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Class 10 - Social Science

Sample Paper - 9 (2023-24)

Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises Six Sections – A, B, C, D, E and F. There are 37 questions in the Question paper. All
questions are compulsory.
2. Section A – From questions 1 to 20 are MCQs of 1 mark each.
3. Section B – Questions no. 21 to 24 are Very Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 2 marks each. The answer to each
question should not exceed 40 words.
4. Section C contains Q. 25 to Q.29 are Short Answer Type Questions, carrying 3 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 60 words
5. Section D – Questions no. 30 to 33 are long answer type questions, carrying 5 marks each. The answer to each question
should not exceed 120 words.
6. Section-E - Questions no from 34 to 36 are case-based questions with three sub-questions and are of 4 marks each. The
answer to each question should not exceed 100 words.
7. Section F – Question no. 37 is map-based, carrying 5 marks with two parts, 37a from History (2 marks) and 37b from
Geography (3 marks).
8. There is no overall choice in the question paper. However, an internal choice has been provided in a few questions. Only one
of the choices in such questions has to be attempted.
9. In addition to this, separate instructions are given with each section and question, wherever necessary.
10. Note: CBQ stands for “Competency Based Question”. 50% weightage allocated for competency-based questions.

Section A
1. Why rich peasants and Jats of Uttar Pradesh actively participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
a) They were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices
b) They wanted Poorna Swaraj
c) The government was forcing land ceiling
d) They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted
2. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer, almost all the houses
traditionally
a) had tube well
b) had a tap water connection
c) had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water
d) had open well
3. Read the given data and find out the country where one’s average expected length of life is the highest at the time of birth.
Life
Gross National Income (GNI) Mean Years of Schooling of HDI Rank in the
Country Expectancy at
per capita (2011 PPP $) People aged 25 and above world (2018)
birth

Sri Lanka 12,707 77 10.6 73

India 6,681 69.7 6.5 130

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Myanmar 4,961 67.1 5.0 148

Pakistan 5,005 67.3 5.2 154

Nepal 3,457 70.8 5.0 143

Bangladesh 4,976 72.6 6.2 134
Source: Human Development Report, 2020, United Nations Development Programme, New York.
a) Sri Lanka
b) Nepal
c) Myanmar
d) Bangladesh
4. Which of the following options validates the nature worship and existence of sacred groves?
i. Certain societies revere a particular tree that they have preserved from time immemorial.
ii. Some patches of forest or parts of large forests are left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is
banned.
iii. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua and kadamba trees.
iv. Sacred qualities are ascribed to springs, mountain peaks and animals like langurs.
a) Statement i and ii are correct.
b) Statement ii, iii & iv are correct.
c) Statement ii is correct.
d) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
5. When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to Local government, it is called:
a) conflict resolution
b) mutual understanding
c) separation
d) decentralisation
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6. Which of the following statements distinguishes the linguistic composition of the Flemish region and the Wallonia region in
Belgium?
a) The Flemish region in Belgium is predominantly German-speaking, while the Wallonia region is predominantly
French-speaking.
b) The Flemish region in Belgium is predominantly French-speaking, while the Wallonia region is predominantly
German-speaking.
c) The Flemish region in Belgium is predominantly French-speaking, while the Wallonia region is predominantly Dutch-
speaking.
d) The Flemish region in Belgium is predominantly Dutch-speaking, while the Wallonia region is predominantly French-
speaking.
7. Assertion (A): Democracies are based on political equality.
Reason (R): They provide equal rights to all the citizens to contest elections and cast vote and ensure equal opportunity to
be elected.
a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

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8. Read the information given below and select the correct option
Gopal is supervising the work of one farm labourer. Gopal has seven acres of land. He is one of the few persons in Sonpur to
receive a bank loan for cultivation. The interest rate on the loan is 8.5 percent per annum and can be repaid anytime in the
next three years. Gopal plans to repay the loan after harvest by selling a part of the crop. He then intends to store the rest of
the potatoes in cold storage and apply for a fresh loan from the bank against the cold storage receipt. The bank offers this
facility to farmers who have taken crop loans from them. What kind of facility is provided by a bank to Gopal?
a) Cultivation Arrangements
b) Credit Arrangements
c) Collateral Arrangements
d) Cold Storage Arrangements
9. Under which of the following is power shared in the Community Government of Belgium?
a) Different social groups
b) State government and Community government
c) Central and State government
d) Different organs of government
10. Study the picture and answer the question that follows:

Who is shown in the above picture?

a) Louis XVIII
b) Guiseepee Mazzini
c) Napoleon
d) Louis Philippe
11. Evaluate the instances of underemployment by identifying the appropriate statements among the following options:
i. Shyamlal pulls a rickshaw for the whole day and earns a meager amount to sustain a family of five.
ii. Raju peddles his products for 10 hours every day but his income is dependent on various factors like weather and
customer willingness to buy.
iii. Mohan cultivates on his two hectares of land and is sometimes assisted by his elder son who has rented a small grocery
shop in the village market.
iv. Anil is a plumber in the city who works for various contractors and is always overwhelmed with work.
a) Only statement iv is appropriate.
b) Statements i, ii and iii are appropriate.
c) All the statements are appropriate.
d) Statements i and ii are appropriate.
12. Which features are common to most of the democracies?
a) They only have formal constitutions
b) They only guarantees rights of citizens
c) They only hold elections

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d) They have formal constitutions, they hold elections, and they guarantee the rights of citizens
13. Arrange the following in the correct sequence:
i. Champaran Satyagraha
ii. Kheda Satyagraha
iii. Ahmedabad Satyagraha
iv. Rowlatt Act.
a) iv, iii, ii, i
b) iv, i, ii, iii
c) i, ii, iii, iv
d) i, iii, ii, iv
14. A farmer produces one ton of wheat and sells it for 100 to a flour mill. As far as the farmer is concerned, the sale of wheat is
a final sale for him. But the purchase of wheat by the flour mill is an intermediate good. He converts the wheat into flour and
sells it to a baker for 150. The baker sells the bread to the shopkeeper for 200, and the shopkeeper to the consumer for 250.
Classify the good (bread) that is sold by the baker to the shopkeeper.
a) Intermediate goods
b) Final Goods
c) Baking Goods
d) Shopping Goods
15. Consider the statements given below and choose the correct answer
Statement I: In France, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as Chapmen, and sold for a penny, so that
even the poor could buy them.
Statement II: In England, were the Biliotheque Bleue, which were low-priced small books printed on poor quality paper,
and bound in cheap blue covers.
a) Both (i) & (ii) are incorrect
b) Statement (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect
c) Statement (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct
d) Both (i) & (ii) are correct
16. The teacher is asking about the ways to solve the problems of land degradation. She is also giving clues. The teacher asked
the students to identify the incorrect clues on ways to solve the problems of land degradation. Identify the incorrect clues.
i. Deforestation
ii. Proper management of grazing
iii. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control of overgrazing
iv. Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes
a) Clue i
b) Clue ii
c) Clue i and ii
d) Clue iii and iv
17. Which of the following statements is common about Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front, Mizo National Front, and
Telangana Rashtra Samithi?
Statement i: These parties are not regional in their ideology or outlook.
Statement ii: They are regional in their ideology but have a national outlook.
Statement iii: They all are conscious about their state/regional identity.
Statement iv: They all are conscious about their national identity.
a) Only statement iv is right.
b) Statement iii is right.
c) Statement i, ii and iii are right.

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d) Statement i and ii are right.
18. India is a secular state because:
a) There is an official religion
b) It teaches defensive action to the people
c) It prohibits discrimination on religious grounds
d) It allows freedom to practise any religion
19. Which of the following statements will be considered as a condition for achieving the outcome of social accommodation of
democracy?
Statement i: The majority always needs to work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general
view.
Statement ii: Rule by the majority should not become rule by the majority community in terms of religion or race or
linguistic group, etc.
Statement iii: Majority and minority opinions should be made permanent so that they have complete liberty to express their
opinions.
Statement iv: Rule by majority means in every decision-making all the top-scoring parties get an opportunity to voice their
opinion.
a) Statement iii is right.
b) Statement i and ii are right.
c) Statement i, ii and iii are right.
d) Only statement iv is right.
20. Banker Megha diligently managed the local bank. With prudent planning, she allocated a small portion of the deposits as
cash reserves for withdrawals. Meanwhile, Entrepreneur Ram approached the bank seeking a loan for his business venture.
Megha, acting as a mediator, granted him the funds, charging a higher interest rate than what she offered to depositors. How
do banks primarily generate income?
a) Interest paid to depositors
b) Interest charged from borrowers
c) Cash reserves held by banks
d) Deposits made by the public
Section B
21. Study the map thoroughly and mention any two Indian states formed to recognise the ethnic differences.

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22. What were the impacts of Treaty of Vienna on European people?

OR

Describe the role of Giuseppe Mazzini as an Italian revolutionary.

23. Give an account of oilseeds in India. State the importance of groundnut and name the states where it is grown.
24. How has the third tier of the government of our country been made more effective and powerful by the constitutional
amendment of 1990?
Section C
25. What led the colonial government to pass the Vernacular Press Act in 1878? How did it affect the vernacular newspapers?
26. Why is it important for India to improve weaving sector instead of exporting yarn in large quantities?

OR

What is the precondition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty of our country?
27. Why is cheap and affordable credit important for the country's development? Explain three reasons.
28. "India has a large cultural, regional and religious diversity but there is unity among people". What factors are responsible for
this? Elaborate.
29. Study the given diagram and answer the questions that follow

i. Which sector shows the highest increase in share of GDP in the given period?
ii. Which sector shows a decreasing trend in share of its GDP?
iii. Why has the Primary sector remained more important than other sectors in spite of its smaller share in GDP? Give one
reason.
Section D
30. How would you classify the types of coal depending on the degrees of compression?

OR

Explain the different forms of occurrence of minerals.

31. Explain the term conservatism. Explain with special reference to Europe.

OR

Mention the obstacles in the way of the Italian Unification.

32. How did the Communist Party of India-Marxist develop after the split in the Communist Party of India (CPI)?

OR

Explain four basic elements of Political Party.

33. Explain with an example the role of credit for development.

OR

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Credit pushes the borrower into situations from which recovery is very painful. Support the statement.
Section E
34. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
In his book, Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the cooperation of Indians, and had
survived only because of this cooperation. If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse within a year,
and swaraj would come. Non-cooperation became a movement. Gandhiji proposed that the movement should unfold in
stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles that the government awarded, and a boycott of civil services, army, police,
courts and legislative councils, schools, and foreign goods. Then, in case the government used repression, a full civil
disobedience campaign would be launched. Through the summer of 1920, Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured
extensively, mobilising popular support for the movement. Many within the Congress were, however, concerned about the
proposals. They were reluctant to boycott the council elections scheduled for November 1920. In the months between
September and December, there was an intense tussle within Congress. For a while, there seemed no meeting point between
the supporters and the opponents of the movement. Finally, at the Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a
compromise was worked out.
i. What compromise chalked out in the Congress session of December 1920?
ii. In which book did Mahatma Gandhi write that the British rule was established because of Indian’s cooperation?
iii. Why were some members of Congress reluctant to boycott the council elections?
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35. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) shows the way
NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management System)
14001. The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil, gas
and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.
This has been possible through:
a. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
b. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
c. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for
afforestation.
d. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management.
e. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
i. Define the term sustainable development.
ii. What is the idea behind ISO certification?
iii. Examine the proactive approach of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).
36. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Organised sector covers those enterprises or places of work where the terms of employment are regular and therefore, people
have assured work. They are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations which are given in
various laws such as the Factories Act, Minimum Wages Act, Payment of Gratuity Act, Shops and Establishments Act, etc.
It is called organised because it has some formal processes and procedures. Some of these people may not be employed by
anyone but may work on their own but they too have to register themselves with the government and follow the rules and
regulations. Workers in the organised sector enjoy the security of employment. They are expected to work only a fixed
number of hours. If they work more, they have to be paid overtime by the employer. They also get several other benefits
from employers. They get paid leave, payment during holidays, provident fund, gratuity, etc. They are supposed to get
medical benefits and, under the laws, the factory manager has to ensure facilities like drinking water and a safe working

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environment. When they retire, these workers get pensions as well. In contrast, the unorganised sector is characterised by
small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. There are rules and regulations but these
are not followed. Jobs here are low-paid and often not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, holidays, leave
due to sickness, etc. Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is less work,
such as during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave. A lot also depends on the whims of the employer. This
sector includes a large number of people who are employed on their own doing small jobs such as selling on the street or
doing repair work. Similarly, farmers work on their own and hire labourers as and when they require.
i. Why do the employers in the unorganised sector refuse to follow laws that protect the labour?
ii. Which of the following option best describes the extract?
Section F
37. a. Two places A and B have been marked on the given outline map of India. Identify them and write their correct names on
the lines drawn near them.
A. The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in December 1920.
B. The place associated with Peasant Satyagraha.
b. On the same outline map of India locate and label any four of the following with suitable Symbols. (any three)
i. Haldia - Major Sea Port
ii. Noida - Software Technology Park
iii. Naharkatia – Oil Field
iv. Kalpakkam - Nuclear Power Plant
v. Raja Sansi - International Airport

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Class 10 - Social Science

Sample Paper - 9 (2023-24)

Solution

Section A
1. (a) They were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices
Explanation: In the countryside, rich peasant communities – like the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh -
were participating in the campaign. Being producers of commercial crops, they were very hard hit by the trade
depression and falling prices. When their cash profits vanished, the government's income demand could not be paid.
2. (c) had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water
Explanation: In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the
houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. The tanks could be as large as a big
room; one household in Phalodi had a tank that was 6.1 metres deep, 4.27 metres long and 2.44 metres wide.
3. (a) Sri Lanka
Explanation: Sri Lanka
4. (d) Statement i, ii, & iii are correct.
Explanation: Statement i, ii, & iii are about forests and trees while statement iv is about traditional methods of
conserving nature and its creations by ascribing sacred qualities to anything like springs, mountain peaks, plants, and
animals that are closely protected.
5. (d) decentralisation
Explanation: When power is taken away from Central and State governments and given to Local government, it is
called decentralisation. The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems and issues
which are best settled at the local level.
6. (d) The Flemish region in Belgium is predominantly Dutch-speaking, while the Wallonia region is predominantly
French-speaking.
Explanation: In the Flemish region, which comprises 59% of the country's population, the majority of people speak
Dutch. On the other hand, in the Wallonia region, where 40% of the population resides, the majority of people speak
French.
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7. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Democracies are based on the fundamental principle of political equality as they provide equal rights to all
the citizens to contest elections and cast vote and ensure equal opportunity to be elected. They also subscribe to one vote,
one value, and equal political rights.
8. (b) Credit Arrangements
Explanation: The facility is provided by the bank to Gopal is Credit Arrangements
9. (a) Different social groups
Explanation: Power are shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups.
10. (c) Napoleon
Explanation: Napoleon here is represented as a postman on his way back to France after he lost the battle of Leipzig in
1813. Each letter dropping out of his bag bears the names of the territories he lost.
11. (d) Statements i and ii are appropriate.
Explanation: Underemployment means that those who are employed, are not fully employed timewise or are employed

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in such pursuits where their capabilities and qualifications are not fully employed. Mohan works solely in the field so
there is no overemployment there and Anil earns a decent amount as there is no dearth of work for him in the city.
12. (d) They have formal constitutions, they hold elections, and they guarantee the rights of citizens
Explanation: Over a hundred countries of the world today claim and practice some kind of democratic politics: they
have formal constitutions, they hold elections, they have parties and they guarantee the rights of citizens.
13. (c) i, ii, iii, iv
Explanation: The Champaran Satyagraha was the first local satyagraha movement started by Mahatma Gandhi on the
19th of April, 1917. The Kheda Satyagraha was initiated in the Kheda district of Bihar by Mahatma Gandhi on 11th of
March in 1918. The Ahmedabad Satyagraha or the Ahmedabad Mill Strike started in Ahmedabad, Gujarat in
March 1918 by Mahatma Gandhi. Rowlatt Act was passed in February 1919 by the British. The Act legalized arrest
without warrant and detention of a suspect for an indefinite period without any trial.
14. (b) Final Goods
Explanation: Final goods refer to those goods which are used either for consumption. They are ready for use in the
sense that no value has to be added, whereas Intermediate goods refer to those goods which are used either for resale or
for further production in the same year. They are not ready for use in the sense some value has to be added.
In the given case, for the baker, flour is an intermediate good. He bakes it into bread and sells it to a shopkeeper and the
shopkeeper sells it to consumers for its consumption. Hence the bread will be the Final Goods.
15. (a) Both (i) & (ii) are incorrect
Explanation: In France, were the “Biliotheque Bleue”, which were low-priced small books printed on poor quality
paper, and bound in cheap blue covers. In England, penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as Chapmen,
and sold for a penny, so that even the poor could buy them.
16. (a) Clue i
Explanation: Deforestation is not the way to solve the problems of land degradation.
17. (b) Statement iii is right.
Explanation: Parties like Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front, Mizo National Front, and Telangana Rashtra
Samithi are conscious about their State identity.
18. (d) It allows freedom to practise any religion
Explanation: India is a secular state because:
i. There is no official religion.
ii. It allows freedom to practise any religion.
iii. It prohibits discrimination on religious grounds.
19. (b) Statement i and ii are right.
Explanation:
It is necessary to understand that democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to
work with the minority so that governments function to represent the general view. Majority and minority
opinions are not permanent.
It is also necessary that rule by majority does not become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race
or linguistic group, etc. Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election,
different persons and groups may and can form a majority.
20. (b) Interest charged from borrowers
Explanation: Banks make use of the deposits to meet the loan requirements of the people. In this way, banks mediate
between those who have surplus funds (the depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (the borrowers). Banks
charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference between what is charged from
borrowers and what is paid to depositors is their main source of income.
Section B

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21. Some states were formed to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These include States
like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. (any TWO)
22. Representatives of the European power, Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria signed treaty of Vienna in 1815. Following
were its impact on the European people:
i. Deposed Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Future expansion of French was prevented.
ii. Prussia was given new important territories on its Western frontier, while Austria was given control of the Northern
Italy.
iii. In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
iv. The treaty slowed down the growth of nationalism. There was an effort to restore Monarchies that had been
overthrown by Napoleon and to create a new conservative order in Europe.

OR

The role of Giuseppe Mazzini as an Italian revolutionary in the unification of Italy was as follows:
i. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. He founded two underground societies, first, ‘Young
Italy’ in Marseilles and second, Young Europe in Berne whose members were like-minded young men from Poland,
France, Italy and the German states.
ii. Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. In his view, creation of nation-
states is a necessary part of the struggle for freedom.
iii. Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of a democratic republic frightened the conservatives.
23. The main oilseeds grown in India are groundnuts, coconut, sesamum, castor, soybeans, linseed, and sunflower.
Importance of groundnuts:
i. Are edible and used as a cooking medium.
ii. Used as a raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics, and ointment.
iii. India-largest producer.
iv. Kharif crop
v. Accounts half of the total oilseed production.
States: Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra etc.
24. i. The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled
at the local level.
ii. People have better knowledge of the problems in their own localities.
iii. Regular elections are held for the local government bodies at the level of village, block, district, towns and cities.
iv. Seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other backward classes to ensure their participation.
One-third of the seats are reserved for women.
v. These local bodies generate their own revenue. Besides, the state governments are required to share some powers and
revenues with local government bodies.
Section C
25. i. After the revolt of 1857, enraged Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press.
ii. Vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist. They openly criticized and debated government policies.
iii. The colonial government wanted stringent control. So, in 1878 the Vernacular Press Act was passed.
iv. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was passed which empowered the government to censor reports and editorials.
v. The government kept a regular track of vernacular newspapers. If a report was judged seditious, the newspaper was
warned and if the warning was ignored appropriate actions were taken.
26. The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much high-quality yarn that is produced in the country. There are
some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is in fragmented small units, which cater
to local market. This mismatch is a major drawback for the industry. As a result, many of our spinners export cotton yarn
while apparel/garment manufactures have to import fabric. Our high-quality yarn is used by other countries. It is

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important to improve weaving sector because it is decentralized to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills.
That’s why weaving sector should be improved so that it may use high quality yarn produced in the country.

OR

Industrial development is a precondition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty of our country. This was the
main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing down
regional disparities by establishing industries in rural areas.
27. Cheap and affordable credit plays a crucial role in the country’s development. Reasons are mentioned below:
i. The credit helps people to meet the ongoing expenses of production and thereby develops their businesses in
agricultural and industrial areas.
ii. For middle-class people, loans help a lot in constructing their houses and get rid of monthly rents.
iii. It raises the standard of living and social status of the common man by enabling them to buy automobiles, electronic
items, etc.
iv. If credit is made available to the poor people at reasonable rates, they can improve their economic condition. It will
further improve their standard of living and overall development.
28. India is basically known as a land of unity in diversity. Although it is a vast country with people following different
religions and speaking different languages, it has succeeded in maintaining the unity and integrity due to the following
reasons:
i. Right to equality.
ii. No discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, region or religion.
iii. SCs and STs have some seats reserved and do get representation.
iv. Right to freedom of religion and cultural and educational rights.
v. No official religion or language followed in the country. All religions are treated equally.
29. i. Tertiary sector shows the highest increase in share of GDP in the given period.
ii. Primary sector shows a decreasing trend in share of its GDP.
iii. The Primary sector remained more important than other sectors in spite of its smaller share in GDP because it
provides employment to a large number of people.
Section D
30. Following are the types of coal depending upon the degree of compression:
i. Peat: Decaying plants in swamps produced peat, which has a low carbon and high moisture contents. It has very low
heating capacity.
ii. Lignite: Lignite is a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture content. The principal lignite reserves are
in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and used for generation of electricity.
iii. Bituminous: Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperature is bituminous coal. It is the most
popular coal in commercial use. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which has a special value
for smelting iron in blast furnace.
iv. Anthracite: It is highest quality hard coal.

OR

The difference forms of occurrence of minerals are:

i. In igneous and metamorphic rocks: In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in cracks, crevices, faults
and joints. The smaller occurrence is called veins and the larger are called lodes. Major metallic minerals like tin,
copper, zinc and lead, etc. are obtained from veins and lodes.
ii. In sedimentary rocks: In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds and layers. They have been formed as
a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ore have
been concentrated as a result of long periods.

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iii. Through decomposition of surface rocks: Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks,
and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is
formed in this way.
iv. Alluvial deposits: Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors and the base of hills.
These deposits are called placer deposits.
v. In ocean water and ocean beds: The ocean water contains vast quantities of minerals. Common salt, magnesium and
bromine are largely derived from ocean water. The ocean beds too are rich in manganese nodules.
31. Meaning of Conservatism: Conservatism is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established
institutions and customs and preferred gradual development to quick change. Conservatives believed in traditional and
cultural values. They were the people who supported monarchy and nobility. They believed that the privileges of the
monarchy and nobility should exist. After the French Revolution, they contended that gradual changes should be brought
in society.
European Conservatism: The European government adopted the idea of conservatism after the defeat of Napoleon
Bonaparte in 1815. Conservatives were people who believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society
like the monarchy church, social hierarchies, property and the family should be preserved.
Change in Ideas of Conservatism: The basic ideas of conservatism were changed after the rule of Napolean. Most
conservatives did not want to return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. They realised the changes initiated by
Napoleon strengthened the traditional institutions like the monarchy in reality. They understood that a modern army, an
efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic
monarchies in Europe. Thus, the conservatives of that time accepted the changes which were in favour of their interests.

OR

Italian Unification faced the following obstacles in its way:

i. Quarrelsome Division: The division of Italy into many states and their mutual quarrels rendered Italy quite weak.
ii. Foreign Rules: Foreign countries like France and Austria established their control over a large part of Italy.
Napoleon, the French emperor, had conquered the whole of Italy. Thus, the foreign rule was a big hurdle in the way
of the Italian Unification.
iii. Congress of Vienna: After the downfall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna once again divided Italy into small
states and thus played a great havoc with the task of Italian unification.
iv. The Pope of Rome: The Pope of Rome was keeping Rome and its adjoining territories under his dominance. This
way he was also proving a great hurdle in the way of the Italian unification.
v. Reactionary Rulers: Reactionary rulers in most of the Italian states were also proving a great hurdle in the way of
Italian Unification.
32. The Communist Party of India-Marxist emerged out of a division within the Communist Party of India (CPI).
The following points state their split in chronological order:
i. There was a period of upsurge in the undivided Communist Party of India (CPI) during the years after the Second
World War.
ii. Independent India under the prime ministership of Pt.Jawaharlal Nehru developed close relationships with the Soviet
Union. However, the relation between India and China deteriorated because of the border disputes between the two
countries.
iii. As a result, the relation between the Communist Party of China and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
deteriorated. China criticised the Soviet Union’s views as deviating from Marxism-Leninism and revisionist.
iv. In our country, one section of the Communist Party of India supported the Soviet Union and Congress-Nehru
standpoint. They were dubbed as ‘rightist’ in nature. But the other section, that supported China and its leader Mao
Zedong became known as ‘Left Communist Party’.

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v. As a consequence, in 1964, the Communist Party of India was divided and the Communist Party of India-Marxist
emerged as a separate party and was regarded as the Left wing communists.

OR

Political party is an organised group of people having common ideology whose main aim to contest in elections, come
to power and retain power.
Following are the basic elements of political party:
A. National and Regional Interest: Political parties have national and regional interests. Their main aim is to promote
national interests.
B. Constitutional Interest: A political party must follow the constitutional means in a peaceful manner in order to
capture political power.
C. Organisation: The member of political party with concern interest forms a organization that is political party.
D. Common Aim: Its members must have a similar and unanimous opinion regarding public matters and issues
E. It must have a proper organisational structure that would include a leader, active members who are strongly
associated with it holding positions within the party.
F. A political party must represent national interest and must be broad in its outlook, it must have an ideology that must
encompass various sections and interests of the country. It must not be elitist in its approach rather must have mass
following
G. A party must resort to constitutional methods like elections to come to power and must not resort to unconstitutional
means
33. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development. Formal credit in the form of bank loans helps
industries and trade with the necessary aid for improvement. This leads to increased production employment and profits.
However, the high risks factor should be considered wisely so that losses do not occur. This advantage of loans also
needs to be manipulated and kept under an administrative hold because loans from the informal sector include high-
interest rates that may be more harmful than good.
Therefore, banks and cooperative societies need to lend more. This would lead to higher incomes and many people could
then borrow cheaply for a variety of needs. They could grow crops, do business, set up small-scale industries, etc. They
could set up new industries or trade in goods.
For this reason, the formal sector must give out more loans so that borrowers are not duped by moneylenders and can
ultimately contribute to national development.

OR

It is true that credit pushes the borrower into a situation from which recovery is very painful. It happens in cases
like:
i. In the case of rural areas, if a crop fails due to natural factors, it will be difficult to repay. Because of crop failure,
credit pushes the person into a debt trap.
ii. In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower.
iii. In the situation when a borrower is unable to pay the previous loan and he takes a new loan.
iv. Loans taken by poor people from informal lenders sometimes, lead them to a debt trap because of high-interest rate.
v. Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, live stocks, deposits with banks) and
uses this as a guarantee to a lender until the loan is repaid. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the
right to sell the asset or collateral to obtain payment.
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Section E

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34. i. A non-cooperation programme was adopted as in the Congress session of December 1920.
ii. In his famous book Hind Swaraj, Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in India with the
cooperation of Indians.
iii. Some members were reluctant to boycott the council elections because they feared that the movement might
lead to popular violence.
35. i. Sustainable development means 'development' should take place without damaging the environment and
developing in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation.
ii. ISO certification is a mark of quality and credibility for nay company.
iii. i. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
ii. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
iii. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose
vehicles for afforestation.
iv. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid
waste management.
v. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
(any TWO points)
36. i. There is no provision in the statute that mentions penalising employers who break the law or officials who fail
to register unorganised workers under the programmes.
ii. Classification of activities in the economy. Economic activities can be divided into three broad
categories: primary, secondary, and tertiary activities.
Section F
37. a. A. Nagpur
B. Kheda

b.

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