 5.1
Berdasarkan Rajah 5.1 dan Jadual 5.1,

Based on Diagram 5.1 and Table 5.1,
(i) tuliskan notasi sel untuk tindak balas itu.

write the cell notation for the reaction.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2 markah/marks]
(ii) hitung nilai E sel bagi tindak balas itu.

calculate the value of the E cell for the reaction.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 8(c)(ii), apakah yang perlu anda lakukan
kepada anod untuk meningkatkan nilai E sel? Terangkan jawapan anda.
Based on your answer in 8(c)(ii), what should you do to the anode to increase
the value of E cell? Explain your answer.
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............................................................................................................. [3M]

(d) Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan dua sel elektrolisis larutan natrium klorida,
NaCl dengan kepekatan berbeza menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Diagram 5.2 shows the two-electrolysis cell of sodium chloride, NaCl solution
with different concentration using carbon electrode.
Jadual 5.2 menunjukkan nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai sel setengah bagi
beberapa bahan.
Diagram 5.2 shows the standard electrode potential values of half-cells for
some substance
Tindak balas sel setengah E/V (297K)

Half- cell reaction
Na+ + 1e ⇌ Na – 2.71
2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2 0.00
O2 + 2H2O + 4e ⇌ 4OH- + 0.40
Cl2 + 2e ⇌ 2Cl- + 1.36
Jadual 5.2 / Table 5.2
Berdasarkan Rajah 5.2 dan Jadual 5.2, terangkan perbezaan pemerhatian

pada anod bagi kedua-dua set eksperimen itu.
Based on Diagram 5.2 and Table 5.2, explain the differences of observation at
the anode for both set of the experiment.
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............................................................................................................. [2M]

[2023-Perlis-07] Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi penulenan

argentum tak tulen.
Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set up to purify the impure silver.
Rajah 6/ Diagram 6
(a) Apakah fungsi pasu berliang?

What is the function of a porous pot?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Nyatakan anod dan katod pada Sel Q.

State the anode and cathode of Cell Q.
Anod : ................................................................................................
Anode
Katod : ................................................................................................
Cathode [2M]
(c) Nyatakan pemerhatian di katod pada Sel P.

State the observations at the cathode of Cell P.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(d) Hitung jisim maksimum argentum yang terenap pada sel P semasa
penulenan.
Calculate the maximum mass of silver deposited at cell P during purifying.
[Jisim atom relative/ Relative atomic mass : Ag = 108]
[3M]
(e) Ahmad ingin meningkatkan nilai arus yang dihasilkan pada Sel P.
Apakah yang perlu Ahmad lakukan? Terangkan.
Ahmad wants to increase the value of current in Cell P. What should Ahmad
do? Explain.
Nilai Eo bagi beberapa sel setengah adalah :

The Eo value for a new half cells are :
Zn2+ (ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ Zn (p/s) Eo = -0.76 V
Mg2+ (ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ Mg (p/s) Eo = -2.38 V
2H+ (ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ H2 (g) Eo = +0.00 V
Cu2+ (ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ Cu (p/s) Eo = +0.34 V
Ag+ (ak/aq) + e- ⇋ Ag (p/s) Eo = +0.80 V
O2 (g) + 2H2O(ce/ l) + 4e- ⇋ 4OH- Eo = +0.40 V

(ak/aq)
S2 O8 2-(ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ 2SO4 2-(ak/aq) Eo = +2.01 V
Fe2+ (ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ Fe (p/s) Eo = -0.44 V
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............................................................................................................. [3M]

[2023-Pahang-08] Rajah 8 menunjukkan gabungan satu sel kimia dengan

satu sel elektrolisis.
Diagram 8 shows the combination between a chemical cell and an electrolytic
cell.
Rajah 8 / Diagram 8
(a) Apakah maksud elektrolisis?/ What is the meaning of electrolysis?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Merujuk kepada Sel I,/ Referring to Cell I,
(i) nyatakan semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan natrium klorida.
state all the ions present in the sodium chloride solution.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) nyatakan pemerhatian di anod./ state the observation at anode.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Merujuk kepada Sel II dan keupayaan elektrod piawai, Eo bagi setengah
sel di bawah:
Referring to Cell II and standard electrode potential, Eo of the half cell below:

Mg2+(ak) + 2e- ⇌ Mg (p) E = - 2.38 V

Cu2+ (ak) + 2e- ⇌ Cu (p) E = + 0.34 V
kenal pasti terminal negatif dan terminal positif bagi sel tersebut.
identify the negative terminal and positive terminal of the cell.
(i) terminal negatif/ negative terminal : ……………………………………............
(ii) terminal positif/ positive terminal : ……………………………………..............

[2 markah/ 2 marks]
(d) (i) Anda dibekalkan dengan satu voltmeter dan dua bahan kimia
tambahan iaitu larutan magnesium sulfat, 1.0 mol dm -3 dan larutan asid
sulfurik, 1.0 mol dm-3. Dengan menggunakan voltmeter, larutan tambahan
yang dibekalkan dan radas lain yang sesuai di dalam makmal, lukiskan
gambar rajah susunan radas dengan mengubah suai susunan radas di
dalam Sel II supaya dapat berfungsi sebagai sel Daniell.
You are provided with a voltmeter and two additional chemicals which are 1.0
mol dm-3 of magnesium sulphate solution and 1.0 mol dm -3 of sulphuric acid
solution. By using the voltmeter, the additional solutions provided and other
suitable apparatus in the laboratory, draw a set-up apparatus diagram by
modifying the set-up apparatus in Cell II so that it can function as a Daniell
cell.
[2M]

(ii) tuliskan notasi sel dan hitungkan voltan sel bagi sel Daniell dalam (d)(i).
write the cell notation and calculate the cell voltage for Daniell cell in (d)(i).
Notasi sel : ..............……....…………………………………………..........

Cell notation
Voltan sel : ..............……....…………………………………………..........

Cell voltage [3M]
[2023-NegeriSembilan-05] Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi

mengkaji suatu tindak balas redoks.
Diagram 5 shows an apparatus to study redox reactions.
Sel A Sel B
Cell A Cell B
Rajah 5
Diagram 5
Jadual 1 menunjukkan senarai nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai:

Table 1 shows the list of standard electrode potential values:
Tindak balas sel setengah E / V

Half-cell reaction
S2O82- + 2e  2SO42- + 2.01
O2 + 2H2O + 4e  4OH- + 0.40
Cu2+ + 2e  Cu + 0.34
2H+ + 2e  H2 0.00
Zn2+ + 2e  Zn -0.76
Jadual 1
Table 1

(a) Merujuk kepada Sel A,

Referring to Cell A,
(i) apakah kegunaan pasu berliang?

what is the use of porous pot?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) nyatakan logam yang bertindak sebagai terminal positif. Terangkan

jawapan anda.
state the metal that acts as positive terminal. Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(iii) tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam sel itu.
write the ionic equation for the reaction that occured in the cell.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iv) hitung voltan bagi sel, E Sel./ calculate the voltage of cell, E cell
[1M]
(b) Merujuk kepada sel B,/ Refer to cell B,
(i) terangkan satu ujian kimia untuk mengesahkan Gas X.

describe briefly a chemical test to identify Gas X.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukan Gas X.

state the factor that affect the production of Gas X.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2023-JohorSkudai-07] Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi sel X

dan sel Y menggunakan elektrod karbon P, Q, R dan S.
Diagram 7.1 shows apparatus set-up for cell X and Y using carbon electrodes
P, Q, R and S.

(a) Berdasarkan Rajah 7.1,/ Based on Diagram 7.1,
(i) Tuliskan formula ion bagi semua ion yang hadir dalam leburan plumbum
(II) iodida.
Write ionic formulae for all the ions present in molten lead (II) iodide.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Nyatakan katod bagi sel Y./ State the cathodes for cell Y.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di elektrod
P dan elektrod Q di sel X.
Write half equation for the reaction occur at electrode P and Q in cell X.
Elektrod P: ………………………………………………….
Electrode P:
Elektrod Q: …………………………………………………. [2M]

Electrode Q:
(iv) Tulis persamaan kimia apabila hasil di elektrod S bertindak balas

dengan air.
Write chemical equation when product at electrode S reacts with water.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(v) Larutan yang terhasil di 7 (a) (iv) diuji dengan satu ujian X. Nyatakan
ujian X dan pemerhatian itu.
The solution formed in 7 (a) (iv) is tested with X test. State the X test and its
observation.
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............................................................................................................. [2M]
(b) Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu sel kimia.
Diagram 7.2 shows an apparatus setup for a chemical cell.
Rajah 7.2 / Diagram 7.2
Nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai sel setengah adalah seperti berikut.

Standard electrode potential for half-cell as follows.
Zn2+ (ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Zn(p/s) E = -0.76 V

Cu2+ (ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Cu(p/s) E = +0.34 V
Berdasarkan Rajah 7.2,/ Based on Diagram 7.2,
(i) hitung voltan sel itu./ calculate the voltage of the cell.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) Anda dibekalkan sebiji buah tomato, wayar penyambung, LED, satu
kepingan magnesium dan satu kepingan plumbum. Bagaimanakah anda
merekacipta satu sel kimia ringkas.
You are provided with a tomato, connecting wire, LED, a magnesium plate
and a plumbum plate. How you can create a simple chemical cell.
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............................................................................................................. [2M]

[2023-Selangor-Set01-05] Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi dua

set eksperimen apabila besi bersentuhan dengan dua logam yang berlainan,
iaitu logam X dan logam Y. Apabila lapisan logam X dan logam Y tercalar,
besi terdedah kepada oksigen dan air.
Diagram 5.1 shows the observation of two sets of experiments when iron is in
contact with two different metals, metal X and metal Y. When the layers of
metal X and metal Y are scratched, the iron is exposed to oxygen and water.
Set I
Set II
(a) Cadangkan logam X dan logam Y.

Suggest metal X and metal Y.
X : …………………………………….. Y : ……………………………………..
[2M]
(b) Terangkan pemerhatian dalam Set I.
Explain the observations in Set I.
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............................................................................................................. [2M]

(c) Tulis setengah persamaan pengoksidaan yang berlaku dalam Set II.
Write the oxidation half-equation that takes place in Set 11.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(d) Berdasarkan pemerhatian, susun logam X, Y dan besi secara meningkat

mengikut keelektropositifannya.
Based on the observations, arrange the metal X, Y and iron in an ascending
order of their electropositivity.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(e) Tin makanan diperbuat daripada keluli bersalut timah. Rajah 5.2
menunjukkan makanan dalam tin yang kemek.
Food cans are made of tin coated steel. Diagram 5.2 shows a dented canned
food.
Makanan dalam tin yang tinnya telah kemek atau tercalar tidak boleh
dimakan. Terangkan mengapa.
Canned food in the denied or scratched tin should not be consumed. Explain
why.
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............................................................................................................. [2M]

Esei/ Essay
[2023-Melaka-10] (a) Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk

mengkaji penurunan kuprum (II) oksida.
Diagram 8,1 shows the apparatus setup to investigate the reduction of copper
(II) oxide.
Selepas kuprum(II) oksida dipanaskan pepejal perang terbentuk di dalam

tiub pembakaran itu.
After the copper(II) oxide is heated, brown solid is formed in the combustion
tube.
(i) Nyatakan jenis zarah yang hadir dalam gas hidrogen dan nyatakan warna
kuprum(II) oksida.
State the type of particle present in the hydrogen gas and state the colour of
copper(II) oxide.
[2 markah/ marks]
(ii) Kenal pasti larutan X dan sebatian Y yang digunakan dalam Rajah 8.1
Identify the solution X and compound Y used in Diagram 8.1.
[2 markah/ marks]
(iii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam Rajah
8.1. Hitungkan jisim pepejal perang yang terhasil sekiranya 2 g kuprum(II)
oksida dipanaskan dengan lengkap.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1 , O = 16 , Cu = 64]
Write a chemical equation for the reaction that occurred in Diagram 8.1.
Calculate the mass of the brown solid formed when 2 g of the copper (II) oxide
is heated completely.
[Relative atomic mass : H = 1, O = 16 , Cu = 64]
[6 markah/ marks]

(b) Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan liga set susunan radas dan pemerhatian di
anod dan katod bagi elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) klorida, CuCl2.
Diagram 8.2 shows the apparatus setup and the observations at anode and
cathode for the electrolysis of copper(II) chloride solution, CuCl2.
Set Elektrolit Pemerhatian

Electrolyte Observations
Anod Katod
Anode Cathode
I
Gas tidak Pepejal

berwarna perang
dibebaskan terbentuk
Colourless Brown
gas solid
released formed
II
Gas
Pepejal
kuning-
perang
kehijauan
terbentuk
dibebaskan
Brown
Greenish-
solid
yellow gas
formed
released
III
Kuprum Kuprum
menipis menipis
Copper Copper
gets gets
thinner thinner

Jadual 4 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada siri keupayaan elektrod

piawai.
Table 4 shows part of the standard electrode potential
Tindak balas sel setengah E/ V (298K)

Half-cell equations
2H+(ak) + 2e ⇌ H2(g) 0.00
Cu2+(ak) + 2e ⇌ Cu +0.34
O2(g) + 2H2O(ce) + 4e ⇌ 4OH- lak) +0.40
Cl2(g) + 2e ⇌ 2Cl- (ak) + 1.36
Jadual 4 / Table 4
Berdasarkan Rajah 8.2 dan Jadual 4, terangkan perbezaan pemerhatian di

anod dalam Set I, Set II, dan Set III. Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi
tindak balas yang berlaku di katod dalam ketiga-tiga set itu.
Based on Diagram 8.2 and Table 4, explain the difference in observations at
anode in Set I, Set II, and Set III. Write the half-equation for the reaction that
occurs at the cathode of the three sets.
[ 10 markah/ marks]
[2023-JUJ-Set02-11] (a) Berikut adalah persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas

redoks.
The following is the chemical equation for the redox reaction.
2NH3 (g) + 3CuO (p)  N2 (g) + 3Cu (p) + 3H2O (ce)

2NH3 (g) + 3CuO (s)  N2 (g) + 3Cu (s) + 3H2O (l)
Berdasarkan persamaan kimia itu,/ Based on the chemical equation,
(i) nyatakan maksud tindak balas redoks dan terangkan jawapan anda dari
segi oksigen dan hidrogen.
state the meaning of redox reaction and explain your answer in terms of
oxygen and hydrogen.
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(ii) Jika 0.75 mol kuprum(II) oksida, CuO digunakan di dalam tindak balas,
hitungkan isipadu gas nitrogen, N2 yang terbebas pada keadaan bilik.
[Jisim atom relatif : Cu=64, O=16; 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm 3 pada
keadaan bilik]
If 0.75 mol copper(II) oxide, CuO is used in this reaction, calculate the volume
of nitrogen gas, N2 release at room condition.
[Relative atomic mass : Cu=64, O=16; 1 mol gas occupied 24 dm 3 at room
condition]

(b) Rajah 11 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi dua set eksperimen apabila

paku besi bersentuhan dengan logam X dan logam Y dan terdedah kepada
oksigen dan air selama tiga hari.
Diagram 11 shows the observation for two sets of experiment when iron nails
in contact with metal X and metal Y and exposed to oxygen and water for
three days.
Set Pemerhatian/ Observation

I
Sebelum dililit logam X Selepas dililit logam X

Before coiled with metal X After coiled with metal X
II
Sebelum dililit logam Y Selepas dililit logam Y

Before coiled with metal Y After coiled with metal Y
Rajah 11 / Diagram 11
Berdasarkan Rajah 11, cadangkan logam X dan logam Y. Terangkan

perbezaan pemerhatian dalam Set I dan Set II.
Based on Diagram 11, suggest metal X and metal Y. Explain the differences in
the observation in Set I and Set II.
(c) Jadual 11 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Siri Keupayaan Elektrod

Piawai.
Table 11 shows a part of Standard Electrode Potential Series.
Persamaan sel setengah E / V (298 K)

Half-cell equation
Zn2+ + 2e ⇌Zn -0.76
Ni2+ + 2e ⇌Ni -0.25
Mg2+ + 2e ⇌Mg -2.38
Cu2+ + 2e ⇌Cu +0.34
Ag+ + e ⇌Ag +0.80
Jadual 11 / Table 11

Dengan merujuk kepada Jadual 11, anda dikehendaki menentukan dua

logam dan larutan garam yang sesuai untuk menjalankan satu eksperimen
bagi mendapatkan nilai voltan yang tertinggi dalam sel kimia. Huraian anda
perlulah mengandungi :
By referring to Table 11, you are required to determine two metals and
suitable salt solution to describe an experiment to obtain the highest voltage
value in a chemical cell. Your description must contain:
• Pengiraan bagi nilai E° sel/ Calculation of the E° cell value

• Prosedur/ Procedures
• Gambarajah berlabel/ Labelled diagram
[2023-Putrajaya-09] (a) Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan susunan radas

eksperimen untuk mengkaji satu tindak balas redoks. Satu gegelung wayar
kuprum direndam ke dalam sebuah bikar yang mengandungi larutan
argentum nitrat. Pemerhatian bagi sela masa berbeza ditunjukkan dalam
rajah.
Diagram 9.1 shows apparatus set up for the experiment to investigate a redox
reaction. One copper wire coil is immersed into a beaker containing silver
nitrate solution. The observation for different time frame is shown in the
diagram.
10 minit 30 minit 2 jam

10 minutes 30 minutes 2 hours
Rajah/ Diagram 9.1
Jadual 9.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada nilai keupayaan elektrod

Table 9.1 shows a part of the standard electrode potential of half-cells.
Tindak balas sel setengah E/ V

Half-cell equations (298K)
Cu2+ + 2e- ⇋ Cu + 0.34
Ag+ + e- ⇋ Ag + 0.80
Jadual/ Table 9.1

Berikan definisi tindak balas redoks. Merujuk kepada nilai keupayaan

elektrod piawai dalam Jadual 9.1, tentukan agen pengoksidaan bagi tindak
balas itu. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Give the definition of redox reaction. Referring to the standard electrode
potential in Table 9.1, identify the oxidizing agent for the reaction. Explain
your answer.
[5 markah/ marks]
(b) Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu sel
kimia.
Diagram 9.2 shows an apparatus set-up for a chemical cell.
Elektrod magnesium Titian garam

Salt bridge Elektrod kuprum
Magnesium electrode
Copper electrode
Larutan magnesium Larutan kuprum(II)

sulfat sulfat
Magnesium sulphate Copper(II)sulphate
solution solution
Rajah/ Diagram 9.2


S2O82- + 2e- ⇋ 2SO42- + 2.01
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- ⇋ 4OH- + 0.40
2H+ + 2e- ⇋ H2 0.00
Cu2+ + 2e- ⇋ Cu + 0.34
Mg2+ + 2e- ⇋ Mg – 2.38
Jadual/ Table 9.2
Kenal pasti terminal negatif bagi sel kimia tersebut. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Kirakan bacaan voltan, E°sel bagi sel kimia itu. Kemudian, tuliskan notasi
sel bagi sel kimia tersebut.
Identify the negative terminal of the chemical cell.
Explain your answer. Calculate the voltage reading, E°cell for the chemical
cell. Then, write the cell notation of the chemical cell.
[5 markah/ marks]

(c) Dua set eksperimen lain dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan logam lain
terhadap pengaratan besi. Paku besi dililit dengan logam berbeza. Kedua-
dua paku besi yang dililit dengan logam itu dimasukkan ke dalam larutan
agar-agar panas yang mengandungi larutan kalium heksasianoferat(III) dan
fenolftalein. Keputusan eksperimen ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 9.3.
Two sets of other experiments are carried out to study the effect of the other
metals on rusting of iron. The iron nail is been coiled with different metals.
Both coiled iron nails are dipped into hot jelly solution containing potassium
hexacyanoferrate (III) solution and phenolphthalein. The results of the
experiment are shown in Table 9.3.
Set Eksperimen Pemerhatian

Set Experiment Observations
Agar-agar panas +
fenol alein + larutan
K3Fe(CN)6
Hot agar + Tompok merah jambu
I phenolphthalein + terbentuk
Logam P K3Fe(CN)6 solu on Pink spots formed
Metal P
Paku besi
Iron nail
Logam P Agar-agar panas +

Metal P fenol alein + larutan
K3Fe(CN)6
Hot agar + Warna biru tua
phenolphthalein + terbentuk
II
K3Fe(CN)6 solu on Dark blue colour
Logam Q
Metal Q
formed
Paku besi
Iron nail
Jadual/ Table 9.3
Berdasarkan Jadual 9.3, cadangkan logam P dan logam Q. Terangkan

mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian. Dalam jawapan anda
sertakan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas pengoksidaan dan
nyatakan logam yang dioksidakan.
Based on Table 9.3, suggest metal P and metal Q. Explain why there is
difference in the observations. In your answer, includes the half equations for
oxidation reaction and state the metals that are oxidised.
[10 markah/ marks]

[2023-MRSM-09] Rajah 7 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi gabungan Sel

I dan Sel II. Sel I membekalkan tenaga elektrik kepada Sel II
Diagram 7 shows the apparatus set-up for the combination of Cell I and Cell
II. Cell I supplies electrical energy for Cell II.
Rajah 7/ Diagram 7
(a) Nyatakan fungsi titian garam dan cadangkan satu larutan yang sesuai
untuk menghasilkannya.
State the function of salt bridge and suggest a suitable solution to produce it.
[2 markah]
(b) Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada nilai keupayaan elektrod

Table 3.1 shows a part of the standard electrode potential of half- cells.
Persamaan sel setengah E/ V (298 K)

Half-cell equations
Mg2+ + 2e- ⇌ Mg -2.38
Zn2+ + 2e- ⇌ Zn -0.76
2H+ + 2e- ⇌ H2 0.00
Cu2+ + 2e- ⇌ Cu +0.34
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- ⇌ 4OH- +0.40
Cl2 + 2e- ⇌ 2Cl- +1.36
S2O82- + 2e- ⇌ 2SO42- +2.01

Berdasarkan Sel I dalam Rajah 7, kenal pasti elektrod yang bertindak

sebagai katod, tuliskan notasi sel dan hitung nilai E sel. Jika logam zink
dan larutan zink sulfat digantikan dengan logam magnesium dan larutan
magnesium sulfat, nilai Esel meningkat. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Based on Cell I in Diagram 7, identify the electrode act as a cathode, write the
cell notation and calculate the value of E  cell. If zinc metal and zinc sulphate
solution is replaced with magnesium metal and magnesium sulphate solution,
the value of E cell increases. Explain your answer.
[5 markah]
(c) Terangkan tindak balas yang berlaku pada elektrod W dan X.

Penerangan anda perlu mengandungi:
Explain the reaction that occurs at electrodes W and X.
Include the following in your explanation:
• Ion yang dipilih untuk dinyahcas/ Ion that is selectively discharged

• Sebab ion-ion dipilih untuk dinyahcas
• The reason why the ions are selectively discharged
• Setengah persamaan/ Half equations
• Pemerhatian/ Observations
• Hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk/ Product formed
[10 markah]
(d) Jadual 3.2 menunjukkan senarai radas dan bahan yang digunakan
dalam suatu eksperimen.
Table 3.2 shows the list of apparatus and materials used in an experiment.
Radas dan bahan/ Apparatus and materials

• Tiub-U • Asid sulfurik cair
U-tube Dilute sulphuric acid
• Galvanometer
Galvanometer • Larutan kalium iodida
Potassium iodide solution
• Elektrod karbon
Carbon electrode • Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
• Wayar penyambung Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution
Connecting wire
Dengan menggunakan radas dan bahan yang diberikan, lukis satu

gambarajah berlabel untuk menunjukkan susunan radas bagi mengkaji
pemindahan elektron pada suatu jarak. Lukis anak panah untuk
menunjukkan arah pengaliran elektron.
Based on the apparatus and materials, draw a labelled diagram to show the
apparatus set-up to investigate the transfer of electrons at a distance. Draw
the arrow to show the direction of electron flow.
[3 markah]

[2023-JUJ-Set01-09] (a) Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu

eksperimen untuk mengkaji tindak balas dalam suatu sel kimia.
Diagram 9.1 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to study reactions
in a chemical cell.
Nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai sel setengah, E bagi beberapa sel setengah
ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 9:
The half-cell standard electrode potential values, E for several half-cells are
shown in Table 9:
Tindak balas sel setengah E, V
Half-cell equations
Zn2+ + 2e- ⇌ Zn - 0.76
Pb2+ + 2e- ⇌ Pb - 0.13
Jadual 9/ Table 9
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, nyatakan fungsi pasu berliang.

Cadangkan nama larutan X, hitung nilai voltan, Esel dan tuliskan notasi
sel tersebut.
Based on the information given, state the function of porous pot.
Suggest the name of solution X, calculate the voltage value, E  cell and write
the cell notation.
[5 markah /5 marks]
(b) Syifa ingin mengubah warna larutan ferum(III) sulfat, Fe 2(SO4)3

1.0 mol dm-3 daripada perang kepada hijau. Cadangkan satu bahan kimia
yang sesuai digunakan oleh Syifa dan tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi
tindak balas penurunan.
Syifa wants to change the colour of 1.0 mol dm -3 iron(III) sulphate solution,
Fe2(SO4)3 from brown to green. Suggest a suitable chemical substance used by
Syifa and write the half-equation for the reduction reaction.
[2 markah /2 marks]

(c) Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan dua tindak balas penyesaran logam daripada
larutan garamnya.
Diagram 9.2 shows two displacement reactions of metals from their salt
solutions.
Set I Set II
• Enapan perang terbentuk • Enapan kelabu terbentuk

Brown deposit formed Grey deposit formed
(i) Berdasarkan Rajah 9.2, cadangkan nama logam P dan larutan Q.

Bandingkan kedua-dua set eksperimen dari segi:
Based on Diagram 9.2, suggest the name of metal P and solution Q.
Compare the two sets of experiments in terms of:
• perubahan warna larutan/ change in colour of the solutions

• agen pengoksidaan/ oxidising agents
• persamaan ion keseluruhan/ overall ionic equation
[10 markah /10 marks]
(ii) Berdasarkan Set II, hitung isipadu larutan Q yang digunakan dalam cm 3
sekiranya 0.08 g kuprum digunakan untuk tindak balas lengkap berlaku.
[Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64]
Based on Set II, calculate the volume of solution Q used in cm3 if 0.08 g of
copper is used for complete reaction to occur.
[Relative atomic mass: Cu = 64]
[3 markah /3 marks]

[2023 Johor Bahru-10] 10. Rajah 10 menunjukkan susunan radas Sel I

dan Set II.
Diagram 10 shows the apparatus set-up for Cell I and Cell II.
Rajah 10/ Diagram 10
Jadual 10 menunjukkan nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai bagi beberapa

tindak balas sel setengah.
Table 10 shows the standard electrode potential values for some half-cell
reactions.
Tindak balas sel setengah E / V (298 K.)

Half-cell reaction
Zn2+ (ak) + 2e ⇌ Zn (p) -0.76
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e ⇌ Zn (s)
2H+ (ak) + 2e ⇌ H2(g) 0.00
2H (aq) + 2e ⇌ H2(g)
+
Cu2+ (ak) + 2e ⇌ Cu (p) +0.34

Cu (aq) + 2e ⇌ Cu (s)
2+
O2 (g) + 2H2O (ce) + 4e ⇌ OH- (ak) +0.40

O2 (g) + 2H2O (1) + 4e ⇌ OH- (aq)
Cl2 (g) + 2e ⇌ 2C1- (ak) +1.36
Cl2 (g) + 2e ⇌ 2CI- (aq)
Jadual 10/ Table 10
Berdasarkan maklumat di dalam Rajah 10 dan Jadual 10,

based on the informations in Diagram 10 and Table 10,

(a) dalam Sel I, /in Cell 1,
(i) nyalakan perubahan tenaga yang berlaku.

Kenal pasti elektrod yang bertindak sebagai anod dan berikan sebab bagi
jawapan anda.
state the changes of energy that occur.
Identify the electrode that acts as the anode and give reason for your answer.
[3 markah] [3 marks]
(ii) tuliskan setengah persamaan di anod dan katod.

Terangkan perbezaan pemerhatian di anod dan katod.
write the half equations at anode and cathode.
Explain the differences in the observations at anode and cathode.
(b) dalam Sel II,/ in Cell II,
(i) nyatakan fungsi pasu berliang.

state the function of the porous pot.
(ii) tuliskan notasi sel dan hitungkan voltan sel, E sel bagi sel kimia ini.
write the cell notation and calculate the cell voltage, E cell for this chemical
cell.
(iii) ramalkan nilai voltan sel jika kepingan zink digantikan dengan pita
magnesium. Terangkan jawapan anda. Tuliskan persamaan ion
keseluruhan bagi sel ini.
predict the value of the cell voltage if the zinc plate is replaced with a
magnesium ribbon. Explain your answer. Write the overall ionic equation for
this cell.
[2023-TerengganuMPP3-10] (a) Berikut adalah satu persamaan tindak

balas redoks.
The following is an equation represents a redox reaction.
2AgNO3 + Zn  Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
Nyatakan nama bahan yang bertindak sebagai agen pengoksidaan dan agen
penurunan.
Terangkan jawapan anda dari segi perubahan nombor pengoksidaan.
State the name of the substance that act as an oxidising agent and a reducing
agent. Explain your answer in terms of change in oxidation number.
[4 marks]

(b) Rajah 10 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menyiasat proses

elektrolisis dalam set I dan set II dengan menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Diagram 10 shows the apparatus set up to investigate the electrolysis process
in cell I and cell II by using carbon electrode for both cells.
Sel Rajah
Cell Diagram
I
II
Jadual 10 menunjukkan nilai E bagi sel setengah elektrod piawai.

Table 10 shows E value for half standard potential electrode.
2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2 E= 0.00 V

O2 + 2H2O + 4e ⇌ 4OH- E +0.40 V
Cl2 + 2e ⇌ 2CI- E= +1.36 V
Jadual/ Table 10
(i) Berdasarkan sel I, nyatakan nama hasil yang terbentuk di katod dan
anod.
Based on cell I diagram, state the name of the product formed at the cathode
and anode.
[2 marks]

(ii) Hasil yang dikumpul pada anod dalam set I dan set II adalah berbeza.
Terangkan jawapan anda berdasarkan pemilihan nyahcas ion.
The product collected at anode in cell I and cell II are different.
Explain your answer in terms of selective discharge of ion.
[6 marks]
(iii) Tulis setengah persamaan di anod bagi sel I dan sel II.
Write the half equations at the anode for cell I and cell II.
[2 marks]
(c) Penghasilan besi dalam industri melalui tindak balas antara bijih besi
dan arang kok seperti persamaan kimia di bawah.
The production of iron in industry through the reaction between iron ore and
coke is shown in chemical equation below.
2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO2
[Jisim atom relatif / relative atomic mass: O = 16 ; Fe = 56 ]
(i) Tentukan nombor pengoksidaan bagi besi dalam sebatian Fe2O3 dan
nyatakan nama sebatian itu mengikut penamaan IUPAC.
Determine the oxidation number of iron in compound Fe2O3 and state the
name of the compound according to the IUPAC nomenclature.
[2 marks]
(ii) Kilang tersebut mampu memproses 320 kg bijih besi sehari dengan
menggunakan karbon yang berlebihan. Hitung jisim besi yang dihasilkan
dalam sehari.
The factory is able to process 320 kg ore a day by using excess carbon.
Calculate the mass of the iron produced in a day.
[4 marks]
[2023-Perak-11] Rajah 16 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji

penyesaran halogen daripada larutan halidanya oleh halogen X.
Diagram 16 shows an apparatus set-up to investigate the displacement of
halogen from its halide solution by halogen X.

(a) Apakah maksud tindak balas redoks?

What is the meaning of redox reaction?
[1 markah / mark]
(b) (i) Cadangkan satu nama bagi halogen X.

Suggest a name for halogen X.
[1 markah / marks]
(ii) Tuliskan persamaan setengah pengoksidaan dan penurunan bagi proses

yang berlaku.
Write the half equation for the oxidation and reduction process that has
occurs.
[2 markah / marks]
(iii) Namakan hasil tindak balas dan huraikan ujian kimia untuk
mengesahkan hasil tindak balas tersebut.
Name the product of the reaction and describe the chemical test to confirm the
product of the reactions.
[4 markah / marks]
(c) Rajah 17 menunjukkan susunan radas sel A dan sel B.

Diagram 17 shows the apparatus set-up for cell A and cell B.
(i) Bandingkan sel A dan sel B dari segi hasil yang terbentuk dan
pemerhatian pada anod. Tuliskan setengah persamaan pada anod.
Compare cell A and cell B in terms of product formed and observation at
anode. Write half equation at anode.
[6 markah / marks]
(ii) Rumah Aminah terletak di kawasan persisiran pantai. Dia menghadapi

masalah apabila kunci besi rumahnya sering perlu diganti kerana
pengaratan berlaku dengan cepat di kawasan tersebut. Sebagai rakan

Aminah, cadangkan satu cara bagi menyelesaikan masalah tersebut dengan

menggunakan konsep elektrolisis.
Aminah’s house is located at seaside. She has a problem when her iron key
always needed to be replaced due to rusting that occur faster at that area. As
Aminah’s friend, suggest a way to solve the problem by using electrolysis
concept.
[6 markah / marks]
[2023-SBP-10] Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji

tindak balas redoks.
Diagram 10.1 shows the apparatus set-up to study the redox reaction.
Rajah / Diagram 10.1
(a) Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas pengoksidaan dan

penurunan yang berlaku di Set I dan Set II.
Nyatakan pemerhatian dalam tabung uji bagi Set I dan Set II, kemudian
tentukan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan klorin bagi kedua-dua set.
Write the half-equation for the oxidation and reduction reactions occur in Set I
and Set II. State the observation in the test tubes for Set I and Set II, then
determine the change in oxidation number of chlorine for both sets.
[6 markah/ marks]
(b) Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu eksperimen untuk
mengkaji beza keupayaan antara dua elektrod dalam tindak balas redoks.
Diagram 10.2 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to study the
potential difference between two electrodes in a redox reaction.

Rajah/ Diagram 10.2
Jadual 10 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada nilai keupayaan elektrod

Table 10 shows a part of the standard electrode potential of half-cells.

S2O8 + 2e ⇌ 2SO42- +2.01
NO3- + 2H+ + 2e ⇌ NO2- +H2O +0.42
O2 + 2H2O + 4e ⇌ 4OH- +0.40
2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2 0.00
Ag+ + e ⇌ Ag +0.80
Mg2+ + 2e ⇌ Mg -2.38
Jadual/ Table 10.1
Berdasarkan Rajah 10.2 dan Jadual 10.1,

(i) Kenalpasti elektrod yang bertindak sebagai anod. Berikan alasan anda.
Identify the electrode which act as anode. Give your reason.
[2 markah/ marks]
(ii) Tuliskan notasi sel untuk tindak balas itu.

Write the cell notation for the reaction.
[2 markah/ marks]
(c)Dalam satu eksperimen yang lain, seorang murid menjalankan

eksperimen di dalam makmal untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi
pemilihan ion-ion untuk dinyahcaskan pada elektrod berbeza. Rajah 10.3
menunjukkan susunan radas bagi kedua-dua set eksperimen itu.
In another experiment, a student conducts an experiment in the laboratory to
investigate the factors that affecting the discharge of inns at different
electrodes. Diagram 10.3 shows the apparatus set up for both of the
experiments.

Rajah/ Diagram 10.3


Cl2 + 2e ⇌ 2Cl- +1.36
NO3- + 2H+ + 2e ⇌ NO2- +H2O +0.42
O2 + 2H2O + 4e ⇌ 4OH- + 0.40
2H+ + 2e ⇌ H2 0.00
K+ + e ⇌ K -2.92
Jadual/ Table 10.2

Berdasarkan Rajah 10.3 dan Jadual 10.2

banding dan bezakan Set I dan Set II dari segi:

compare and contrast between Set I and Set II based on:
• ion-ion tertarik ke anod dan katod

ions attracted to anode and cathode
• pemilihan ion untuk dioksidakan

choice of ion to be oxidized
• sebab mengapa ion itu dipilih untuk dioksidakan

Reason why the ions were chosen to be oxidized
• pemerhatian di anod dan katod

observations at anode and cathode
[10 markah/ marks]

Bab 2 Sebatian Karbon
[2023-MRSM-05] Rajah 3 menunjukkan dua sebatian karbon di dalam

botol reagen A dan B.
Diagram 3 shows two carbon compounds in reagent bottle A and B.
Botol reagen A/ Reagent bottle A Botol reagen B/ Reagent bottle B
Rajah 3/ Diagram 3
(a) (i) Nyatakan maksud hidrokarbon./State the definition of hydrocarbon.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi bagi sebatian dalam botol reagen A.

State the functional group of compound in reagent bottle A.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Sebatian dalam botol reagen B boleh dihasilkan daripada sebatian dalam
botol reagen A melalui suatu tindak balas.
Compound in reagent bottle B can be produced from compound in reagent
bottle A through a reaction.
(i) Apakah nama tindak balas ini?/ What is the name of this reaction?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindakbalas tersebut.

Write a chemical equation for the reaction.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Puan Rahmah memerlukan bahan api yang tidak menyebabkan

permukaan periuk barunya menjadi hitam. Berdasarkan Rajah 3,
cadangkan sebatian yang sesuai digunakan sebagai bahan api untuk
mengelakkan permukaan periuk menjadi hitam. Terangkan jawapan anda.
[ Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]

Puan Rahmah needs a fuel which do not cause the surface of her new pot
become black. Based on Diagram 3, suggest the suitable compound to be use
as fuel to prevent the surface of pot become black. Explain your answer.
[ Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [4M]
[2023-Melaka-07] Rajah 5 menunjukkan satu siri tindak balas kimia bagi

sebatian M. Sebatian M ialah hidrokarbon tak tepu yang mempunyai empat
atom karbon.
Diagram 5 shows a chemical reaction for compound M, Compound M is an
unsaturated hydrocarbon with four carbon atoms.
Rajah 5 / Diagram 5
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan hidrokarbon?

What is meant by hydrocarbon?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 5,

Based on Diagram 5,
(i) Isomer ialah molekul yang mempunyai formula molekul yang sama tetapi
formula struktur yang berbeza. Lukiskan satu isomer bagi sebatian M.
Isomers are molecules that has the same molecular formula but different
structural formula. Draw one isomer for compound M.

[1M]
(ii) Kenal pasti Tindak balas I, Tindak balas II dan sebatian P.
Identify Reaction I, Reaction II and compound P.
Tindak balas I : ....................................................................................

Reaction I
Tindak balas II : ....................................................................................

Reaction II
Sebatian P : ....................................................................................
Compound P [3M]
(c) Pembakaran sebatian M dan sebatian N menghasilkan kejelagaan yang

berbeza. Jelaskan pernyataan ini dan sertakan bukti melalui pengiraan
peratus jisim karbon per molekul bagi sebatian M dan sebatian N masing-
masing.
[Jisim atom relatif: H=l, C=12, 0=16]
The combustion of compound M and compound N produce different amount of
soot. Explain this statement by calculating the percentage of carbon by mass
per molecule in each compound M and compound N respectively.
[Relative atomic mass : H=l, C=12, 0=16]
[3M]

(d) Kedua-dua sebatian P dan sebatian M boleh digunakan sebagai bahan

api. Penggunaan sebatian yang manakah yang lebih mesra alam sekitar.
Terangkan jawapan anda.
Both compounds P and M can be used as fuel Which of the compounds used,
is more environmentally friendly. Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-Kedah-08] Jadual 8 di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur

sebatian P dan sebatian Q dan kegunaannya
Table 8 below shows structural formula for compound P and compound Q and
their uses.
Sebatian Formula struktur Kegunaan

Compound Stuctural formula Uses
Sebagai bahan pelarut cat.

P
As a solvent for paint.
Sebagai bahan mentah

bersama bahan kimia lain
Q untuk menghasilkan cat.
As a raw materials with other
chemicals to produce paint.
Jadual 8 / Table 8
(a) (i) Nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi bagi sebatian P.

State the functional group for compound P.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Lukis formula struktur isomer bagi sebatian P selain struktur di atas.
Draw the structural formula of the isomer for compound P other than the
structure above.
[1M]

(b) 0.5 mol bahan P terbakar dalam oksigen berlebihan menghasilkan

karbon dioksida dan air.
0.5 mol of substance P burns in excess oxygen produce carbon dioxide and
water.
(i) Lengkapkan persamaan di bawah

Complete the equation below
C3H7OH + ......... O2  3CO2 + .......... H2O

[1M]
(ii) Hitung isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen
ini
[1 mol gas menempati isi padu 24 dm3 mol-1 pada suhu bilik]
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide that released in this experiment.
[1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 24 dm3 mol-1 at room temperature]
[2M]
(c) Banding dan beza sifat fizik bahan P dan Q.

Compare and contrast physical properties of substances P and Q.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]

(d) Rajah 8 di bawah menunjukkan penggunaan bahan P dan Q dalam

kehidupan harian.
Diagram 8 below shows uses of substance P and Q in daily life.
Rajah 8 / Diagram 8
Pada pendapat anda, antara bahan P dan Q, yang mana satu lebih sesuai di
gunakan sebagai bahan pelarut dalam pembuatan cat?
Wajarkan jawapan anda
In your opinion, between substance P and Q, which one is more suitable to be
use as solvent in making paints?
Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
[2023-JohorSkudai-06] Rajah 6 menunjukkan penukaran bagi beberapa

sebatian organik.
Diagram 6 shows the conversions of several organic compounds.
Rajah 6/ Diagram 6

Berdasarkan rajah,/ Based on diagram,
(a) Sebatian A mempunyai tiga isomer. Lukis satu isomer bagi sebatian A
selain struktur di atas. Namakan isomer tersebut.
Compound A has three isomers. Draw one of the isomer other than above
structural. Name the isomer.
[M]
(b) (i) Namakan tindak balas I./ Name the reaction I.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Apakah keadaan yang diperlukan untuk tindak balas I berlaku?

What conditions are needed in reaction II?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran sebatian B di dalam udara.

Write the chemical equation for combustion of compound B in the air
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(c) Huraikan satu ujian kimia untuk membezakan antara sebatian A dan
sebatian B.
Describe a chemical test to differentiate between compound A and compound
B?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]

[2023-Pahang-07] Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan formula strukrur bagi satu

sebatian karbon Z.
Diagram 7.1 shows the structural formula for a carbon compound Z.
(a) (i) Nyatakan maksud sebatian karbon.

State the meaning of carbon compound.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi bagi sebatian karbon Z.

State the functional group of carbon compound Z.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) Sebatian Z boleh dihasilkan melalui tindak balas antara asid karboksilik
X dan alkohol Y. Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.
Compound Z can be produced by the reaction between carboxylic acid X and
alcohol Y. Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(b) Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan satu carta alir bagi tindak balas kimia yang
berlaku di antara ahli-ahli siri homolog dan ciri-ciri bagi sebatian P.
Diagram 7.2 shows a flow chart for the chemical reactions that occur between
members of the homologous series and the characteristics of compound P.

(i) namakan siri homolog bagi sebatian P.

name the homologous series of compound P.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) nyatakan formula am bagi sebatian Q.

state the general formula of compound Q.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) tuliskan formula molekul bagi sebatian R.

write the molecular formula of compound R.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iv) huraikan satu ujian kimia untuk membezakan antara sebatian Q dan
sebatian R.
describe a chemical test to differentiate between compound Q and compound
R.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
[2023-SBP-05] Rajah 5 menunjukkan tindak balas kimia antara sebatian

karbon S dan T.
Diagram 5 shows a chemical reaction between carbon compounds S and T.

(a) Nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi bagi alkohol T.

State the functional group for alcohol T.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Namakan reagen yang digunakan dalam Proses X.

Name the reagent used in Process X.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Sebatian S bertindak balas dengan sebatian T untuk menghasilkan

sebatian U melalui proses Y.
Compound S reacts with compound T to produce compound U through process
Y.
(i) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.

Write the chemical equation for the reaction.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) Hitungkan jisim sebatian U yang terhasil apabila 0.02 mol sebatian S
bertindak balas dengan sebatian T.
Calculate the mass of compound U produced when 0.02 mol of compound S
reacted with compound T.
[Jisim atom relative/ Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12, O= 16]
[2M]
(d) Pewangi merupakan campuran ester dan sebatian T. Jadual 5

menunjukkan tiga jenis pewangi yang mengandungi peratusan sebatian T
berbeza yang digunakan sebagai pelarut.
Fragrance is a mixture of ester and compound T. Table 5 shows three types of
fragrances containing different percentage of compound T that is used as
solvent.
Jenis pewangi Peratus kandungan sebatian T (%)

Type of fragrance Percentage content of compound T (%)
Eau de Perfume (EDP) 75
Eau de Toilette (EDT) 88
Eau de Cologne (EDC) 95
Jadual/ Table 5

Berdasarkan Jadual 5, pewangi manakah yang boleh bertahan paling lama?

Berikan satu sebab.
Based on Table 5, which fragrance can last the longest?
Give one reason.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-JUJ-Set02-08] Rajah 8 menunjukkan carta alir bagi penukaran

tindak balas bagi hidrokarbon B.
Diagram 8 shows the flow chart for conversion reaction involving hydrocarbon
B.
Rajah 8 / Diagram 8
(a) Nyatakan maksud hidrokarbon./ State the meaning of hydrocarbon.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas II.

Write a chemical equation for reaction II.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Namakan tindak balas III.

Name the reaction III.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(d) Lukiskan formula struktur dan namakan bagi sebatian E.

Draw and name structural formula for compound E.
(e) Sebatian A dan sebatian B ialah hidrokarbon. Bandingkan kedua-dua

sebatian dari segi siri homolog dan formula am.
Compound A and compound B are hydrocarbons. Compare both compounds in
terms of homologous series and general formula.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
[2 markah/ marks]
(f) Seorang pelajar memindahkan sebatian C dan sebatian D ke dalam dua

botol reagen yang berasingan. Namun begitu, beliau terlupa untuk
melabelkan kedua-dua botol reagen tersebut. Sebagai seorang pelajar kimia,
huraikan satu ujian kimia untuk mengenalpasti sebatian C dan D.
A student transferred compound C and compound D into two separate reagent
bottles. However, he forgot to label both of the reagent bottles. As a chemistry
student, describe a chemical test to identify compound C and D.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
[3 markah/ marks]

[2023-TerengganuMPP3-08] Rajah 8 menunjukkan beberapa siri tindak

balas kimia bagi hidrokarbon P.
Diagram 8 shows a series of chemical reactions of hydrocarbon P.
Rajah/ Diagram 8
(a) Nyatakan maksud hidrokarbon./ State the meaning of hydrocarbon.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) (i) Nyatakan siri homolog bagi hidrokarbon P.

State the homologous series of hydrocarbon P
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Lukis formula struktur bagi hidrokarbon P.

Draw the structural formula of hydrocarbon P.
[1M]
(c) Dalam tindak balas I, hidrokarbon P terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen
berlebihan. Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.
In reaction I, hydrocarbon P burns completely in excess oxygen.
Write chemical equation for the reaction.
............................................................................................................. [2M]

(d) Tindak balas II boleh digunakan untuk menentusahkan hidrokarbon P.

Reaction II can be used to verify hydrocarbon P.
(i) Nyatakan nama bagi tindak balas II./ State the name of reaction II.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana tindak balas II boleh dijalankan di

dalam makmal.
Describe briefly how reaction II can be carried out in the laboratory.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(e) Dalam tindak balas III, sebatian Q terbentuk apabila hidrokarbon P

bertindak balas dengan air.
In reaction III, compound Q is produced when hydrocarbon P is reacted with
water.
(i) Tulis formula molekul bagi sebatian Q.

Write molecular formula for compound Q.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Sebatian Q boleh bertindak balas dengan asid etanoik menghasilkan

sebatian R yang berbau seperti buah epal. Nyatakan nama sebatian R itu.
Compound Q can reacts with ethanoic acid to produce compound R which has
smell of an apple. State the name of compound R.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2023-JUJ-Set01-03] Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan tindak balas asid etanoik

dan etanol.
Diagram 3.1 shows the reaction of ethanoic acid and ethanol.
Rajah 3.1/Diagram 3.1

(a) (i) Nyatakan nama tindak balas ini./ State the name of this reaction.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Nyatakan fungsi asid sulfurik pekat.

State the function of concentrated sulphuric acid.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii)Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.

Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(b) Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi perisa makanan yang
dijumpai dalam buah nanas.
Diagram 3.2 shows a structural formula of food flavouring which found in
pineapple.
Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2, nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi dan nama bahan ini.
Based on Diagram 3.2, state the functional group and name of this substance.
Kumpulan berfungsi : ………….…………………………………………………....

Functional group
Nama : ………….…………………………………………………....
Name
[2M]

[2023-Putrajaya-08] Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu risalah yang dihasilkan

oleh seorang murid sebagai salah satu bukti Pentaksiran Bilik Darjah (PBD)
di dalam kelas.
Diagram 8 shows one pamphlet produced by a student as the proof of
Classroom Assessment (PBD) in the class.
 Kumpulan ester
Group of esters
 Nama IUPAC:
Etil butanoat
IUPAC name:
Ethyl butanoate
 Terhasil daripada etanol
dan sebatian organik M
Formed from ethanol and
organic compound M
 Berbau manis
Has sweet smell
Rajah/ Diagram 8
(a) Berdasarkan Rajah 8,/Based on Diagram 8,
(i) apakah kumpulan berfungsi bagi etanol?

what is the functional group of etanol?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) nyatakan nama bagi sebatian organik M.

state the name of organic compound M.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) lukiskan formula struktur bagi ester tersebut.

draw the structural formula for the ester.
[2M]
(iv) nyatakan satu pemerhatian bagi ester yang terbentuk selain daripada
menghasilkan bau manis.
state one observation for the ester formed other than produce sweet smell.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(v) huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana untuk menyediakan ester tersebut

di dalam makmal.
describe briefly how to prepare the ester in the laboratory.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang apabila etanol terbakar lengkap

dalam oksigen berlebihan.
Write a balanced chemical equation when ethanol is burnt completely in
excess oxygen.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023 Johor Bahru-08] Rajah 8 menunjukkan carta alir bagi tindak balas
melibatkan sebatian P.
Diagram 8 shows the flow chart for the reactions involving compound P.
Rajah 8/ Diagram 8
Berdasarkan Rajah 8,/ Based on Diagram 8,
(a) (i) nyatakan nama bagi sebatian P./ state the name of the compound P.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(ii) Namakan satu reagen yang boleh digunakan dalam Tindak balas I.
Name one reagent that can be used in the Reaction I.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Dalam Tindak balas II, 14 g sebatian P terbakar lengkap dalam udara
menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida dan air. Persamaan kimia tindak balas
adalah seperti berikut:
In Reaction II, 14 g of compound P is burnt completely in air to produce carbon
dioxide and water. The chemical equation for the reaction is as below:
C4H8 + 6O2  4CO2 + 4H2O
Hitung isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang terbebas dalam tindak balas ini
pada suhu bilik.
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas released in this reaction at room
temperature.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
[Isi padu molar bagi gas pada suhu bilik = 24 dm3 mol-1]
[Relative atomic mass : H = 1, C = 12,0 = 16]
[Molar volume of gas at room temperature = 24 dm 3 mol-1]
[3M]
(c) Sebatian P mengalami Tindak balas III untuk menghasilkan sebatian R.

Banding dan bezakan sebatian P dan sebatian R.
Compound P undergoes Reaction III to form compound R.
Compare and contrast compounds P and R.
Persamaan/ Similarity:
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
Perbezaan/ Difference :
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(d) Huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana sebatian P dan sebatian R dapat

dikenal pasti dalam makmal.
Describe briefly how compounds P and R can be identified in the laboratory.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
[2023-Perak-08] (a) Rajah 10 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi dua

hidrokarbon.
Diagram 10 shows the structural formulae of two hydrocarbons.
Sebatian X/ Compound X Sebatian Y/ Compound Y

(i) Nyatakan maksud isomer./State the meaning of isomer.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Nyatakan nama sebatian X dan sebatian Y dengan menggunakan

penamaan IUPAC.
State the names of compound X and compound Y by using IUPAC
nomenclature.
Sebatian X : ...................................................................................
Compound X
Sebatian Y : ...................................................................................
Compound Y
[2M]
(iii) Lukis formula struktur untuk satu lagi isomer sebatian X.
Draw the structural formula for another isomer of compound X.
[1M]

(b) (i) Hidrokarbon X dan Y menghasilkan jelaga apabila terbakar.

Bandingkan kejelagaan nyalaan semasa pembakaran hidrokarbon X dan Y
dalam keadaan gas oksigen berlebihan.
Hydrocarbon X and Y produce soot when burnt. Compare the sootiness of the
flame during combustion of hydrocarbon X and Y in excess of oxygen gas.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan kejelagaan hidrokarbon X dan

Y?
Explain why there is a difference in the sootiness of the flame of hydrocarbon
X dan hydrocarbon Y?
[Jisim atom relative/ Relative atomic mass: C = 12, H = 1]
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(c) Pengusaha sebuah kilang gula-gula ingin mengeluarkan gula-gula

berperisa pir. Seorang ahli kimia di kilang tersebut diarahkan untuk
menyediakan satu sampel ester dengan perisa pir melalui tindak balas
pengesteran antara alkohol Q dengan sebatian R. Rajah 11 menunjukkan
langkah penyediaan sampel ester tersebut di dalam makmal.
The owner of a candy factory wants to manufacture pear-flavoured candies. A
chemist in the factory is instructed to prepare a sample of ester with pear
flavour through the esterification reaction between alcohol Q dan compound R.
Diagram 11 shows the steps of preparation for the sample of the ester in the
laboratory.

Berdasarkan Rajah 11,/ Based on the Diagram 11,
(i) Tulis satu persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas pengesteran antara alkohol
Q dengan sebatian R.
Write a chemical equation for the esterification reaction between alcohol Q and
compound R.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Wajarkan penggunaan ester dalam gula-gula dan berikan satu sebab.
Justify the usage of ester in candy and give one reason.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-Kelantan-08] Rajah 8 menunjukkan carta alir bagi tindak balas

melibatkan sebatian karbon.
Diagram 8 shows a flow chart for reactions involving carbon compounds.
Rajah 8 / Diagram 8
(a) (i) Nyatakan siri homolog bagi sebatian P

State the homologous series of compounds P
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Sebatian P mempunyai beberapa isomer.

Lukiskan formula struktur dua isomer bagi sebatian P.
Compound P has several isomers.
Draw the structural formulas of the two isomers of compound P.

[2M]
(b) (i) Sebatian Q ditukarkan kepada sebatian P melalui tindak balas
pendehidratan. Lukiskan gambarajah berlabel radas yang digunakan dalam
tindak balas tersebut.
Compound Q is converted to compound P through a dehydration reaction.
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus used in the reaction.
[2M]

(ii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas pendehidratan yang

ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 8.
Write the chemical equation for the dehydration reaction shown in Diagram 8.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(c) Sebatian Q dan sebatian R merupakan cecair yang tak berwarna dan
sukar untuk dibezakan. Huraikan bagaimana anda dapat bezakan antara
sebatian Q dan sebatian R berdasarkan sifat kimia kedua-dua bahan
tersebut.
Compound Q and compound R are colorless liquids and are difficult to
distinguish. Describe how you can differentiate between compound Q and
compound R based on the chemical properties of the two substances.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
Esei/ essay
[2023-JohorPPDTangkak-11] Jadual 8 menunjukkan sifat sebatian karbon

X, sebatian karbon Y dan sebatian karbon Z yang mempunyai dua atom
karbon permolekul.
Table 8 shows the properties of three carbon compounds X, Y and Z that
consist of two carbon atoms per molecule.
Sebatian karbon Sifat

Carbon compound Properties
X  Larut dalam air
Dissolve in water
 Bertindak balas dengan bes menghasilkan garam

karboksilat dan air
Reacts with base to produce carboxylate salt and
water
Y  Tidak larut dalam air
Does not dissolve in water.
 Menyahwarna warna perang air bromin
Decolourises the brown colour of bromine water
Z  Larut dalam air
Dissolve in water
 Mudah terbakar dengan nyalaan biru dan tidak
menghasilkan jelaga
Easily burned with blue flame and does not produce
soot
Jadual 8/ Table 8

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan sebatian karbon dan nyatakan jenis
sebatian karbon yang berasal daripada benda hidup. Lukis struktur
formula bagi sebatian karbon X dan Y.
What is meant by carbon compound and state the type of carbon compound
that originated from living things. Draw the structural formula for carbon
compound X and Y.
[4 markah/marks]
(b) Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 8, nyatakan siri homolog bagi X, Y

dan Z. Sebatian karbon Z boleh ditukar kepada sebatian karbon X melalui
satu proses. Huraikan secara ringkas langkah proses tersebut di dalam
makmal. Huraian disertakan dengan nama hasil tindak balas.
Based on information in Table 8, state the homologous series of X, Y and Z.
Carbon compound Z can be converted to carbon compound X through a
process. Describe briefly the steps of the process in the laboratory. The
description includes the name of the product of the reaction.
[10 markah/marks]
(c) Sebatian karbon boleh terbakar lengkap dalam udara menghasilkan air
dan karbon dioksida. Tulis persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran lengkap
untuk sebatian karbon Y dan sebatian karbon Z. Hitung isipadu gas karbon
dioksida yang terhasil apabila 0.02 mol sebatian karbon Z terbakar lengkap.
Carbon compounds can be completely burnt in the air to produce water and
carbon dioxide. Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion for
carbon compounds Y and Z. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas
produced when 0.02 mol of carbon compound Z is burnt completely.
[Isipadu molar gas pada keadaan bilik: 24 dm3 mol-1]
[Molar volume of gas at room conditions: 24 dm3 mol-1]
[6 markah/marks]
[2023-Selangor-Set01-11] Rajah 11 menunjukkan penukaran sebatian

organik daripada satu siri homolog kepada yang lain.
Diagram 11 shows the changes of organic compounds from one homologous
series to another.

(a) Jisim molekul relative alkena P ialah 42. Tentukan formula molekul bagi
alkena P dan namakan alkena tersebut.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1. C = 12]
The relative molecular mass of alkene P is 42. Determine the molecular
formula of alkene P and name the alkene.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12]
(b) Sebatian Q boleh dihasilkan daripada alkena P melalui tindak balas II.
Compound Q can be produced from alkene P through the reaction 11.
(i) Nyatakan keadaan dan reagen yang digunakan bagi penukaran alkena P
kepada sebatian Q dan tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.
State the conditions and reagent used for the changes of alkene P to
compound Q and write the chemical equation for the reaction.
[5 markah][5 marks]
(ii) Sebatian Q terbakar dengan lengkap pada suhu bilik untuk

membebaskan 7 200 cm3 gas karbon dioksida. Hitung bilangan mol
sebatian Q yang terbakar.
[1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]
Compound Q burns completely at room temperature to release 7 200 cm 3
carbon dioxide gas. Calculate the number of moles of compound Q burned.
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions]
(c) (i) Namakan tindak balas III.

Name the reaction III.
[1 markah] [1 mark]
(ii) Huraikan satu ujian kimia yang dapat dijalankan untuk membezakan
alkena P dan alkana T.
Describe a chemical test that can be carried out to differentiate alkene P and
alkane T.
(d) Sebatian Q bertindak balas dengan sebatian R membentuk sebatian S

yang berbau manis.
Compound Q reacts with compound R to form compound S with sweet smell.
(i) Namakan sebatian R dan huraikan secara ringkas langkah penyediaan

sebatian S.
Name compound R and describe briefly the steps ofpreparation of compound
S.
(ii) Lukis formula struktur sebatian S.

Draw the structural formula of compound S.
[1 markah] [1 mark]

[2023-Selangor-Set02-11] (a) Rajah 11.1 menunjukkan penyediaan

sebatian organik bukan hidrokarbon, Q dan dua jenis tindak balas bagi
penukaran sebatian Q kepada dua sebatian organik yang berlainan.
Diagram 11.1 shows the preparation of non-hydrocarbon organic compound,
Q and two types of reactions for the changes of compound Q to two different
organic compounds.
(i) nyatakan maksud sebatian bukan hidrokarbon. Namakan sebatian P, Q

dan R. Lukiskan formula struktur bagi sebatian Q. Tuliskan persamaan
kimia seimbang bagi pembentukan sebatian R daripada sebatian Q.
state the meaning of non-hydrocarbon compound. Name compounds P, Q and
R. Draw the structural formula of compound Q. Write balanced chemical
equation for the formation of compound R from compound Q.
(ii) sebatian Q mempunyai sifat fizik yang membolehkannya sesuai
digunakan dalam penghasilan bahan untuk kegunaan dalam kehidupan
seharian. Nyatakan dua barangan yang dihasilkan daripada sebatian Q.
the physical properties of compound Q are suitable for the production of
materials for everyday use. State two products which are made from
compound Q.
(b) Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan satu poster amaran yang ditampal di sebuah
restoran. Pada pendapat anda, adakah amaran itu wajar? Berikan sebab
untuk menyokong pendapat anda.

Diagram 11.2 shows one warning poster which is pasted in a restaurant. In

your opinion, is this warning reasonable? Give reasons to support your
opinion.
(c) Saintis meramalkan kebanyakan rizab petroleum dalam bumi akan habis
dalam masa 100 tahun jika digunakan pada kadar sekarang. Oleh itu,
langkah proaktif dan berkesan amat diperlukan untuk menghasilkan
sumber alternatif bagi menggantikan petroleum. Sumber tenaga alternatif
boleh dihasilkan melalui proses kimia yang bersumberkan biojisim.
Cadangkan satu bahan buangan yang boleh diperoleh di persekitaran kita
yang dapat diproses sehingga menghasilkan bioetanol. Huraikan secara
ringkas langkah penyediaan bioetanol di makmal.
Based on our current rate of usage, scientist predict most of the petroleum
reserves on earth will be exhausted within 100 years. Therefore, there is a
need for proactive and effective steps to produce alternative resources to
replace petroleum. Alternative energy sources can be derived from many
chemical processes derived from biomass. Suggest one waste substance
found in our surroundings that can be processed to produce bioethanol.
Describe briefly the steps of preparation of the bioethanol in laboratory.
[2023-Perlis-10] Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi butena.

Diagram 9.1 shows a structural formula of butene.

(a) (i) Nyatakan nama siri homolog bagi butena.

Name the homologous series for butene.
[1 markah][1 mark]
(ii) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isomer?

What is meant by isomers?
[1 markah][1 mark]
(iii) Lukis formula struktur satu lagi isomer bagi butena dan namakan
isomernya mengikut penamaan IUPAC.
Draw the structural formula of another isomer of butene and name the isomer
according to the IUPAC nomenclature.
[2 markah][2 marks]
(b) Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan penukaran bagi beberapa sebatian organik.

Diagram 9.2 shows the conversions of several organic compounds.
(i) Nyatakan nama, siri homolog, formula molekul dan kumpulan berfungsi
bagi sebatian X.
State the name, homologous series, molecular formula and functional group of
compound X.
[4 markah][4 marks]
(ii) Nyatakan nama bagi Tindak balas I, Tindak balas II dan Tindak balas III.
State the name of Reaction I, Reaction II and Reaction III.
[3 markah][3 marks]
(iii) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi Tindak balas I dan Tindak balas II.
Write chemical equations for Reaction I and Reaction II.
[4 markah][4 marks]

(c) Etena terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen menghasilkan gas karbon

dioksida dan air. Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang dan hitungkan
isipadu gas karbon dioksida yang terhasil apabila 1.12 g etena terbakar
lengkap.
[Jisim atom relatif : C = 12, H = 1 dan 1 mol bagi sebarang gas menempati
24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik]
Ethene burns completely in oxygen producing carbon dioxide gas and water.
Write a balanced chemical equation and calculate the volume of carbon
dioxide gas produced when 1.12 g of ethene burns completely.
[Relative atomic masses : C = 12, H = 1 and 1 mole of any gas occupies 24
dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]
[5 markah][5 marks]
[2023-NegeriSembilan-10] (a) Rajah 9 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi

hidrokarbon P dan Q.
Diagram 9 shows the structural formulae of hydrocarbon P and Q.
Hidrokarbon P / Hydrocarbon P Hidrokarbon Q/ Hydrocarbon Q
Rajah 9/ Diagram 9
(i) Tuliskan formula molekul hidrokarbon P dan Q. Nyatakan siri homolog

dan formula am bagi kedua-dua hidrokarbon.
Write the molecular formulae for hydrocarbon P and Q. State the homologous
series and general formula for both hydrocarbons.
(ii) Hidrokarbon Q mempunyai satu isomer yang lain. Lukis formula

struktur dan namakan isomer tersebut.
Hydrocarbon Q has another isomer. Draw the structural formula and name
the isomer.
(iii) Gas P dialirkan ke dalam air klorin dan diletakkan dalam satu almari
bertutup. Selepas 2 jam, wama air klorin didapati tidak berubah. Jelaskan
pemerhatian tersebut.
Gas P is channelled into chlorine water and put into a closed cupboard. After
2 hours, it was found that the colour of chlorine water remains unchanged.
Explain the observation.

(iv) 2.9 g gas Q terbakar lengkap dalam gas oksigen menghasilkan karbon
dioksida dan air. Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang seimbang dan hitungkan
isi padu maksimum gas karbon dioksida yang terbebas pada keadaan bilik.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12; 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm 3 pada
keadaan bilik]
2.9 g gas Q burns completely in oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and
water. Write a balanced chemical equation and calculate the maximum
volume of carbon dioxide gas released at room conditions.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12; 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm 3 at room
conditions]
(b) Jadual 5 menunjukkan maklumat tentang sebatian karbon W dan X.

Table 5 shows the information about carbon compound W and X.
Sebatian karbon W Sebatian karbon X

Carbon compound W Carbon compound X
• Mempunyai 2 atom karbon • Mempunyai 3 atom karbon

Has 2 carbon atoms Has 3 carbon atoms
• Mengandungi Kumpulan • Mengandungi Kumpulan karboksil, -

hidroksil, -OH COOH
Contains hydroxyl, -OH group Contains carboxyl, -COOH group
Jadual 5 / Table 5
Namakan sebatian karbon W dan X. Huraikan satu ujian kimia untuk

membezakan sebatian karbon W dan X.
Name carbon compounds and X. Describe a chemical test to differentiate
carbon compound W and X.

Bab 3 Termokimia
[2023-Kedah-05] Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan

haba pemendakan bagi magnesiurn karbonat, MgCO3.
Diagram 5 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of precipitation
for magnesium carbonate, MgCO3.
Rajah 5 / Diagram 5
Keputusan yang diperoleh daripada eksperimen itu direkod dalam Jadual 5,

Result obtained from the experiment is recorded in Table 5.
Penerangan Suhu (C)

Description Temperature
(C)
Suhu awal larutan natrium karbonat 1.0 mol dm-3
Initial temperature of 1.0 mol dm-3 of sodium carbonate 29.0
solution
Suhu awal larutan magnesium nitrat 1.0 mol dm-3
Initial temperature of 1.0 mol dm-3 of magnesium nitrate 28.0
solution
Suhu terendah campuran
25.0
Lowest temperature of the mixture
Jadual 5 / Table 5
Berdasarkan eksperimen ini,/ Based on this experiment,
(a) (i) Nyatakan maksud haba pemendakan.

State the meaning of heat of precipitation.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(ii) Nyatakan jenis tindak balas tersebut./ State the type of the reaction.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas pemendakan yang berlaku.
Write the ionic equation for tho procipitato roactlon occurs.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Hitung perubahan haba pemendakan dalam tindak balas itu,

[Muatan haba tentu bagi larutan, c = 4.2 J g -1 C-1;
Ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-3)
Calculate the heat of precipitation in the reaction
[Specific heat capacity of solution, c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1;
Density of solution = 1 g cm -3]
[3M]
(c) Eksperimen diulang bagi menggantikan 25 cm3 larutan natrium

karbonat 1.0 mol dm-3 dengan 25 cm3 larutan kalium karbonat
1.0 mol dm-3. Ramalkan haba pemendakan yang akan diperoleh. Jelaskan
jawapan anda.
The experiment is repeated by replacing 25 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 of sodium
carbonate solution with 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of potassium carbonate
solution. Predict the heat of precipitation obtained. Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-SBP-04] Seorang murid menjalankan satu eksperimen bagi

menentukan nilai x bagi tindak balas antara 50 cm 3 larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat 0.2 mol dm3 dengan serbuk zink. Rajah 4 menunjukkan gambar
rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas itu
A student carried out an experiment to determine the value of x for the
reaction 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution with zinc powder.
Diagram 4 shows the energy level diagram for the reaction.

Rajah/ Diagram 4
(a) Apakah yang diwakili oleh simbol ∆H?

What is represented by the symbol of ∆H?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 4, nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku.

Based on Diagram 4, state the type of reaction occur.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Jadual 4 menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen yang dijalankan itu.

Table 4 shows the result of the experiment that was carried out.
Penerangan Suhu (C)

Descriptions Temperature (C)
Suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 28.0
Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate solution
Suhu tertinggi campuran 38.0
The highest temperature of the mixture
Jadual/ Table 4
(i) Hitungkan perubahan haba bagi tindak balas itu.

Calculate the heat change for the reaction.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1;
Ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-3]
[Specific heat capacity of solution, c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1;
Density of solution = 1 g cm-3]
[1M]

(ii) Hitungkan nilai x./ Determine the value of x.
[2M]
(iii) Ramalkan nilai x jika isi padu larutan kuprum(II) sulfat bertambah
kepada 100 cm3 manakala bahan dan kuantiti yang lain dikekalkan.
Berikan sebab.
Predict the value of x if the volume of copper(II) sulphate solution increases to
100 cm3 while other materials and quantity are remained. Give reason.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-Selangor-Set01-06] Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas dan suhu

yang direkodkan untuk menentukan haba peneutralan menggunakan dua
jenis asid, asid X dan asid Y dengan larutan natrium hidroksida.
Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set-up and the temperature recorded to
determine the heat of neutralisation using two types of acid, acid X and acid Y
with sodium hydroxide solution.
Set I

Set II
Rajah 6/ Diagram 6
(a) Apakah maksud haba peneutralan?

What is the meaning of heat of neutralisation?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam eksperimen
ini.
Write the ionic equation for the reaction in this experiment.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Hitung haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas dalam Set I.

[Diberi muatan haba tentu bagi larutan ialah c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1, ketumpatan
larutan = 1 g cm-3]
Calculate the heal of neutralisation of reaction in Set 1.
[Given the specific heat capacity of solution is c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1, density of
solution = 1 g cm-3]
[3M]

(d) Bandingkan perubahan suhu antara Set I dan Set II. Terangkan jawapan
anda.
Compare the changes of temperature between Set 1 and Set II. Explain your
answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(e) Daniel ingin meningkatkan suhu bagi tindak balas dalam Set I sebanyak
dua kali ganda. Apakah yang beliau boleh lakukan?
Daniel wants to double the temperature of reaction in Set 1. What can he do?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2023-MRSM-07] Persamaan termokimia di bawah mewakili dua tindak

balas peneutralan.
Thermochemical equations below represent two neutralization reactions.
Set I : KOH + HCl  KCl + H2O ; ΔH = - Y kJ mol-1
Set II : KOH + CH3COOH  CH3COOK + H2O ; ΔH = - 50.0 kJ mol-1
(a) Berdasarkan set I dan set II, nyatakan jenis tindak balas.
Based on set I and set II, state the type of reaction.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan haba

peneutralan bagi Set I.
Diagram 5 shows an apparatus set-up to study the heat of neutralisation for
Set I.
Rajah 5/ Diagram 5

(i) Hitung haba peneutralan bagi tindak balas ini.

[Diberi muatan haba tentu larutan, C = 4.2 J g-1 C-1,
ketumpatan larutan ialah 1.0 g cm-3]
Calculate the heat of neutralisation of the reaction.
[Given specific heat capacity of solution, C = 4.2 J g -1 C-1,
density of solution is 1.0 g cm-3]
[4M]
(ii) Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas ini.
Draw the energy level diagram for this reaction
[2 markah]
(iii) Bandingkan nilai haba peneutralan bagi Set I dan Set II.
Jelaskan mengapa.
Compare the value of heat of neutralisation for Set I and Set II. Explain why.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]

[2023-Selangor-Set02-06] Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk

menentukan haba pembakaran etanol, C2H5OH.
Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of combustion of
ethanol, C2H5OH.
(a) Mengapakah bekas kuprum digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?

Why is a copper can used in this experiment?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Pernyataan berikut adalah mengenai haba pembakaran etanol, C2H5OH.

The following statement is about the heat of combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH.
1 376 kJ haba dibebaskan apabila satu mol etanol, C2H5OH

dibakar dengan lengkap dalam oksigen, O2 berlebihan.
1 376 kJ heat is released when one mole of ethanol, C2H5OH is
completely burnt in excess oxygen, O2.
(i) Tulis persamaan termokimia bagi pemyataan di atas.

Write the thermochemical equation for the statement above.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) Hitungkan jisim etanol, C2H5OH yang diperlukan untuk membakar

dengan lengkap dalam oksigen, O2 berlebihan supaya dapat menaikkan
suhu 1 170 cm3 air, H2O sebanyak 56 C. Andaikan tiada haba yang hilang
ke persekitaran.
[Muatan haba tentu air, c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1; Ketumpatan air = 1 g cm-3;
Jisim molar etanol = 46 g mol-1]
Calculate the mass of ethanol, C2H5OH needed to burn completely in excess
oxygen, O2 in order to raise the temperature of 1 170 cm3 of water, H2O by
56C. Assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings.
[Specific heat capacity of solution, c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1; Density of solution = 1 g
cm3; Molar mass of ethanol = 46 g mol-1]

[3M]
(c) Bahan api ialah sebatian yang terbakar dalam udara untuk
menghasilkan tenaga haba. Setiap bahan api mempunyai haba pembakaran
yang-berlainan.
Fuels are substances that burn in the air to produce heat energy. Each fuel
has different heat of combustion.
(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nilai bahan api?

What is the meaning of the fuel value?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Nilai bahan api metana ialah 27 kJ g-1 manakala nilai bahan api oktana
ialah 48.2 kJ g-1. Bahan api manakah yang akan anda pilih untuk
memasak? Wajarkan jawapan anda.
Fuel value of methane is 27 kJ g-1 whereas fuel value of octane is 48.2 kJ g -1.
Which fuel would you choose to cook? Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]

[2023-JUJ-Set01-08] Rajah 8 menunjukkan persamaan termokimia bagi

tindak balas haba peneutralan.
Diagram 8 shows the thermochemical equation for the heat of neutralisation.
HCl(ak) + NaOH(ak)  NaCl(ak) + H2O(ce) ; ΔH = -57 kJ mol-1

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ; ΔH = -57 kJ mol-1
Rajah 8/ Diagram 8
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan haba peneutralan?

What is meant by heat of neutralisation?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Nyatakan jenis tindak balas bagi proses peneutralan.

State the type of reaction for the neutralisation process.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Nazmi menjalankan eksperimen menentukan haba peneutralan di dalam

makmal. Dia menggunakan 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 dan
50 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 2.0 mol dm-3. Hitungkan haba
yang dibebaskan.
Nazmi conducted an experiment to determine the heat of neutralisation in the
laboratory. He uses 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 and 50 cm3
of sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH 2.0 mol dm -3. Calculate the heat
released.
[2M]

(d) Jika eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan 50 cm 3 larutan asid

sulfurik 2.0 mol dm-3 bagi menggantikan larutan asid hidroklorik, ramalkan
nilai haba yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen ini. Terangkan jawapan
anda.
If the experiment is repeated by using 50 cm3 of sulphuric acid solution 2.0
mol dm-3 to replace the hydrochloric acid solution, predict the value of the heat
released in this experiment. Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(e) Nazmi dibekalkan dengan dua jenis asid, iaitu asid P dan asid Q, larutan
natrium hidroksida, dua cawan polistirena dan dua termometer.
Berdasarkan pengetahuan anda dalam termokimia, bagaimana anda dapat
membantu Nazmi mengenalpasti yang manakah di antara asid P dan asid Q
merupakan asid kuat dan asid lemah di dalam makmal?
Nazmi is supplied with two types of acid, which are acid P and acid Q,
sodium hydroxide solution, two polystyrene cups and two thermometers.
Based on your knowledge in thermochemistry, how can you help Nazmi
identify which of acid P and acid Q is a strong acid and weak acid in the
laboratory?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
[2023-Melaka-06] Rajah 4 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga apabila

etanol bertindak balas dengan oksigen berlebihan.
Diagram 4 shows the energy level diagram when ethanol reacts with excess
oxygen.

(a) Tuliskan formula kimia bagi etanol.

Write the chemical formula for ethanol.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) nyatakan jenis tindak balas dari segi perubahan tenaga.

state the type of reaction in terms of heat change.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) (i) kenal pasti X dan Y./ Identify X and Y.
X : ..........................................................................................................
Y : .................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.

write a chemical equation for the reaction.
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(d) bandingkan jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas dengan

jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas.
Compare the total energy content of the reactants with the total energy
content of the products.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(e) 4.6 g etanol telah bertindak balas lengkap dalam oksigen berlebihan.
Hitungkan haba yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen ini.
[Jisim atom relatif: H=l, C=12, 0=16]
4.6 g of ethanol reacted completely in excess oxygen.
Calculate the heat released in this experiment
[Relative atomic mass : H=l, C=12, 0=16]

[2M]
[2023-JUJ-Set02-07] Satu ekperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji

haba pembakaran metanol, CH3OH.
Rajah 7 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi pembakaran metanol
tersebut.
An experiment was conducted to study the heat of combustion of methanol,
CH3OH.
Diagram 7 shows the energy level diagram for the combustion of methanol.
Rajah 7 / Diagram 7
(a) Nyatakan jenis tindak balas bagi pembakaran metanol, CH3OH.

State the type of reaction for the combustion of methanol, CH3OH.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Dalam ekperimen ini, tenaga haba yang terbebas daripada pembakaran
lengkap 2.56 g metanol digunakan untuk memanaskan 500 cm3 air.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16; Muatan haba tentu air, c = 4.2 J
g-1 C-1; Ketumpatan air = 1.0 g cm-3]
In this experiment, heat energy released from the complete combustion of 2.56
g of methanol is used to heat 500 cm3 of water.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16; Specific heat capacity of water,
c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1; Density of water = 1.0 g cm-3]

Hitungkan,/ Calculate,
(i) haba yang dibebaskan dalam eksperimen ini.

the heat released in this experiment.
[2M]
(ii) perubahan suhu dalam tindak balas ini.

the temperature change in this reaction.
[1M]
(c) Eksperimen ini diulang dengan menggantikan metanol dengan etanol.

Haba pembakaran yang diperoleh adalah -1376 kJ mol -1. Banding dan
terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan haba pembakaran antara metanol
dan etanol.
The experiment is repeated by replacing methanol with ethanol. The heat of
combustion obtained is -1376 kJ mol-1. Compare and explain why there is a
difference in the heat of combustion between methanol and ethanol.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(d) Jadual 7 menunjukkan nilai bahan api bagi beberapa jenis bahan api.
Table 7 shows the fuel values of a few type of fuels.
Bahan api Nilai bahan api (kJ g-1)

Fuel Fuel value (kJ g-1)
Metana/ Methane 30
Kerosin/ Kerosene 37
Gas Asli/ Natural gas 50
Hidrogen/ Hydrogen 143
Jadual 7 / Table 7

(i) Apakah maksud nilai bahan api?/ What is the meaning of fuel value?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Berdasarkan Jadual 7, pilih satu bahan api yang sesuai untuk
memasak. Wajarkan jawapan anda.
Based on Table 7, choose one fuel that is suitable for cooking.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-NegeriSembilan-08] Jadual 4 menunjukkan haba pembakaran

beberapa bahan api.
Table 4 shows the heat of combustion of some fuels.
Bahan api Haba pembakaran (kJ mol-1)

Fuel Heat of combustion (kJ mol-1)
Metana/ Methane -890
Propana/ Propane -2230
Etanol/ Ethanol -1376
Propanol/ Propanol -2016
Jadual 4/ Table 4
(a) Pembakaran bahan api adalah tindak balas eksotermik. Apakah yang
dimaksudkan dengan tindak balas eksotermik?
The combustion of fuel is an exothermic reaction. What is meant by exothermic
reaction?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Rajah 7 menunjukkan profil tenaga bagi pembakaran propanol.

Diagram 7 shows the energy profile for the combustion of propanol.

Tandakan ∆H bagi tindak balas tersebut dalam Rajah 7.

Mark ∆H for the reaction in Diagram 7.
(c) (i) Bandingkan haba pembakaran metana dan propana.

Compare the heat of combustion of methane and propane.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Terangkan jawapan anda di 8(c)(i)./ Explain your answer in 8(c)(i).
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(d) Hitungkan nilai bahan api bagi etanol.

Calculate the fuel value of ethanol.
[Jisim atom relative/ Relative atomic mass: H=1,C=12, 0=16]
[2M]
(e) Semasa perlawanan bo la sepak, seorang pemain mendapati lututnya

bengkak selepas berlanggar dengan pemain lawan. Untuk melegakan
kesakitan, lututnya perlu diletakkan sesuatu yang sejuk. Dengan
menggunakan pengetahuan kimia, pilih bahan-bahan yang betul untuk
melegakan kesakitan pemain itu:
During a football game, a player found that his knee was swollen after being
hit by the opponent. To relieve the pain, his knee should be put with
something cold. By using chemistry knowledge, choose the correct materials to
relieve the player's pain:
• Beg plastic/ Plastic bag

• Air/ Water
• Serbuk natrium hidroksida/ Sodium hydroxide powder
• Serbuk ammonium nitrat/ Ammonium nitrate powder
Huraikan bagaimana kesakitan pemain itu dapat dilegakan.

Describe how the player's pain can be relieved.

.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
[2023 Johor Bahru-07] 7. Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk

mengkaji haba penyesaran.
Diagram 7.1 shows the apparatus set-up to study heat of displacement.
(a) apakah maksud haba penyesaran?

what is the meaning of heat of displacement?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) namakan pepejal perang yang terbentuk.

name the brown solid formed.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(c) Jadual 7 menunjukkan maklumat bagi keputusan eksperimen yang

telah direkodkan.
Table 7 shows the information for the recorded results of the experiment
Suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate = 28C
Suhu tertinggi larutan campuran

Highest temperature of the mixture solution = 50C
Jadual 7/ Table 7
(i) Hitungkan bilangan mol pepejal perang yang terhasil.

Calculate the number of mole of the brown solidformed.
[1M]
(ii) Tentukan haba penyesaran bagi tindak balas ini.

Determine the heat of displacement for this reaction.
[Muatan haba tentu bagi larutan = 4.2 J g -1 C-1, Ketumpatan larutan = 1.0
g cm-3]
[Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 C-1, Density of solution = 1.0 g
cm-3]
[2M]
(d) Seorang pelajar telah menggantikan logam magnesium dengan logam X

dan didapati haba penyesaran tindak balas tersebut berkurang.
Cadangkan logam X dan terangkan jawapan anda.
A student replaced the magnesium metal with metal X and found that the
heat of displacement of the reaction decreases.
Suggest metal X and explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]

(c) Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan

suatu alat bantu mula X
yang dibalut pada kaki
yang terseliuh.
Diagram 7.2 shows a first
aid tool X which is wrapped
around sprained foot.
Pada pendapat anda, adakah bahan tindak balas dalam Rajah 7.1 boleh
digunakan dalam alat bantu mula X bagi merawat kecederaan tersebut ?
Wajarkan jawapan anda.
In your opinion, can the reactants in Diagram 7.1 used in first aid tool X to
treat the injury? Justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]

Esei/ Essay
[2023-JohorSkudai-09] (a) Jadual 9 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen

bagi menentukan haba pemendakan bagi dua jenis tindak balas yang
menggunakan larutan natrium karbonat, Na2CO3.
Table 9 shows the experimental results to determine the heat of precipitation
for two types of reactions that use sodium carbonate solution, Na 2CO3.
Suhu awal Perbezaan suhu

larutan selepas
Initial dicampurkan
Set Tindak balas Temperature Temperature
Reaction of solution difference after
(℃) mixing (℃)
100 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat 0.1 Berlaku
mol dm-3 + 100 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) kenaikan
sulfat 0.1 mol dm-3 menghasilkan pepejal suhu
hijau Y dan larutan natrium sulfat. sebanyak
100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate 4oC
I 29.0
solution + 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 There is a
copper(II) sulphate solution produces temperature
green solid Y and sodium sulfate increase of
solution. 4oC
100 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat 0.1
mol dm-3 + 100 cm3 larutan magnesium Berlaku
nitrat 0.1 mol dm-3 menghasilkan penurunan
magnesium karbonat dan larutan tidak suhu
berwarna Z. sebanyak
II 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate 29.0 3oC
solution + 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 There is a
magnesium nitrate solution produces temperature
magnesium carbonate and a colourless decrease of
solution Z. 3oC
(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan haba pemendakan dan warna

kuprum(II) sulfat?
What is meant by heat of precipitation and colour of copper(II) sulfate?
(ii) Cadangkan pepejal hijau Y dan larutan tidak berwarna Z.

Suggest a green solid Y and a colourless solution Z.
(iii) Hitung haba pemendakan bagi set I dan set II.

Calculate the heat of precipitation for set I and set II.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g-1 ℃-1; ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-
3]
[Specific heat capacity of solution, c = 4.2 J g-1 ℃-1; density solution = 1 g cm-3]
[6 markah][6 marks]

(b) Jadual 9.2 menunjukkan maklumat tentang dua jenis asid yang
bertindak balas dengan larutan alkali bagi penentuan haba peneutralan di
makmal.
Table 9.2 shows information about two types of acids that react with alkaline
solutions to determine the heat of neutralization in the laboratory.
Asid X Asid Y
Acid X Acid Y
Formula kimia
CH3COOH HCl
Chemical formula
Haba peneutralan ∆H = -57 kJ mol-1 ∆H = -53 kJ mol-1
Heat of neutralization
Jadual 9.2
Table 9.2
(ii) Nyatakan 1 persamaan di antara asid X dan asid Y. Selepas itu

terangkan perbezaan haba peneutralan kedua-dua asid tersebut.
State 1 similarty between acid X and acid Y. After that explain the difference
in the heat of neutralization of the two acids.
[10 markah][10 marks]
[2023-Putrajaya-11] (a) Jadual 11.1 menunjukkan maklumat bagi

eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk menyiasat jenis tindak balas
berdasarkan perubahan bacaan termometer apabila bahan dilarutkan
dalam air.
Table 11.1 shows the information’s for experiment conducted to investigate
the type of reactions based on changes in thermometer readings when
substances dissolve in water.
Tindak balas
A B
Reaction
Pepejal natrium
Bahan Pepejal kalium klorida
hidroksida
Substance Solid potassium chloride
Solid sodium hydroxide
Perubahan
bacaan
thermometer
Changes in
thermometer
readings
Jadual/ Table 11.1

Berdasarkan Jadual 11.1, bandingkan Tindak balas A dengan Tindak balas

B dari segi :
Based on Table 11.1, compare Reaction A and Reaction B in terms of :
• Jenis tindak balas/ Type of reaction

• Tanda bagi ΔH/ Sign for ΔH
• Perubahan jumlah kandungan tenaga bahan tindak balas dan jumlah

kandungan tenaga hasil tindak balas
Change in the total energy content of reactants and the total energy content of
products
• Pembentukan dan pemecahan ikatan/ Formation and breaking bond
• Contoh lain bagi Tindak balas A dan B

Other example for Reaction A and B
[6 markah/ marks]
(b) Rajah 11.1 menunjukkan susunan radas eksperimen untuk

menentukan haba pembakaran bagi etanol di dalam makmal.
Diagram 11.1 shows the apparatus set up for the experiment to determine the
heat of combustion of ethanol in laboratory.
Termometer
Thermometer
Pengadang angin Pengadang angin

Bikar
Wind shield Wind shield
Beaker 200 cm3 air
200 cm3 water
Segi ga tanah liat

Pipeclay triangle
Pelita
Etanol
Spirit lamp
Ethanol
Bongkah kayu
Wooden block
(i) Cadangkan satu pengubahsuaian yang boleh dilakukan ke atas susunan

radas untuk mendapatkan perubahan suhu yang lebih tepat. Terangkan
jawapan anda.
Suggest one modification that can be made to the apparatus set up to obtain
more accurate temperature changes. Explain your answer.
[2 markah/ marks]

(ii) Hitung haba pembakaran bagi 1.38 g etanol jika suhu meningkat
sebanyak 50 C.
[Muatan haba tentu air, c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1; ketumpatan air = 1 g cm-3; jisim
molar etanol = 46 gmol-1]
Calculate the heat of combustion for 1.38 g of ethanol if the temperature
increased by 50 C.
[Specific heat capacity of solution, c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1; density of solution =
1 g cm-3; molar mass of ethanol = 46 g mol-1]
[4 markah/ marks]
(c) Jadual 11.2 menunjukkan nilai bahan api bagi beberapa jenis bahan api.
Table 11.2 shows the fuel value of a few types of fuels.
Bahan api Nilai bahan api (kJ g-1)

Fuel Fuel value (kJ g-1)
Metana, CH4
27
Methane, CH4
Etanol, C2H5OH
30
Ethanol, C2H5OH
Butana, C4H10
49
Butane, C4H10
Jadual/ Table 11.2
Manakah bahan api yang terbaik untuk digunakan berdasarkan kesannya

terhadap alam sekitar?
Terangkan jawapan anda dan buktikannya menggunakan pengiraan.
[Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
Which fuel is the best to be used in terms of its effect on the environment?
Explain your answer and prove by using calculations.
[Relative atomic mass : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]
[5 markah/ marks]
(d) Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan satu pek sejuk yang digunakan dalam
kalangan ahli sukan dan dua jenis bahan kimia dengan maklumat haba
tindak balas nya.
Diagram 11.2 shows a cold pack used among the sportsman and two types of
chemical substances with the information of its heat of reactions.
Pek sejuk
Cold pack

Ammonium klorida Ammonium nitrat

Ammonium chloride Ammonium nitrate
+ 15 kJ mol-1 + 25 kJ mol-1
Rajah/ Diagram 11.2
Semasa hari sukan sekolah, seorang murid mengalami kesakitan otot

selepas acara larian. Apakah jenis tindak balas bagi pek sejuk? Sebagai
pelajar Kimia, bantu murid tersebut untuk memilih bahan kimia terbaik
untuk digunakan di dalam pek sejuk tersebut. Berikan satu alasan.
During school sports day, a student experience muscle pain after the running
event. What is the type of reaction of cold pack? As a chemistry student, help
the student to choose the best chemical substance to be used in the cold pack.
Give one reason.
[3 markah/ marks]
[2023-Perak-10] (a) Rajah 14 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi

dua tindak balas pemendakan.
Diagram 14 shows energy level diagrams for two sets of precipitation
reaction.
Set Gambar rajah aras tenaga
Set Energy level diagram
II

(i) Tindak balas yang manakah membebaskan tenaga haba ke persekitaran

semasa tindak balas berlaku? Terangkan.
Which reaction release heat energy to the surrounding during the reaction?
Explain. [2 markah / marks]
(ii) Dalam Set I, apabila 50 cm3 larutan natrium klorida 1.0 mol dm-3
ditambahkan kepada 50 cm3 larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 1.0 mol dm-3, suhu
meningkat sebanyak 3.5°C. Tentukan bahan tindak balas yang manakah
berlebihan. Hitungkan nilai x.
[Ketumpatan air = 1.0 g cm-3, muatan haba tentu air, c = 4.2 Jg-1°C-1]
In Set I, when 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution is added into
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution, temperature increases by
3.5°C. Determine which reactant is in excess. Calculate the value of x.
[Density of water = 1.0 g cm-3, specific heat capacity of water, c = 4.2 Jg -1°C-1]
[5 markah / marks]
(iii) Ahmad menjalankan eksperimen Set II dengan menambahkan 50 cm 3

larutan kalium karbonat 1.0 mol dm-3 ke dalam 50 cm3 larutan magnesium
klorida 1.0 mol dm-3. Perubahan suhu dicatat dan seterusnya haba
pemendakan bagi eksperimen tersebut dihitung. Akan tetapi, nilai haba
pemendakan yang diperoleh tidak sama seperti dalam Rajah 14.
Nyatakan maksud haba pemendakan dan terangkan mengapa nilai haba
pemendakan ini berbeza? Tuliskan persamaan termokimia bagi tindak balas
ini. Nyatakan warna mendakan yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas ini.
Ahmad conducted the experiment in Set II by adding 50 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
potassium carbonate solution into 50 cm 3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 magnesium chloride
solution. The temperature change is recorded and then the heat of
precipitation for the reaction is calculated. However, the value of heat of
precipitation obtained is not the same as in Diagram 14.
State the meaning of heat of precipitation and explain why these heat values
of precipitation are different? Write a thermochemical equation for the reaction.
State the colour of precipitate formed in this reaction. [4 markah / marks]
(b) Jadual 5 menunjukkan bahan tindak balas yang digunakan oleh Jeffrey
semasa menjalankan eksperimen untuk menentukan haba penyesaran
kuprum.
Table 5 shows the reactants used by Jeffrey when carrying out an experiment
to determine the heat of displacement of copper.
Set Bahan tindak balas/ Reactants

I Serbuk magnesium berlebihan + 50 cm 3 larutan kuprum(II) nitrat
0.5 mol dm-3
Excess magnesium powder + 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) nitrate
solution
II Serbuk ferum berlebihan + 50 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) nitrat 0.5 mol
dm-3
Excess iron powder + 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) nitrate solution

(i) Nyatakan dua pemerhatian daripada Set I.

State two observations from Set I.
[2 markah / marks]
(ii) Bandingkan haba penyesaran Set I dan Set II. Terangkan.

Compare the heat of displacement of Set I and Set II. Explain.
[3 markah / marks]
(iii) Rajah 15 menunjukkan perubahan warna larutan dalam Set II selepas

tindak balas selesai.
Diagram 15 shows the colour change of solution in Set II after the reaction
complete.
Awal eksperimen/Beginning of the experiment
Tindak balas selesai

Reaction complete
Selepas 1 jam/ After 1 hour

Terangkan perubahan warna larutan ini.

Explain the colour change of the solution. [4 markah / marks]
[2023-TerengganuMPP3-11] Rajah 11 menunjukkan bekas P dan bekas Q

yang mengandungi asid HX dan asid HY. Kedua-dua asid adalah asid
monoprotik.
Diagram 11 shows container P and container Q that containing HX acid and
HY acid. Both acids are monoprotic acid.
Jadual 11.1 menunjukkan dua tindak balas peneutralan melibatkan tindak

balas antara larutan natrium hidroksida dengan asid HX dan tindak balas
antara larutan natrium hidroksida dengan asid HY.
Haba peneutralan bagi setiap tindak balas ditunjukkan seperti dalam
jadual.
Table 11.1 shows two neutralization reactions involving the reaction between
sodium hydroxide solution with HX acid and sodium hydroxide solution with
HY acid. Heat of neutralization for each reaction is shown as in the table.
Tindak Bahan tindak balas Haba peneutralan

balas Reactants Heat of Neutralisation
Reaction (kJ mol-1)
I 100 cm3 larutan Natrium hidroksida -57
1.0 mol dm-3 + asid HX
100 cm3 of sodium hydroxide 1.0 mol
dm-3 + HX acid
II 100 cm3 larutan Natrium hidroksida -55
1.0 mol dm-3 + asid HY
100 cm3 of sodium hydroxide 1.0 mol
dm-3 + HY acid
Jadual/ Table 11.1

(a) Nyatakan maksud haba peneutralan.

State the meaning heat of neutralisation.
[1 mark]
(b) Cadangkan satu contoh yang sesuai bagi asid HX dan asid HY.
Suggest one suitable example for HX acid and HY acid.
[2 marks]
(c) Berdasarkan tindak balas I, hitungkan suhu tertinggi campuran bagi

tindak balas itu.
Based on reaction I, calculate the highest temperature of the mixture for the
reaction.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan/ specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g -1 C-1]
[4 marks]
(d) Bandingkan haba peneutralan antara tindak balas I dan tindak balas II.
Compare heat of neutralisation between reaction I and reaction II.
Explain your answer.
[5 marks]
(e) Jadual 11.2 menunjukkan bahan api dan haba pembakaran bagi etanol,
C2H5OH dan kerosin, C12H26
Table 11.2 shows type of fuel and heat of combustion of ethanol, C 2H5OH and
kerosene, C12H26.
Bahan api Haba Pembakaran

Fuel Heat of Combustion (kJ mol-1)
Etanol 1380
Ethanol
Kerosin 6290
Kerosene
Jadual/table 11.2
Berdasarkan Jadual 11.2, pilih satu bahan api yang terbaik dari aspek:
• Nilai bahan api
• Kesan terhadap alam sekitar Wajarkan kedua-dua pemilihan anda itu.
[Jisim molar: etanol = 46 g mol-1, kerosin = 170 g mol-1, JAR, C=12, H=1]
Based on Table 11.2, choose one fuel that is the best in terms of.
• Fuel value
• Effects on environment Justify both of your choices.
[Molar mass: ethanol = 46 g mol-1, kerosene = 170 g mol-1, RAM, C=12, H=1]
[8 marks]

[2023-Perlis-11] Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan profil aras tenaga bagi satu

tindak balas.
Diagram 10.1 shows an energy level diagram for a reaction.
(a) Nyatakan maksud tindak balas eksotermik.

State the meaning of exothermic reaction.
[1 markah][1 mark]
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 10.1,/ Based on the Diagram 10.1,
(i) Nyatakan jenis tindak balas dan terangkan.

State type of reaction and explain.
[2 markah][2 marks]
(ii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang terlibat.

Write the chemical equation of the reaction involved.
[2 markah][2 marks]
(iii) Kira haba tindak balas, ΔH./ Calculate heat of reaction, ΔH.
[2 markah][2 marks]
(c) Jadual 5 menunjukkan haba peneutralan bagi larutan kalium hidroksida

dan dua jenis asid iaitu asid X dan asid Y.
Table 5 shows the heat of neutralisation of potassium hydroxide and two
types of acids which are acid X and acid Y.

Set Eksperimen Haba peneutralan

Experiment Heat of neutralisation
(kJ mol-1)
I 50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 kalium hidroksida dan

50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 asid X -57.2
50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3potassium hydroxide
and 50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3acid X
II 50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3 kalium hidroksida dan

50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3asid Y -55.8
50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3potassium hydroxide
and 50 cm3 0.1 mol dm-3acid Y
Cadangkan asid X dan asid Y. Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan haba

peneutralan antara set I dan set II.
Suggest acid X and acid Y. Explain why there is a difference in heat of
neutralisation between set I and set II.
(d) (i) Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan satu pek pemanas sendiri nasi beriani yang
dibawa oleh Ekhwan ketika mendaki bukit.
Diagram 10.2 shows a self-heating pack of biryani rice carried by Ekhwan
during hill climbing.
Rajah 10.2
Diagram 10.2
Wajarkan penggunaan pek pemanas sendiri.

Justify uses of a self-heating pack.
[2 markah][2 marks]

(ii)
Ekhwan terseliuh dan kakinya membengkak. Beliau memerlukan pek

penyejuk. Sebagai seorang pelajar kimia, sediakan bahan-bahan yang
bersesuaian di rumah dan kaedah untuk menyediakan pek penyejuk.
Terangkan fungsi pek penyejuk.
Ekhwan sprained his leg and his leg was swollen. He needs a cooling pack.
As a chemistry student, provide the appropriate materials in house and
methods to prepare a cooling pack. Explain the function of the cooling pack.
[2023-Kelantan-11] (a) Sesuatu alkohol mempunyai nilai haba pembakaran

yang berbeza-beza. Rajah 11 menunjukkan satu graf haba pembakaran
melawan bilangan atom karbon per molekul bagi alkohol.
An alcohol has a different heat of combustion value. Diagram 11 shows a
graph of the heat of combustion against the number of carbon atoms per
molecule for alcohol.

(i) Apakah maksud haba pembakaran?

What is meant by heat of combustion?
[1 markah] [1 mark]
(ii) Berdasarkan Rajah 11,/ Based on Diagram 11
• Tentukan haba pembakaran bagi etanol

Determine heat of combustion for ethanol
• Nyatakan hubungan antara bilangan atom karbon permolekul dalam

sesuatu alkohol dengan haba pembakaran. Terangkan jawapan anda.
State the relationship between the number of carbon atoms per molecule in an
alcohol and the heat of combustion. Explain your answer.
(ii) Dengan menggunakan maklumat dari Rajah 11, tentukan perubahan

suhu yang akan diperolehi jika 1.08 g propanol digunakan untuk
memanaskan 200 cm3 air. Sertakan juga persamaan kimia bagi
pembakaran lengkap propanol.
[Jisim molar propanol = 60 g mol-1,
muatan haba tentu bagi air = 4.2 J g-1 C-1 dan ketumpatan air = 1.0 g cm-3]
Using the information from Diagram 11, determine the temperature change
that will be obtained if 1.08 g of propanol is used to heat 200 cm3 of water.
Also include the chemical equation for the complete combustion of propanol.
[Molar mass propanol = 60 g mol-1, specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g -1
C-1 and density of water = 1.0 g cm-3]
(b) Nilai bahan api ialah jumlah tenaga haba terbebas apabila 1 g bahan api
terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen. Jadual 8 menunjukkan nilai-nilai haba
pembakaran dan jisim molar bagi dua jenis bahan api.
Fuel value is the amount of heat energy released when 1 g of fuel is burned
completely in oxygen. Table 8 shows the value of heat of combustion and
molar mass for two types of fuel.
Jenis bahan api Jisim molar (g mol-1) Haba pembakaran (kJ mol-1)
Type of fuel Molar mass (g mol-1) Heat of combustion (kJ mol-1)
Butana 58 2880
Butane
Butanol 74 2679
Butanol
Jadual 8/ Table 8
Berdasarkan Jadual 2, tentukan bahan api terbaik yang boleh digunakan

dan berikan satu sebab kepada jawapan anda.
Based on Table 2, Determine the best fuel to be used and give a reason for
your answer.

(c) Seorang pelajar mendapati lilin yang diperbuat dari sarang lebah boleh
digunakan sebagai satu bahan api. Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan
kimia anda, huraikan satu eksperimen bagi membantu pelajar tersebut
menentukan nilai bahan api dari lilin tersebut.
A student found that candles made from beehives can be used as a fuel.
Using your knowledge of chemistry, describe an experiment to help the
student determine the fuel value of the candle.
[2023-Pahang-11] (a) Jadual 11 menunjukkan dua tindak balas kimia yang

menggunakan dua jenis asid berbeza, X dan Y untuk menentukan haba
peneutralan.
Table 11 shows two chemical reaction using two different acids, X and Y to
determine heat of neutralisation.
Tindak balas Persamaan kimia Haba peneutralan/ kJ mol-1

Reaction Chemical equation Heat of neutralization/ kJ mol-1
I X + NaOH → NaX + H2O - 57.0
II Y + NaOH → NaY + H2O - 52.0
Jadual 11 / Table 11
(i) Berdasarkan jadual 11, nyatakan maksud haba peneutralan.

Based on table 11, state the meaning heat of neutralisation.
[1 markah/ 1 mark]
(ii) Cadangkan asid X dan Y. Terangkan perbezaan haba peneutralan bagi

tindak balas II apabila dibandingkan dengan tindak balas I.
Suggest acid X and Y. Explain the difference in the heat of neutralisation for
reaction II when compared to reaction I.
[4 markah/ 4 marks]
(iii) Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas II dan deduksikan
satu maklumat daripada gambar rajah aras tenaga tersebut.
Draw energy level diagram for reaction II and deduce one information from the
energy level diagram.
[3 markah/ 3 marks]
(b) Rajah 11 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk

menentukan haba pembakaran heksana.
Diagram 11 shows the apparatus set-up for an experiment to determine the
heat of combustion of hexane.

3500 kJ haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol heksana terbakar dalam oksigen

berlebihan.
3500 kJ of heat was released when 1 mol of hexane is burnt in excess
oxygen.
(i) Cadangkan satu pengubahsuaian yang boleh dilakukan ke atas susunan

radas untuk mendapatkan perubahan suhu dengan lebih tepat. Berikan
sebab jawapan anda.
Suggest one modification that can be made to the apparatus set- up to obtain
more accurate temperature change. Give a reason for your answer.
[2 markah/ 2 marks]
(ii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran heksana tersebut dan

hitungkan jisim heksana yang diperlukan untuk pembakaran bagi
membebaskan haba sebanyak 630 000 J.
[Jisim atom relatif: C=12, H=1]
Write the chemical equation for combustion of hexane and calculate the mass
of hexane required for combustion to release 630 000 J of heat.
[Relative atomic mass: C=12, H=1]
[4 markah/ 4 marks]
(c) Anda dibekalkan dengan bahan-bahan berikut:
You are supplied with the following substances:
● Pelet kalium hidroksida/ Potassium hydroxide pellets

● Ammonium klorida/ Ammoinum chloride
● Kalsium klorida kontang/ Anhydrous calcium chloride
● Air suling/ Distilled water
Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan perubahan suhu apabila

bahan dilarutkan dalam air suling. Kelaskan bahan bahan itu kepada
bahan yang mengalami tindak balas eksotermik dan tindak balas
endotermik.
Describe an experiment to determine the temperature change when the
substances are dissolved in distilled water. Classify the substances into
substances that undergo exothermic reactions and endothermic reactions.
[6 markah/ 6 marks]

[2023-JohorPPDTangkak-10] (a) Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan bahan tindak

balas dan nilai haba peneutralan, ΔH bagi tindak balas larutan kalium
hidroksida dengan asid HA dan asid HB. Kedua-dua asid HA dan asid HB
adalah asid monoprotik.
Diagram 8.1 shows the reactants and the value of the heat of neutralization,
ΔH for the reaction of potassium hydroxide solution with HA acid and HB
acid. Both HA acid and HB acid are monoprotic acids.
Bahan tindak balas Haba peneutralan,

Reactants ΔH
Heat of neutralisation,
ΔH
- x kJ mol-1
- y kJ mol-1
Nilai - x kJ mol-1 adalah lebih kecil dari - y kJ mol-1. Cadangkan nama bagi
asid HA dan asid HB dan tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas salah
satu asid yang dinamakan dengan larutan kalium hidroksida. Terangkan
mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam nilai haba peneutralan itu.

The value of - x kJ mol-1 is smaller than - y kJ mol-1. Suggest the name of HA

acid and HB acid and write the chemical equation for the reaction of one of
the named acid with potassium hydroxide solution. Explain why there is a
difference in the value of heat of neutralisation.
[7 markah/marks]
(b) Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan graf haba pembakaran alkohol melawan

bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkohol.
Diagram 8.2 shows a graph of the heat of combustion of alcohol against
number of carbon atom per molecule of alcohol.
Rajah 8.2/Diagram 8.2
(i) Nyatakan definisi bagi haba pembakaran. Berdasarkan Rajah 8.2,

bandingkan nilai haba pembakaran bagi etanol dan propanol. Terangkan
jawapan anda dari segi pembentukan ikatan dalam molekul karbon

dioksida dan air yang terhasil. Apakah nilai haba pembakaran etanol,
C2H5OH?
State the definition of heat of combustion. Based on Diagram 8.2, compare the
heat of combustion of ethanol and propanol. Explain your answer in terms of
the formation of bond in carbon dioxide and water molecule produced. What is
the value of heat combustion of ethanol, C2H5OH?
[6 markah/marks]
(ii) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran lengkap propanol. Jika 1.08 g
propanol digunakan untuk memanaskan 200 cm3 air, hitung bilangan mol
propanol dan perubahan suhu semasa tindak balas.
[Diberi jisim molar propanol = 60 g mol-1]
[Muatan baba tertentu bagi air, c = 4.2 J g -1 C-1,
Ketumpatan air = 1.0 g cm-3]
Write a chemical equation for the complete combustion of propanol. If 1.08 g
of propanol is used to heat 200 cm3 of water, calculate the number of moles of
propanol and the temperature change during the reaction.
[Given that molar mass of propanol = 60 g mol-1]
[Specific heat capacity of water, c = 4.2 J g-1 C-1,
Density of water = 1.0 g cm-3]
[5 markah/marks]
(c) Nilai bahan api ialah jumlah tenaga haba terbebas apabila 1 g bahan api
terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen. Jadual 7 menunjukkan nilai-nilai haba
pembakaran dan jisim molar bagi dua jenis bahan api.
Fuel value is the amount of heat energy released when 1 g of fuel is burned
completely in oxygen. Table 7 shows the value of heat of combustion and
molar mass for two types of fuel.
Jenis bahan api Haba pembakaran Jisim molar (g mol-1)

Type of fuel (kJ mol-1) Molar mass (g mol-1)
Heat of combustrion (kJ
mol-1)
Butana 2880 58
Butane
Butanol 2679 74
Butanol
Jadual 7/ Table 7
Berdasarkan Jadual 7, tentukan bahan api terbaik yang boleh digunakan

dan berikan satu sebab kepada jawapan anda.
Based on Table 7, Determine the best fuel to be used and give a reason for
your answer.
[2 markah/marks]

Bab 4 Polimer
[2023-Pahang-01] Rajah 1 menunjukkan bahan-bahan yang diperbuat

daripada polimer S.
Diagram 1 shows the substances produced from polymer S.
Rajah 1 / Diagram 1
(a) Apakah polimer?/ What is polymer?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Namakan polimer S./ Name polymer S.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Apakah sumber utama bagi menghasilkan polimer S?

What is is the main source to produce polymer S?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(d) Nyatakan jenis tindak balas pempolimeran bagi menghasilkan polimer S.

State the type of polymerisation reaction to produce polymer S.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(e) Lukiskan formula struktur bagi monomer S.

Draw the structural formula for monomer S.
[1M]

[2023-JUJ-Set02-01] Botol minuman dan beg plastik dihasilkan

menggunakan sejenis polimer. Rajah 1 menunjukkan polimer yang
digunakan untuk menghasilkan kedua-dua produk.
Drink bottle and plastic bag are made up of polymer. Diagram 1 shows
polymer used to produce both products.
Rajah 1 / Diagram 1
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan polimer?

What is meant by polymer?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Nyatakan jenis polimer bagi polietena.

State the type of polymer for polyethene.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Polimer dihasilkan melalui tindak balas pempolimeran. Nyatakan jenis

tindak balas pempolimeran yang menghasilkan polietena.
Polymer is produced through polymerisation process. State the type of
polymerisation process used to produce polyethene.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(d) Lukis dan namakan formula struktur bagi monomer yang membentuk
polietena.
Draw and name the structural formula for monomer that formed polyethene.
[2M]

[2023-TerengganuMPP3-05] Jadual 5.1 menunjukkan dua polimer dan

monomernya.
Table 5.1 shows two polymers and their monomers.
Polimer sintetik Monomer

Synthetic polymer Monomer
Polypropena Propena, C3H6
Polypropene Propene, C3H6
Polivinil klorida Monomer Y
Polyvinyl chloride Monomer Y
Jadual/ Table 5.1
Berdasarkan Jadual 5.1,/ Based on Diagram 5.1,
(a) Apakah maksud polimer?/What is meant by polymer?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Polipropena dan polivinil klorida dihasilkan melalui kaedah

pempolimeran yang sama. Nyatakan kaedah pempolimeran tersebut.
Polypropene and polyvinyl chloride are produced by the same polymerisation
method. State the method of polymerisation.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) (i) Nyatakan nama monomer Y./ State the name of monomer Y.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Tunjukkan bagaimana polivinil klorida dihasilkan daripada monomernya

dalam tindak balas pempolimeran.
Show how polyvinyl chloride is produced from its monomer in polymerisation
reaction.
[2M]
(d) Jadual 5.2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen bagi mengkaji

kekenyalan getah.
Table 5.2 shows the results of experiment to Investigate the elasticity of
rubber.

Jenis getah Panjang asal Panjang Panjang kepingan

Type of rubber keplngan getah kepingan getah getah selepas
(cm) dengan pemberat pemberat dialihkan
Initial length of 150 g (cm) (cm)
rubber strip (cm) Length of rubber Length of rubber
strip with 150 g strip after the weight
weight (cm) is removed (cm)
X 13.00 13.15 13.00

Y 13.00 13.25 13.10
Jadual/Table 5.2
Bandingkan kekenyalan bagi kedua-dua getah itu. Terangkan jawapan

anda.
Compare the elasticity of the two rubbers. Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
[2023-Melaka-02] Rajah 1 menunjukkan sejenis polimer sintetik.

Diagram 1 shows a type of synthetic polymer.
Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan polimer?

.....................................................................................................................
[1 markah][1 mark]

(b) Monomer bagi polimer dalam Rajah 1 ialah kloroetena. Lukiskan formula
struktur bagi polimer tersebut.
The monomer of the polymer in Diagram 1 is chloroethene. Draw a structural
formula of the polymer.
[1M]
(c) Apakah kebaikan menggunakan polimer ini?

What is the advantage of using this polymer?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(d) Polimer sintetik digunakan secara meluas dalam kehidupan seharian.

Namun begitu, penggunaannya telah menyebabkan pencemaran alam
sekitar. Terangkan bagaimana penggunaan PVC yang tidak terkawal boleh
menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar.
Synthetic polymer is widely used in daily life. However, the usage lead to
environmental pollution. Explain how the uncontrolled use of PVC can
cause the pollution.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-SBP-06] Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan formula struktur monomer-

monomer yang terlibat dalam tindak balas pempolimeran kondensasi untuk
menghasilkan nilon.
Diagram 6.1 shows the structural formula of the monomers involved in the
condensation polymerisation reaction to produce nylon.
Rajah/ Diagram 6.1
(a) (i) Apakah maksud polimer?/ What is the meaning of polymer?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(ii) Nyatakan hasil sampingan daripada tindak balas pempolimeran nilon.

State the by-product of the polymerisation reaction of nylon.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan polimer yang terhasil daripada tindak balas
pempolimeran penambahan.
Diagram 6.2 shows the polymer produced from addition polymerisation
reaction.
(i) Tuliskan persamaan pempolimeran bagi pembentukan polimer dalam

Rajah 6.2.
Write the polymerisation equation for the formation of the polymer in Diagram
6.2.
[2M]
(ii) Banding dan bezakan tindak balas pempolimeran bagi penghasilan

polimer dalam Rajah 6.2 dan nilon.
Compare and contrast the polymerization reaction for the production of the
polymer in Diagram 6.2 and nylon.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]

(c) Satu kajian mendapati pencemaran di lautan adalah akibat pembuangan

sisa plastik daripada industri perikanan dan aktiviti lain di daratan. Rajah
6.3 menunjukkan kesan pembuangan sisa plastik terhadap kehidupan
akuatik di lautan.
A study found that pollution in the ocean is caused by disposal of plastic
waste from fishing industry and other activities in land. Diagram 6.3 shows
the impact of the disposal of plastic waste to the aquatic life in the ocean.
Cadangkan dua cara untuk memastikan isu ini tidak berlaku lagi pada
masa hadapan.
Suggest two ways to make sure this issue will not happen again in the future.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-Putrajaya-07] Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan tiga jenis polimer dan

kegunaannya dalam kehidupan harian.
Diagram 7.1 shows three types of polymers and their uses in daily life.
Polietena Polistirena
X Polystyrene
Polyethene
Rajah/ Diagram 7.1

(a) Berdasarkan Rajah 7.1,/ Based on Diagram 7.1,
(i) apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan polimer?

what is the meaning of polymers?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) kenalpasti polimer X./ identify polymer X.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) tunjukkan bagaimana polimer polietena dihasilkan daripada

monomernya dalam tindakbalas pempolimeran.
show how polymer polyethene is produced from its monomer in
polymerisation reaction
[2M]
(iv) nyatakan satu ciri-ciri bagi polistirena yang membolehkannya sesuai
dijadikan pembungkus makanan.
state one characteristic of polystyrene which make it suitable to be used as
food packaging.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan dua laporan eksperimen kimia yang dijalankan
oleh murid Tingkatan 5 Harmoni.
Diagram 7.2 shows two chemistry experiments reports conducted by the
students of 5 Harmoni.

Laporan A/ Report A Laporan B/ Report B

Prosedur:/ Procedures: Prosedur:/ Procedures:
1. Ukur dan tuang 50 cm3 1. Ukur dan tuang 50 cm3

lateks ke dalam sebuah lateks ke dalam sebuah
bikar. bikar.
Measure and pour 50 cm3 of Measure and pour 50 cm3 of
latex into a beaker. latex into a beaker.
2. Ukur dan tuang 5 cm3 2. Ukur dan tuang 5 cm3
larutan P ke dalam bikar larutan Q ke dalam bikar
dan kacau. dan kacau.
Measure and pour 5 cm3 Measure and pour 5 cm3
solution P into the latex and solution Q into the latex and
stir. stir.
3. Rekodkan pemerhatian 3. Rekodkan pemerhatian
selepas 30 minit. selepas 30 minit.
Record the observation after Record the observation after
30 minutes. 30 minutes.
Pemerhatian/ Observation: Pemerhatian/Observation:
Lateks menggumpal Lateks tidak menggumpal

Latex coagulates Latex does not coagulates
Rajah/ Diagram 7.2
Cadangkan larutan P dan larutan Q. Terangkan pemerhatian bagi setiap set

eksperimen.
Suggest solution P and solution Q. Explain the observation for each set of
experiment.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(c) Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan timbunan tayar terbuang kesan daripada

penggunaan barangan getah secara tidak lestari yang mengakibatkan
pencemaran terhadap alam sekitar.
Diagram 7.3 shows the stacked of discarded tyres effect of the unsustainable
use of rubber materials which lead to environmental pollution.
Rajah/ Diagram 7.3

Cadangkan dua langkah yang boleh dilaksanakan untuk mengatasi

masalah tersebut.
Suggest two ways that can be implemented to solve the problem.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
[2023-JohorPPDTangkak-06] Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan satu produk

polimer.
Diagram 4.1 shows a product of polymer.
(a) (i) Apakah maksud polimer?/ What is the meaning of polymer?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Nyatakan nama monomer bagi produk polimer dalam Rajah 4.1.
State the name of monomer of polymer product in Diagram 4.1.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan produk getah sintetik yang dihasilkan daripada
produk sampingan petroleum.
Diagram 4.2 shows the product of synthetic rubber which is produced from
petroleum by product.

Nyatakan dua kaedah pelupusan barangan dalam Rajah 4.2 dan terangkan
bagaimana barangan tersebut mengakibatkan pencemaran alam sekitar.
State two method how to dispose of item in Diagram 4.2 and explain how the
item can cause environmental pollution.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(c) Suatu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji kekenyalan getah X

dan getah Y.
Jadual 4 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen tersebut.
An experiment was carried out to investigate the elasticity of rubber X and
rubber Y. Table 4 shows the result of the experiment.
Jenis Set Panjang asal Panjang Panjang kepingan

getah kepingan kepingan getah getah apabila
Type of getah dengan pemberat 100 g
rubber (cm) pemberat dialihkan (cm)
Initial length of 100 g (cm) Length of rubber
rubber strip Length of rubber strip when 100 g
(cm) strip with 100 g weight is removed
weight (cm) (cm)
Getah X I 12.00 12.35 12.10
Rubber X II 12.00 12.25 12.10
III 12.00 12.30 12.15
Getah Y I 12.00 12.05 12.00
Rubber Y II 12.00 12.10 12.05
III 12.00 12.00 12.00
Jadual 4/ Table 4

Berdasarkan Jadual 4, banding kekenyalan getah X dan getah Y.

Based on Table 4, compare the elasticity between rubber X and rubber Y.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [4M]
[2023-Perlis-03] Rajah 2 menunjukkan proses pemvulkanan getah asli

kepada getah tervulkan.
Diagram 2 shows the process of vulcanization of natural rubber to vulcanized
rubber.
Rangkai silang
panaskan Cross-link
heat
Getah Asli Getah tervulkan

Natural rubber Vulcanized rubber
(a) Nyatakan maksud pemvulkanan getah.

State the meaning of rubber vulcanisation.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Polimer bagi getah asli ialah poliisoprena.

The polymer for natural rubber is polyisoprene.
(i) Apakah nama monomer bagi poliisoprena?

What is the name of the monomer for polyisoprene?
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(ii) Terangkan proses pemvulkanan getah.

Explain the process of vulcanization of rubber.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(c) (i) Nyatakan satu sifat getah tervulkan.

State one property of vulcanized rubber.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Berikan satu contoh kegunaan getah tervulkan.

Give one example of the use of vulcanized rubber.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2023-Perak-07] (a) Getah asli telah memberikan sumbangan besar kepada

pembangunan negara kita. Pelbagai barangan telah dihasilkan daripada
getah asli. Rajah 9 menunjukkan beberapa barangan yang dihasilkan
daripadanya.
Natural rubber has greatly contributed to the development of our country.
Various goods have been produced from it. Diagram 9 shows some of the
products produced from it.
Rajah 9 / Diagram 9
(i) Namakan polimer bagi getah asli.
Name the polymer of natural rubber.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Pempolimeran ialah proses untuk menghasilkan polimer.

Cadangkan jenis pempolimeran untuk menghasilkan getah.
Polymerisation is the process to produce polymer.
Suggest the type of polymerisation to produce rubber.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(iii) Getah asli sangat lembut dan tidak tahan haba.

Jelaskan bagaimana anda dapat memperbaiki sifat getah asli agar dapat
menghasilkan barangan seperti dalam Rajah 9 yang bermutu dan tahan
lama.
Natural rubber is very soft and not resistant to heat.
Explain how you can enhance the properties of natural rubber to produce the
goods in Diagram 9 that have better quality and durability.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(b) Getah sintetik ialah polimer buatan manusia yang disintesis daripada
petroleum dan mineral lain.
Synthetic rubber is a man-made polymer synthesised from petroleum and
other minerals.
(i) Getah stirena-butadiena, SBR ialah salah satu contoh getah sintetik.
Selain getah tervulkan, SBR juga digunakan untuk membuat tayar kereta.
Ramai berpendapat bahawa tayar daripada SBR adalah lebih baik
berbanding dengan getah tervulkan.
Pada pendapat anda, mengapakah tayar SBR dikatakan lebih baik?
Styrene-butadiene rubber, SBR is one example of synthetic rubbers. Other
than vulcanised rubber, SBR is also used to make car tyres. Many people
think that SBR tyres are better than vulcanised rubber.
Why do you think SBR tyres are said to be better?
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) Getah asli dan getah sintetik digunakan secara meluas dalam kehidupan
harian. Walau bagaimanapun, penggunaan getah tersebut boleh memberi
kesan buruk terhadap alam sekitar. Wajarkan kenyataan tersebut.
Natural and synthetic rubber are widely used in daily life. However, the use
of rubber might be harmful to the environment.
Justify the statement.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]

[2023-Kelantan-01] Getah adalah polimer semula jadi. Rajah 1

menunjukkan polimer getah yang telah ditambahbaikkan dengan
menambah bahan X membentuk rangkai silang melalui satu proses
pemvulkanan.
Rubber is a natural polymer. Diagram 1 shows a rubber polymer that has
been improved by adding substance X to form a cross-link through a
vulcanization process.
Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
(a) (i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan polimer?

............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Namakan bahan X/Name substance X
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Lukiskan formula struktur monomer bagi polimer yang ditunjukkan.

Draw the structural formula of the monomer for the polymer shown.
[1M]
(b)(i) Nyatakan satu kelebihan getah yang telah melalui proses pemvulkanan
berbanding getah asli.
State one advantage of vulcanized rubber over natural rubber.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Selain menggunakan getah asli atau getah tervulkan yang terdapat
dalam pasaran untuk kegunaan dalam kehidupan, apakah alternatif lain
yang bolah digunakan bagi menggantikan getah asli dan getah tervulkan.
In addition to using natural rubber or vulcanized rubber available in the
market for use in life, what other alternatives can be used to replace natural
rubber and vulcanized rubber.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

Esei/ essay
[2023-NegeriSembilan-11] (a)(i) Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan monomer-

monomer yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan terilena dalam satu tindak
balas pempolimeran R.
Diagram 10.1 shows the monomers used to produce terylene in a
polymerisation reaction R
1,2-etanadiol/ 1,2-ethanediol
Asid tereftalik/ Terephthalic acid

Berdasarkan Rajah 11.1, nyatakan maksud polimer, namakan hasil yang
terbentuk selain terilena dan namakan tindak balas pempolimeran R.
Based on Diagram 11.1, state the meaning of polymer, name the product
formed besides terylene and name polymerisation reaction R
(ii) Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan monomer S bagi penghasilan produk plastik

melalui tindak balas pempolimeran T.
Diagram 10.2 shows monomer S for the production of plastic products through
the polymerization reaction T.

Berdasarkan Rajah 10.2, namakan monomer S dan tunjukkan bagaimana

polimer tersebut dihasilkan daripada monomemya dalam tindak balas
pempolimeran T.
Based on Diagram 10.2, name monomer S and show how the polymer is
produced from its monomer in the polymerisation reaction T.
(iii) Bandingkan tindak balas pempolimeran R dan tindak balas

pempolimeran T. Perbandingan anda harus mengandungi kriteria berikut:
• Nama tindak balas pempolimeran
• Jenis monomer
• Hasil tindak balas
• Contoh polimer lain
Compare polymerisation reaction R and polymerisation reaction T.
Your comparison should include the following criteria:
• Name of polymerisation reaction
• Type of monomer
• Products
• Another example of polymer
(b) Jadual 6 menunjukkan dua situasi melibatkan lateks.
Table 6 shows two situations involving latex.
Situasi Bahan
Situation Substance
P Lateks + Bahan penggumpal X
Latex + Coagulant X
q Lateks + Bahan anti-gumpal Y
Latex + Anticoagulant Y
Jadual 6/ Table 6
Lateks perlu dihantar ke kilang untuk penghasilan sarung tangan

pembedahan. Sebagai seorang pengurus ladang getah, situasi manakah
paling sesuai digunakan untuk penghantaran lateks tersebut? Wajarkan
pilihan anda.
Latex needs to be delivered to the factory to produce surgical gloves. As a
rubber plantation manager, which situation is the most suitable to be used for
the delivery of latex! Justify your choice.
(c) Cadangkan satu bahan yang sesuai untuk menghasilkan tiub getah di
dalam makmal. Huraikan secara ringkas penyediaan tiub getah tersebut
menggunakan bahan dan radas berikut:
Suggest one suitable substance to produce rubber tubes in the laboratory.
Briefly describe the preparation of the rubber tube by using following
materials and apparatus.

Bahan Alat radas

Materials Apparatus
• Lateks • Silinder penyukat

Latex Measuring cylinder
• Bahan yang dinamakan • Bikar

Named substance Beaker
• Rod kaca
Glass rod
[2023-Selangor-Set01-10] (a) Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan pelbagai barangan

yang diperbuat daripada polimer.
Diagram 10.1 shows various items made from polymers.
Jaket keselamatan daripada polimer Alat memasak tidak melekat

P daripada polimer Q
Life vest from polymer P Non-stick cookware from polymer Q
Bekas dan baldi daripada polimer R Payung terjun daripada polimer S

Containers and pail from polymer R Parachute from polymer S
(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan polimer?

[1 markah] [1 mark]

(ii) Kelaskan polimer P. Q. R dan S mengikut tindak balas pempolimeran.

Classify polymers P, Q, R and S according to the polymerisation reaction.
(iii) Namakan polimer Q.

Name the polymer Q.
[1 markah] [1 mark]
(b) Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan maklumat bagi dua jenis pinggan.

Diagram 10.2 shows the information for two types of plates.
Pinggan A/Plates A Pinggan B/ Plates B
• Diperbuat daripada kanji jagung. • Diperbuat daripada polimer

tepung gandum, tepung kacang termoset
soya dan air Made from thermoset polymer
Made from corn starch, wheat flour,
soybean flour and water • Sukar diuraikan oleh
mikroorganisma
• Dapat diuraikan oleh Difficult to be decomposed by
mikroorganisma dengan mudah microorganisms
Can easily be decomposed by
microorganisms
Pinggan manakah yang boleh menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar?

Cadangkan satu cara untuk mengatasi isu pencemaran itu.
Which plate can cause environmental pollution?
Explain your answer. Suggest one way to overcome the pollution issue.
(c) Lateks dikumpulkan dalam bentuk cecair untuk diproses atau boleh
dibiarkan menggumpal dan dipungut sehari selepas penorehan.
Latex is collected in liquid form for processing or it can be left to coagulate and
collected a day after it was tapped.
Terangkan mengapa lateks akan menggumpal juga walaupun asid tidak

ditambahkan.
Explain why the latex will coagulate as well even if no acid is added.

(d) Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi duajenis getah yang
berbeza.
Diagram 10.3 shows the structural formula of two different types of rubber.
(i) Lukis formula struktur dan nyatakan nama IUPAC bagi monomer getah
asli.
Draw the structural formula and state the IUPAC name for the monomer of
natural rubber.
(ii) Getah Y dapat dihasilkan daripada getah asli melalui proses Z.

Namakan proses Z dan huraikan dengan ringkas bagaimana proses Z
dijalankan.
Rubber Y can be produced from natural rubber through process Z.
Name the process Z and describe briefly how process Z is carried out.
(iii) Nyatakan satu perbezaan sifat bagi getah asli dan getah Y.
State one different characteristic between natural rubber and rubber Y.
[1 markah] [1 mark]
(e) Kelebihan untuk dihasilkan secara besar-besaran tanpa bergantung

kepada faktor cuaca dan serangan penyakit pada pokok getah menjadikan
getah sintetik pilihan utama industri pembuatan. Dengan ciri-ciri unik yang
terdapat pada getah sintetik, pelbagai barangan dapat dihasilkan,
contohnya sarung tangan.
Nyatakan tiga kelebihan sarung tangan yang diperbuat daripada getah
sintetik berbanding dengan getah asli.
Having the advantage of mass production capacity, while not being reliant on
the weather or diseases like rubber trees do, makes synthetic rubber the main
choice for manufacturing industries. With the unique characteristics found in
synthetic rubber, various items can be manufactured, such as gloves.
State three advantages of gloves made of synthetic rubber as compared to
natural rubber.

[2023-Selangor-Set02-10] Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan pelbagai barangan di

sekeliling kita yang terdiri daripada polimer.
Diagram 10.1 shows various products around us that are made from
polymers.
(а) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan polimer dan nyatakan nama bagi
unit asas yang membentuk polimer.
What is the meaning ofpolymer and state the name of the basic unit that
forms polymer.
(b) Polimer terdiri daripada polimer semula jadi atau polimer sintetik.
Nyatakan satu contoh polimer semula jadi dan satu contoh polimer sintetik.
Polymer consists of natural polymer or synthetic polymer.
State one example of natural polymer and one example of synthetic polymer.
(c) Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan satu poster yang dikeluarkan oleh sebuah
pasar raya. Wajarkan tindakan pasar raya tersebut dan berikan satu sebab.
Diagram 10.2 shows one poster which released by one supermarket.
Justify the action of the supermarket and give one reason.

(d) Lateks dikumpulkan dalam bentuk cecair untuk diproses atau boleh
dibiarkan menggumpal dan dipungut sehari selepas penorehan.
Sekumpulan murid ingin menjalankan eksperimen untuk mengkaji proses
penggumpalan lateks dan cara mengelakkan penggumpalan.
Latex is collected in liquid form for processing or it can be left to coagulate and
to be collected a day after it was tapped. One group of students want to carry
out an experiment to study the coagulation process of latex and how to
prevent coagulation.
Cadangkan dua jenis larutan berbeza yang boleh digunakan dalam

eksperimen ini untuk mencapai objektif eksperimen. Dengan menggunakan
dua jenis larutan yang dicadangkan, huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana
eksperimen ini dilakukan di makmal.
Suggest two types of different solution that can be used in this experiment to
achieve the objectives of this experiment. By using the two types of solutions
suggested, describe briefly how is the experiment conducted in the laboratory.
Dalam huraian anda, sertakan/ In your description, include'.
■ Prosedur/ Procedures
■ Pemerhatian/ Observations
(e) Pemvulkanan ialah proses penghasilan getah berkualiti melalui

penghasilan rangkai silang antara rantai polimer. Sewaktu proses
pemvulkanan, ikatan ganda dua antara karbon yang terdapat dalam
molekul getah akan bertindak balas dengan suatu bahan untuk
menghasilkan rangkai silang.
Vulcanisation is a process of producing better quality rubber through the
production of cross-links between polymer chain. During a vulcanisation
process, the double bond between carbons found in rubber molecules will
react with certain substances to produce cross-link.
(i) Cadangkan bahan yang boleh ditambahkan ke dalam getah untuk

proses pemvulkanan.
Suggest substance that can be added into rubber for the
vulcanisation process.
[1 markah] [1 mark]
(ii) Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan ilustrasi polimer getah tak tervulkan. Lukiskan
ilustrasi polimer getah tervulkan. Banding dan bezakan ciri-ciri getah
tervulkan dan getah tak tervulkan.
Diagram 10.3 shows the illustration of unvulcanised rubber polymer. Draw
the illustration of the vulcanized rubber polymer. Compare and contrast the
characteristics of vulcanised and unvulcanised rubber.

Rajah 10.3 /Diagram 10.3

[2023-JohorSkudai-11] Rajah 11.1 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi lateks

setelah ditambahkan bahan X dan bahan Y.
Diagram 11.1 shows the observation of latex after adding substance X and Y.
(a) Lateks adalah polimer semulajadi. Apakah maksud polimer?

Latex is a natural polymer. What is the meaning of polymer?
[1 markah] [1 mark]
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah:/ Based on Diagram:
(i) Kenal pasti X dan Y./ Identify X and Y.

(ii) Nyatakan perbezaan pemerhatian terhadap lateks oleh bahan X dan

bahan Y. Terangkan jawapan anda.
State the difference in observations of latex by substance X and substance Y.
[5 markah][5 marks]

(iii) Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan proses pemvulkunan polimer lateks agar lebih
elastik dan tidak mudah teroksida.
Diagram 11.2 shows the vulcanization process of latex polymer to make it
more elastic and not easy to oxidize.
Lukis dan labelkan formula struktur polimer lateks ini.

Draw and label the structural formula of this latex polymer.
[2 markah][2 marks]
(iii) Hitung nilai pH bagi asid sulfurik berkepekatan 0.1 mol dm -3

Calculate the pH value of sulfuric acid with a concentration of 0.1 mol dm -3

[2023-Kedah-11] (a) Rajah 11.1 menunjukkan contoh tindak balas dua

pempolimeran berbeza.
Diagram 11.1 shows the examples of two different polymerisation.
Jenis pempolimeran Contoh tindak balas

Type of polymerisation Example of reaction
A
Nyatakan maksud tindak balas pempolimeran. Kenal pasti jenis

pempolimeran A dan B. Banding dan beza kedua-dua tindak balas
pempolimeran ini.
State the meaning of polymerisation reaction. Identify the types of
polymerisation of A and B. Compare and contrast both polymerisation
reactions.
(6 markah / marks)

(b) Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi dua jenis getah berbeza.
Diagram 11.2 shows structural formula of two type of different rubbers.
Getah P Getah Q
Rubber P Rubber Q
pembuangan getah P dan getah Q yang tidak terkawal mengakibatkan

pencemaran alam sekitar. Dengan memberi satu contoh produk yang
diperbuat daripada getah P dan getah Q, cadangkan dua langkah yang
boleh dilaksanakan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut.
Uncontrolled disposal of rubber P and rubber Q causes environmental
pollution. By using an example of product made from rubber P and rubber Q,
suggest two ways that can be implemented to solve the problem.
(4 markah / marks)
(b) Bahan tambah makanan ialah bahan semula jadi atau sintetik yang
ditambahkan pada makanan untuk menghalang kerosakan atau untuk
memperbaiki rupa bentuk, rasa atau tekstur. Kesan daripada kemunculan
makanan yang diproses dalam industri makanan pada masa ini, lebih
banyak bahan tambahan makanan telah diperkenalkan sama ada berasal
daripada bahan semula jadi atau sintetik.
Food additives are natural or synthetic substances added to food to prevent
spoilage or to improve appearance, taste or texture. The impact of the
emergence of processed foods in the food industry at this time, more food
additives have been introduced either from ingredients natural or synthetic.
Rajah 11.3 /diagram 11.3

(i) Rajah 11.3 menunjukkan bahan tambah makanan yang banyak

digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian. Wajarkan penggunaan bahan
tambah makanan ini.
The diagram 11.3 shows an example of food addilivos that is widely uso in
daily life. Justify the usage of this food additive.
(2 markah/ marks)
(ii)
Sebatian azo memberikan warna kuning, merah, perang atau hitam.
Azo compounds give a yellow color, red, brown or black.
Sebatian azo merupakan sejenis pewarna dalam bahan tambah makanan

dengan tujuan menambah atau mengembalikan warna makanan supaya
kelihatan menarik dan lazat. Pewarna makanan boleh dikelaskan kepada
pewarna asli dan sintetik. Berdasarkan Rajah 11.4, namakan kaedah yang
digunakan untuk memisahkan campuran warna dan rancang satu
penyiasatan menggunakan kaedah tersebut bagi memisahkan warna-warna
dalam pewarna sintetik . Perancangan anda mestilah mengandungi aspek
berikut:
• Prosedur
• Penjadualan data
Azo compounds are a type of dye in food additives with the purpose of adding
or restoring the color of food so that it looks attractive and delicious. Food
dyes can be classified into natural and synthetic. Based on Figure 11.4, name
the method used to separate mixture of colors and plan an investigation using
the method to separate the colors in synthetic food dyes. Your plan must
include the following aspect:
• Procedure
• Tabulation of data
(8 markah / marks)

Bab 5 Kimia Konsumer dan Industri
[2023-Perak-04] (a) Rajah 5 menunjukkan perbualan antara Siti dengan

Amir semasa membaca satu iklan dalam media sosial.
Diagram 5 shows a conversation between Siti and Amir while reading an
advertisement in social media.
Rajah 5 / Diagram 5
(i) Mentega ialah satu contoh lemak. Nyatakan siri homolog bagi lemak.
Butter is an example of fats. State the homologous series of fats.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Bandingkan kandungan asid lemak tepu dan tak tepu dalam lemak dan
minyak.
Compare the content of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids in
fats and oils.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(iii) Apakah nasihat yang boleh diberikan oleh Amir kepada Siti berkaitan
dengan dietnya, iaitu meminum kopi mentega pada setiap hari?
What advice can Amir give to Siti regarding her diet, drinking butter coffee
every day?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]

(b) Ali ialah seorang penghidap kencing manis. Apakah pemanis yang boleh
digunakan oleh Ali dalam minumannya? Terangkan.
Ali is a diabetes patient. What sweetener can Ali use in his drink? Explain.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-Kelantan-02] Rajah 2 menunjukkan satu proses bagaimana lemak

tak tepu boleh ditukarkan menjadi lemak tepu.
Diagram 2 shows a process of how unsaturated fat can be converted into
saturated fat.
Rajah 2/ Diagram 2
(a)Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan lemak tepu?

What is meant by saturated fat?
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(b) Namakan bahan P/ Name substance P
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Apakah kesan kepada takat lebur lemak tersebut setelah melalui proses
yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2. Terangkan jawapan anda.
What is the effect on the melting point of the fat after going through the
process shown in Diagram 2. Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
[2023-JohorPPDTangkak-03] (a) Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan proses

menyediakan marjerin daripada minyak kelapa sawit melalui proses X.
Diagram 2.1 shows a process of preparing margarine from palm oil through
process X.
Namakan Proses X dan Bahan Y.

Name Process X and Substance Y.
Proses X :……..……………………...………………………………………………
Process X
Mangkin Y :…..…………………...………………………………………………… [2M]

Catalyst Y

(b) Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan sebuah poster “Sayangi Jantung Anda”.

Diagram 2.2 shows a poster “Love Your Heart”.
Minyak sayuran dan lemak haiwan mengandungi lemak tepu dan lemak tak
tepu. Berdasarkan Rajah 2.2, kenalpasti jenis lemak yang boleh
menyebabkan perubahan keadaan arteri tersebut. Terangkan mengapa.
Vegetable oil and animal fats contain saturated and unsaturated fat.
Based on Diagram 2.2, identify the types of fat that cause the change in the
condition of the artery. Explain why.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [4M]

[2023-Selangor-Set02-08] Rajah 8 menunjukkan eksperimen yang

dijalankan di makmal untuk menghasilkan sabun.
Diagram 8 shows experiment which carried out in laboratory to produce soap.
Rajah 8 / Diagram 8
(a) Nyatakan nama proses untuk menyediakan sabun.

State the name of the process to prepare soap.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Apakah fungsi natrium klorida dalam penyediaan sabun?

What is the function of sodium chloride in the preparation of soap?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Jadual 8 menunjukkan keputusan dua agen pencuci yang berbeza, A

dan B, yang digunakan untuk mencuci pintu kaca di dalam bilik mandi.
Table 8 shows the result of glass shower doors in a bathroom after being
washed by using two different cleansing agents, A and B.

Keadaan
pintu kaca
selepas di
cuci
Result of
glass
shower
door after
being
wash
Dicuci oleh Agen pencuci A Agen pencuci B

Washed by Cleaning agent, A Cleaning agent, B
Jadual 8 / Table 8
(i) Pada pendapat anda, air di dalam bilik mandi itu adakah air Hat atau air
lembut? Jelaskan jawapan anda.
In your opinion, is the water in the bathroom hard water or soft water! Explain
your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) Seorang pembantu rumah mencuci pakaian di dalam bilik mandi

tersebut. Dia telah menggunakan kuantiti sabun yang banyak-untuk
menanggalkan kotoran daripada pakaian, tetapi tidak berkesan. Dengan
menggunakan pengetahuan kimia anda, bagaimanakah anda dapat
membantu pembantu rumah itu untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut?
One house maid washed clothes inside the bathroom. She used large quantity
of soap to remove the stain from clothes, but it was not effective. By using
your knowledge of chemistry, how can you help the house maid to overcome
the problem? Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(d) Dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan berikut, huraikan secara ringkas

bagaimana membezakan antara agen pencuci A dan B di dalam makmal.
By using the following materials, describe briefly how to differentiate between
cleaning agents A and B in laboratory.
■ Air liat/ Hard water

■ Agen pencuci A / Cleaning agent A
■ Agen pencuci B / Cleaning agent B
■ Dua tabung uji / Two test tubes
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
[2023-Perlis-05] Persamaan berikut menunjukkan bagaimana sabun boleh

disediakan.
The following equation shows how soap can be prepared.
Minyak sawit + Alkali pekat → Bahan X + Sabun

Palm oil + Concentrated alkali → Material X + Soap
(a) (i) Apakah nama tindak balas di atas?

What is the name of the above reaction?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Sabun yang terhasil adalah kalium palmitat. Apakah alkali yang perlu
digunakannya?
The soap produced is potassium palmitate. What alkali should be used?
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(b) (i) Rajah 4 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada tindakan pencucian oleh

zarah detergen ke atas kotoran bergris pada sehelai baju.
Diagram 4 shows part of the washing action of detergent particles on grease
stain shirt.
Berdasarkan Rajah 4, terangkan tindakan pencucian oleh zarah detergen ke

atas kotoran bergris.
Based on the Diagram 4, explain the washing action of detergent particles on
greasy stains.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(ii) Anda dibekalkan dengan dua bikar, A dan B yang berisi sama ada
larutan sabun atau larutan detergen.
You are given two separate beakers, A and B containing soap solution or
detergent solution.
Bikar A/ Beaker A Bikar B/ Beaker B
Dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan berikut, huraikan secara ringkas

bagaimana anda dapat membezakan antara sabun dengan detergen.
With the use of the following materials, describe briefly how you can
distinguish between soap and detergent.
● Larutan magnesium nitrat/ Magnesium nitrate solution

● Tabung didih/ Boiling tubes
● Gabus getah/ Rubber stopper
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]

[2023-JohorPPDTangkak-05] Jadual 3 menunjukkan ion-ion dalam air

sungai yang tidak tercemar di Sungai A.
Table 3 shows the ions in unpolluted river water in River A.
Jenis ion Kepekatan (mol dm-3)

Type of ion Concentration (mol dm-3)
SO42- 0.69 x 10-4
Cl- 1.60 x 10-4
Ca2+ 3.30 x 10-4
Mg2+ 1.50 x 10-4
Na+ 0.23 x 10-4
K+ 0.30 x 10-4
Jadual 3 / Table 3
Sebuah kilang secara tidak sengaja membebaskan air buangan industri ke

dalam Sungai A.
A factory accidently flowed the waste water industry into River A.
(a) Senaraikan anion yang terdapat dalam air sungai yang tidak tercemar di
Sungai A.
List the anion present in unpolluted river water in River A.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Selain daripada ion -ion yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual 3, cadangkan
satu kation dan satu anion yang terdapat dalam air buangan kilang yang
menyebabkan air sungai itu keruh.
Besides the ions stated in Table 3, suggest one cation and one anion in the
waste water that cause the river water cloudy.
Kation :………………………….. Anion : …………………………..

Cation Anion
[2M]
(c) Ali menggunakan sabun dan air sungai A untuk membersih kesan
minyak pada pakaiannya tetapi kotoran tersebut tidak dapat ditanggalkan.
Ali uses a soap and river water in River A to clean oil stain on his clothes but
the blood stain cannot be removed.
(i) Berdasarkan Jadual 3, kenal pasti satu ion dalam air sungai yang boleh
menyebabkan pencucian pakaian menggunakan sabun menghasilkan
kekat.
Based on Table 3, identify one ion in river water that can cause cleaning
clothes using soap produce scum.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(ii) Dengan menggunakan bahan kimia yang dinamakan, huraikan

bagaimana ion dinyatakan di(c)(i) itu boleh disingkirkan dari air sungai.
By using a named chemical substance, describe how ion stated in (c)(i) can be
eliminate from river water.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [4M]
[2023 Johor Bahru-02]

2. (a) Maklumat berikut merupakan kesimpulan bagi keberkesanan agen
pencuci dalam air liat.
The following information is the conclusion of the effectiveness of cleaning
agents in hard water.
Tindakan pencucian detergen lebih berkesan daripada sabun

Cleansing action of detergent is more effective than soap
Berdasarkan maklumat di atas,/ Based on the above information,
(i) apakah maksud sabun?/ what is the meaning of soap?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) apakah formula am bagi sabun?/ what is the general formula for soap?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) selain daripada air liat, nyatakan sejenis air yang lain yang boleh
mengurangkan keberkesanan sabun.
other than hard water, state another type of water that can decrease the
effectiveness of soap.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

[2023-Pahang-04] (a) Persamaan di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas

dalam penyediaan sabun di makmal.
The equation below shows the reaction in the preparation of soap in the
laboratory.
Asid laurik + Natrium hidroksida  Sabun X + Gliserol

Lauric acid + Sodium hydroxide  Soap X + Glycerol
(i) Apakah nama tindak balas ini? /What is the name of this reaction?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Namakan sabun X./ Name the soap X.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) Asid laurik dari minyak kelapa dicampurkan dengan larutan natrium
hidroksida pekat untuk menghasilkan sabun X, CH 3(CH2)10COONa.
Persamaan berikut mewakili tindak balas yang berlaku.
Lauric acid from coconut oil is mixed with concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution to produce soap X, CH3(CH2)10COONa.
The following equation represents the reaction that occurs.
CH3(CH2)10COOH + NaOH  CH3(CH2)10COONa + H2O
Sekiranya 0.1 mol asid laurik digunakan dalam tindak balas ini, hitungkan
jisim sabun yang terhasil.
[Jisim molar CH3(CH2)10COONa = 222 g mol-1]
If 0.1 moles of lauric acid were used in this reaction, calculate the mass of
soap produced.
[Molar mass of CH3(CH2)10COONa = 222 g mol-1]
[2M]

[2023-Selangor-Set01-08] (a) Encik Wong mengalami sakit dada apabila

batuk, hilang selera makan dan batuk berdarah.
Mr Wong suffers from chest pain when coughing, loss of appetite and
coughing up blood.
(i) Sebagai seorang doktor, nyatakan jenis ubat yang patut diambil oleh
Encik Wong.
As a doctor, state the type of medicine that should be taken by Mr Wong.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Nyatakan satu preskripsi yang perlu dipatuhi oleh Encik Wong semasa
pengambilan ubat supaya penyakit itu tidak berulang.
State one prescription that Mr Wong needs to follow when taking the medicine
so that the disease does not recur.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Rajah 8 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi dua jenis agen pencuci.
Diagram 8 shows the structural formula of two types of cleaning agents.
Agen pencuci X Agen pencuci Y

Cleaning agent X Cleaning agent Y
(i) Namakan proses untuk menyediakan agen pencuci X.

Name the process to prepare cleaning agent X.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Agen pencuci X disediakan dengan mencampurkan asid palmitik

daripada kelapa sawit dengan larutan natrium hidroksida pekat.
Persamaan berikut mewakili tindak balas tersebut.
Cleaning agent X is prepared by mixing palmitic acid from palm oil with
concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.
The following equation represents the reaction.
CH3(CH2)14COOH + NaOH  CH3(CH2)14COONa + H2O
Hitung jisim agen pencuci X yang terhasil jika 0.5 mol asid palmitik
digunakan.
[Jisim molar CH3(CH2)14COONa = 278 g mol-1]
Calculate the mass of cleaning agent X produced if 0.5 mol of palmitic acid is
used.
[Molar mass of CH3(CH2)14COONa = 278 g mol-1]

[2M]
(iii) Semasa menyertai perkhemahan di Pantai Cenang, Sam mendapati
bajunya kotor kerana tertumpah kuah kari semasa makan tengah hari. Dia
telah mencuci bajunya dengan sejenis agen pencuci, didapati kesan kotoran
tidak dapat ditanggalkan. Cadangkan agen pencuci yang lebih sesuai
digunakan untuk menghilangkan kotoran tersebut. Berikan alasan anda.
While participating a camping at Pantai Cenang, Sam found his shirt dirty
because he spilled curry sauce during lunch. He has washed his clothes with
a kind of cleaning agent, it was found that the stains could not be removed.
Suggest cleaning agent which is more suitable to be used to remove the stain.
Give your reasons.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(iv) Agen pencuci yang manakah lebih mesra alam? Terangkan jawapan
anda.
Which cleaning agent is more environmentally friendly? Explain your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2023-JUJ-Set02-02] Rajah 2 menunjukkan jem strawberi yang

mengandungi bahan tambah makanan.
Diagram 2 shows strawberry jam that contains food additives.

(a) Apakah fungsi bahan tambah makanan?

What is the function of food additives?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Namakan satu bahan tambah makanan dalam jem strawberi dalam
Rajah 2.
Name one food additive in strawberry jam in Diagram 2.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(c) Pektin digunakan secara meluas dalam pembuatan jem. Apakah fungsi
pektin?
Pectin is widely used in the manufacture of jam. What is the function of
pectin?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(d) Selain memberikan rasa manis dalam pembuatan jem, gula juga
bertindak sebagai bahan pengawet. Terangkan mengapa.
Other than providing sweetness in making jam, sugar can also act as a
preservative. Explain why.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(e) Nyatakan satu kesan buruk pengambilan bahan tambah makanan

secara berlebihan.
State one bad effect of excessive consumption of food additives.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2023-Pahang-04b] (b) Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada label

kandungan makanan pada bungkusan Marjerin Lazat.
Diagram 4.1 shows part of the food content label on the Marjerin Lazat
packaging.
Marjerin Lazat
Ramuan: Minyak sayuran, garam, susu pepejal, pengemulsi, asid

askorbik, perisa dan pewarna yang dibenarkan.
Ingredients: Vegetable oil, salt, solid milk, emulsifier, ascorbic acid,
flavouring and permitted food dyes.
(i) Apakah jenis bahan tambah makanan bagi asid askorbik?

What type of food additive is ascorbic acid?
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(ii) Kenalpasti satu lagi bahan tambah makanan dalam marjerin itu.
Identify another food additive in the margarine.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2023-TerengganuMPP3-02] Rajah 2 menunjukkan pembungkus makanan

yang memaparkan bahan tambah makanan yang terdapat dalam makanan
itu.
Diagram 2 shows food packaging displaying the food additives found in the
food.
(a) Nyatakan maksud bahan tambah makanan.

State the meaning of food additive.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 2, pilih satu bahan tambah makanan dan nyatakan
fungsinya.
Based on Diagram 2, choose one food addictive and state its function.
Bahan tambah makanan : ....................................................

Food addictive
Fungsi : ....................................................
Function [2M]
(c) Setelah mengambil makanan laut, Ali telah mengalami kegatalan dan
hidung berair. Apakah yang dialami oleh Ali?
Nyatakan jenis ubat yang perlu diambil untuk meredakan gejala tersebut.
After consuming seafood, Ali has experienced itching and runny nose.
What is experienced by Ali?
State the type of medicine that should be taken to relieve the symptoms.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]

[2023-JohorSkudai-03] Rajah 3 menunjukkan kandungan pada label

sebotol sos cili dan aiskrim.
Diagram 2shows the ingredients on a label of a bottle of chilli sauce and an
ice-cream.
Rajah 3 / Diagram 3
(a) (i) Nyatakan jenis bahan tambah makanan bagi natrium benzoat dan
fungsinya.
State the type of food additive is sodium benzoate and what is its function.
Jenis bahan tambah makanan : …………………………………………….

Type of food additive:
Fungsi : ………………………………………………………………………….
Function:
[2 markah][2 marks]
(ii) Apakah kesan pengambilan bahan tambah makanan natrium benzoat
secara berlebihan dalam tempoh masa yang panjang?
What is the effect of taking excessive food additive sodium benzoate for a long
period of time?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) Bahan tambah makanan R memberikan tekstur yang seragam dan licin
pada aiskrim. Nyatakan jenis bahan tambah R.
Food additive R gives uniformed and smooth texture in ice-cream. State the
type of food additive of R.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iv) Puan Azwa ingin menghasilkan suatu makanan pencuci mulut tanpa
menggunakan pewarna sintetik. Cadangkan bahan yang perlu ditambah
oleh Puan Azwa dalam makanan itu untuk mengantikan pewarna sintetik?
Apakah kebaikan menggunakan bahan tersebut?

Puan Azwa wants to prepare a desert without using synthetic dyes. Suggest
an ingredient should Puan Azwa add into the desert without using synthetic
dye? What is the benefit of using this ingredient?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-Putrajaya-04c] (c) Rajah 4 menunjukkan diagnosis dan cadangan

seorang doktor terhadap seorang pesakit selepas sesi konsultasi dijalankan
di sebuah klinik.
Diagram 4 shows the diagnosis and recommendation of a doctor towards one
of the patient after the consultation session in a clinic.
•Wanita 35 tahun/ Woman age 35

•Mengadu sakit kepala yang teruk/ Complaint of bad headache
• Mempunyai sejarah sakit gastrik/ Have history of gastric
• Jangan berikan aspirin kepada pesakit ini

Do not give aspirin to this patient
Rajah/ Diagram 4
(i) Apakah jenis ubat bagi aspirin?

Mengapakah aspirin tidak boleh diberikan kepada pesakit itu?
What is the type of medicine for aspirin?
Why aspirin cannot be given to the patient?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(ii) Cadangkan ubat lain yang boleh menggantikan aspirin bagi membantu
meredakan sakit kepala wanita itu. Nyatakan kesan sampingan ubat yang
anda cadangkan sekiranya diambil secara berlebihan.
Suggest other medicine that can replace aspirin to help to reduce the woman
headache. State the side effect of the medicine that you suggest if taken
excessively.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]

[2023-Putrajaya-04] Jadual 4 menunjukkan dua jenis kosmetik P dan Q

yang digunakan secara meluas oleh pengguna.
Table 4 shows two types of cosmetics P and Q widely used by the consumers.
Jenis kosmetik Maklumat

Type of cosmetics Informations
Digunakan untuk mencantikkan wajah: bedak, gincu,
pembayang mata
P
To beautify the face: facial powders, lipstics,
eyeshadows
Rawatan pada tubuh: krim, pelembap kulit dan masker
Q muka
To treat the body: creams, skin moisturisers, facial masks
Jadual/ Table 4
(a) Berdasarkan Jadual 4, kenal pasti P dan Q.

Based on Table 4, identify P and Q.
P : ………………………………………………….
Q : …………………………………………………. [2M]
(b) Dalam lambakan produk kosmetik di pasaran, terdapat bahan kimia

terlarang yang biasanya dimasukkan ke dalam krim pemutih yang boleh
menyebabkan kulit merengsa, kerosakan buah pinggang dan sistem saraf
jika diserap ke dalam salur darah. Apakah bahan kimia terlarang tersebut?
With the wide variety of cosmetic products in the market, there is harmful
chemical that usually added illegally into the whitening creams that can
caused skin irritation, damage to the kidney and nervous system if absorbed
into the bloodstream. What is the harmful chemical?
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2023-MRSM-01] Rajah 1 menunjukkan perhubungan di antara skala nano

dengan bahan-bahan yang ada di sekeliling kita.
Diagram 1 shows the connection between nanoscale and the materials
around us.

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nanoteknologi?

What is meant by nanotechnology?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Senaraikan dua kegunaan nanoteknologi dalam kehidupan harian.

List two uses of nanotechnology in daily life.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(c) Grafen merupakan salah satu bahan yang diberi perhatian meluas dalam
bidang nanoteknologi. Terangkan bagaimana ciri yang terdapat pada grafen
yang membolehkan ia digunakan dalam penghasilan sensor.
Graphene has garnered wide attention material in nanotechnology. Explain
how the characteristics of graphene that allow it to be used in sensor
production.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023 Johor Bahru-02b] (b) Rajah 2 menunjukkan helaian grafen.

Diagram 2 shows graphene sheet.
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2

(i) Grafen adalah salah satu bahan yang digunakan dalam bidang
nanoteknologi. Apakah maksud nanoteknologi?
Graphene is a material used in the field of nanotechnology.
What is the meaning of nanotechnology?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Nyatakan sebab grafen digunakan dalam penapis air.

State the reason why graphene is used in water filters.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
[2023-NegeriSembilan-02] Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur grafen yang

digunakan dalam satu industri.
Diagram 2 shows the structure of graphene used in an industry.
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2
(a) Namakan satu bidang yang menggunakan grafen.

Name one field that uses graphene.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Nyatakan satu sifat fizik bagi grafen.

State one physical property of graphene.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(c) Apakah ciri istimewa bagi grafen menjadikannya sesuai dalam

penghasilan sensor?
What is the special characteristic of graphene that make it suitable for the
production of sensors?
.....................................................................................................................
[1 markah / mark]
(d) Berdasarkan Rajah 2, namakan atom X dan jenis ikatan terbentuk.
Based on Diagram 2, name atom X and the type of bond formed.
Nama atom X : .................................................................................

Name of atom X
Jenis ikatan : .................................................................................

Type of bond
[2M]
[2023-Pahang-04c] (c) Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan bil elektrik yang tinggi
akibat penggunaan penyaman udara di rumah Haimy.
Diagram 4.2 shows the high electricity bill due to the use of air conditioner in
Haimy's house.
Berdasarkan pengetahuan anda tentang aplikasi teknologi hijau, nyatakan

bagaimana anda dapat mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga di rumah
Haimy?
Based on your knowledge of green technology applications, state how you can
reduce the energy usage in Haimy’s house?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]

[2023-Selangor-Set02-10d] (d) Rajah 11.3 menunjukkan langkah-langkah

pembersihan air dalam loji rawatan air.
Diagram 11.3 shows the water purification steps in a water treatment plant.
Pada langkah 3, Gas klorin akan dipamkan ke dalam tangki air dan gas
klorin melarut dan bertindak balas dengan air seperti yang diwakili oleh
persamaan kimia berikut:
In step 3, chlorine gas will be pumped into the tank and the chlorine gas will
dissolve and react with water as shown in the following chemical equation:
Cl2(g) + H2O(ce)HOCl(ak) +HCl(ak)

Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HOCl(aq) +HCl(aq)
Asid hidroklorik yang terdapat di dalam air paip perlu dineutralkan oleh
larutan yang dinyatakan pada rajah langkah 3 sebelum dialirkan ke
pengguna.
Hydrochloric acid found in tap water needs to be neutralized by the solution
specified in step 3 diagram before it is fed to the user.
Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan kimia anda, huraikan cara untuk

menentukan kepekatan asid hidroklorik di dalam air terawat tersebut di
makmal dengan menggunakan bahan dan radas seperti larutan
fenolhtalein, kelalang kon, buret dan lain-lain.
Using your knowledge of chemistry, describe how to determine the
hydrochloric acid concentration in the treated water in the laboratory using
materials and apparatus such as phenolphthalein solution, conical flask,
burette and others.

[2023-Melaka-08] (a) Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi anion

sabun. Sabun boleh disediakan daripada sumber semula jadi melalui
proses hidrolisis minyak atau lemak oleh alkali.
Diagram 6.1 shows the structural formula of soap anion. Soap can be
prepared from natural sources through the process of hydrolysis of oil or fat
by alkali.
(i) Nyatakan nama proses untuk menghasilkan sabun.

State the name of the process to produce soap.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Kenal pasti bahagian yang larut dalam air.

Identify the part that dissolves in water.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(b) Sewaktu ingin menyalakan unggun api di kawasan perkhemahan,

tangan Hisham telah terkena api dan melecur.
While trying to light a bonfire at a campsite, Hisham s hand caught on fire
and burned.
(i) Nyatakan satu ubat tradisional yang boleh digunakan untuk merawat
tangan Hisham.
State a traditional medicine that can be used to treat Hisham’s hand.
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Bagaimanakah Hisham boleh menggunakan bahan yang dinyatakan di

8(b)(i) untuk merawat lukanya?
Explain how Hisham can use the substance stated in 8(b)(1) to treat his
wound?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]

(c) Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan dua produk kecantikan yang dimiliki oleh
Mawar.
Diagram 6.2 shows two cosmetic products owned by .
Sebagai seorang pengguna, cadangkan krim pelembap yang manakah yang

boleh digunakan oleh Mawar, Wajarkan jawapan anda.
As a consumer, suggest which moisturising cream can be used by Mawar.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
[3 markah/ marks]
(d) Dialog dal am Rajah 6.3 menunjukkan perbincangan antara pekerja-
pekerja sebuah syarikat pengeluaran makanan.
The dialogue in Diagram 6.3 shows the discussions among the staff at a food
production company.

Berdasarkan Rajah 6.3, kenalpasti jenis bahan tambah makanan yang

dibincangkan oleh pekerja-pekerja itu.
Based on Diagram 6.3, identify the type of food additives discussed by the
staff
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
[2023-JUJ-Set01-07] (a) Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan helaian grafen.

Diagram 7.1 shows the graphene sheet.

Grafen adalah bahan yang penting dalam bidang nanosains dan

nanoteknologi kerana saiznya yang berukuran 0.1 nm.
Graphene is an important material in the field of nanoscience and
nanotechnology due to its 0.1 nm in size.
(i) Apakah maksud nanoteknologi?

What is the meaning of nanotechnology?
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(ii) Berdasarkan Rajah 7.1, terangkan mengapa grafen sesuai digunakan

dalam pembuatan sensor.
Based on Diagram 7.1, explain why graphene is suitable for use in the
manufacture of sensors.
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [1M]
(iii) Penghasilan bateri litium-ion yang dipertingkatkan dengan grafen boleh

digunakan sebagai peranti storan tenaga bagi mengecas kenderaan elektrik
dan hibrid seperti dalam Rajah 7.2.
The production of lithium-ion batteries enhanced with graphene can be used
as an energy storage device to charge electric and hybrid vehicles as shown
in Diagram 7.2.
Nyatakan tiga ciri istimewa penggunaan grafen dalam peranti storan tenaga.
State three special features of using graphene in energy storage devices.

.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [3M]
(b) Jadual 7 menunjukkan kandungan dan kesan penggunaan krim muka A

dan krim muka B.
Table 7 shows the ingredient and effects of using face cream A and face
cream B.
Krim Muka
Face Cream
Kandungan Bahan semula jadi Bahan kimia

Ingredient Natural substance Chemical substance
Kesan selepas enam • Kulit cerah • Kulit cerah

bulan penggunaan Skin brightens Skin brightens
Effects after six months
of consumption • Kulit menjadi lebih • Kulit menjadi gatal
lembap dan kemerahan
Skin becomes more Skin becomes itchy
moisturised and reddish
• Kulit menggelupas
Peeling skin
Jadual 7 / Table 7
Berdasarkan Jadual 7,/ Based on Table 7,
(i) nyatakan jenis kosmetik bagi krim muka A dan krim muka B.
state the type of cosmetics for face cream A and face cream B.
............................................................................................................. [1M]

(ii) sebagai seorang pelajar kimia, jelaskan mengapa terdapat perbezaan

kesan penggunaan krim muka A dan krim muka B selepas enam bulan.
as a chemistry student, explain why explain why there is a difference in the
effects of using face cream A and face cream B after six months.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]
(c) Terdapat pelbagai sisa buangan di sekolah anda seperti sisa makanan
dan botol plastik. Sebagai seorang pelajar yang mempunyai pengetahuan
mengenai Teknologi Hijau, cadangkan satu kaedah yang boleh mengatasi
masalah itu dan wajarkan jawapan anda.
There are various wastes in your school such as food wastes and plastic
bottles. As a student who has knowledge of Green Technology, suggest a
method that can overcome the problem and justify your answer.
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................. [2M]

Chemquest 2024 - CG Adura

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ChemQuest 2024 - Cg Adura

Bab 1 Keseimbangan Redoks

[2023-Kelantan-07] Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan elektrolit?

(b) Senaraikan semua kation yang hadir dalam bikar Q

(c) Jadual 5 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Siri Keupayaan Elektrod

Tindak balas sel setengah E, V (297K)

1 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

Berdasarkan Rajah 6 dan Jadual 5/ Based on Diagram 6 and Table 5

(i) Tuliskan notasi sel untuk tindak balas itu

(ii) Kirakan nilai E°sei bagi tindak balas itu

(iv) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (c)(iii), tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi

(d) Rajah 7 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji

2 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

Tindak balas sel setengah E, V (297K)

Terangkan perbezaan pemerhatian pada anod dalam kedua-dua sel

[2023-Kedah-07] Rajah 7 menunjukkan susunan radas satu Sel Daniell.

Diberi nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai bagi:

Zn2+ (ak) + 2e  Zn(p) E° = -0.76 V

Cu2+ (ak) + 2e  Cu(p) E° = + 0.34 V

3 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

Berdasarkan Rajah 7/ Based on Diagram 7 :

(c) Eksperimen dijalankan selama 20 minit. Terangkan perbezaan bagi

(d) Tuliskan setengah persamaan di anod.

4 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

(f) Jadual 7 menunjukkan keupayaan elektrod piawai, E bagi X, Y dan Z.

Persamaan sel setengah E(V)

5 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

[2023-Selangor-Set02-05] Jadual 5 menunjukkan nilai keupayaan elektrod

Set Tindak balas sel setengah E/V

(a) Apakah maksud tindak balas redoks?

(b) Pasangan keupayaan elektrod piawai yang manakah digunakan sebagai

6 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

[2023-JohorPPDTangkak-07] Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi

Rajah 5.1/ Diagram 5.1

(a) Nyatakan warna bagi larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.

7 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

(c) Jadual 5.1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Siri Keupayaan Elektrod

Tindak balas sel setengah E/V (297K)

Jadual 5.1/ Table 5.1

Berdasarkan Rajah 5.1 dan Jadual 5.1,

(i) tuliskan notasi sel untuk tindak balas itu.

(ii) hitung nilai E sel bagi tindak balas itu.

8 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

Rajah 5.2/ Diagram 5.2

Tindak balas sel setengah E/V (297K)

Jadual 5.2 / Table 5.2

Berdasarkan Rajah 5.2 dan Jadual 5.2, terangkan perbezaan pemerhatian

9 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

[2023-Perlis-07] Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi penulenan

(a) Apakah fungsi pasu berliang?

(b) Nyatakan anod dan katod pada Sel Q.

(c) Nyatakan pemerhatian di katod pada Sel P.

10 https://cikguadura.wordpress.com/ChemQuest - 10 Dis 2023

Nilai Eo bagi beberapa sel setengah adalah :

Zn2+ (ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ Zn (p/s) Eo = -0.76 V

Mg2+ (ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ Mg (p/s) Eo = -2.38 V

2H+ (ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ H2 (g) Eo = +0.00 V

Cu2+ (ak/aq) + 2e- ⇋ Cu (p/s) Eo = +0.34 V