Document Type Code Code No.

Year
QA/QC 9001 2000
QA/QC ISO 10005 2000
QA/QC ISO 9004 2000
QA/QC ISO 9000 2000
CVL ACI 305R-99
CVL ISO 10479
CVL ACI 350-01 & 350R-
01

CVL ACI 543R-00

CVL AISC M016
CVL AISC M016
CVL AISC M016
CVL AISC M016
CVL ANSI A 14.3
CVL ASCE 40265
CVL ASCE Jul-98
CVL ASHRAE Index

CVL ASTM C150 – 02a

CVL ASTM C33 – 02a
CVL ASTM C39
CVL ASTM D 1143
CVL ASTM D 1250/IP200
CVL ASTM D 1556 – 00
CVL ASTM D 1621 – 00
CVL ASTM D 2665 – 02a

CVL ASTM D 3966 – 90

CVL BS 1178:1992
CVL BS 1.8861111111111
CVL BS 1377 Part 1:1990

CVL BS 1377 Part 1:1990

CVL BS 1377 Part 2:1990

CVL BS 1377 Part 3:1990

CVL BS 1377 Part 4:1990

CVL BS 1449 Part 2: 1983

CVL BS 4-1: 1993

CVL BS 10137-1: 1996

CVL BS 4449 : 1997

CVL BS 4483 : 1998
CVL BS 6399 Part 2:1997

CVL BS 1461 : 1991

CVL BS 8110 Part 1: 1997

CVL NFPA 12A

CVL NFPA 90A
CVL NFPA 92A
CVL ACI 318

CVL ACI 318

CVL ACI 325.12R-02

CVL IAPMO PLUMBING

CODE

CVL ICBO BUILDING

CODE

CVL ICBO BUILDING

CODE

CVL ACI 301

CVL ACI 302
CVL ACI 304
CVL ACI 305
CVL ACI 515
CVL ACI 308
CVL ASTM A775
CVL C150
CVL C94
CVL C33
 Title
Quality Management System Requirements
Quality Management System Guidelines for Quality Plans
Quality Management Systems – Guidelines for Performance Improvements
Quality Management Systems – Fundamentals & Vocabulary
Hot weather concreting
Steel and Steel Products – Inspection Documents
Code Requirements of Environmental Engineering Concrete structures and Commentary.

Recommendations for design, manufacture, and installation of concrete piles

Specification for the design, fabrication and erection of structural steel for building
Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges
Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts
Allowable Stress Design of Simple Shear Connections
Safety Requirements fro Fixed Ladders
Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers Handbooks:Fundamentals,
Equipment, System, Application

Standard specification for Portland cement

Standard specification for concrete aggregates
Compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens
Standard method of testing piles under static axial compressive load
Petroleum Measurement Table
Standard test methods for density of soil in place by the sand-cone method
Compressive Properties of Rigid Cellular Plastics
Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings

Standard method of testing piles under lateral loads

Milled Lead Sheet for Building Purposes
Specification for Portland cements
Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes

Amendment No.1

Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes

Amendment No.1 Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes

Methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes

Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip

Structural steel sections – Part 1: Specification for hot-rolled sections

Plates abd wide flats made of high strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered or preceipitation
hardened condition

Specification for carbon steel bars for the reinforcement of concrete

Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
Loading for buildings – Part 2: Code of practice for wind loads

Specification for hot-dip galvanized coatings on iron and steel articles

Structural use of concrete – Part 1. Code of practice for design and construction

Standard on Halon 1301 Fire Extinguishing Systems 1997 Edition

Standard for the installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems – 2002 Edition
Recommended Practice for Smoke-Control System – 2000 Edition
Building Code Requirements For Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) And Commentary (ACI 318R-02)

Errata (Correction)
Recommended practice for design of concrete pavement (Guide for Design of Jointed Concrete Pavements
for Streets and Local Roads)

Uniform Plumbing Code – 2000 Edition

International Building Code – 2000

CD-ROM – Seismic Design Parameters Version 3.10

Specifications for Concrete Slab

Guide for Concrete Floor & Slabs
Pumping Method for Concrete
Concrete Curing Method
Specification for Damp Proof/Waterpoofing
Hot weather concreting
Specification for Epoxy Coat
Specification for Portland cements
Ready Mix Concrete
Specification for Aggregate
ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CIVIL QA QC ENGINEER AT SITE

The QA/QC full form is QA stands for Quality assurance & QC stands for Quality control. QA/QC is the combination
of quality assurance, the process or set of processes used to measure and assure the quality of a product, and
quality control, ensuring products and services meet consumer expectations.
Quality assurance is process-oriented and focuses on defect prevention, while quality control is product-oriented
and focuses on defect identification.
A QA QC Engineer plays a very important role at the site. A competent QA QC Inspector/ Engineer at the site can
prevent the rectification work and can prevent the big loss of the company. What are the detailed duties for Civil QA
QC Engineer at the site

A Step by step duty for a Quality engineer.

PREPARING AN ITP
Qa Qc Engineer is responsible to prepare Inspection Test Plan. ITP shall be prepared for each activity like earth
work, concrete works, and etc. It shall include Controlling Documents, Acceptance Criteria, Nature/Extent of
Inspection, Responsible Personnel, Verification Document, and Inspection Stage.

QA QC Engineer shall know about these inspection stages.

H refers to Hold - A stage during construction, Which is necessary to take approval from the responsible
personnel. The execution team shall wait for the responsible person before starting the next activity until the
previous activity is not approved by the consultant or QA QC.
W refers to Witness - A stage during construction where QA QC or Consultant may witness the work, but the
execution team does not have to wait for acceptance and for the start next activity.
RM refers to Random Witness - A stage during construction when QA QC or Consultant may random witness the
work, but the contractor does not have to wait for acceptance and for the start next activity.
R refers to Review of documents - A stage during construction activity where the only review of document will be
done by QA QC or Consultant.
R/A refers to Review and Approval - A Stage during construction activity where the approval of work is done by
review of documents.

S stands for Surveillance - A stage during construction where surveillance will be carried out during site visits.

PREPARING METHOD STATEMENT / JOB PROCEDURE

QA QC is responsible to prepare a method statement for activity and work. Before starting a new activity, a
method statement shall be prepared and shall be sent to the client or consultant for approval. Work shall be
executed with the approved method statement only. Method statement shall be procedure shall be prepared
with reference of the project specification, standards, complying with the material-technical datasheet.

Method statements shall be available at the site during construction activity.

A method statement or job procedure shall include the following details.
1. Scope of work
2. Responsibilities of respective staff involved in work.
3. Materials details (If any)
4. Methodology or procedure
5. Format shall be attached with method statement like RFI, ITP, Inspection Report, Pour Card
6. Approved Risk assessment (RA), Job hazard analysis (JHA)

MATERIAL APPROVALS
Material Approval sheet shall be prepared by QA QC Engineer and shall be submitted to the client for approval.

A Qa Qc Engineer shall monitor without prior approval any material shall not be used, failing in this can lead to non-
conformity and demolition of the work.
Qa QC Engineer shall regular follow up for the approval of material to prevent any delay in work progress.
Qa Qc Engineer shall review material technical data sheet reference and vendor list with project specification
requirement before submitting MAS.
 Material approval shall cover the following details
1. BOQ reference shall be available
2. Specification Reference
3. Compliance statement for the material ref with specifications
4. Vendor List approval if any available
4. Technical Data Sheet and MSDS for the material if available
5. Test reports
6. Company Profile for the material
7. Company ISO Certificates and government approval
8. Previous approval from other projects.

SITE INSPECTION AND MATERIAL INSPECTION

SITE INSPECTION

QA QC inspector is responsible for site inspection. when a site engineer or sub-contractor raises/issues an RFI
(Request for Inspection) to a Qa QC Engineer. A QA QC is responsible for reviewing the drawing before attending
the inspection. QA QC Shall review the RFI that includes all the ITP Checkpoints and descriptions for the work.

QA QC Engineer shall give official notification to the client or consultant for the inspection before 24 hours.

QA QC Shall inspect first before given notification to the client to avoid any delay in the inspection.
QA QC Shall be available at the time of inspection at the site with the latest approved drawing, survey report, RFI,
and test report if any required for inspection like FDT, 7 days cube test reports, DFT, and etc.

MATERIAL INSPECTION
QA QC is responsible for the material inspection report. A notification shall be raised to the consultant and
client as soon as possible after material receiving.
Responsible QA QC Shall inspect the material first with the material approval sheet. Received material shall be
approved and in good condition. Material shall be store as per manufacture recommendation.

It is very important that material test reports and invoices co-relates with the received material batch number.

Material Inspection approval shall cover the following details

1. Approved Material Submittal Cover Sheet
2. Technical Data Sheet of the particular material
3. Country of origin/Bill of lading
4. Draft Warranty for the material
5. Delivery Note
6. Material Photos/Storage Photos

ISSUING NCR AND SITE OBSERVATION

Respective QA QC is responsible to raise NCR and Site observation for his site. A QA QC is also responsible to
monitor and surveillance of the site without RFI.
Any deviation to the specification and drawing shall be noted and notify to the respective site engineer and sub-
contractor.

Site observation is issued to the execution team and sub-contractor during ongoing work and can rectify easily
without any demolition work. Observation can be given in any minor deviation to the specification.

Non-conformity shall be an issue in any major deviation to the specification and drawing to the sub-contractor and
execution engineer.

TRAIN TO THE SUPERVISORS, FOREMEN, AND OTHERS

QA QC Engineer is responsible for providing training related to work to the workers and staff. Any new work at the
site shall not be started before the method statement is approved.
All workers and supervisors shall be trained by QA QC, training shall be recorded and shall get signed by each
attendee. Photographs during training shall be recorded.
QA QC Engineers are responsible to conduct Quality Tool Box Training at the site regularly to improve the work
competency of the workers.
Trained workers at the site reflect the quality work of the company.
MANAGING SITE LABORATORY AND LAB EQUIPMENT
QA QC Engineer is responsible for laboratory tests at the site for raw material as well as fresh and hardened
concrete tests at the pouring location.
QA QC shall ensure all the laboratory equipment calibrations are updated.
Uncalibrated and equipment that having calibration after the due date shall be removed from the laboratory and
shall not be used for tests.

DOCUMENTATION
QA QC Engineer is responsible for the documentation of the project. QA QC shall ensure all the documents are
updated and attached with all required supportive documents.

Below are some tips for super documentation work at the site.
1. Document shall be scanned as soon as possible after acknowledgment.
2. All dispatched documents like correspondence letters, MAS, RFI, shall be scanned before submission to the client.
3. All submitted and approved documents shall be updated in an online system for emergency backup.
4. Master file system sheet shall be developed for tracking the documents.
5. Log and register shall be prepared for the documents for easy access and a scanned copy hyperlink shall be
attached for each file.

6. RFI log, FDT Log, Cube Log, Correspondence Log, Daily and Weekly report, NCR Log, Site observation Log, MAS
Log, and other regular documents shall be maintained by preparing an excel log to access and track easily.

SOME OTHER DUTIES FOR QA QC AT SITE

QA QC Inspector and Engineer shall do some following activities to perform his duty well and to satisfy the client by
his work.

1. QA QC Inspector/Engineer is responsible to visit the concrete batching plant regularly for raw material
inspection and other activities at batching plant.
2. QA QC Inspector/Engineer is responsible to visit raw material resource plants to avoid any deviated material at
the site. Raw material like Backfilling material, aggregate, and others.
3. QA QC Inspector/ Engineer shall visit the third-party laboratory to witness the test.
4. QA QC Shall review the test reports and other documents.
5. QA QC Shall arrange for the mock-up works for a new activity or for new materials.
Contents of PQP
Sections
1. General

2. Company Information

3. Definition & References

4. Quality Management System

5. Management Responsibilities

6. Resource Management

7. Product Realization

8. Measurement, Analysis & Improvement

9. Attachments
How to write Inspection and Test Plan

Contents

1 Introduction
2 Step 1: Scope
3 Step 2: Determine the criteria / gather the relevant documents
4 Step 3: Work out the stages of the delivery
5 Step 4 & 5: Detail each individual item on the ITP

Introduction
An Inspection & Test Plan (ITP) is a document that describes the plan for managing the quality control and assurance of a part
works providing information on the requirements, an overview of the method(s) to be used, responsibilities of relevant parties, a
provided to verify compliance.

Based on the generic template provided (File:18 04 13 CONSIG ITP Template Rev 3.0.pdf), the following guidance takes you t
ITP. This article should be read in conjunction with the article "Inspection & Test Plans (ITPs)".

The Inspection and Test Plan Template (17 07 28 CONSIG ITP Template Rev 2.0) is also available in Excel format for informat
downloaded and utilised as appropriate. Please click here to access the file.

Step 1: Scope

A simple summary of the scope of the works applicable to the ITP should be included. It may also be useful to specify what is N
clarification for anyone reading the ITP.

[Figure 1: ITP Scope Summary]

Step 2: Determine the criteria / gather the relevant documents

Most people associate the criteria for the works with the drawings and specifications. Although these are likely to be the most s
there are others and it is important to consider them. Drawings and specifications often refer to and require compliance with oth
a specification for concrete may refer to the National Structural Concrete Specification). Therefore, the following may be a list o
this is not exhaustive:

a. Drawings (including notes on the drawings)

b. Design specifications
c. British / European / International Standards
d. Other standards (e.g. National Structural Steelwork Specification, National Structural Concrete Specification)
e. Manufacturers’ requirements
f. Contract requirements
g. Planning conditions
h. Building Control requirements
i. National House Building Council requirements
j. Legislative requirements
k. Lessons learnt workshops
l. Business Management System of the organisation
m. Sample and Benchmarks

Step 3: Work out the stages of the delivery

When producing an ITP is it often useful to think about the stages of delivery in chronological order and assign the assurance a
and 5) to a relevant stage as shown in Figure 2. Further information about each stage is provided below.

[Figure 2: Delivery stages]

Pre-Construction: There may be items which need to be inspected & witnessed before the works start. For example, it would be
make sure that the design is suitably developed. There may be a requirement for design prior to any manufacture or site works
steel fabrication drawings. This may require drawing approvals, checking of calculations etc. There may also be a requirement
and approval of samples or mock-ups to verify design requirements. These should be referenced where appropriate. Additiona
Statements may require approval and a check might need to be completed to ensure persons undertaking the works are suitab

Material Conformity: What actions need to be completed to ensure the materials are compliant? Do materials need to be appro
Do materials need specific certification?

Off-Site Manufacture: In cases where a product is manufactured away from the site, appropriate consideration is often not give
contractor or contractor will ensure and demonstrate the product is compliant. However, it is extremely important. Once the pro
be too late and may have significant implications for the programme. Therefore, it is important to consider how compliance with
example, it may be necessary to visit the factory, undertake Factory Acceptance Tests (FATs), or request specific assurance do
completely separate ITP may be produced by the principal contractor for an element of the works which is manufactured off-site

Generally, where a proprietary product is used, a Certificate of Conformity will often suffice as a means to demonstrate complia
Site Works: In most cases, the site works section of the ITP will constitute the most significant proportion by volume of the ITP.
physical construction works on site will be inspected and tested.

Where specified or appropriate, requirements for establishing benchmarks to set workmanship standards for quality requiremen
ITP.

Testing & Commissioning: Although, as described earlier, the ITP document collectively describes testing/inspection activities,
this section usually specifies the testing of the completed works and is often most significant for Mechanical, Electrical and Pub
However, testing is still required for many other civil and building elements of the works such as cube and slump tests for concr
drop tests for screed, noise attenuation testing for internal partitions and air leakage testing for building control acceptance to n

Post Construction Activities: Although the physical works element may be completed, there are other activities that may still nee
For example, ‘snagging’ of the works may be required and the Operating & Maintenance Manual information provided. Works m
an inspection and handover process to the client. One of the most important elements of this stage may be how the works are t
for works by follow on trades.

Step 4 & 5: Detail each individual item on the ITP

Steps 4 & 5 will most likely take the most time and effort to complete. The outcome from these steps will be to have all quality a
the specified scope of the works (stage 1) listed on the ITP.

To determine the items which need to be listed on the ITP, the most straightforward way is probably to go through each of the
systematic manner and pick out the items which need to be listed on the ITP.

It is then necessary to consider each item in turn and provide details of how the criteria will be met, the evidence which will be p
the assurance activity and finally the type of inspection or test involved.

To help with steps 4 and 5, ITP templates are often split into a series of columns with one column dedicated to each piece of in

[Figure 3: An activity item for an ITP with information split into columns]

There is no standard which states which columns should be included and generally each organisation develops their own prefe
occasion, clients may also specify the use of a particular template. The attached template provides an example but maybe ada

Using the attached template:

Step 4a: Firstly, the quality assurance activity is specified:

[Figure 4: Assurance Activity]

Step 4b: Next, details of the criteria should be provided. It is useful (for future reference) to include full details of the exact sourc
include the revision number (as revisions of the same document could differ) and location within the document (e.g. specificatio

[Figure 5: Requirement]

Step 5a: A description of the activity that will be undertaken to ensure compliance should then be provided:

[Figure 6: Compliance]

Step 5b: A corresponding description of how compliance will be demonstrated should then be specified:

[Figure 7: Demonstration]
Step 5c: Details of the evidence to demonstrate compliance should be provided including information on where it may be locate

[Figure 8: Evidence]

Step 5d: It is useful to include information on who is responsible for ensuring the assurance activity is completed satisfactorily a

[Figure 9: Activity Ownership & Resource]

Step 5e: Finally, the parties or persons involved in the inspection activity should be specified. Very often this information is pres
each party/person. Codes are usually developed which summarise the type of test and level of involvement:

[Figure 10: Parties/individual involved; type of test]

As with the ITP template, there are no standard ‘codes’ and organisations usually develop their own preferred method. Howeve
types of inspection and test. The following are the most common categories of inspection/test activity. Suggested abbreviations

Witness (W): The activity will be verified by the party/individual acting as a witness to the satisfactory completion of the item.
Inspection (I): The activity will involve a party or person undertaking an inspection of the item.
Hold Point (HP): The next stage must not commence until the item is completed satisfactorily.
Surveillance (S): A ‘surveillance’ is essentially a mini audit that reviews an aspect of the works in more detail to verify complianc

Audit (AU): An audit would require that a competent auditor undertakes an audit to verify the item is satisfactorily completed (e.

Often, it is not necessary or practicable for every party to fully witness or inspect all works activities but, dependent on contractu
a representative sample may be used to gain the confidence of compliance. For example, the ‘owner’ of the ITP (often the trade
to verify compliance of all aspects. However, the principal contract may witness only a representative percentage and the proje
Therefore, it is often useful to indicate the level to which the party/individual will be involved (e.g. 10%, 50%, 100% etc.). In the
ITP column for Principal Contractor specifies ‘W(100)’ indicating 100% witnessing of the activity although the principal contracto

Hold points are a critical part of the quality assurance process. In the above example (Figure 10), the subcontractor may not pr
the UKAS accreditation is completed. Therefore, the subcontractor inspects the document but this is also a hold point (H / I).

How to Prepare Project Quality Plan

Essential Elements;
1. Project Staff - Oraganization Map/Chart
2. Effective Communication
- Meetings

3. Survelliance for Quality Assurance

- Management
- Tracking
- Controlling
- Monitoring
4. Manufacturers, Suppliers & Subcontractors
- Chosing Parameters like material, products, resources & services according to price.
5. PQP Standards

6. Inspection and Test Plans (ITP)

- Ascertain work area is ready to begin
- Material Checking & Receiving
- Monitoring the work areas in progress
- Check finished work in progress

7. Controlling Non-conformances
- Issues related to specificaitons, drawings and method statements.
- Corrective Actions
8. Project Completion Inspections
ontents of PQP
Clause Description
Cover Page
Assignment & Approval
Purpose & Scope
. Company Information
Amendment Record Sheet
Controlled Copyholders of PQP
Controlled copyholders of ITP & MS
. Definition & References
Contents
Declaration
Glossaryof Terms
Scope, Purpose and Terms & Definitions
. Quality Management System
General Requirements
-Model of Process Based Quality Management System

Documentation Required
General
Quality Manual
Control of Documents
Control of Records
. Management Responsibilities
Management Commitment
Customer Focus & Quality Policy
Quality Planning & Objectives
Responsibility
Authority & Communication
Management Review
. Resource Management
Resource Management
HR
Infrastructure
Work Environment
. Product Realization
Product Realization
Customer Related Processes
Design & Development
Purchasing
Production and Service System
. Measurement, Analysis & Improvement
Control of Monitoring & Measuring Devices
General Customer Satisfaction
Internal & External Audit
Monitoring & Measuremrnt of Processes
 Control of Non-Conforming Product
Analysis of Data
Improvement
Corrective Action
Preventive Plan/ Action
. Attachments
Corporate Organization Chart
Project Organization Chart
MOS
ITP
QAQC Procedures
Form & Records
Respective Matrix

What is ITP (Inspection & Test Plan)?

In the context of a construction project, "ITP" typically stands for "Inspection and Test Plan." An Inspection and Test P
the detailed steps, procedures, and requirements for inspecting and testing various aspects of a construction project
the specified quality standards, codes, regulations, and project requirements.
ITPs are an essential part of quality control and quality assurance in construction projects. They provide a systematic
addressing potential issues or defects during the construction process, helping to prevent problems that could lead
hazards. The ITP includes details about what will be inspected, how the inspection will be conducted, the criteria for
responsible for performing and verifying each inspection or test.
Here are some key components typically found in an Inspection and Test Plan:
1. Scope: Clearly defines the scope of work or the specific elements to be inspected or tested.
2. Inspection Points: Lists the specific points in the construction process where inspections or tests will take place.
3. Acceptance Criteria: Specifies the criteria that must be met for the work to be considered acceptable. This could i
performance standards, etc.
4. Testing Procedures: Details the procedures, methods, and equipment to be used for conducting tests and inspec
5. Responsibilities: Identifies the parties responsible for performing the inspections, tests, and verifications. This cou
subcontractors, third-party inspectors, project managers and consultant.
6. Documentation: Outlines the documentation required for each inspection or test, including forms, reports, photo
7. Schedule: Provides a timeline for when inspections and tests will take place, aligned with the construction schedu
8. Sign-off: Specifies the process for recording the results of inspections and tests, including signatures of responsib
work has been approved.
 Mostly used documents at site for QA QC Engineer for records
1. GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY APPROVALS: -
All approvals from government authorities related to the project shall be recorded.

2. CORRESPONDENCE / TRANSMITTALS: -
All correspondence letters or transmittals shall be recorded by the sequence in hardco
well as a scanned soft copy with acknowledgment for easy access. The log or register shall
maintained for tracking.
Letter / Transmittal to client
Letter / Transmittal from client
Letter / Transmittal to consultant
Letter / Transmittal from consultant
Letter / Transmittal to sub-contractor
Letter / Transmittal from sub-contractor

3. TENDER DOCUMENTS: -
Approved Tender documents shall be recorded. Tender documents shall be duly signe
the client and contractor. Below are detailed tender documents.
BOQ (Bill of Quantity)
Scope of work
Tender drawings
Project specifications
Soil or geotechnical reports

4. THIRD-PARTY APPROVALS & SUB-CONTRACTOR APPROVAL: -

All third-party approvals shall be taken prior to starting the work to prevent any delay in
project's progress.
Laboratory approvals
Third-party inspector approvals
Third-party inspection company approvals
Technician approvals & etc

5. QA QC PLAN:-
QA QC Plan is a document that indicates the project quality system along with the compan
quality system.

6. METHOD STATEMENTS / JOB PROCEDURE: -

 A method statement is a document that indicates the process of how to execute work
project specification, applicable standards. A method statement includes the responsibility
respective engineers, managers, QA QC Engineers, Saftey Officers, Supervisor. It also includ
procedure, risk assessment and it shall be submitted with required formats and ITP.
 Method statement can be termed as job procedure also, A method statement shall be subm
prior to start the activity and approved method statement copy shall be available at the sit
during execution work. Work shall not be started without the approval of the method state

A log or register shall be maintained with document numbers so the next document numb
be given with proper traceability.

7. ITP (INSPECTION TEST PLAN): -

An inspection test plan or field quality plan is a document that refers to the checkpoin
the inspection of activity. And ITP shall be recorded and shall be approved by consultant a
client prior to execution of work.

8. MATERIAL APPROVALS: -
All material shall be approved as per the approved vendor list provided in the project
specification. And all approval shall be recorded with brand name and supplier. Without m
approval material shall not be used it leads to Non-conformity.

A log shall be prepared for material approvals and it shall be updated as soon as possible
approval is received from the client.

9. RFI (REQUEST FOR INSPECTION):-

Request for Information is a document that is prepared or raised prior to 24 hours of t

inspection. An RFI shall be issued before 24 hours for inspection. RFI is a legal document t
shall be used for invoice purposes also. The site Engineer shall raise the RFI and sent it to t
QC or Client for inspection. Once the RFI is approved it shall be recorded and a scanned co
be available for easy access. A log shall be maintained and shall be updated daily wise. In s
the projects, RFI is referred to as pour cards also.
10. MATERIAL DELIVERY INSPECTION | MATERIAL INSPECTION REPORT
The material delivery inspection report is a document that refers to the quality of the
material. For material inspection, Material approval shall be available and material inspec
shall be done as per BOQ items. The material inspection report can be termed as an Incom
material inspection report (IMIR). The material inspection shall be done as per proper
traceability documents.

11. POUR CARD:-

A pour card is a document that refers to the checklist of inspection, and it can be defin
two types Pre-pour & Post Pour.

Pre Pour card shall be available during an inspection at the site and all the checkpoint
the inspection test plan shall be mentioned in the pre-pour inspection card. And Post pour
inspection card shall be available during the concrete pouring. All Pour cards shall be appr
and recorded scan copy also. It shall be available during the RA Bill.

12. IFC DRAWINGS (ISSUED FOR CONSTRUCTION):-

IFC Drawing refers to the drawing issued for construction. All IFC or AFC (Approved F
Construction) shall be available at the site. Drawings shall not be available without approv
the site it may lead to Non-conformity.

13. SITE OBSERVATION:-

Site observation reports shall be available and recorded. All variation references with proj
specifications shall be recorded and shall be sent to the respective site engineers for rectif
and all observations shall be recorded for weekly and monthly progress reports also.

All photos shall be kept in record

14. NON-CONFORMITY REPORT (NCR):-

A non-conformity report (NCR) is a legal document that indicates deformity or variati

work as per project specification. If executed work varies as mentioned in the project
specification Non-Conformity Report shall be produced and sent to the respective enginee
management for rectification. If Non-conformity is open, No invoice shall be passed for the
till non-conformity is successfully closed. A log shall be prepared for non-conformity and s
distributed as soon as possible to respective engineers.

15. CORRECTIVE ACTION REPORT:-

A corrective action report is a document that is prepared against non-conformity. Whi
includes the method for the rectification of non-conformity.
16. TEST REPORTS:-
All test reports shall be available in hard copy at the site and shall be scanned for easy
traceability. Below are some test reports which shall be available at the site and shall be a
with RFI during approvals.
MDD & OMC test report
Field Dry Density test report
Cube test report
Slump and temperature test report, and etc.
17. DESIGN MIX
The design mix shall be approved and duly signed by the client prior to starting the co
work at the site. A copy of the design mix shall be available at the site.

18. APPROVED CV:-

All CV Shall be submitted to the client prior to starting the work. and shall be kept in th
record at the site.

19. TRAINING RECORDS:-

All staff available at the site shall be given training for Project QA QC Plan and all manp
shall be given training as per the method statement to improve quality at the site.

20. COMPANY POLICIES AND ISO CERTIFICATE

Company Quality Policy, Health, and safety policy, Drug policy shall be available at the
the time, and ISO certificates shall also be available.
QA/QC KICK OFF MEETING
Planning & Scheduling
Does the project understand the work scope of each site subcontractor and has it been defined
project scheduling. This is especially important for the completion of As-Built Dossiers for proje
Over Purposes.

Constuctability Items Identified

Has the Project Identified major constructability site issues that will impact upon the completion
site quality inspections and subsequently delay the turn over of Quality Dossiers to the custome

Procurement Inspection Activities

Has the Project Identified all sub contractors procured items that might not conform to the custo
Technical Specifications? Have these items been identified on a procurement matrix and receip
inspections been coordinated prior to release for site use.

QC organisation Chart Defined

Does each subcontractor have a designated team of Quality Control Inspectors with organisatio
freedom to reject and accept nonconforming material? Do these inspectors have sufficient
qualifications and experience to complete the scope of work.

Point of Contacts Defined

The Project QA/QC team must identify points of contacts with the customer, Prime Contractor,
contractors and Third Party Inspection bodies on site to ensure timely completion of site inspec

QC Inspection Plan Reviewed

All the site subcontractors must understand and implement their site approved Quality Control
Inspection & Test Plan (QCIP) to ensure the inspection of the work is undertaken during proces
with out any schedule delays.

Health & Safety of Radioactive Sources Reviewed

All subcontractors that use radiactive sources must be aware of the site safety procedures and
emergency evacuation procedures.
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT QUALITY CONTROL
Construction Phase QC
Examination/Inspection
Quality control functions performed by Contractor or its subcontractor through:

QC Inspection Check Sheets

Inspection and Test Plans by construction activity
project specifications
code and standards.
Application for Inspection

QC Documentation Turnover By Pay Milestones

Verification of a completed construction milestone through:
The traceability of QC Inspection reports for payment and completion status.
The closure of Non-conformance Reports and outstanding Technical Queries, Design Change

Construction Punch-list Verification

The identification and acceptance of categories of punch listed items by system, sub-system.
missing materials.
Incorporation into Master Punch List.
Coordination and closure of Punch listed items by QC Application for Inspection Form.

As-Built Drawings
An engineering drawing that has been revised to reflect actual field conditions and facility modi
after the completion of construction.
Normally As-built drawings are red line marked up (modifications highlighted in red ink).

Turnover Package
Turnover package content and structure will vary depending on the type of project and shall be
during the construction phase of the project.

Spare parts data and other non-material requirements to be furnished to the Startup organisatio
systems, project areas, facilities or portions of the work ready for commissioning.

Documentation, including:
Hydrostatic Test Packages,
as-built drawings,
Radiographic Film, completed test records
punch lists,
startup and operating instruction or manuals
Mechanical Completion
Completion status of construction at the point of turnover to the Startup Organisation is normall
defined in the contract with the Customer. Typically, erection and assembly of facilities includin
installation off :
equipment, sub-assemblies and parts
performance of non-operating adjustments,
leak, pressure testing
other non-destructive tests
cold alignment checks

Pre-commissioning Phase
Pre-commissioning
performance of non-operating adjustments
leak, pressure and other non destructive tests
cold alignment checks
instrument calibration and loop checks
electrical continuity and motor rotation checks made by Contractor or its subcontractors prior to
mechanical completion
instrument calibration and loop checks
electrical continuity and motor rotation checks are completed and the facilities are ready for
commissioning.

Commissioning Phase
Ready for Commissioning
The status of construction after Mechanical Completion and prior to startup.
Construction and clean-up activities are complete and the facilities are made ready for initial op
by the Startup Organisation
Typically control and logic systems are statically tested
rotating equipment is prepared for operation
additive and inhibitor systems are charged
the facilities are made ready for process pressurisation
removal of internal intermediate isolation blinds.
Commissioning
removal of system battery blinds
purging and pressurising systems with process mediums
utility systems such as plant air, cooling water, steam, etc
running of facilities, and on-stream verification of control system
equipment component performance pumps, motors, analysers, etc
Startup Phase
Startup Organisation
The Customers operating staff, or third party organisation responsible for commissioning and s
mechanically completed facilities.
Startup
 Activities associated with the running or operating of the facilities or portions of the facilities foll
Pre-commissioning, Mechanical Completion and Turnover. Operating adjustments to achieve
performance of the facilities are made during Startup.
Turnover
The transfer of care, custody and control of completed project areas or facilities to a designated
Startup Organisation
Standard Project Definitions For Construction, Pre-commissioning, Commissi
Activities

Notes
1. Construction QC Documentation for verification of completed Milestones (identify category of
lists).
The closure of Non-conformance reports, resolution of outstanding Technical Queries and red lin
up of As built drawings.
2. Pre-commissioning activity can begin prior to the Mechanical Completion of the system.
3. At the Turnover (System Ready for Commissioning) Care and Custody is transferred from the
Contractor to the Customer.
4. Final Acceptance – The end of Normal Warranty Period of 1 year after the Provisional Accep

Project Quality
International Standard Organization Quality Management System
Requirements
Construction Project Failure Prevention Systems. Manage your processes and they will pro
your Company and profit margins.

01 Management Process
02 Organization Process
03 Conformity Process
04 Documentation Process
05 Examination Procedure
1: Organization
2: Quality Assurance Program
3: Design Control
4: Procurement Document Control
5: Instructions, Procedures and Drawings
6: Document Control
7: Control of Purchased Material, Equipment and Services
8: Identification and Control of Materials, Parts and Componants
9: Control of Special Processes
10: Inspection
11: Test Control
12: Control of Measuring and Test Equipment
13: Handling, Storage and Shipping
14: Inspection, Test and Operating Status
15: Nonconforming Materials, Parts or Components
16: Corrective Action
17: Quality Assurance Records
18: Audits
CUSTOMER REVIEW OF QA/QC DOCUMENTATION
QA Policy Manual
Normally submitted at Bid stage to the customer.

NDT Procedures Submitted

Third Party Non Destructive Testing Procedures are normally requested in the contract to be su
to the customer for their review and/or approval. This would include the subcontractors NDT sa
procedures.

Welding Procedures WPS/PQR’s

Welding Procedures Specifications (WPS’s) and Procedure Qualification Reports (PQR’s) are
required to be submitted to the customer for review and approval prior to the start of any on site
welding works.

Concrete Mix Designs

Normally a customer review is required and/or approval prior to the start of any work.

Painting Specifications
Normally a customer review is required and/or approval prior to the start of any work.

Approved Subcontractors
Sub Contractors as a part of contract requirements are normally required to be submitted to the
customer for approval prior to the start of the work. This would include assessing information o
subcontractors capabilities.

Quality Control organisational Charts

The site Quality Control organisation Chart must be completed prior to the commencement of w
even if all QC personnel names are not indicated on the chart.

Revisions to Contracts Specifications

It is important for the supplier to ensure all revisions to the customers Contract Technical
Requirements are completed prior to the start of any construction work on site.

Preventative Maintenance Schedule Reviewed

Has all critical equipment been identified on the Preventative Maintenance Schedule that will h
lead times prior to installation?

QC Inspection & Test Plans

Have all Inspection and Testing Plans been reviewed and submitted to the customer for review
approval.

Project Construction Procedures

Are all the Project Construction Procedures in place and do they reflect the scope of the custom
Technical Requirements.
REVIEW OF BID TENDERS
Bid Tenders
Customers now require to know how the supplier or contractor plans to meet the customers Te
Specifications. The customer normally requires objective evidence that the Suppliers can verify
This is completed by forwarding to the customer sample exhibits from the suppliers Quality
Management System and/or Quality presentation by the supplier or contractor. Suppliers or
Contractors are not only assessed on their Bid price but on their ability to define and meet the
customers Quality objectives within a limited time period.

Bid Tender Meeting

The supplier or contractor submits to the customer their Company Quality Policy Manual Prior t
tender bid meeting. The meeting outlines the full scope of the project where questions are resp
to from the potential bidders. The project does not always go to the lowest bidder.

Review of Project Resources

The supplier or contractors must assure himself that he and his subcontractors have the requir
resources in place to meet the customers technical requirements.

Subcontractor Evaluation
In order for The Prime Contractor to obtain confidence from their suppliers or vendors it is esse
that objective evidence be obtained. This is normally completed by completing Audits and send
Quality questionnaires.

Customer Satisfaction
How does a company measure customer satisfaction and provide that confidence at a bid stag
meeting? Reputation does not always work today. The zero issuance of nonconformance repor
Meeting the quality objectives as contained in milestones and bringing the project in on time an
budget. This would be a major plus factor.
IN-PROCESS INSPECTION
The use of Construction Quality Control Inspection Check Sheets
1. QC Quality control check sheets can be used to inspect and verify quality in the construction ph
verify the customers pay milestone payments that should reduce the risk of any delayed paymen

2. QC Check sheets can provide the customer with reasonable assurance that there is a Quality
Management system in place.
The customer may want the opportunity to inspect and verify quality during the construction ph
identifying key inspection intervention points based on the projects perceived risk.
3. Key critical inspections can be arranged with the customer to ensure that any specific custom
requirements and regulatory requirements are built into the product.
4. Should the customer require any as- built Quality dossers on completion of the work these th
be attached to the Hand over Dossiers.
5. QC check sheets can prevent schedule delays by reducing defective rework when punching
prior to handing over to the customer.
6. QC check sheets can be utilised as a training opportunity for new employees and or subcont
to ensure that there is no miss understanding of quality requirements.
7. QC Check sheets can be updated to ensure that any lessons learned items on previous proj
be included in a new check sheet. Any issued Non conformance reports can be evaluated and
incorporated in to each QC Inspection Check Sheet.

Closure of Nonconformance Reports

Issued nonconformance reports can be generated form the customer or to the supplier or vend
important the control and action for closure purposes is coordinated through a sole point of
contact.Ensuring that delays in the construction schedule are kept to an absolute minimum.

Client Sign off of Inspection Test Dossiers

It must be agreed with the customer if they are going to sign off the inspection check sheets du
their attendance at the place of inspection or whether the customer will verify conformance by
reviewing the As-Built Turn Over Dossiers.If this is not agreed at the early stage of the project t
could cause considerable delay later on.
Punch-Snag List Items
Prior to the completion of a Project Milestone all outstanding items should be identified through
point of source. Punchlisted items should be agreed and coordinated with the customer prior to
handover.
Outstanding Work List Defined
Outstanding work lists that are identified in the Punch list that cannot be completed must be ide
in a Project Exception List, rework to be completed at a later time. All rework must be agreed w
customer.
QA/QC Documentation Reconciliation
 Copies of Project Quality Control and Quality Assurance documentation are normally required
contract to be held for retention for a period of five years by the suppliers or Prime Contractor.
component or section of the Project fails at a later stage a warranty claim will be initiated by the
customer.
QC Manpower Defined
The Customer and the Prime Contractors must ensure there is sufficient Quality Control manpo
resources for the scope of the customer’s Technical Specifications.
TURN OVER OF AS-BUILT QC DOCUMENTATION
QA/QC Documentation
It is normal for the Customer to specify how and in what format the QA/QC Turnover Dossiers a
be presented. This is normally given to the supplier in the form of a Project Procedure documen

QA/QC Documentation Retention

It is normal for Project QA/QC documentation to be retained by the supplier or contractor for a
minimum period of five years.

Punch Listed Items

Prior to the completion of a Project Milestone all punchlisted items should be identified and coo
through one point of source.Punchlisted items should be agreed and coordinated with the custo
prior to final handover.

Customers Warranty Claims

In such cases were there is a failure of the product, the QA/QC Turnover Dossiers will be able
identify whether there is a product manufacturing defect or if it was an installation construction

Project Punchlist Organisation Chart*

Project Punchlist Flow Chart*

Note:
Punch Coordinator to complete weekly status report to Prime Construction Manager, relevant
following:
– New Punchlisted Items Raised
– Punchlisted Items Closed
– Total Outstanding Punchlisted Items
Asphalt Base course First layer
What is the most important property of asphalt?
Typically, the most important physical properties are: Durability. Durability is a measure of how asphalt binder physical
properties change with age (sometimes called age hardening). In general, as an asphalt binder ages, its viscosity increases and
it becomes more stiff and brittle.

Asphalt Base course Second layer

Ø What is the difference between asphalt and asphaltic concrete?
First, both asphalt and concrete driveways have a gravel base. They are both made with stone and sand. The primary
difference involves their adhesive materials. Asphalt is petroleum-based while concrete is made of cement.

What are the basics of asphalt?

Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates, binder and filler, used for constructing and maintaining all kind of roads, parking areas but
also play- and sport areas. Aggregates used for asphalt mixtures could be crushed rock, sand, gravel or slags. In order to bind
the aggregates into a cohesive mixture a binder is used.
Ø What are the most important properties of asphalt?
An asphalt concrete mixture must be designed, produced and placed in order to obtain the following desirable mix properties:
1) Stability, 2) Durability, 3) Impermeability, 4) Workability, 5) Flexibility, 6) Fatigue Resistance, and 7) Skid Resistance.

Ø The base course is the lower asphalt course (or courses), below the surface and any leveling course. The base course
provides the strength of the pavement and typically has an aggregate top size of 3/4 to 1 inch. Tack / Prime Coat. The tack or
prime coat is a spray applied application of emulsified asphalt.
Ø Asphalt concrete base (ACB), also called asphalt treated base (ATB), is a dense-graded HMA with a larger nominal maximum
aggregate size (1 inch) intended for use as a base course or binder course.
Collection of Samples- taken from fresh Asphalt Binder course as well also core cutting to check the laid Asphalt compaction
for ongoing project site internal road
The sample should be obtained by shoveling away the top material with a round-point shovel and removing the material from
at least three places in the hopper, directly above the slat conveyors. Ensure that in each of the three sampled areas, a portion
is placed in each of the buckets to obtain a representative sample.
What is the importance of asphalt testing?
Accurate monitoring of the asphalt cement content is important to insure that the mix design tolerance is met. Too low a
percentage of asphalt can result in raveling, segregation, and insufficient compaction.

Inspection for Road base (First layer)

A road base is used as the foundation for roads and driveways in situations where using asphalt would be cost-prohibitive. It
is usually comprised of a composite material made primarily of crushed gravel, granite, or limestone.
The base layer's function is to distribute the traffic-induced stresses at the bottom of the surfacing layers widely and evenly
onto the foundation section.
The road pavement structure layers are as follows.
Subgrade or road bed.
Sub base course.
Base Course.
Surface coarse or wearing course …..???

checking Stability & Flow test for Asphalt Binder Course (Marshall sample)

AASHTO T 245 : Standard Method of Test for Resistance to Plastic Flow of Asphalt Mixtures Using Marshall Apparatus.
What is the Marshall flow and stability test?
The basic Marshall test consists essentially of crushing a cylinder of bituminous material between two semi-circular test heads
and recording the maximum load achieved (i.e. the stability) and the deflection at which the maximum load occurs (i.e. the
flow).

Asphalt Binder course ongoing for project site internal road

Sampling from fresh Asphalt Binder course in order to conduct all the required tests (GMM, Gradings/sieve analysis, Bitumen
extraction, Stability & Flow, Density etc.)
· What is the most important property of asphalt?
Typically, the most important physical properties are: Durability. Durability is a measure of how asphalt binder physical
properties change with age (sometimes called age hardening). In general, as an asphalt binder ages, its viscosity increases and
it becomes stiffer and brittle.
· How do you collect asphalt samples?
The sample should be obtained by shoveling away the top material with a round-point shovel and removing the material from
at least three places in the hopper, directly above the slat conveyors. Ensure that in each of the three sampled areas, a portion
is placed in each of the buckets to obtain a representative sample.
Essential Properties of Asphalt Concrete
Stability.
Durability.
Flexibility.
Fatigue Resistance.
Skid Resistance.
Impermeability.
Workability.

Asphalt Binder course (over 02 layers of Base courses + Tack coat)

· What is asphalt tack coat?

Tack coat is a sprayed application of an asphalt binder upon an existing asphalt or Portland cement concrete pavement prior
to an overlay, or between layers of new asphalt concrete. Usually, most tack coat materials require 1 to 2 hr. to fully cure (set).
It is generally recommended to let the materials completely cure before placing a new HMA layer on top of them.
· What are the benefits of tack coat?
The proper application of asphalt tack coat can significantly improve the bond between the pavement layers, increasing the
strength of the pavement structure. Tack coat can also reduce the tendency for the surface course layer to slide on the
underlying layer under the force of accelerating or decelerating traffic

Sampling from fresh Asphalt Base course in order to conduct all the required tests (GMM, Gradings/sieve analysis,
Bitumen extraction, Stability & Flow, Density etc.) for ongoing project site internal road
· Why is asphalt testing important?
Accurate monitoring of the asphalt cement
content is important to insure that the mix design tolerance is met.
Too low a percentage of asphalt can result in raveling, segregation, and
insufficient compaction.
· What are the tests made on asphalt and its purpose?

Asphalt Binder Testing measures binder properties that affect the performance of the hot mix asphalt.
Binder testing defines viscosity, the effects of aging, ductility, penetration resistance, and softening point.

Ø GMM: Percent air voids is calculated by comparing a test specimen's bulk specific gravity (Gmb) with its theoretical
maximum specific gravity (Gmm) and assuming .
Ø The two principal tests used most frequently to characterize bitumens are penetration and softening point. These two tests
are used to specify different grades of bitumen.
Ø The basic Marshall test consists essentially of crushing a cylinder of bituminous material between two semi-circular test
heads and recording the maximum load achieved (i.e. the stability) and the deflection at which the maximum load occurs (i.e.
the flow).

Ø The actual density of asphalt is determined by the mix design, the source rock density and the geology of the stone used.

What is the difference between asphalt and asphaltic concrete?

First, both asphalt and concrete driveways have a gravel base. They are both made with stone and sand. The primary
difference involves their adhesive materials. Asphalt is petroleum-based while concrete is made of cement.
What are the basics of asphalt?
Asphalt is a mixture of aggregates, binder and filler, used for constructing and maintaining all kind of roads, parking areas but
also play- and sport areas. Aggregates used for asphalt mixtures could be crushed rock, sand, gravel or slags. In order to bind
the aggregates into a cohesive mixture a binder is used.
Ø What are the most important properties of asphalt?

An asphalt concrete mixture must be designed, produced and placed in order to obtain the following desirable mix properties:
1) Stability,
2) Durability,
3) Impermeability, 4) Workability, 5) Flexibility, 6) Fatigue Resistance, and 7) Skid Resistance.
Ø The base course is the lower asphalt course (or courses), below the surface and any leveling course. The base course
provides the strength of the pavement and typically has an aggregate top size of 3/4 to 1 inch. Tack / Prime Coat. The tack or
prime coat is a spray applied application of emulsified asphalt.
Inspection of Prime Coat !
Prime Coat:

The layer between Asphalt Course and Crushed Aggregate Base Course (CABC) is called Prime Coat. Its purpose is to bind the
loose aggregates of CABC so that it can be prepared for subsequent construction activity of laying Asphalt layer. Prime Coat
also serves the purpose of blocking capillary action in CABC so that water may not rise up to the Asphalt layer. It should be
kept in mind that asphalt and water do not go well together, and pavement should always be designed to drain away any
water which tends to come in contact with asphalt. Prime coat serves this purpose of blocking the path of water which rises
from the embankment due to capillary action. Prime coat also acts as a binder for Asphalt and CABC. However excess Prime
Coat, particularly if it has formed a pond, can result in ineffective bonding between CABC and Asphalt Course and even alter
the properties of Asphalt i.e. reduction in air voids. Effective bond between Asphalt and CABC is very important as it helps in
reducing longitudinal shear stress gradient due to accelerating and breaking vehicles, particularly if Asphalt layer is thin i.e. <
4 in.

Types of material used as Prime Coat: Cut Back Asphalt or Emulsified Asphalt (Diluted)

Application Rates:

Cut Back Asphalt: 0.65 to 1.75 Litres / Sqm

Emulsified Asphalt: 2.3 to 6.8 Litres / Sqm

The layer between Asphalt Course and Crushed Aggregate Base Course (CABC) is called Prime Coat. Its purpose is to bind the
loose aggregates of CABC so that it can be prepared for subsequent construction activity of laying Asphalt layer.

Inspection for Sub base layer (including level + thickness +Suitability of the materials+ Compaction etc.)

+What makes a good sub-base?

Subbases are made up of materials that are load-spreading and have good drainage qualities. Suitable subbases are most
road materials which have been approved by your local Department of Transportation. The first type of material is unbound
which is made up of loose aggregates and do not bond or adhere when compacted.

+What are the functions of subbase layer?

Its structural function is to distribute the vehicle wheel loading to the subgrade soil, to support the traffic over the design life
of the pavement. The pavement structure comprises multiple layers of different thicknesses, generally including both unbound
and bound materials.

+The harder the surface, the higher the CBR value. Typically, a value of 2% equates to clay, while some sands may have a CBR
value of 10%. High quality sub-base will have a value of between 80-100% (maximum).

+Why is the subbase important?

The subbase layer is typically used to protect the pavement from the effects of frost heave and/or used to improve the
constructability of the pavement layers above the subbase.
Surface Binder - Bituminous
Binder Coarse (50mm) - Asphalt Concrete
Base Coarse (100-300mm) - Asphalt Concrete
Sub-Base (100-300mm) - 0/30
Subgrade (100-300mm) - 0/70
Mockup in product design?
Ø A product mockup is a model of what your final product will look like. Product mockups are frequently used to present a
final product in a real-life context. You can use product mockups to get feedback on a product concept before mass
production or in a presentation to administrators, stakeholders, or investors.

Inspection of rebar and shuttering works for wall @ Oil and Water tank
Some important things one must check are the rebar diameter.
You can use vernier caliper for this purpose, rebar spacing, rebar development length, lap / splice length, alignment of rebar,
there must be no sag or buckling in the bars, couplers if any must be properly fixed tightened, bars must be properly fixed.

What are the three requirements of good formwork?

Formwork should be:
Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads.
Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced horizontally and vertically.
Designed constructed to prevent leakage of cement grout, with sealed joints.
Capable of being removed in various parts without damaging the concrete.

Conducting Roof water leak test for minimum 48 hours

One person will need to go onto the roof with a hose and the other person has to go inside the attic with a pail and a bright
light. You have to be patient when conducting a water test because it can take hours to find the leak. Let the water run slowly
over areas you think are causing the leak.
How do you treat a leaking roof?
How to Stop a Roof Leak in the Rain: 7 Key Tips
Find the Source. In order to prevent a ceiling leaking from rain, you must understand what is allowing water to get into your
home.
Clear the Area.
Apply Roofing Tar.
Use PE Plastic.
Install New Shingles.
Use Tarpaulins.
Seal Joints.
Stop Your Roof Leak.

Inspection of paint for two coats of Epoxy paint

Epoxy coatings adhere firmly to concrete, making them resistant to moisture, grease, scuffing and chemicals. Their durability
makes them ideal for garages and basements, where dropped tools or other heavy objects may damage the surface finish.

Is epoxy paint permanent?

This chemical reaction is what makes epoxies so permanent and so strong. By contrast, conventional paints dry through a
process of evaporation, not a chemical reaction.
Once cured, epoxy resin is waterproof.
Once it has finished bonding and curing, epoxy will prevent permeation by nearly any liquid or solid material, including water
and humid air. Because of this feature, epoxy is frequently used in garage flooring, on shower walls, and as a coating for
outdoor table tops.

Mandrel test
A mandrel test is the inspection inside underground pipes and conduits. This happens generally after new construction or
maintenance. This test is issued by the cities or states to test the public lines. This test will show whether or not the pipe has
bent under stress and pressure of the soil above.

Inspection for installation of HV Transformer

Ø The purpose of a power transformer is to convert voltage from a high voltage (transmission line) to a low voltage
(consumer). The transformer is an electrical device that transfers electric energy by electromagnetic induction.

Ø What are the points to be considered for installation of a transformer?

What Factors Should Be Considered While Installing A Transformer?
Location. One special consideration to be made in case of liquid-filled transformers includes their location.

Ventilation.
Grounding.
Wiring.
Mounting.
Humidity.
Fluid check.
Pressure maintenance.
Ø Step-by-Step Guideline On Installing A Transformer
Area Considerations.
Mount the Transformer.
Adjust The Correct Tap Setting.
Route Wires on The Holes.
Ground the Transformer.
Energize The Transformer.
Connect to Terminals.
Perform A Final Inspection.
Ø What test should be done for transformer before installing?
Here are several different kinds of tests that must be conducted before a transformer's installation.
Megger Test. This test is also known as Insulation resistance test and is done to gauge the quality of insulation within the
transformer.
Oil Test.
Turns Ratio Test.
Resistance Test.
Polarity Test.

Inspection for surface preparation as well also application of GRP liner works over GRP laminated wall
Ø What is GRP lamination?
GRP composite lamination involves sticking individual layers of fiberglass together to create a strong material or object.

Ø What is the purpose of GRP lining?

WHAT IS A FIBREGLASS (GRP) LINING? Fiberglass linings and coatings are composites produced by saturating glass fiber mat
in unsaturated polyester resin. Such composites can be used to protect a variety of surfaces, from concrete through to steel,
wood and existing fiberglass (GRP).
Ø What is the process of laminating GRP?
It involves laying layers of fiberglass material together to form strong versatile and durable sheets. You apply your 2-part resin
that has been accelerated with an MEKP catalyst to your layers of dry mat material. This then needs to be hand-rolled to make
sure that all air bubbles have been removed.
Ø What are the hazards of GRP?
Are the fibers in the grinding of Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) hazardous? Dust produced from grinding GRP can cause fluid
to collect on the lungs, respiratory irritation and skin irritation.

Inspection for Installation of Brick works

Brickwork: Points to remember
Bricks required for masonry in cement should be thoroughly soaked in clean water for not less than an hour before use.

At the time of laying, the bricks should not be too wet.

All the walls should be taken truly vertical with the help of plumb bobs
Bricks with frogs should be laid with frogs upwards.
Ø Points Considered in Supervising Brick Masonry Constructions
Ensure that brick courses are perfectly horizontal. Verticality of the wall should be ensured by frequently checking with plumb-
bob. Whenever work is stopped brick masonry should be left with toothed end. Use of brick bats should be avoided.

Ø What is the procedure for brick work in construction?

Prepare the Materials. Work out how many bricks you are going to need before starting.
Mix the Mortar.
Create a Foundation.
Create a String Line.
Lay the Mortar.
Start Laying the Bricks.
Cut the Bricks for the Second Row.
Topping the Wall.
Ø What are the 2 tests on brick used for construction?
A brick undergoes the following tests to find out its suitability for the construction work :
· Crushing Strength Test.
· Water Absorption Test. Presence of Soluble salts or Efflorescence Test.

Inspection for Installation of Galvanized Iron (GI) fire rated ducting work along with Air handling unit (AHU)

· Top 5 Types of Ductworks for Building Fabrication

Flexible Duct. Known as flex duct, these types of ductworks are made for HVAC applications.
Galvanized Steel.
Aluminum.
Fiberglass Ductwork.
Fiberboard Ductwork.
Ø What is air handling unit?
The air handling unit (AHU) is the heart of central air conditioning. It collects outside air and room air, removes dust and other
particles from the collected air, adjusts the temperature and humidity and then supplies comfortable and refreshing air-
conditioned air into the rooms through ducts.
·What is difference between AHU and HVAC?
AHU, which is Air Handling Unit is an appliance used to circulate air. HVAC is Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
system. HVAC is the central unit to which AHU is connected

Inspection of Sprinkler system (Fire protection) installation

A fire sprinkler system is a type of automatic extinguishing system (AES) that prevents fire growth and spread by releasing
water through a series of sprinkler heads connected to a distribution piping system.
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system providing adequate pressure
and flowrate to a water .
What is the principle of sprinkler system?
The sprinkler heads are frangible bulbs filled with a liquid that, when heated, expand causing the bulb(s) to break and the
system to release water. The water from the sprinkler head will cover the area where the fire is located and will continue to
operate until the fire department can fully extinguish the fire.

Inspection of paint for two heavy coats of UV Resistant silicate paint, odorless and normally colorless over externally
installed Calcium Silicate brick walls
How does silicate paint work?
Silicate paints are inorganic zinc-rich paints that have high content of zinc present in them and are non-flammable. The
silicate present in these paints acts as a mineral binding agent, imparting these paints with a strong long-lasting bond with
the substrate material.
Drying Time Dependent on the temperature and humidity, touch dry after approximately 1 hour but allow 6-12 hours drying
time between coats.
Silicone masonry paint, or silicate-based masonry paint, is a highly advanced form of masonry paint that contains silicone-
resins within its formulation. Silicone masonry paint is water repellent, meaning it will prevent water from absorbing into
exterior walls

Inspection of Coat using Elcometer (DFT)

What is a Coating Thickness Gauge?
A coating thickness gauge (also referred to as a paint meter) is used to measure dry film thickness. Dry film thickness is
probably the most critical measurement in the coatings industry because of its impact on the coating process, quality and
cost. Dry film thickness measurements can be used to evaluate a coating’s expected life, the product’s appearance and
performance, and ensure compliance with a host of International Standards.

How to measure Dry Film Thickness?

Dry film thickness (DFT) can be measured using two methods: destructive thickness measurement, where the coating is cut to
the substrate using a cutter; and non-destructive coating thickness measurement, using techniques which do not damage the
coating or the substrate such as magnetic, magnetic induction and eddy current thickness measurement methods.

The non-destructive coating thickness measurements can be taken on either magnetic steel surfaces or non-magnetic metal
surfaces such as stainless steel or aluminium. Digital coating thickness gauges are ideal to measure coating thickness on
metallic substrates. Electromagnetic induction is used for non-magnetic coatings on ferrous substrates such as steel, whilst the
eddy current principle is used for non-conductive coatings on non-ferrous metal substrates.

Coating Thickness Gauges

Elcometer offers a wide range of coating thickness gauges to measure dry film thickness.
The Elcometer range of destructive coating thickness gauges includes the Elcometer 121/4 Paint Inspection Gauge. The paint
inspection gauge, commonly known as the P.I.G, is a popular method for determining dry film thicknesses on non-metallic
substrates.
The Elcometer range of non-destructive coating thickness gauges includes mechanical and digital coating thickness gauges,
suitable for dry film testing, complete with a wide range of probes and calibration foils to suit your application.

Mechanical Coating Thickness Gauges

The Elcometer range of mechanical coating thickness gauges provides cost-effective dry film thickness measurement.
Mechanical Coating Thickness Gauges are suitable for working in high risk areas such as high temperature or flammable
atmospheres, underwater or where the risk of explosion is high and could be triggered by the use of an electronic instrument.

From the simplest coating thickness gauge Elcometer 101 which will provide you with quick and immediate results to the
more accurate coating thickness gauge Elcometer 211, also called the "banana gauge" which is ideal for cold and underwater
surfaces.

Digital Coating Thickness Gauges

The Elcometer range of digital coating thickness gauges has been specifically designed to provide highly accurate, reliable
and repeatable coating thickness measurements on almost any substrate, whether ferrous or non-ferrous.

Elcometer offer a range of digital coating thickness gauges from the next generation Elcometer 456 - available with either
integral or separate probes, the Elcometer 415 Industrial Paint & Powder Thickness Gauge, to the Elcometer 311 Automotive
Paint Meter.

Inspection of Boundary Wall Acrylic paint

• Acrylic paint is a fast-drying paint made of pigment suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion and plasticizers, silicone oils,
defoamers, stabilizers.
What is the difference between acrylic paint and normal paint?
• The main difference between acrylic and latex paint is that while they are both water-based, acrylic paint contains chemicals.
The chemicals in acrylic paint allow it to expand and contract with the changing temperature and weather. This quality makes
acrylic an excellent paint for exterior projects.
• So…can acrylic paint be washed off? Yes—and it's easiest done while the paint is still wet. If you're dealing with paint that's
been dry for a while, however, it won't be that easy. Your paint removal method depends on both the surface and the dryness
of the acrylic paint.

• These top tips will make your next paint job a smashing success, whether you're painting all your walls or just one.
Ø Wait for Dry Weather.
Ø Do a Thorough Visual Inspection and Prep.
Ø Buy High-Quality Brushes, Roller Covers, and Painter's Tape.
Ø Know Your Nap.
Protect Anything You Don't Want Painted.
• Given below are a few factors that should be considered for the selection of external wall paint.
Ø Colour for your exterior wall paint.
Ø Coating for your exterior wall paint.
Ø Low VOC for your exterior wall paint.
Ø Elongation properties for your exterior wall paint.
Ø Waterproof advantages for your exterior wall paint.

Inspection for installation of AAC (Autoclaved Aerated Cement) Block work

Ø What is an AAC block?
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable for producing concrete
masonry unit like blocks.
Ø What is the ASTM code for AAC blocks?
AAC material conforms to ASTM C1693, and AAC masonry blocks are available in a variety of sizes
Ø Why AAC blocks are used?
Construction of AAC Blocks reduces the construction time by 20%. As different sizes of blocks help reduce the number of
joints in wall masonry. The lighter weight of the blocks makes it easier and faster to transport, place and construct the
masonry.
Ø Does AAC block need water curing?
No curing is required neither for AAC blocks or adhesive. High tensile strength is achieved in less time. As the thickness of the
adhesive is very thin, it eliminates the shrinkage cracks in joints. As the adhesive is polymer-based, it has low VOC and suitable
for green buildings.
Ø How are AAC blocks installed?
Step 1 - Layout wall lines.
Step 2 - Start the leveling bed.
Step 3 - Set the first corner block.
Step 4 - Mix thin-bed mortar.
Step 5 - Set second corner block.
Step 6 – Repeat for additional corners.
Step 7 - Fill-in completion of level course.
Step 8 - Install lintels as required.
Inspection for Ceramic Floor tiles installation work
· Five Benefits of Ceramic Tiles
Low cost. The first fantastic benefit of ceramic wall
tiles is that they are incredibly cost effective.
Easy to clean. Thanks to their strength and finish,
ceramic wall tiles can stand up to unavoidable spills and tough cleaning
regimes.
Great choice.
Versatile.
Long lasting.
· The hard surface of ceramic tiles makes
them impenetrable, which means they are resistant to water and moisture,
due to which ceramic tiles are less prone to germs and moulds. It makes ceramic
tiles best for wet areas like the kitchen and bathroom. Wall tiles
are very low maintenance, and they have a long lifespan.

Inspection for Mock up of Fire rated steel door installation work

· What are the characteristics of steel doors?
Steel provides the best long-term value in the door and frame industry. It lasts longer, requires the fewest repairs, and is
sturdier than other products. Steel's natural strength also outperforms other materials in security, fire rating, sound reduction,
vandal resistance, sanitation, and more.
What to look for when buying a steel door?
· 7 THINGS TO CHECK BEFORE BUYING A STEEL DOOR
QUALITY OF THE COMPONENTS.
QUALITY OF ASSEMBLY.
QUALITY OF PAINT.
MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY.
AFTER-SALES SERVICE.
PRODUCTION TIME.
INSTALLATION.
· What is a 1 hour fire rating door?

One-hour rated doors are used in occupancy separation walls, which are also one-hour rated. Doors with 3/4-hour fire
protection ratings are used in one-hour walls. A 3/4-hour rated door is required in walls of corridors and room partitions.

Inspection of rebar and shuttering works for Roof

Ø What needs to be checked before placing reinforcement?
I would follow following steps.
Ensure Contractor has bar bending schedule and approved drawing.
Ensure reinforcement used are approved grade and test certificates are in place.
Check diameter of rebar (reinforcement)
Check spacing.
Check banding radius.
Check number of bars.
Check laps are of proper length.
Ø What are the three requirements of good formwork?
Formwork should be:
Strong enough to withstand dead and live loads.
Capable of retaining its shape by being efficiently propped and braced horizontally and vertically.
Designed constructed to prevent leakage of cement grout, with sealed joints.
Capable of being removed in various parts without damaging the concrete.

Inspection of welding joint of HDPE pipes & fittings for water chambers
Ø Best Practices
Always have the proper training and knowledge to run the specific welder you are using.
Never stick your hands or body in the line of fire in the machine.
Make sure all people and equipment are out of the line of fire when lifting and moving pipe.
Never try to lift heavy or awkward objects alone.
Ø HDPE Pipe Fittings
1- Thermal Butt (Butt fusion)
2- Thermal bushing.
3- Electro Fusion.
4- Flange.
5- Extrusion.
6- Bolting.
7- Rubber gasket latching.
Ø There are five assembly methods for HDPE pipes: Butt Fusion / Welding, Electro Fusion, Compression Fitting, Socket Fusion
and Mechanical Bolt Type Couplings.
· Working Temperature Range: 40 - 300 °C.
· What is the cooling time for HDPE?
· The ASTM F2620-13 standard directly addresses wall thickness having an effect on the cooling rate of HDPE by
specifying a cool time solely based on the pipe wall thickness, 11 minutes per 1-inch of wall thickness.

Inspection of Soil field density test (FDT) for ongoing Subbase works

+ Soil field density test (FDT) is a common test conducted in construction work especially the one related to earthwork. In
actual condition, site soil backfilling is done layer by layer with each layer compacted with compacting equipment.

+Calculation For FDT Test:

The volume of the hole = Mass of sand in hole/Density of used sand.

+What is the purpose of FDT test?

Field density test of soil is conducted in the field to know whether the specified compaction is achieved or not. And main
Objective of test is to determine the in-situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders.
+Objectives of compaction
increase shear strength and therefore bearing capacity.
increase stiffness and therefore reduce future settlement.
decrease voids ratio and so permeability, thus reducing potential frost heave.

+What is MDD and OMC?

• Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is the water content at which the soil attains maximum dry density.
• Maximum Dry Density (MDD) is the dry density of soil corresponding to Optimum Moisture Content.
+ How do you calculate MDD of soil?

The determination of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the soil is a measure of compaction level of
soils. This can be measured by mainly two methods Standard Proctor Compaction Test and Modified Proctor Compaction Test

Executing a Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) of Mill Metal Coating Co. for DI Covers and Frame for potable water
chambers

+ Executing a Factory Acceptance Test (FAT), is a major milestone in any project, well, at least it should be. It's part of the
project that can sometimes be overlooked. It's also the part of the project that, if done incorrectly, is going to come back and
cost you tenfold down the line.

+What is a FAT checklist?

A Factory Acceptance Test (FAT) checklist is used by quality managers to keep a project on track and within its budget by
resolving equipment nonconformity prior to shipment

+What is the difference between SAT and FAT?

While FATs are usually based on simulations of the equipment's operating environment, SAT testing occurs at the final site
after installation.

+ Factory Acceptance Testing (FAT) helps verify that newly manufactured and packaged equipment meets its intended
purpose. The FAT validates the operation of the equipment and makes sure the customers' purchase order specifications and
all other requirements have been met.

+What are the benefits of FAT test?

Attending an FAT offers a unique perspective on the vendor and client teamwork involved in successful manufacturing
equipment design. It also provides an opportunity to access vendor resources that will be essential for supporting machine
operation, maintenance and troubleshooting after installation.
Inspection of Soil field density test (FDT) for ongoing Subbase works

+ Soil field density test (FDT) is a common test conducted in construction work especially the one related to earthwork. In actual
condition, site soil backfilling is done layer by layer with each layer compacted with compacting equipment.

+Calculation For FDT Test:

The volume of the hole = Mass of sand in hole/Density of used sand.

+What is the purpose of FDT test?

Field density test of soil is conducted in the field to know whether the specified compaction is achieved or not. And main Objective of
test is to determine the in-situ density of natural or compacted soils using sand pouring cylinders.
+Objectives of compaction
increase shear strength and therefore bearing capacity.
increase stiffness and therefore reduce future settlement.
decrease voids ratio and so permeability, thus reducing potential frost heave.

+What is MDD and OMC?

• Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) is the water content at which the soil attains maximum dry density.
• Maximum Dry Density (MDD) is the dry density of soil corresponding to Optimum Moisture Content.
+ How do you calculate MDD of soil?

The determination of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of the soil is a measure of compaction level of soils. This can
be measured by mainly two methods Standard Proctor Compaction Test and Modified Proctor Compaction Test

Inspection for installation of structural grating system for the equipment’s at Fire Pump room

+ What is structural grating?

Steel bar grating provides reliable traction and the ability for liquid, heat, air, sound, or light to pass between levels without the heavy
weight of a solid steel plate of the same dimensions.

+What is the purpose of floor grating?

Floor grating is often seen as a superior alternative to flat surfaces for flooring, walkways, raised platforms and various other industrial
applications. Grating is lightweight, affordable and low maintenance. It is aesthetically appealing, offering good ventilation and slip
resistance.

+ What are the benefits of grating?

Uses of grating

It supports big spaces and floors that have elevators or walkways installed. Hygienic purposes can also be fulfilled if you install the
gratings, after all these can be washed and kept clean any and every time you want. It also dries fast ensuring that you keep the grates
always clean and ready to use.

+What is the thickness of grating?

Standard gratings are typically available in 6m x 1m or 20′ x 3′ panels. They can be produced with almost any combination of pitch size.
Most commonly this is 41mm x 100mm or 30mm x 100mm. Load bearing bars of width 20mm to 100mm and thickness 2mm to
10mm can be used.

+What is grating in civil engineering?

A wooden or metal lattice used to close or floor an opening. : a partition, covering, or frame of parallel bars or crossbars. : a system of
close equidistant and parallel lines or bars ruled on a polished surface to produce spectra by diffraction

Slump Test

Aim: To determine the consistency of CONCRETE

Principle: The slump test is a measure of the behaviour of a compacted inverted cone of concrete under the action of gravity. It
measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete.

* Types of Slump
-True Slump
In a true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape:
* this is the only slump which is used various tests.
Mixes of stiff consistence have a zero slump, so that in the rather dry range no variation can be detected between mixes of different
workability.

However, in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump can easily change to the shear slump type or even to collapse, and
widely defferent values of slump can be obtained in different samples from the same mix: thus the slump test is unreliable for lean
mixes.

-Collapse Slump
In a collapse slump the concrete collapses completely.
* A collapse slump will generally mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test is not appropriate.

*Shear Slump
In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shears off and slips sideways . OR
If one-half of the cone slides down an inclined plane, the slump is said to be a shear slump.
* If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test is repeated.
* If a shear slump persists, as may the case with harsh mixes, this is an indication of lack of cohesion of the mix.

The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the slump is termed as :
* Collapse Slump
* Shear Slump
* True Slump

Apparatus

* Slump Cone: Frustum of a cone, 300mm (12") of height. The base is 200mm (8") in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of
100mm.
* Scale for measurement
* Temping rod (Steel) 15mm Diameter, 60cm length.

Procedure

* The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in three layers, whose workability is to be tested.

* Each layer is temped 25 times or stroke, with a standard 16mm(5/8 in) diameter steel rod, rounded at the end.
* When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is struck off (leveled with mold top opening) by means of screening
and rolling motion of the temping rod.
* The mold must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it could not move due to the pouring of concrete and
this can be done by means of handles or foot-rests brazed to the mold.
* Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported
concrete will now slump.
* The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
* The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the temping rod is placed over the cone so that ir
should also come over the area of slumped concrete.
* The decrease in height of concrete to that of mould is noted with scale. ( usually measured to the nearest 5mm (1/4 in)).
Uses
* The slump test in used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete under field conditions and to ascertain the effects
of plasticizers of their introduction.
* This test is very useful on site as a check on the day-to-day or hour-to-hour variation in the materials being fed into the mixer. An
increase in slump may mean, for instance, that the moisture content of aggregate has unexpectedly increased.
* Other cause would be a change in the grading of the aggregate, such as a deficiency of sand.
* Too high or too low a slump gives immediate warning and enables the mixer operator to remedy the situation.
* This application of slump test as well as its simplicity, is responsible for its widespread use.
° Density:
D=M/V, where D=Density, M=Mass and V=Volume ; Unit -kg/m3 or kN/m3
1. Aggregate = 1200-1750kg/m3
2. RCC = 2500kg/M3
3. Concrete = 2000-2600kg/m3
4. Cement = 1400-1450k/m3
5. Sand = 1600-920 kg/m3

Compressive Strength of Cube Sample (150*150*150mm) for C45 (Mix Details)

CS = L / CSA, where L = Load and CSA = Cross Sectional Area

Density = Mass / Volume

= 8KG / (150*150*150mm3)
= 8KG / (0.15*0.15*0.15m3)
= 8KG / 0.003375
= 2424.24 Kg/m3

Compressive Strength = Load of Failure /Cross Sectional Area

= 961.1KN / 150*150 mm2
= 0.961 Kg / 0.15*0.15 m2
= 42.71 kg/m2

Cube Size
Density Max Load at Type of Compressive Strength
S.No Sample No. Condition 150*150*1 Mass (Kg)
(kg/mm3) Failure (KN) Failure (N/mm2)
50mm
1 105 Good 0.003375 8.411 2492.15 961.1 Satisfactory 42.7
2 106 Good 0.003375 8.5 2518.52 960 Satisfactory 42.7

Slab - A molded layer of plain or reinforced concrete, flat, horizontal (or nearly so), usually of uniform but
sometimes of variable thickness, and supported by beams, columns, walls, other framework, or on the ground.- ACI
° Concrete Terminology,
or
A rectangular portion of concrete is slab, it has longer and shorter span, on which the type is decided it to be with
certain condition

Slabs are mainly of two types :

1. One-way Slab - One of the most common slab types in construction projects, a one-way flat slab uses between 4
and 6 inches of concrete to withstand heavy loads. The name of this slab refers to the support structure. It’s
designed to be used in applications where one direction is supported and the other direction requires less support.
This type of slab is an affordable, simple solution for commercial or residential projects. It’s more affordable than
other types of slabs, particularly for a ground-level structure. A major limitation to one-way flat slabs is that they
don’t have the same span capabilities as other slab types. This makes them unsuitable for many bridge and ceiling
applications.

2. Two-way Slab -A two-way construction uses support beams at all four corners to equally distribute weight
throughout the entire slab. This type is commonly used in a multi-storeyed building, where floors need to support
the weight of additional floors. The best way to determine which type you need is to review the breadth and width
of a particular project. If one direction is longer than the other by a ratio of two to one, then you should consider a
one-way slab.

Conditioned as:
Lx = Longer Span of the slab
Ly = Shorter Span of the slab
when calculating,
Lx/Ly > 2 , it is One-way Slab
Lx/Ly < 2 , it is Two-way Slab

3. Kitchen Slab -This particular slab type is used in residential construction projects for a kitchen platform. It’s
commonly used to place a stove on a fire-resistant surface. The small design of this slab isn’t suited for structural
purposes, but can be used to support an oven or other cooking appliance.

4. Sun Shade Slab - A sloped slab of concrete above a door or window is called a sun shade slab. This specialized
structural piece is used to shade the door or window from direct sunlight and pouring rain. It’s typically poured
separately and installed on the exterior of a building after fully curing. Use a sun shade slab as a sturdy alternative
to a steel or fabric sun shade. Sun shade slabs don’t need to be particularly thick, as they aren’t traditionally
structural elements. Instead, they must simply be thick enough to support their own weight safely. Be sure you
review the materials used to safely secure the slab above a window or door to prevent a falling hazard.
5. Lintel -Windows and doors are structural weak points in a wall. Because these features don’t provide
the same load-bearing functionality as bricks, concrete or timber framing, your building may require a lintel.
This structural piece is placed above a window or door and redirects the top load. A precast lintel is a
popular option for generic dimensions and materials. These lintels are constructed in a factory, so they are
typically more affordable and convenient than in situ lintels. Lintels that are cast in situ are cast and poured
at the jobsite. Instead of constructing them in a factory, the concrete is mixed, framed and poured either
directly above the window or door or poured at the jobsite. This allows for a special concrete mixture or
design for your building project.

6. Sunken Slab - Residential and commercial jobsites may require a sunken slab in washrooms or around other
fixtures. These construction situations require a slab that is below the floor grade and accommodates water and
sewer lines. A sunken slab typically has a slope and is below grade enough to fit a shower base or other fixture so
that the top of the fixture is flush or closer to flush with the floor. Use a construction level to determine the recess
needed to accommodate both the slab and the fixture.

7. Cable Suspension Slab - Bridges are the most common area where cable suspension slabs are used.
Stretch long spans without compromising the structural integrity of the concrete surface. This type of slab
can also be used in commercial construction to create a floating foundation or raised walkway between
buildings. The size and frequency of suspension cables depends on many critical factors. You’ll need to
calculate the weight of the slab, the length it’s being suspended and the expected load. These factors help
you arrive at optimal slab dimensions and suspension considerations before you design the columns to
support the bridge or other structure.

8. Pre-Tension Slab - Lay tightened steel cables as a reinforcing skeleton of your concrete slab. Similar to
a post-tension slab, a pre-tension slab is used to prevent compression and improve overall strength. It
achieves this through the use of high-tensile steel cables. Hydraulic jacks create tension in the system
before the concrete is poured into the framework. If the structure should crack, the tension of the cables
prevents the concrete pieces from dangerously separating. Use a pre-tension slab for a thinner product.
Compared to other reinforced slabs, pre- and post-tension slabs don’t require as thick of concrete. The
tension in the slab also reduces the need for joints. In some structures, the slab will be entirely joint free.

9. Waffle Slab - Looking remarkably like a waffle, this finished slab creates an iconic look that’s commonly
used in restaurant, mall and other commercial settings. A grand lobby can use this square-pod system to
house recessed lights, alter acoustics and create a wide span with minimal column support. The
construction and installation of a waffle slab is particularly costly and time consuming. While the result is a
stunning structure and memorable interior, the process can be too costly for many commercial or
residential projects.

10. Pitched Roof Slab - Mimic the look of a shingled or steel roof with a pitched roof slab. This sloping design
typically uses thin tiles that are lightweight and easy to install. This roofing material typically needs steel or timber
framing to support it. It isn’t suitable for large spans without support, but it can be a great investment that reduces
the maintenance of a particular building. Use construction tools to calculate the ideal pitch for your area to avoid
overloading it with snow or other weight limit factors.

11. Post-Tension Slab - The post-tension slab offers the same characteristics of the pre-tension slab.
Instead of tightening the cables and creating tension before the concrete is poured, this process occurs
afterward. It offers a similar lightweight, durable result. Use care when choosing this option, as an
inexperienced concrete team may leave air pockets in the slab. These pockets encourage steel cable
corrosion and increase the risk of a sudden slab failure.

12. Hollow Core Slab - These convenient slabs are pre-poured and delivered to your jobsite. This reduces
the amount of labor and time needed for your project. Simply use a crane to lift and install the hollow core
slabs on supporting columns. Compared to other slab options, hollow core slabs offer an excellent span
distance. They also have holes through them that are perfect for installing wiring and plumbing, which
further reduces the time and cost of the construction project. Be sure you order hollow core slabs from a
reputable contracting team. Casting errors and improper transportation can damage these slabs, which
quickly turns into a costly and time-consuming situation.

13. Hardy Slab - Concrete blocks are placed together to create a slab in a technique known as hard slab.
Once these blocks are stacked in place, a formwork is arranged around it and reinforcement is placed in
between blocks. Concrete is then poured around the blocks. This technique is most often used in hot
climates. It not only saves on concrete costs, but also enjoys greater heat and sound insulation than other
slab types. It doesn’t have the same load limit as other slab types, and can be more costly to repair, but it’s
a convenient and economic option for mid-to-long spans and moderate loads.

14. Dome Slab - An iconic mosque, temple or palace dome can be constructed using a dome slab. This
semi-circle concrete structure uses a steel support structure. The concrete is moderately thick and is
carefully poured using a framework to achieve a smooth or textured dome shape.
 15. Projected Slab - A covered drop-off entrance usually includes a projected slab. This long slab is
connected to a building at one end and hangs free at the other. The goal is to protect vehicles and
pedestrians from direct sunlight and inclement weather. The slab uses a cantilever design to balance the
weight and safely support it from a single end.

16. Room Chajja - Open up ceiling space for additional storage with a room chajja. This slab can be used
as a built-in shelf inside your home. It’s not meant to provide a structural element or a load-bearing loft, but
can be a stylish built-in shelf in your kitchen or dining room.

° Load on Slab = Dead Load (DL) + Live Load (LL)

where, DL= Self Weight of the slab + Floor Finishes (Including screed, waterproofing, tiles)
= (Depth of Slab x Density of RCC) + Floor Finishes Ranges (0.75 -1.5 KN/m2)
Density of RCC (25 KN/m3)
Whereas,
LL = Self Weight + Floor Finishes
= (Depth x Density of RCC) + Floor Finishes Range (2 - 5 KN/m2)

Total Load on the slab = DL + LL

Factored Load , Wr = TL x 1.5

° Beam Inspection of its Safe/Unsafe behaviour

° W/D > 0.4 to 4.5 , it is considered to be safe for construction
W= Width of the beam
D= Depth of the beam

° Load on Beam due to Slab,

Two-Way Slab,
Wµ.Ly(1-1/2B), where B=Ly/Lx

Wµ.Ly/3
Types of Construction Contracts

1 – Lumpsum Contract

In a lump sum contract, the engineer or/and contractor agrees to do the specified project for
a fixed price. Also called “fixed fee contracts,” these are often used for engineering ventures.

A lump sum or fixed fee contract is appropriate if the scope and schedule of the project are
sufficiently defined to allow the consulting engineer to estimate project costs.

2- Unit price Contract

A unit price contract is a type of construction contract based on estimated quantities of items
included in the project and their unit prices as initially estimated (rates may be hourly, the
rate per unit work volume, etc.). In general, the contractor’s overhead and profit are included
in the rate. The final cost of the work depends on the total quantity of items required to carry
it out and complete it.

Unit price contracts are appropriate only for a project which involves well-known resources in
quantities which are unknown at the time of the agreement, and will be defined when the
design and engineering or construction work is finished.

A unit price agreement is one of the best choices for construction or supplier projects where
the contract documents can correctly identify the various kinds of items, but not the numbers
that are needed.

It is not uncommon to combine a unit price contract with a lump sum contract or other types
of agreement for some parts of the project.

3 – Cost Plus Contract

This is a contract agreement wherein the purchaser agrees to pay the cost of all labor and
materials, plus an amount for contractor overhead and profit (usually stated as a percentage
of the labor and material cost). In construction, a cost-plus contract may be specified as:

Cost-Plus + Fixed Percentage

Cost-Plus + Fixed Fee
Cost-Plus + Fixed Fee With Guaranteed Maximum Price
Cost-Plus + Fixed Fee + Bonus
Cost-Plus + Fixed Fee With Guaranteed Maximum Price and Bonus
Cost-Plus + Fixed Fee With Agreement for Sharing Any Cost Savings
Cost-plus contracts are preferred when the scope of the work is indeterminate or highly
uncertain and the kinds of labor, material and equipment needed are also uncertain. Under
this arrangement, complete records must be maintained of all time and materials that the
contractor spends on the work.

4 – Time Materials Contract

Contracts for time and materials (T&M) are a hybrid of fixed and cost-reimbursing contracts,
and are used in cases where there can be no clear scope of work: for example, if the number
of hours that the client needs is not clear. In this case, a set professional hourly rate is used
(for instance, fees and costs). With this kind of contract, it’s always a good idea to set a
ceiling or a price that cannot be exceeded, to prevent being overrun with heavy costs.
CODE DESCRIPTION
100 Preliminaries
101 Performance bond
102 Insurance
103 Site supervisson
104 Water
105 Electrecity

106 Site facilities

107 Temporary fencing

108 Access roads
109 Stationary
110 Office furniture

111 Comunication and internet

112 Safety requirments

113 Cranage and equipment

114 Small tools

115 Lab tests

116 Office equipment

117 General scaffolding

118 Sundry items
119 Estidama & Third Party
120 Morror

121 Site transportation

122 Bank charges
123 Advance payment charges
124 Housekeeping
125 Electrical connections
126 Plumbing connections
127 Kitchen
128 sewage and Skip removal

129 Deep Cleaning

130 Fuel
131 Com
132 Generators

200 SITE WORK

201 Site clearing and leveling
202 excavation
203 Piling
204 shoring
205 Backfilling
206 Dewatering
207 Anti-termite
300 Concrete works
301 Guiniting
302 Sub structure
303 Super structure
304 Lintels
305 Post tension works
306 Builder's works for post tension
400 Precast concrete
401 Precast concrete
500 Masonary works
501 Solid block
502 Hollow block
503 Thermal block
504 AAC block
600 Plaster works
601 Plaster works
700 Tiles work
701 Ceramic Tiles
702 Porclain tiles
703 Marble
704 Granite
705 Stone
706 Epoxy flooring
707 Raised flooring
 708 Ruber flooring
709 wood flooring
710 Vinyel
711 Stainless steel
712 Carpet
800 False ceiling and gypsum partitions
801 False ceiling and gypsum partitions
802 Access doors
900 Paving works
901 Interlock
902 Kerbstone
903 Wheel stopper
904 Asphalt
1000 Landscape works
1011 Landscape works
1100 Joinery works
1101 Joinery works
1102 Builder's works for Joinery
1200 Aluminium and glazing works
1201 Aluminium and glazing works
1202 Metal works
1203 Builder's works for Aluminium
1300 Doors and windows
1301 Wooden doors
1302 steel doors
1303 Aluminium doors
1304 Windows
1305 Builder's works for Doors and windows
1400 Waterproofing Works
1401 Waterproofing Works
1402 Builder's works for waterproofing
1500 Thermal proofing
1501 Thermal proofing
1502 Builder's works for Thermal proofing
1600 Paint works
1601 Paint works
1602 Builder's work for Paint
1700 Gas system
1701 Gas system
1702 Builder's works for Gas system
1800 windows cleaning systems
1801 windows cleaning systems
1900 Garbage chute system
1901 Garbage chute system
2000 Lifting and conveying systems
2001 Lifting and conveying systems
2002 Builder's works for lifting and conveying systems
2100 Electrical works
2101 Electrical works
2102 Builder's works for Electrical
2200 Plumbing works
2201 Plumbing works
2202 Water supply
2203 Drainage work
2204 Maintenance
2205 Builder's works for Plumbing
2300 Firefighting works
2301 Firefighting works
2302 Pump Work
2303 Pipe Work
2304 Equipment
2305 Sprinkler Work
2306 Cleaning Agent
2307 Builder's works for Firefighting
2400 AC works
2401 AC works
2402 AC Equipment
2403 Duct work
2404 Pipe work
2405 Controls
2406 Maintenance
2407 Builder's work for AC
2500 Special works
2501 Swimming pool
2502 Gym equipment
2503 steel structure
2504 sandwich panels
2505 Parking accessories
2506 Signages
2507 GRC Works
2508 Mirrors
2509 Steam and Sauna
2510 Fire proof
2600 Provisional sum
2601 Provisional sum
2700 Snagging works
2701 Snagging works
2800 DLP
2801 DLP works
2900 Overheads
2901 Overheads
3000 Risk
𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐰𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐭:

A method statement is a written description of the particular steps and safety measures that must be taken to compl

𝟏. 𝐓𝐢𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐈𝐧𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: Begin by giving a brief and unambiguous title for the method statement, such as

𝟐.𝐎𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞: Clearly state the job or project's goals and its scope of work in the objectives and scope se

𝟑. 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲: Identify any possible risks to Health and Safety that the work or project m

𝟒. 𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬: Organize the job or project's activities in a logical order. Step-by-step instructions that are clear and ex

𝟓. 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭: List the supplies, tools, and equipment needed to complete each task under "Materia

𝟔. T𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐧𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤: Describe each activity's technique of work in great detail. Describe each task's execution, em
 project. It is often used to guarantee that work is completed safely and effectively in sectors including manufacturing, engineeri

t for [Task/Project Name]." Include pertinent project information, such as the project's address, project number, and the names

detail the actions that will be taken, including any restrictions or exclusions.

to account things like working at heights, using dangerous chemicals, using heavy equipment, or working in restricted places. D

d to describe each task. Include any necessary illustrations, photos, or diagrams to help the reader comprehend.

ndicate any unique needs or requirements, such as the need for specialist equipment or personal protective equipment (PPE). In

al phases, processes, and methods. Include any data on necessary computations, tests, or measurements.
ng manufacturing, engineering, and construction. Careful preparation, analysis of the activities involved, possible hazards, and th

ect number, and the names of the people or organizations participating.

orking in restricted places. Describe the safety controls that will be put in place to protect the public and the workforce.

omprehend.

rotective equipment (PPE). Include details about the material's purchase, transport, and storage.
ved, possible hazards, and the required control methods to manage those risks are all important when writing a method statem

and the workforce.

en writing a method statement. The following is a typical template for creating a method statement:
 Thumb Rules In Building Construction For Civil Engineers | Important Point Of Ci
Thumb rules
Table of Contents

The thumb rule in civil engineering is used for quick decision-making and approximate estimates. Site
from thumb rules to arrive at a quick decision.

Every civil engineer or site supervisor shall have basic knowledge about certain civil engineering basics.
knowledge about civil engineering and practical knowledge. We will cover in-depth knowledge about the

This post will contain civil engineering tips and tricks That will be of immense importance to civil engine

We have shared an extensive list of thumb rules used in construction for various activities. If you get to b

Thumb rules in building construction

Thumb Rules In Building Construction Cost

Thumb rule for construction cost estimates can speed up the rough estimation process. Ba
engineering, one can have approximate cost and material and labour requirements as well

The basic thumb rule for Building material requirements and building work per unit are

Sr. No. Material/ Work

1 Cement

2 Steel

3 RMC

4 Blockwork
 5 Structural Civil Work

6 Finishing Works

7 Electrical Cost

8 Plumbing Cost

9 Fire Fighting Cost

10 External Development Cost

Thumb rule for construction cost of building material percentage wise

Percentage of Total Cost of Building

Building Material

Cement

Sand

Aggregate

Steel

Paint Material

Tiles

Bricks

Window

Doors

Plumbing

Electrical

Sanitary

Description
Cement
Sand
Aggregate
Steel
Painting material
 Tiles
Bricks
Window
Doors
Plumbing
Electrical
Sanitary

Thumb rules for construction cost

The average cost of Construction based on the quality of construction is shown below.

Sr. No. Construction based on Quality

1 Basic Quality Construction

2 Medium Quality Construction

3 High Quality Construction

Thumb rule for average cost of construction for 1000 sqft house.

Sr. No. Description of Work

1 Cost of Architect

2 Brick wall without RCC

3 Brick wall With RCC

4 Civil Work

5 Electric and Plumbing

6 Raw Material Cost

Thumb rule for building cost is based on the whole project cost in terms of percenta

Sr. No. Work

1 Excavation and Filling Earthwork

2 Foundation

3 Damp Proof Course

 4 Brickwork

5 Roofing

6 Flooring

7 Doors and window

8 Plastering

9 White Washing

10 Miscellaneous

Cost of building general thumb rules

Sr. No. Work

Cost of Material and Labour

1 Material Cost

2 Labour Cost

Direct and Overhead Cost

1 Direct Cost

2 Overhead expense

Foundation and Superstructure

1 Cost of Foundation

2 Cost of Superstructure

Electrical and Sanitary Work

1 Plumbing and sanitation cost

2 Cost of Electrical Work

Thumb Rule For Slab

The minimum thickness of slab is 125mm.
The minimum diameter of bars used in slab is 8mm.
Fe 500 Steel should be used in the slab.
Clear cover of 15mm to 20mm should be provided in slab.
Maximum diameter of bars used in slab is 1/8th times of slab thickness.
Steel required in slab is 1% of the total volume of concrete.
M15 Grade of concrete or above it should be used in slab.
Spacing between reinforcement in slab should not be less than 150mm c/c.
Thumb Rule For Beam
Steel required in beam is 2% of total volume of concrete.
Minimum clear cover of 40mm shall be provided in beams.
M20 grade of concrete should be used in beam construction.
Minimum 4 bars shall be provided in beams. 2 bars of 12mm at top and 2 bars of 10mm a
M15 Grade of concrete or above it should be used in slab.
Spacing between reinforcement in slab should not be less then 150mm c/c.
Thumb Rule For Column
Steel required in Column is 2.5% of total volume of concrete.
Minimum steel requirement in column = 0.8% of gross area of concrete
Maximum steel requirement in column = 6% of the gross area of concrete
Spacing between Longitudinal reinforcement should not be more than 300mm.
Minimum clear cover in column is 40mm. 25mm clear cover is provided if column is less
Minimum dia of 12mm bars 4 numbers should be used in column.
The maximum diameter of reinforcing bars in column should be not more than 50mm.
Overlapping distance in longitudinal bars should not be less than 24 times the smallest ba
Maximum spacing of stirrups is 16D or B or 300mm whichever is less.
Minimum size of column should not less then 9″ X 9″.
For G+1 Structure 9″ X 12″ (225mm X 300mm) Column should be used.
Maximum space between two column of size 9″ X 9″ should not be more than 4 meter.
M20 Grade of concrete should be used in concreting column.
 Fe 500 Steel is also recommended for column reinforcement.
Column should be equally spaced in a grid so as to efficiently transfer the load.

Thumb Rule for Foundation

Steel required in footing is 0.8% of total volume of concrete
The clear cover of main reinforcement in footing is 50mm.
A minimum 10mm bar shall be used for foundation footing.
M20 grade of concrete or above should be used for foundation.
Length, width and depth of foundation should not be less than 1 meter.
Footing thickness should not be less then 40 cm.
Pile foundation should be used if soil bearing capacity is less than 24 kN/m3.

Thumb Rule For Labour Productivity

Manpower productivity estimates are useful for calculating number of labour or man requ
Labour output per day in construction activity can help to estimate the number of labour r
task.
Manpower productivity estimates are shown below:

Sr. No. Activity

1 Brickwork

2 Wall Plastering

3 Ceiling Plastering

4 Shuttering Work
 5 Steel Work

6 Tiling Work

7 Block Work

8 Earth Work

9 Painting Work

10 Carpenter

11 Steel Binding

Thumb rule for manpower calculation

From the above standard labour productivity in construction, we can calculate labour requ
Suppose for shuttering work, we need to know shuttering carpenter productivity per day.
For doing 11 m2 of work, Shuttering carpenter productivity per day is,
Carpenter – 2.25
Foremen – 0.2
Helper – 2.25

Thumb Rule For Steel Reinforcement

The calculation of steel is important as it is one of the costliest building materials. Import
construction are shown below.
Lapping is not allowed for the bars more then 36mm dia.
Longitudinal reinforcement in structural members shall not be less then 0.8% and not mo
Atleast 4 bars should be used in square column and 6 bars in circular column section.
 Important thumb rule for calculating steel based on building type and for structural memb
footing is very useful.

Thumb rule for steel in building construction is shown below:

Sr. No. Type of Building

1 Residential Building

2 Commercial Building

3 Heavy Structure or Tall Mass projects

Steel Requirement

The above thumb rule for steel in RCC estimation is not so accurate. For more approxima
N Datta as shown below. Steel percentage in concrete as per IS code for different membe

Sr. No. Member of Building

1 Slab

2 Beam

3 Column

4 Footing

Steel Requirement thumb rule

Example of steel requirement
Calculate steel requirement of slab of dimension 3m X 5m X 0.15m
Total volume of concrete = 3 x 5 x 0.15 = 2.25 m3
Steel required = 2.25 X 1% …(1% taken from table for slab)
=0.0225 m3

For weight of steel, multiply by the density of steel which is 7850kg/m3. As 1 cubic mete

Weight of steel required = 0.0225 X 7850 = 176.625 Kg

 The weight of steel calculated from the above method is approximate, for accurate quanti

Weight of Steel Bars Per meter length

For calculating weight of steel or reinforcement per unit length following thumbrules can
Weight of steel = D2/162
For length L, Weight of r/f = (D2/162) X L
The weight of steel bars per unit length for different diameter of bars are shown below:

Sr. No. Diameter of Bars

1 6mm bar

2 8mm bar

3 10mm bar

4 12mm bar

5 16mm bar

6 20mm bar

7 25mm bar

8 32mm bar

9 40mm bar

Thumb rules for the weight of steel bars

Thumb rule for steel quantity is shown below:
Thumb rule for steel in kg/m3 for 6mm dia bar is 0.222 Kg.

Thumb Rule For Concrete

Concrete volume can be easily calculated if you know the plan area.
Thumb rule for calculating concrete volume = 0.038 m3 per square foot of plan area.
Thus if floor plan of a house is 30 X 20,
then total plan area= 600 sqft
volume of concrete = 600 X 0.038 m3 = 22.8 m3
 Thus total volume of concrete to build 600 sqft house is 22.8 m3.

Concreting work can be done easily at site if the proportion of cement, sand and aggregat
of concrete, ratio of cement, sand and aggregate changes, which can be seen in the table g

Concrete
Ratio
Mix

M5 1:05:10

M7.5 1:04:08

M10 1:03:06

M15 1:02:04

M20 01:05.5

M25 1:01:02

Thumb Rule For Concrete Mix Design

In 1 cu.mt of freshly mixed concrete, if 4 liter of water is added then,
1. Slump value will increased by 25mm
2. Compressive strength of concrete will decrease by 1.5 N/mm2 to 2 N/mm2
3. Shrinkage potential will be increased by 10%
4. 25% of cement bag will be wasted

If temperature of freshly mixed concrete is increased by 1% then,

1. Slump will be equal to addition of 4 liter of water
2. Air content will be decreased by 1%
3. Compressive strength of concrete will decrease by 1 N/mm2 to 1.5 N/mm2
If air content of freshly mixed concrete is,
1. Increased by 1%, then compressive strength will be decreased by 5%
2. Decreased by 1%, then yield of concrete will be decreased by 0.03 m3 per 1 m3.
3. Decreased by 1%, then slump of concrete will be decreased by 12.5mm.
4. Decreased by 1%, then durability of concrete will be decreased by 10%.

Thumb Rule for Concrete Work

1. Volume of concrete required is 0.038 m3/sqft area.
2. Standard weight of 1 bag of cement is 50 kg.
3. 1 bag of cement is equal to 1.25 cuft or 0.0347 m3.
4. In high rise building 0.5 bags of cement is required per square feet of area.
5. Density of cement is 1440 kg/m3.
6. Specific gravity of cement is 3.15
7. Average cost of concrete is 50 to 80$ per cubic meter.
8. Initial setting time of cement is 30 minutes and final setting time of cement is 10 hrs.

Thumb Rule for Shuttering Work

Shuttering is required for pouring concrete so that it take appropriate shape. Shuttering is
construction.
Cost of shuttering is almost 15% to 18% of the total cost of building. Thus if shuttering qu
it can lead to drain of money.
Thumb rule for shuttering is shown below
1. Shuttering is 6 time the concrete quantity or,
2. Shuttering is 2.4 times the plinth area

If we need to concrete 5 cubic meter then the shuttering required can be found with thumb
by 6.
Shuttering area = 5 X 6 = 30 m2
Shuttering Members
Different shuttering members are Ply, Battens, Nails.
 Shuttering Ply
Shuttering Ply dimension are 2.44 m X 1.22 m X 0.012 m
Number of shuttering ply sheets needed for shuttering = 0.22 X Shuttering Area
Let’s assume we need to concrete 100m area. Then Shuttering needed for concreting is 0.
Ply required for shuttering = 0.22 X 100 = 22 numbers
Battens For Shuttering
General dimension of battens are 75mm X 40mm
Thumb rule for Batten Quantity = 19.82 X Number of Ply
For 22 number of ply, the quantity of battens is = 19.82 X 22 = 436 Battens
Nails and Binding Wire
Thumb rule for nails required in shuttering is 75 grams per 1 m2 of shuttering.
Thumb rule for binding wire is 75 grams per 1 m2 of shuttering area.
Shuttering Oil
Oil is applied on shuttering surface for easy removal of shuttering. Quantity of oil needed
0.065 times total shuttering area
For 15 m2 of shuttering, 1 liter of oil is needed
For 100m2 of shuttering oil needed for shuttering = 0.065 X 100 = 6.5 liter

Sr. No. Member

1 Shuttering Area

2 Shuttering Ply

3 Battens

4 Nails

5 Binding Wire

6 Shuttering Oil
 Thumb rule for removing Shuttering
Shuttering should be remoced only after the member has attained suitable strength. Below
of shuttering duration.

Sr. No. Member of Structure

1 Sides of foundation, column, beams and walls

2 Sides of span larger then 4.5 meter

3 Sides of span shorter then 4.5 meter

4 Sides of beams and arches upto 6 meter span

5 Sides of beams and arches from 6 m to 9 m span

6 Sides of beams and arches above 9 meter span

Thumb Rule For Brickwork

Number of Bricks required in 1 cubic meter = 500 number
Suppose for 20m3 of brickwork is needed to be done
Then the quantity of brickwork required for 20m3 of brickwork = 20 X 500 = 10000 brick
Thus 10000 number of bricks is required for brickwork of 20m3.

Quantity of cement required in 1 m3 of brickwork for different size of brickwork varies. B

cement required.

Sr. No. Brickwork size

1 230mm Brickwork

2 115 mm Brickwork
 Thumb rule for brickwork.
Thumb Rule for Brickwork for different mix ratio thickness of brickwork along with cem

Sr. No. Brickwork

1 100 mm thick

2 200 mm thick

3 200 mm thick

4 200 Blockwork

Thumb rules of bricks

Standard size of bricks is 19cm X 9cm X 4cm.
Weight of first-class clay bricks should be 3.85 kg.
Crushing strength of bricks is 10.5 MN/m2.
Water absorption in bricks is 12% to 15%.
Compressive strength of bricks is 36 KN/cm2.
Number of bricks in 1m3 of brick masonry is 550 bricks.

Thumb Rule For Plastering

Based on experience and practice following thumb rule for plastering is used in construct
Cement required changes according to type of plastering. Cement required for internal pla
cement required for external plastering.
Below is a table containing cement requirement for different type of plastering work.

Sr. No. Plastering Type

1 Internal Plastering

2 External Plastering

3 Rough Plastering

4 Duct Plastering
 5 Lathen Plastering

6 Stucco Plastering

Thumb rule for cement required in plastering

Cement sand requirement for wall and ceiling plastering are shown below:

Sr. No. Plastering Type

1 Internal wall Plaster

2 External Wall Plaster

3 Ceiling Plaster

4 Rough Plaster

Thumb Rule For Cement Masonry Work

Cement requirement in masonry work varies according to cement masonry type and m
different cement masonary work and mix is shown be

Sr. No. Masonry Type and Mix

1 200mm Masonry Work (1:6)

2 150mm Masonry Work (1:6)

3 200mm Masonry Work (1:4)

4 150mm Masonry Work (1:4)

5 100mm Masonry Work (1:4)

Thumb rule for cement masonry work

Thumb Rule for Flooring
Quantity of cement required for laying of flooring can be calculated based on the thumb r

Sr. No. Type of Flooring

 1 Marble Flooring

2 Marble Skirting

3 Marble Glading

4 Terrace Flooring

5 Granolithic Flooring

6 Mangalore Tile

7 Ceramic Flooring

8 Vitrified Tile Flooring

9 Vitrified and ceramic tile dado

10 Anti skid Flooring

Thumb rule for flooring work

Thumb Rule for Water Proofing

Sr. No. Water Proofing work

1 Water proofing for sunk slab

2 Water proofing for walls

3 Water proofing for toilets

Thumb Rule for Cement

Bulk Density of Cement
Density of cement according to type are shown below:

Sr. No. Cement Types

1 Lime mortar

2 Ordinary Cement

3 Plain Cement Concrete

4 Pitch

5 RCC

Bulk density of cement

 Below is a list of cement types and initial and final setting time of respective cement.

Sr. No. Type of Cement

1 Ordinary Portland Cement (33 Grade)

2 Ordinary Portland Cement (43 Grade)

3 Ordinary Portland Cement (53 Grade)

4 Sulphate Resistant Cement

5 Portland Pozzolona Cement

6 Rapid Hardening Cement

7 Slag Cement

8 High Alumina Cement

9 Super Sulphated Cement

10 Low Heat Cement

11 Masonry Cement

12 IRS T-40

Initial Setting Time and Final Setting Time of Cement

Thumb rule for Achieving Economy

In order to save money in building construction, one has to follow certain guidelines and thumb r
Following these thumb rules for building construction will result in saving money and economic b

1. Use formwork as many time as possible to achieve economy.

2. Minimum floor to floor height will result in saving of money.
3. Column layout should be placed in a uniform grid.
4. Standard column size should be used.
5. Same depth of beam should be used, if possible.
6. Local available material should be used to minimise cost.
7. High strength concrete should be used.
8. To remove formwork earlier high early strength concrete should be used.
9. To minimise honey combing and air pockets in concrete self consolidating concrete should be
10. Avoid congestion of steel especially at beam column joints.
11. Use large size bars in column and smaller size bars in slab.

Frequently Asked Questions

Some of the most frequently asked question in civil engineering are shown below.
How many kg of steel is required in 1m3 of concrete
7850 kg of steel is required in 1m3 of concrete

What percentage of steel in slab as per is 456

Minimum percentage of steel in slab is 0.8% and maximum percentage of steel in slab is 4%.

What is thumb rule for brick calculation?

The Thumb rule for calculating bricks is get area of brickwork by multiplying width and height o
then multiplying the area by 60 to get the number of bricks required.

Po s t C o m m e n t

Basics of Civil Engineering

1. Height of building = 3.15m.

2. Height of Parapet wall should be 1m.
3. Height of window = 2.1m.
4. Minimum thickness of slab = 125mm.
5. Minimum thickness of lintel = 15cm.
6. Thickness of DPC = 2.5cm.
7. Maximum diameter of the bars used for lapping is 36mm.
Bars having more than this diameter are not allowed.
8. Minimum diameter of bars used in Slab = 8mm.
9. Minimum diameter of bars used in Column = 12mm.
10. Minimum number of bars used in Square or Rectangular Column=4 bars.
11. Minimum number of bars used in Circular Column= 6 bars
12. Maximum diameter of bars used in Slab = 1/8 x thickness of slab.
13. Maximum Chair spacing=1m.
14. Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.
15. Minimum diameter used for Dowels Bars is 12mm.
16. Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8%
and not be more than 6% of gross area of cross section.
17. Binding wire required in steel reinforcement is 8kg per MT
18. Weight of cement bag = 50kg.
19. 1 bag of cement = 1.25 cubit feet = 0.0347 cubic meter.
20. No. of Cement Bags in 1m3 = 28.8 bags.
21. Initial setting time of Cement - 30 minutes.
22. Final setting time of Cement = 10hrs = 600 minutes
23. PH value of the winter should not be less than 6.
24. Riser of staircase - 150mm to 200mm.
25. Tread of staircase - 250mm to 300mm.
26. Tensile or Flexural strength of concrete = 0.7-/fck.
27. Modulus of elasticity of concrete = [Ec=5000/fck].
28. Young's modulus of steel = [Es=2x10^5 N/mm2].
29. F.O.S for steel = 1.15.
30. F.O.S for Concrete = 1.5.
31.Standard size of Brick = 190mmx90mmx90 mm =19cmx9cmx9cm.
32. A good brick clay contains 20 to 30% of alumina, 50 to 60% of silica and the remaining const
33. Colour of good brick is deep red, cherry or copper colored
34. Compressive strength of bricks is 3.5 N/mm2.
35. Maximum water absorption of first class prior is 15% of its dry weight
36. The excess silica of in the clay makes the brick brittle
37. Process of manufacturing of bricks consists of Preparation of brick clay, Moulding bricks, Dryi
38. Moulding of bricks may be hand moulding or machine moulding.
39. The burning of dry bricks is done either in clamp or in a kiln.
40.The ingredients of ordinary cements are Lime, Silica, Alumina, Calcium sulphate, Iron oxide, M
41.The ordinary Portland cement consists of 62 to 67% of Lime
42. The initial setting time of OPC should not be less than 30 minutes.
43. The Final setting time ordinary Portland cement of ordinary Portland cement should not be m
44. Initial and Final setting time of cement is determined by Vicat's apparatus
45. The normal consistency of Portland cement is about 25%.
46. Maximum free fall of concrete allowed to 1.50m.
47. Test On Fresh Concrete
▪ Slump Test -Workability.
▪ Compacting Factor Test
▪ Vee-Bee Test.
 https://civilsite.in/construction-thumb-rules/
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Civil Engineers | Important Point Of Civil Engineering | Construction

decision-making and approximate estimates. Site engineers and supervisor are greatly benefited

knowledge about certain civil engineering basics. The below-mentioned are must-have
edge. We will cover in-depth knowledge about the civil engineering field and practice.

That will be of immense importance to civil engineers.

n construction for various activities. If you get to benefit from it then please share.

n speed up the rough estimation process. Based on thumb rules in civil

nd material and labour requirements as well.

requirements and building work per unit area is given below:

Thumb Rule

0.5 Bags/sqft

3 to 5 Kg/sqft

0.05 m3/sqft

12.5 no./m2
 ₹ 751.25/sqft

₹ 470/sqft

₹ 133/sqft

₹ 126/sqft

₹ 40/sqft

₹ 94.5/sqft

g material percentage wise

Total Cost of Building

Percent of total cost

16.4

12.3

7.4

24.6

4.1

4.4

3.4

5.5

6.8

4.1

Thumb rule (% of Total Cost)

16.40%
12.30%
7.40%
24.60%
4.10%
 8%
4.40%
3%
3.40%
5.50%
6.80%
4.10%

quality of construction is shown below.

Thumb Rule

1100 Rs./Sqft

1400 Rs./Sqft

1800 Rs./Sqft

n for 1000 sqft house.

Average Cost for 1000 sqft home

Rs. 15,000 Onwards

Rs. 800 per sqft

Rs. 900 per sqft

Rs. 1500 per sqft

Rs. 2500 per sqft

Rs. 7 Lakh Onwards

e whole project cost in terms of percentage.

Cost

0.50%

5%

1%
 34%

20%

6%

16%

10%

2%

5.50%

Thumb Rule

70% of Building Cost

30% of Building Cost

85% building cost

15% of Building Cost

15% of Building Cost

85% of Building Cost

8% of Building Cost

8% of Building Cost

8mm.
 ided in slab.
h times of slab thickness.
e of concrete.
used in slab.
not be less than 150mm c/c.

f concrete.
ded in beams.
m construction.
2 bars of 12mm at top and 2 bars of 10mm at bottom.
used in slab.
not be less then 150mm c/c.

me of concrete.
of gross area of concrete
of the gross area of concrete
should not be more than 300mm.
mm clear cover is provided if column is less than 200mm.
d be used in column.
column should be not more than 50mm.
uld not be less than 24 times the smallest bar dia.
00mm whichever is less.
9″ X 9″.
m) Column should be used.
9″ X 9″ should not be more than 4 meter.
creting column.
 reinforcement.
as to efficiently transfer the load.

me of concrete
ng is 50mm.
ation footing.
d for foundation.
not be less than 1 meter.
m.
capacity is less than 24 kN/m3.

or calculating number of labour or man required to perform a task.

can help to estimate the number of labour required to perform a particular work or

elow:

Manpower Output (8Hrs)

Mason – 1
Male Mazdoor – 0.75 45 cuft
Female Mazdoor – 0.5

Mason – 1
Male Mazdoor – 1 120 sqft
Female Mazdoor – 0.5

Mason – 1
Male Mazdoor – 0.75 90 sqft
Female Mazdoor – 0.5

Carpenter – 2.25
Foremen – 0.2 11 m2
 11 m2
Helper – 2.25

Bar Bender – 1
150 kg
Helper – 1

Tile Mason – 1
10 m2
Helper – 1

Mason – 2
Male Mazdoor – 1.75 2 m3
Female Mazdoor – 1.75

Male Coolie – 5
1000 cuft
Female Coolie – 4

Painter Skilled – 1 600 sqft

Carpenter skilled – 1
4 m2
Helper – 1

Fitter – 1
250 Kg
Helper – 1

n construction, we can calculate labour requirement and estimation.

w shuttering carpenter productivity per day. From the above thumb rule of labor,
productivity per day is,

e of the costliest building materials. Important thumbrules for steel in building

36mm dia.
bers shall not be less then 0.8% and not more the 6% gross cross-sectional area.
n and 6 bars in circular column section.
ed on building type and for structural members like slab, beam, column and

on is shown below:

Thumb rule for Steel (Kg/Sqft)

4.5 – 4.75

5 – 5.5

6–8

tion is not so accurate. For more approximate quantity of steel requirement refer B
oncrete as per IS code for different members is shown below:

Percentage of Steel

1% of Total Volume of Concrete

2% of Total Volume of Concrete

2.5% of Total Volume of Concrete

0.8% of Total Volume of Concrete

on 3m X 5m X 0.15m
5 m3
table for slab)

steel which is 7850kg/m3. As 1 cubic meter of steel weighs 7850 Kg.

76.625 Kg
method is approximate, for accurate quantity use bar bending schedule.

nt per unit length following thumbrules can be used.

ferent diameter of bars are shown below:

Weight of steel bar per meter

0.222 kg

0.395 kg

0.616 kg

0.888 kg

1.578 kg

2.466 kg

3.853 kg

6.313 kg

9.865 kg

r is 0.222 Kg.

ou know the plan area.

= 0.038 m3 per square foot of plan area.

m3
t house is 22.8 m3.

he proportion of cement, sand and aggregate are known. Based on the mix design
te changes, which can be seen in the table given below.

Fine
Cement Qty (Bags) Coarse Aggregate (m3) Aggregate
(m3)

2.82 0.98 0.49

3.48 0.97 0.48

4.5 0.9 0.45

6.6 0.88 0.44

8.4 0.84 0.42

11.09 0.77 0.39

of water is added then,

ase by 1.5 N/mm2 to 2 N/mm2

%

reased by 1% then,
water

ase by 1 N/mm2 to 1.5 N/mm2

 will be decreased by 5%
ll be decreased by 0.03 m3 per 1 m3.
ill be decreased by 12.5mm.
te will be decreased by 10%.

ft area.
g.
347 m3.
equired per square feet of area.

ubic meter.
and final setting time of cement is 10 hrs.

that it take appropriate shape. Shuttering is important part of building

e total cost of building. Thus if shuttering quantity is not taken appropriately then

shuttering required can be found with thumb rule by multiplying concrete quantity

Nails.
m X 0.012 m
uttering = 0.22 X Shuttering Area
Then Shuttering needed for concreting is 0.22 time 100.
numbers

mm
mber of Ply
s = 19.82 X 22 = 436 Battens

75 grams per 1 m2 of shuttering.

m2 of shuttering area.

moval of shuttering. Quantity of oil needed for shuttering is

ing = 0.065 X 100 = 6.5 liter

Thumb Rule

6 times the concrete area

or

2.4 times the plinth area

0.22 times Shuttering Area

19.82 times Shuttering Ply

75 grams per 1 m2 of shuttering area

75 grams per 1 m2 of shuttering area

0.065 times total shuttering area

or
 For 15 m2 of shuttering, 1 liter of oil is needed

ember has attained suitable strength. Below table mentions detail about removal

Days

2 days

14 days

7 days

14 days

21 days

28 days

500 number
e done
0m3 of brickwork = 20 X 500 = 10000 bricks.
rickwork of 20m3.

ork for different size of brickwork varies. Below is a thumbrule for brickwork

Cement required (m3) Cement Quantity (Bags)

0.876 m3 25.4

0.218 m3 6.32
atio thickness of brickwork along with cement sand required are given below.

Cement
Qty Sand
Mix Ratio Mortar Thick (mm)
(Bags/m3 (m3)
)

1:04 10 0.15 0.035

1:06 10 1.4 0.3

1:05 10 1.7 0.25

1:05 10 0.15 0.02

.
5 kg.

550 bricks.

umb rule for plastering is used in construction and building work.

plastering. Cement required for internal plastering is comparatively lower then

nt for different type of plastering work.

Cement Qty (Bags/m2) Cement Qty (Kg/m2)

0.09 4.5

0.175 8.75

0.09 4.5

0.09 4.5
 0.55 27.5

0.175 8.75

ng
plastering are shown below:

Cement Sand
Ratio Plaster Thickness (mm)
(Bags/m2) (m3/m2)

1:03 15 0.16 0.017

1:04 20 0.17 0.024

1:02 12 0.17 0.012

1:05 16 0.11 0.02

es according to cement masonry type and mix. Quantity of cement required for
ement masonary work and mix is shown below.

Cement Qty (Bags/m2) Cement Qty (Kg/m2)

0.124 6.2

0.093 4.65

0.206 10.3

0.144 7.2

0.103 5.15

ring can be calculated based on the thumb rule given below.

Thumb Rule for cement

 0.3 Bags/m2

0.025 Bags/m

0.27 Bags/m2

0.3 Bags/m2

0.25 Bags/m2

0.35 Bags/m2

0.3 Bags/m2

0.28 Bags/m2

0.25 Bags/m2

0.28 Bags/m2

Thumb rule

0.25 Bags/m2

0.25 Bags/m2

0.63 Bags/m2

are shown below:

Density (kg/m3) Density (KN/m3)

1600-1840 16-18

1440 14.4

2400 24

1010 10.1

2500 25
final setting time of respective cement.

Initial Setting Time Final Setting Time

30 minute 600 minute

30 minute 600 minute

30 minute 600 minute

30 minute 600 minute

30 minute 600 minute

30 minute 600 minute

30 minute 600 minute

30 minute 600 minute

30 minute 600 minute

60 minute 600 minute

90 minute 600 minute

60 minute 600 minute

Cement

ne has to follow certain guidelines and thumb rule.

tion will result in saving money and economic building.

eve economy.
ing of money.
id.

.
mise cost.

concrete should be used.

concrete self consolidating concrete should be used.
olumn joints.
bars in slab.

il engineering are shown below.

ete

maximum percentage of steel in slab is 4%.

f brickwork by multiplying width and height of wall and

of bricks required.

ectangular Column=4 bars.

umn= 6 bars
x thickness of slab.

8kg per MT
m =19cmx9cmx9cm.
na, 50 to 60% of silica and the remaining constituents are Lime, Magnesia, Sodium, Potassium, Manganese and iron oxide.
pper colored

s 15% of its dry weight

Preparation of brick clay, Moulding bricks, Drying of bricks and Burning of bricks.
machine moulding.
mp or in a kiln.
Silica, Alumina, Calcium sulphate, Iron oxide, Magnesia, Sulphur & Alkali's.
67% of Lime
ess than 30 minutes.
nt of ordinary Portland cement should not be more than 10 hours.
mined by Vicat's apparatus
about 25%.
nganese and iron oxide.
HOW TO CALCULATE STEEL QUANTITY FOR SLAB? -
SCHEDULE

Hii before going to calculate bar bending schedule for slab you sh
your slab is whether one-way slab or two-way slab. If not its
through this

One Way Slab ; Ly/Lx > 2

Two Way Slab ; Ly/Lx < 2

In one-way slab, Main bars are provided in a shorter direction (Cranked b

bars are provided in a Longer direction (Straight bars).

in Two-way slab Main bars (cranked bars) are provided in both directions.
Distribution bars: These bars are straight bars.

Main bars: These bars are cranked bars. Main bars are cranked at an angle
the length of 0.42D
therefore,

D = Depth of Slab - Top cover – Bottom cover

Extra Bars: The extra bar is provided at the bottom of Cranked bars to main
of the slab. The length of Extra bar is L/4

.
OK We Think You Got A Clear Picture Of Slab Reinforcem
Look Of This Detailing

Let We Work On This Detailing So You Can Get Clear Picture

GIVEN DATA FOR FLOOR SLAB 1

SIZE OF FLOOR SLAB 1

Length= 2950mm

Breadth= 6000mm

Beam size = 225x300mm

Main bars are 12 mm in diameter @ 150 mm centre to centre spacing

Distribution bars are 8 mm in diameter @ 150 mm centre to centre sp

Distribution Bar Difference)

Top and Bottom Clear Cover is 25 mm

The thickness of Slab – 150 mm

Therefore, To Find Its One Way Or Two Way Slab

Lx = 2950mm (shorter span)

Ly = 6000mm (Larger span)

Ly/Lx= 6000/2950 = 2.033

One Way Slab

Hence its one-way slab

So, We need to find

· Main bar for shorter span

· Distribution bar for longer span

· Top bar for main rod on both sides for critical structure

1. Main reinforcement bar is normally used at the bottom of the slab.

Distribution bars are placed on the top of the main bar.
2. Main bar is used in shorter direction but distribution bar is used in longer
3. Higher dimension bar is used as main reinforcement bar.
Lower dimension bar is used as distribution bars.
4. Main reinforcement bar is used to transfer the bending moment to beam

Distribution bars are used to resist the shear stress, and cracks developed a

STEP 1

Find Cutting Length Of Main Bars For Floor Slab 1

Length Of Main Bars = (depth of beam/2) + (width of beam/2) + (1 x incline

x 2) + length of shorter span + width of beam + (0.3 x intermediate slab le

Inclined length = 0.42D

D = Slab thickness – 2 side clear cover (top cover + bottom cover)

D = 150 – (2 x 25) = 100mm

Inclined length = 0.42 x 100 = 42mm

45° bend = 1d

d = diameter of bar

45° bend = 1 x 12 = 12mm

Intermediate slab

L = 3100mm
Therefore,
Length Of Main Bars = (300/2) + (225/2) + (1 x 42) - (12 x 2) + 2950 + 300 + (

Cutting length Of Main Bars for floor slab 1= 4.5m

STEP 2

No Of Bars Required For Cutting Main Bars

No of bars = (opp length/spacing) + 1

Opposite length of bar = 6000

Spacing = 150mm c/c as per given details

41

No of bars = 41 nos

STEP 3

Total Length Of Bar Required For Main Bars Of Floor Slab 1

Err:509

= 41 x 4.50 = 184.5m = 185m

Total length of bar required for main bars of

Floor Slab 1 = 185m of 12mm rod

STEP 4
Find Cutting Length Of Distribution Bars For Floor Slab 1

Length of distribution bars = (breadth of beam/2) + length of longer

beam/2)

Length of distribution bars = (225/2) + 6000 +(225/2) = 6225mm

Length of distribution bars = 6.225m

STEP 5

No Of Bars Required For Cutting Distribution Bars

No of bars = (opp length/spacing) + 1

Opposite length of bar = 2950

Spacing = 150mm c/c as per given details

20.6666666666667

= 20.6666666667 = 21 nos

No of bars = 21nos

STEP 6

Total Length Of Bar Required For Distribution Bars Of Floor Slab 1

Err:509

= 21 x 6.225 = 130.725m
Total length of bar required for distribution bars of Floor Slab
rod

STEP 7

Top Bar (Extra): Top Bars Are Provided At The Top Of Main Bar
(L/4) Area

Number of top bars = (Lx/4) / spacing + 1

Number of top bars = ((2950/4) / 150) + 1 =5.91 = 6 nos of bars x 2 sides = 12

Number of top bars = 12 nos of bars

STEP 8

Total Length Of Bar Required For Top Bars Of Floor Slab 1

Length of top bars = Length of Distribution Bars

Cutting Length Of top Bars = 6.225m

Total length of top bars = 6.225 x 10 = 62.25m

Total length of top bars of Floor Slab 1 = 62.25 - 63 m of 8mm ro

GIVEN DATA FOR FLOOR SLAB 2

SIZE OF FLOOR SLAB 1

Length= 3100mm

Breadth= 6000mm

Therefore,

Lx shorter span = 3100mm

Ly larger span = 6000mm

Beam size = 225x300mm

Main bars are 12 mm in diameter @ 150 mm centre to centre spacing

Distribution bars are 8 mm in diameter @ 150 mm centre to centre sp

Distribution Bar Difference)

Top and Bottom Clear Cover is 25 mm

Consider Development length as 40 d

Thickness of Slab – 150 mm

Therefore, To Find Its One Way Or Two Way Slab

Lx = 3100mm (shorter span)

Ly = 6000mm (Larger span)

Ly/Lx= 6000/3100 = 1.93

Two Way Slab

Hence its Two-way slab

So, We need to find

· Main bar for shorter span

· Main bar for longer span

· Top bar for main rod on both sides for critical structure

STEP 1

Find Cutting Length Of Main Bars For Floor Slab 2 (A2-B2 direction)

Length Of Main Bars (A2-B2) = (depth of beam/2) + (width of beam/2) + (1

(45° bend x 2) + length of span + width of beam + (0.3 x intermediate slab le

Inclined length = 0.42D

D = Slab thickness – 2 side clear cover (top cover + bottom cover)

D = 150 – (2 x 25) = 100mm

Inclined length = 0.42 x 100 = 42mm

45° bend = 1d

d = diameter of bar

45° bend = 1 x 12 = 12mm

Intermediate slab
L = 3000mm
Therefore,
Length Of Main Bars (A2-B2) = (300/2) + (225/2) + (1 x 42) - (12 x 2) + 3100 +
4580.5

Cutting length Of Main Bars for floor slab 2= 4.6m

STEP 2

No Of Bars Required For Cutting Main Bars

No of bars = (opp length/spacing) + 1

Opposite length of bar = 6000

Spacing = 150mm c/c as per given details

41

No of bars = 41 nos

STEP 3

Total Length Of Bar Required For Main Bars Of Floor Slab 2

Err:509

= 41 x 4.6= 188.6m = 190m

Total length of bar required for main bars of

Floor Slab 2 =190m of 12mm rod

STEP 4
Find Cutting Length Of Main Bars For Floor Slab 2 (C2-D2 direction)

Length Of Main Bars (C2-D2) = (depth of beam/2) + (width of beam/2) + (1

(45° bend x 2) + length of span + (width of beam/2)

Inclined length = 0.42D

D = Slab thickness – 2 side clear cover (top cover + bottom cover)

D = 150 – (2 x 25) = 100mm

Inclined length = 0.42 x 100 = 42mm

45° bend = 1d

d = diameter of bar

45° bend = 1 x 12 = 12mm

Intermediate slab

L = 3000mm

Therefore,

Length Of Main Bars (C2-D2) = (300/2) + (225/2) + (1 x 42) - (12 x 2) + 6000 +

Cutting length Of Main Bars for floor slab 2= 6.4m

STEP 5
No Of Bars Required For Cutting Main Bars

No of bars = (opp length/spacing) + 1

Opposite length of bar = 3100

Spacing = 150mm c/c as per given details

21.6666666666667

No of bars = 21.6666666667 = 22

STEP 6

Total Length Of Bar Required For Main Bars Of Floor Slab 2

Err:509

= 22 x 6.4= 140.8m = 141m

Total Length Of Bar Required For Main Bars Of

Floor Slab 2 =141m Of 12mm Rod

STEP 7

Top Bar (Extra) (A2-B2): Top Bars Are Provided At The Top Of M
Length (L/4) Area

Number of top bars = (Ly/4) / spacing + 1

Number of top bars = ((6000/4) / 150) + 1 = 11 nos of bars x 2 sides = 22 nos

Number of top bars = 22 nos of bars

Top Bar (Extra) (C2-D2): Top Bars Are Provided At The Top Of M
Length (L/4) Area

Number of top bars = (Lx/4) / spacing + 1

Number of top bars = ((3100/4) / 150) + 1 =6.16 = 7 nos of bars x 2 sides = 14

Number of top bars = 14 nos of bars

STEP 8
Total Length Of Bar Required For Top Bars Of Floor Slab 2 (A2-B2)

Length of top bars = Length of Opposite Bars (C2-D2)

Cutting Length Of top Bars = 3.325m

Total length of top bars = 3.325 x 14 = 46.55m

Total length of top bars of Floor Slab 2= 47 m of 8mm rod

Total Length Of Bar Required For Top Bars Of Floor Slab 2 (C2-D2)

Length of top bars = Length of Opposite Bars (A2-B2)

Cutting Length Of top Bars = 6.225m

Total length of top bars = 6.225 x 14 = 87.15m

Total length of top bars of Floor Slab 1= 88m of 8mm rod

RESULT,

FLOOR SLAB 1,

Main Bars = 185m Of 12mm Rod

Distribution Bars = 131m Of 8mm Rod

Top Bars = 63m Of 8mm Rod

FLOOR SLAB 2,

Main Bars = 190m of 12mm rod

Main Bars = 141m Of 12mm Rod

Top Bars = 88 m of 8mm rod (A2-B2)

Top Bars = 47m of 8mm rod (C2-D2)

TOTAL

12mm rod required = 516m

8mm rod required = 329m