177 Modern Transistor Circuits Forbeginners
177 Modern Transistor Circuits Forbeginners
177 Modern Transistor Circuits Forbeginners
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Modern Transistor Circuits
for Beginners
BY
CLIVE SINCLAIR
1
d I.S.B.N. 0 900162 36
G) le62
;
CONTENTS
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I
_l
MODERN TRANSISTORCIRCUITS FOR BEGINNERS
CHAPTER I
The ComponentsUsedin TransistorCircuits
d Value
b c
7
Black Silver l0 ohms t l0%
Brown Black 22.000ohms t 5%
Red Yellow Gold
Red None 4.711qhms ! 20% i.e.
Violet Red
Ycllow 4.700ohms + 20'/.
Blue Silver -2b meeohms+ 10% i.e'
Rcd Black olms t 10%
zb.o-oo,ooo
The unit of capacitanceis tle.fa1ad Uu1 $n93
Volume Controls -*
tiris-is an extreriely large unit it is -normat to
be -- or
Volume controls are resistors that can
m,axl'
l'iii i'i t Jii" r' Ji i.'i"t"t"?t (mrd' millionths.a
varied betweei zero ohms and a spe.c.ltred picofarad(pf'- millionths.ot
mum value by the rotation of a splndle to wnlcn ti.ibiiiool. Even a micrifarad is a very large
"'i"i'ioi'"tia
;'i;b-i; diniitea (spindleconlrol.tvpe).orbv value tor a capacitor.
"6;ou"iffi'ui"
rotation of the body of the -co-ntrolrtsell (rlm iiuioto into two mSintvpes'€lec'
conEol type). Many types include a slngle
pole
troiuti. and non-electrolytic' The latter.rangeln
ilIrch-*iri.li is usc'daithe on/oft switch for the ;;fi;i';;"b;'i i pf fo t mf{' a-np1$eformrcr
eouipment in which the control rs useo.' ffi;;bili i*to. to^auout 1,000 mf+ E]eclrolv.-t1c
'In
a volume control, rotation ot the -splnqle ;;;ifit;normallv confinedto A'F' circuitry
rs
causesa metal wiper to move ftom one end to tne uniiit.v are polarised.That is to sal oneenc they
;til-"f a carUoi or wire track' Three -external ;;d;; uno itt" other end is negative and
;ffi# i* pio"ioio. one for eachendof the il;; ;d;vt bi conneciedthe ri[ht. wav round'
-iioe
triit-inC one for the metal wiper'-Two extra coT- fi;;" G;ii"; ot an electrolvticit^,3iq:tt
tacts aro provided for the switch when one ls ionnectedto the outer casingarrd
included.
'-- "^r'*""vi-iitiurv
itris6roviaes'a convenient means of identification'
iiti-tnott commonly usedvaluesof vol-umecon- 3ii*5ii"li-itt. -or
pi,iitiu"-ina is indicatedbv.a red
ttoi'ioi-iiuitti.ior ciriuits arc 2J! ohms, 5K ohms' ilil^ili tl paint bv.a p.ositiyg .'1ry;J"
lOK ohms and 50K ohms. (The value relerrrng itt.-"ir*if oiagram a positive-sign is use<lto-:19*
"i'ipr'i-.t'
to the total resistanceof the track) b-ut volume *iti.it tiO. is'which.^Non-elecuolytic- capacttors
controlsare made with valuesranging from about #;t;;ttit.a ana *tv be connectedeither way
-5 ohmsto about 5 meg ohms' round.
triii"-oin rent tyFesof track are used:- iiJn-electrolytic capacitorsare made in
various
riniat. ios;ithmic a'nh semi'logarithmic(log' and t""ii'*rti"ft Oiffer id the dielectric or insulating
r.mi-foe.i Thesedefinitionsrefer to the. rate is
at are paper'
-rirelinex'
ti,It"riut- ot.O' The most common types.
;#f""tli; iiiiii"n.t changes as .the spindle ffiffi i"ii piiliii: ipolvstvrene, -etc)'
rotated.With the linear type the re-slstance cnanges il' ;;;y;pfil,"til"t'it 6te' are interchangeablg-
lype ts
at the samerate all along the track but rn tne log' iiiat is io 3dy' it does not matter which how'
and semi-log.types. the resistancechangeror a uiiA. Wn.t.'a particular typg-is specified'
;il;a;.;;%t i jtation is much greaterat one end ever.it shouldbe usedif -posslble'..
"';!;;ii;; ,:-^r .
6t ttre tr-act than at the other' the rapto cnange ttre vatue-ofa caPacitorrequiredfor
working vol-
.nd .or..tponding to the .position of. maxlmum fiitii,i,,r"i p6.iti* io a circdit the
;;i;;:^i-f';ne-oi ttrese three tvpes is.specified "
i"ff^il;6rni"liv-ip."into' Tltit-it an indication
iitir.i ttt. other may be used instead without oTit. -u*i.uti, vbltageappliedto the capacltor
^ii.iineitttperformancl of the circuit but most of
"f i; ;#;;;il"c oTtrt" iiituif' with non'electrolvtics
;#';iil; fi-"AG; mavthenoccurat one.of iii"^rJtilti typesaremorethanatle tqiope
tii; ;fr;;?a; of thetrackmaking setting i,liiri trt""i,ign.;i
delicate ""tiageu6iiug.t encourtered in ordinarv
oi tni uot"*. lesseasy.In most casesthis will
not and the worling voltas€rauns
-therefdre,
;;;;-ffii;i*uitry
matter greatly. ;;;;i' be takeninto consideratton'
\iilt ;i&;;iiiict,-ho*tuit, more care m'st be
Fixed CaPacitors ;ffi.-,i',ypi.ui to.poouni calledfor.miglt be
A capacitor consists ossentially.of two ,m9tal u
air-gap f;iA.'-o-'rl.w. (volts^working)' ln !his- or "^T:
o1e of
ofut.r i'epurited from one another by an otlers 4 mfd. 12 v.w. capacitor may-be uq{
Sfii-t',i-'"i-i"tutating material' A capacitor iligiti-t'""it.!" stiil if.it is smalienough'.but "?
y'*'
i'ii"iorJt"'i1"-ili--t-o o'"' but permits an A'c' must not o.-"ita as it ltould probably
caoacitor
ii"Jffi oit" l'he largerthevafucofthe capaci' an be'destroYed.
'- 'a
iu'niJ ttte'tiiwer its resistanceor impedanceto. is Wntn capacitor.of a required. valueto is nol
X:t: tilil';- tich frequencv A'c' signal ^uuit"uji it is'normally quite-permissible use
i*ilatc-r.tt by a c-apacitcir of i givenvaluethan il,?'li^itili.i uiioe. bnd of nuch lower value
i-1;-AE:-sihur o? low fre-qu?ncv' Tu*
of t''
capacr- should
-- not be usedhowever'
it"ieiltihl fr"qiencythelowerthevalue given.degree it is *orthwhile remembering tlat the valueof
ffi;a;i;"E tb_- pasta signalwith a un
""rt.Lofytic is nlver very critical'
i,Tritil. ivtt"i"uEi ttrevilue of the capacitor no
tvi,c iJipecinedtheusa-of8 mfd
rfrnJtJi e itiia' "apacitor
0... ittoUA be Passedat all'
I
MODERN TRANSISTOR CTRCUITS FOR BEGINNERS
BRITTSH
AND RMA-JAN[USA]RESISTOR
ANDCAPACITOR
COLOUR
CODES
INSTRUCTIONS - DEr-TtFy COr.rcNENt cy laFEnEtrcs to |LLUSTRAT|O{S tN IOWER COLWs. TA€N US€ TXE 'A!!e
rMMeDht€Ly gElot p D€TERMIN€ THE v^Lws EpR€sENtEo cy tre colciuFs.
rorqnetcs
q MULTI'LIER
:finil[fd- M U L T T P L T E -i J
lo
\
voto co{FugtoN wtrH a
hE9srci,rcT€ lHli
roretnc:
FN€rum
| 90DY.I|P.DOT. q I lltl \ L - wRr^rrrt cN e lAiDS AR€ USEOhW !Ro^o,rOUR
#
I NAATOI-gANO 5Y3lCM I Iilt // G
rc;:ii;;n-l
OUTER FOIL
rclEe^NC€ \ n
rorsnuc: \ ||
WLhr
uu.r,r.,.f$1., -:No. r, 0,o,,
!b orclr l,J Drcrf
FN;d-sGi-l
tt&x\ tgrotcrT /2N0.otcrr
g?_E
cHlt^ctEtrstrc ll MuLrrPLtEn
TOI€FANCE
or evena l0 mfd. type will not alter performance. a foot. The longer the rod the greaterthe signal
It is not wise,however,to use a value which is it will oick up.-The svmbol foi an R.F' coil is
noticeablyless than that specified,particularly shownin Fig.'6. Someiimes, when the coil is ad'
wheredc-couplingcapacitorsare concerned. justableas ii usuallythe case,an arrow is drawn
Someextremelysmall electrolyticscalled tan' throuehthe coil.
talum capacitorshave recentlybeen put on the An I.F. transformer is merely an R.F. trans'
market. These have no specialpropertiesother former which is tuned and designedto operate
thantheir smallsizeand they may be usedwhcre- at a single fixed frequency.Thls typ,e of coil- is
everan electrolyticis specified. normalhi enclosedin a can which also includes
VariaQleCapacitors. a fixed tapacitor acrossthe primaryt
An R.F. choke is a singlecoil of wire wound
Tuning is normally performedin a radio set by on a dust iron core or ferrite core. The name is
meansof a variablecapacitor(oftencalleda tuning normally abbreviatedto R.F.C. It- operatesin
capacitor).In simple receiversa singlegang type the oopositewav to a capacitor.That is to say
is hormally used6ut in more complexsetsa twin it pads'esd.c. without any restrictionbut offers
gang capacitor,which is, in eftect, two tuning to A.C' which in'
mechanically coupled,is needed. an'impedance(or resistance)
capacitors creaseswith frequency.
Until recentlythe majority of tuning capacitors -and
R.F. transformers chokes are specified
usedan air gap as the dielectricbut the needfor by meansof their inductance.The unit of induc-
miniaturisationhas now made typeswith a solid
tanceis the Henry but for R.F. this is ratherla.rge
dielectricmore popularwhereusewith transistors
is concerned. The smallestairgaptypesare about and it is more nbrmal to talk in terms of milli-
ll" squarebv l" deep whereasa solid dielectric Henries (thousandthsof a Henry) or mH and
microHenries(millionths of a Henry). A typical
cipacitor hai recently been introducedwhich is R.F. choke might have an inductanceof 2.5mH
only threefifths of an inch squareby threeeighths -Medium
and a typical Wave aerial coil might
of an inch deeo. have an-inductanceof 400 microHenries.
The maximdmcapacitance of tuning capacitors
In many circuits for the home constructor
designed for the broadcastbandrangesfrom about
l00pf. to 500pf. dependingon the design.In a someor ail of the R.F. coils are home made in
circuit which usesonly a single gang capacitor which case full constructionaldetails' including
the use of a type having a value other than that the numberof turns of wire, are normallygiven.
specifiedwill alter the tuning range slightly but A.F. Transformers.
will not affectthe performance. Circuitswhich use A.F. transformersare structurally similar to
two gang capacitorsare more critical, however, 'of but consistof a greatmany more turns
R.F. types
and the type specifiedshould alwaysbe used. A often very thin wire. Their inductanceis often
solid dieliitric'capacitor can always be used in of the order of several Henries.
Two main typesare usedin traxsistorcircuitry.
'olaceof an air dielectrictvpe of the samevalue. The first is thb interstage transformer which is
As well as variablecaflicitors used for tuning
DurDoses there are semi-variabletypes known as designedto match the output impedanceof one
irinimerswhich are usedfor makiridsmall adjust- traniistor to the input inipedanCeof the ne.xt.
mentsto some Dart of the circuit, Once set these The second is the- outpul transformer which
are normally noi varied.Twin gangtuning capa' matchesthe output impedanceof the last tran-
citors normally have two trimmers built-in; one sistor to the impedanceof the loudspeaker.A.F.
for eachgang-Theseare providedfor alignment transformer normally consist of two windings;
purposes. 4 prima[y and a secondary.In some casesone
The very small types of solid dielectrictuning or'the other of theseis centretapped.The turns
ratio, that is, the ratio betweenthe number of
'care. shouldbe treatedwith a certainamount
caoacitor
turns in the primary and the numberin the secon'
of They are remarkablefor their sizebut can
be damagedquite easily by turning the spindle dary. is nofmally-included in the specification.
Som6times, the impedanceratio is quoted,instead
beyondthe end stop.As a matterof interest,some'
thing over 100separatepartsare usedin a typical in which casethe'turns ratio can be calculated
capacitorof this type. bv takine the square root. For example,if the
imoedancie ratio is 16 to I (often written 16:l)
Coils,R.F.Chokesand FerriteRod Aerials. the turns ratio will be 4 : I and if the impedance
The R.F, or radio frequencyparts of a radio ratio is 50 : I the turns ratio will be about 7 : l.
receiver noimally use several ioils of various An A.F. choke is identical to a transformer
types.The first of theseis the R.F. transformeror exceotthat it has no secondary.The symbol is
coil which forms part of the first tuned circuit. also'the samebut with tho secondaryomitted.
In setswhich do not usean externalaeriala ferrite The various leads of an A.F. transformercan
rod aerial is normally used as the R.F. coil. A normally be identified by a -colour code' Each
ferriterod aerialis an R.F. transformerwound on manufacturertendsto have his own colour cotle
a rod or slab madeof a nraterialknown as ferrite. unfortunatelybut detailsare normally ir:ludr:d
The lengthof the rod may be anythingfrom l|" to with the transformer itself.
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FOR BBGINNBRS
MODERN TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS
complicated
s and Earpieces for use with hearing aids' For,mo-re low
Loudspeakers,Headphone i"iriJJ, iiiiii-e..o t6 operate lou-dspeakers'
'.iititi"ltv-i";pieces
transistors are quite satisfactory'
Loudspeakerssuitable for use.with anc
hrge variety of sizes'.shapes
#;";5-d; wtth
areavailabre Batteries.
ffir";;?*,""i'r**"t#A*lf$iif
t{r#lj}f$ ii*Er:jres
Larger sizesare also aval'
tJii?i. i'riJ-t."tier the speaker
The word battery really means.:t1t-t:1,::llt a
ioiieJ toeither but it is often used to-descrtbe
i;;-'i;;;T;*il,
the morep,ower i,Jiirl"i. ittiJtiig-r'itnitot"
ana so, for the.sake.or con-
wittueadopted here'
volumelever'
;r".i;ilrii; ffi;; it to a satisfactorv Two different types of battery are 'nov-made
use with transistors' lne
*iri.tt uit suitabl6-for
a loudspeaker
The first specificationgiven for impedan-ces ;osTcffffi-uno tttt cheapestis the zinc-carbon
common
ir il'J-ifipto""'"..'ilt 'n6st values. i""l't,iiii ut those used in torches'-Zinc- carbon
i.': i"i ro ohmsandthese arenormally in a great variety of shapes
great ii"li.tilt'"tiuuiituut. -aesigned
ili;iih an-outputtransformer'A lanv ffii-t1;;;t spi.iut tvptt for transistor
Iirttr imp.ounces are possible howeveru11-'T1lv *d'made bn ttre layer princtple--can
to avoldtne !ii"i"i"."i
Iiii,iitJ'i,"i ^-iigtt i*ptouncespeak-er a spgllir ;:l'd;;d ;iiv' rnt ott"t.tvie id the Mallorv
;;Jj'i;;" tiansformei'!h-e1 ii"i.i,*'JJr-*rtittt it availablein a wide YTi-ttY
"uiput is specified in a circuit' u"t i" verv few multi'cell
#; ffifid;iqtotqqti; theuse-oi1a ;i"^;ilAt;;i'titi,t
itai itptaan"e sh-olldbe usedsince will normatty units. They are most uittot wntn a very -small
speakerhaving a dlfierent impedance or in distor- ;#i; -i"
;.11'i';a;ii;d (ihe smallest,the RM.3l2'
i5J,ii i"-" ."frtiderablelossbf power ii'i?""ri!i it"'" .tpiit"l or where-constantvol-
i#'ic.;;;'uiu to* volume llevel' Wh-en a circuit fqt:i!"'
taee with life is requrred'tittn
factorthat controlslhe"Per- 'h;;;"b;6tv'utto-
;";.;;;v-b;Gry one should be used^srnce
Anotherimportant ipecified becauseoJ ifs
f"#;;;;;iT ioudspeaker is the strengthot rne it
as-so many A merturv battery TUI^1l:.uv'
i"^.i"ii.-riti. is norinallyexpressed unit masnet
l;;lui fi;;;'ti;t.
of a zinc-carbonone' however'
d;i;; it cuutt beiig the 'of i'. iitJo'i"'place
"- lowest gtreigth normally used rs fidTft;i";';-l,o;e.i life if the two are the same
#.dth. ihe
:;r;q;iliiri:["fi{!:ffi
",:'fl,*ff
verv smallestloudspeal
size.
Diodes.
iildoo;ffi" i' uudutii'i-'tiong"t lluc1:!-l':d' A diodeis a two terminaldevicewhich.conducts
the m-agnetit
Naiu*r-rv, ti,. stronger llt?.I91"-"* in on.- tilttttion but not .in the othe'r'
limitation-of lsed rn
pensiveis the speaxet"Wiitti"tthe gauss maqlet tt.r. ait many typ-esmade but tho-se in tttis
"l;;;;6'-
speaKer.with a high sir'ctr-ai those described
cost, then, a to one with tr.niit"i-.ii.tiis point contact
should alwaysue useo'in-pieferEncl ii""n- itt known as germanium
a low gaussmagnet' diodes.
d-o*
With headphones,manufacturers 1{,nP' Diodesare rather proneto-damagedue 199ut'
.irih;"fi f;^d'i"'t"i--;g"et
-it
"ttt"
strensth ?$The
Jh' t'ritiii-tolp..lai cuit iiioito be taken when sold-
impe-dance'
only informatron grven as impgn-ant .tittg ti"- into a circuit'
specific impedance" not notmally most circuits One end of a diode is normallycolo.ured.red
or
a! it is with loudspeaiiirs-utcaotP than is actually tana round it' Tttil i: known
deliver very mucn toii- po*tt. rtui t.,i*ti-*irii"
indicatedas such
itii,iila io'otiu"a pairo-fheadpiones'
19-'T1*'- liirt! " i,*iii"t .no unJli uiuallv
;ffi^;d;*v Manv:'^t:lf'1"'t
is noinJcessary' on a circuit diagram'
i ::
;;iii;;iti;;a specrnc
oursivins "1, *l-:i,Tffl':. *l*' #l:
2:b;b*,
"tJll;iiii,l'J''r;i;
-'
Transistors'
named- the
dance may be taKen as T:11':'f'^"X-:,"..-""
figure" A transistor has three te-rnrinals in fig' 10
ttigtt impedanceas above this ."ii..;;;,"6;;; "nr"iiiJt' on the left
different types
".li
There are two difte-renttypesofea-rpiece'
crystal are shownconnectlonson the three
-rystal earfieces always h1y'9 -uttv il#;iiy';;;d viiweofromthewireend'
."a'in"!"iiii.
aiJ t*tremetv- ::"titi::' ^t'
hieh impedancesano -iomeiim Nothingwill be saidaboutthe properties
of the
ii1is es
noor, J]y1 ao be dis-cussed
liiSiie'ri"ir't''l-,i"1
O't'-tto*"n"t'-a-ndare only transistori,.r" otcuuiJltris"-wilt
not Dassor conouct
't'iii"tuiJ thrnrrohnrrt the book.- It should be rememberal'
r"i typesof circuit'Magneticear' iffifi;;, tilt the ransistor is even.'more ?rotr€
nieces may "i,ii"i1
be nlgn ldrpedance or.low -impeclance
i;;;ffi" fi;ouett oi"trtiutingthanthediodeand
fit;;y ireat-deal in qualitv-o^f
i:l::g"* ereatcaremust,tnerefore'bjtaken yhql tol*l:
sensitivity' For most simpletransrstor
iion uoi "".v.a earpreces i;;. Tit;;,;Jpiln is to hold the le-adwith a parr
iiii,ur,i, rtts'hftpeilunc"' highsensitivity
thodedesigned ;i";li;;; ilw6 tht Point
beingsoldered'
are required; tn" o"tfilJtF utiog
t0
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\:.,/
N TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS FOR BBCINNERS
CHAPTER TWO
Simple Tra,rsistorRadio Circuits.
This circuit consumesso little power that the instead,so long as it is the magnetictype, but
batterymay be solderedinto the circuit. Even one it nlust bc a high sensitivityunit. Those madeby
of the tiny slirn penlightcells will give a life of F'ortiphoneand Ardente,althougbexpensive, will
about one year. give far and awaythe bestresults.
The On/Oft switchmay be omittedif the head-
phone automaticallyswitchesoft the set. Circuit No.2
C' is used to preventthe aerial from damping Fig. 12 showsthe circuit diagram of a set which
the tuned circuit too severely.When a short aerial is even simpler than that of Fig. ll. The results
is usedit may be omitted.Dampingof the tuned are not quite so good, however, and the type of
circuit by the aerial causesthe tuningto be broad transistorrequiredis more expensive.
rnakingit impossibleto separatethe stationssatis- All the components usedare the sameas in tbe
factorily.Other valuesmay be usedfor Cr and it last circuit buf the diode is omitted and the uan-
may be best to use somethingin the regionof 5 sistor is an R.F. type, such as the OC44, instead
tr: l0 pf when a very long aerial is necessary. The of an A.F. type. An A.F. type could be usedbut
earth connectionmay be to a water pipe, tap or wouldgive much lessgain.
radiator. Sincethere is no diode the R.F. signal is fed
Cr, the tuning capacitor,may be any make of directly to the transistor.Detection takes place in
the 250 pf, single gang type. The type specified the base-emitterjunction which is really a type
is the TSL which is 'isnarticularlyrobustand small of diode itself. An amplifiedversionof the signal
in size. This meke not suppliedwith fixing then appearsin the collectorload which may be
screwsbut the size neededis 10 B.A. If you either a high impedancemagneticearpieceor a
already have a tuning capacitorwith a value of pair of high impedanceheadphones.
other than 250 pf this may be usedbut the band The currentconsumptionof this set is evenless
coveragewill bi difterent.A value of less than than that of the last and may be only about 20
250 pf will not enableycu to cover the whole of microamps.This is incrediblylittle and even the
the mediumwave band but a largervaluewill be smallestbattery cell made, the minute RM3l2,
satisfactorybecausethe coil is adjustable. would last 2| monthsif left switchedon all the
L,, the aerialcoil, is, in fact,a very smallferrite time or about a year if usedfor five hoursa day.
rod aerial which is also suppliedby TSL. In the A singleslim pen light cell will last as long as it
circuitsgiven in this chapterit doesnot act as an would on the shelf not being used even if left
areial as well as being a tuning coil but it is pre- switchedon all the time and, for this reason,the
ferable to an ordinary tuning coil becauseof its switch shown is not reallv necessarv even if the
much higher "Q" factor. The "Q" factor is a headohones are left conn6cted.The-current con-
mefsureof quality and in this type of circuit a sum$tionis so low that the set can be operated
high "Q" factor increasesthe sensitivity and perfectlywell by a simplehome made battery.A
improvesthe selectivity.Sincethis ferriterod aerial simplecell can be madeby sandwiching a pieceof
is no more expensivethan an ordinaryaerial coil absorbentpaper,which has been dipped in salt
its use is well worthwhileparticularlysinceit will water,betweentwo differentmetals.For example,
be requiredfor many of the circuits given in this the metalsusedcouldbe a shillingand a halfpenny
book. The coil can be moved along the rod to or a sixpenceand a threepennybit. Care must
adjust the covenge.If you find that you cannot be taken to ensure that the two metals do not
tune in the higherfrequencystations,such as the touchone another.A batteryof this type may give
Light programme,just slide the coil nearerto the as much as 100 microamps,particularly if it is
end of the rod. If. on the other hand, the lower warned up a bit. In any caseit will providequite
frequencystations,suchas the Third programme, sufficientpower to drive this set.
are unobtainable,then the coil should be moved The actual amount of current drawn by this
nearerto the centreof its rod. circuit depends on the signal strength. In the
D,, the diode,is not a particularlycritical com- absenceof a signal the current consumptionmay
ponent.The Mullard type OA70 will giveexcellent fall to as little as 5 microamps.When a signal is
resultsbut there are surplustypes on the market tuned in the current consumption will rise quite
which are muchcheaperand which work perfectly sharplyand will then rise and fall continuouslyin
well. prop'oitionto the signalbeing broadcast.This may
Tr,, the transistor,is specifiedas a Mullard be watchedby connectinga 100 microamp meter
OCTl and this typeis recomrqended becauseit can in serieswith the headphones. lf a programmeof
be relied upon td give good results.A Mullard music is tuned it will then be possibleto follow
OC75 would be even better becauseof its high the changing level of volume by watching the
sain but this type is rather more expensive.In meter needle. On a powerful note, the current
leneral, any mike or type of small iignal A.F. readingmay more than double.The meter may
iransistormay be used in this type of circuit. alsobe usedasa tuningindicatorin muchthe same
The headphonesmust be good quality high way as a magic eye is used on some domestic
impedancetypes if satisfactoryresultsare to be radios and radiograms.AII that is necessaryis to
obiained.A high impedanceearpiecemay be used tune the set for maximum meter reading.
MODBRN TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS FOR BEGINNBRS
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M()DERN TRANSISI'OR CIRCUITS FOR BEGTNNI]RS
C<tmponenls, Components.
Cr-30 pf trimmer. Rr-5K ohm volume
C1-30 pf trinrmer.
Cr--250 pf tuning capacitor-- C,--250 pf tuning cap- control.
Lr-TSL l/" f.errite rod aerial. acrtor. Rr-6.8K ohms.
D,-Germanium point contact diode - Mullard
Cr-2 mfd. 3 v.w. elect- R -2.2 K ohms.
rolytic. Rn-lK ohm.
oA70. Cr-10 mfd. 3 v.w. Headphones-High
Rr--5K ohmsvolumecontrol with on/oft switch.
Rr-100K ohm I watt resistor 20"/o tolerance * electrolytic. impedancemagnetic.
(lower wattage types may be used if D'-OA70 or similar.
Trr-Mullard OCTI
available).
G-2 mfd.3 v.w. electrolyticcapacitor. Circuit No.6.
Tr'-Small signalA.F. transistor- Mullard OCTI
This is the first circuit in this book to use an
High impedancemagneticheadphones
or earpiece. A.F. transfonner.A comparisonbetweenthis cir-
Battery1.5or 3 volts. cuit and the last will show that the onlv real
diffcrencebetweenthem is the insertion of this
transformerbetweenthe diode and the volume
Circuit No. 5 control.The purposeof this is to match the com-
Although the collectorcurrentof the transistor paratlvelyhigh output impedanceof the diode to
in the last circuit was not alteredby the strength the lower impedance of the transistor thereby
of the signalreceivedit wasdependenton the pro- increasingthe gain.The increasein curreutgain is
pertiesof the transistoritself ahd on 'o' temp-era- about 4| times and the actual increasein iower
ture. This dependence can be overcomeby usine gain is someth_iug in the regionof l0 times iaking
the spccialstdbilisingcircuitryusedin this circuitl into accountthe power lost in the transformer.
With this type of circuit it doesnot n'latterwhat The transformerusedis the TSL interstasetvDe
transistoris usedor what the temperature is: the LT-44. This same transformeris used aiain in
collector current remainsrelativelv constant.In many of the other circuitsgiven later in th! book
this particular circuit the collecior current is so its purchaseis well worthwhile.
l| mA. The purposeof C4 in this circuit and the last is
to preventthe emitter resistorfrom causingnega-
Stabilisationis achievedby meansof resistors tive feedbackand therebyreducingthe galn c5n-
R:, Re and R,. Becausethe base-emitter function siderably.
of Tr, is forward biasedit has a low resistanc€
and the emittervoltageis alwaysvery nearly that Cornponents.
of the base.The basevoltageis determinedby R,
and R3 which form a potentialdivider acrossthe C,--40 pf trimmer. Rr--sK ohmsvolume
battery ln this casethe basevoltageis about l| Ct-250 pf tuning cap- control with switch.
volts which will also be roughly the emitter vol- acrtor Rr-6.8K ohms.
tage.If the emitter voltageis l| volts thoughand C.-2 mfd. 3 v.w. R.-2.2K ohms.
with the emitter resistanceof lK ohm the emitter C^-10 mfd. 3 v.w. Rn-lK ohm.
currentmustbe about l| mA by Ohm'slaw. Sincc Tr- interstage High impedancemag-
the collectorcurrent is alwaysvirtually the same transformertvpe neticheadphones.
as the emittercurrentthistoo will be 1| mA. I.I'44.
Battery-g volts.
If any battery voltageother than 9 volts is to
be usedthe valueof Rr mustbe alteredin propor- Circuit Ni.7.
tion. For example,a battery voltageof 4.5 votts - Amazing as it may seemit is just possibleto
would requirea value of R. of 470 ohms.For a drive a loudspeakerfrom a singletransistor set
3 volt battery330ohmswould be required.If these under suitableconditions.The areahas to be one
changesare made the collectorcurrent will still of reasonablyhigh signal strength and a really
be l| mA. Therewill be virtually no loss of gain good aerial and earth must be used. The loud-
since,within certainlimits, the gain is determined speakershouldbe a largesensitivetype prefprably
by the current through the transistorand not by at least 5 inchesin diameterand rvith a magnet
the voltageacrossit. strengthof 8,500gaussor more. The larger and
more sensitivethe speakerthe betterthe perform-
Sincethe crinent consumptionis comparatively ance.
low eventhe smallest9 volt battervmav be used. The collectorcurrentof the transistoris 6 mA
The Ever ReadyPP5is the smallesima<ieand will and-thep-owercolsumptionfrom the battery is a
fit in very well with the small scale of the other total of 63 mA. The output poweris a maximum
components. If you cannotobtrin batteryclips for of about 20 mW which is mbre than sufficientfor
the PP5 removethe clips from a worn out battery rcasonablevolume. The transformerused is the
of the sametype and use these. TSL outputtypeLT700.
MODERN TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS FOR BEGINNERS
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MODERN TRANSISTOIICIRCUITS FOR BEGINNERS
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MODEIIN TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS FOR BEGINNERS
Since.the load of Tr, is part of the input of Tr, With a classA output stagethe maximumpos-
any signalimposedon the load of Tri is fed to sible efficiencyis only 50%. That is to say, only
Trr. What happensthen is thai part of the outpur half the power drawn from the battcry is actually
of Tr3 appeaisacrossthe loadirigof Tr,, becairse turnedinto A.F. power to drive the louclspeaker.
of theircommonload in the batteiy,and this signal This would not matter too much if it were not
d,rivesTrr. Since the baseof Tr, is in place with for the fact that the current or power consumption
theoutputof Tr, this normallyresultsinbscillation femainsconstantlyat the maximumlevelwhatever
known as " motor-boating " becauseof the noise the actualoutputvolumein useis. Thus the overall
it makesin the loudspeaker.The only wav to over- eflflciencymay be only 20"/" or l5/" and this
corne this is to de-cbuplethe power supplv line makesit undesirable to designthe setfor anything
at a suitablepoinr. In fhis circriit this is ailiieved but a low maximum output power unlessa very
by meansof Rn and Cu.Rn reducesthe magnitude largebattery is to be used.
of the signalfed back and C, removesmosi of the
remainderand puts the power supply line effect- Wjth a classB output stagethe situationis very
ively at earthpotentialas far as A.F-.is concerned. much better.The maximum efficiencvmav be as
The sameresultcould be achieved by puttinearr high as 75/o evenin a practicalreceiverlnd the
electrolyticdirectlyacrossthe batterybrit its v-alue current drarvn frcnr the battery varies with the
would heve to be inconvenientlylarge and the volume level.This meansthat the set can be de-
methodusedhere is more practical. signedfor a much higher maximum volume level
withcut the battery being run down too quickly.
The loudspeakerused may be of any size but
shouldbe as sensitiveas poisible.As before,the In this circuit 2 x @72's are usedin the output
biggerthe speakerusedth-egreaterthe soundout- stage.TransformerT, actsas a phasesplitterdiv-
put from the receiver. ing Tr, a negativesignal when Trn has-a posi*tive
one and vice versa.Becauseof the wav iri which
If the set is to be used as a bedsideradio. the the transistorsare biased they only am-plifynega-
bedsprings_may-be usedasthe aerial.Alternatively tive signals so that when oire is-ampiifyine ihe
metal window frames,water pipes and radiator.s other is not. T, combinesthe outDutsienilsirom
can be verv eftectiveas can a lelcvisionaerial. the two transistorsand drives the loudipeaker.It
is important that each transistorshoulil amplify
Cornpottents. the signalby the same amount and for this'rea-
Cr-40 pf trimmer. R,-4.7K ohms. sonwhat is known as a matchedpair of transistors
Cr--250 pf tuning cap- Rr-l2K ohms. mustbe used.Transistorsfrom ady productionline
acltor Rr-2.2K ohms. -overall
may be similar to one anotherin oerform-
C'-0.01 mfd. Rnr s-lK ohm. ance,but althoughthey are all made in fhe same
Cr-2 mfd. 12 v.w. R6-5K ohms volurne way as far as is possible,they tend to differ quitc
C,-100 mfd. 12 v.w. controlwith switch. considerablyin the gainsthey provide.This does
R,--8.2K ohrns. not normallymattera greatdeal exceptwith push-
Co-50 rnfd. 3 v.w. Rr-I00 ohms. pull circuitssuchas this one.A matchedpaiidoes
Cr-2 mfd. 12 v.w. Lr- l|" territe not cost more than two singleunits anh in this
C8-50 mfd. 3 v.w. rod aerial. circuit one should be used.
T1-LT44. Loudspeaker- 3 ohms
T3-LT700. Since the current consumptionof this set is
Tr' r-OC7l D,-OA70 , likely to be higherthan most'of the previousones
a rather larger battery is desirable.A pp3 will
Tr"-OC72 still give a nscfullife but a Pp5 is rathertoo small.
If the set is not intendedto be a miniature one
as large a battery as possibleshould be usedfor
Circuit No. 14. reasonsof economv.
This circuit is similar to the last exceDtthat ir R,2 and R6 are both used to provide nesative
uses.a class B push-pull output circriit which feedbackand thus reducedistortioir.They reiult in
requlrestwo transistorsinsteadcf a classA out-
put circuit which requiresonly one. ?-smalllossof-gain,however,and may 6e omitted
if the degreeof distortionthis resultsjn is acceot-
'.[he able as it often will be.
Ioudspeakersets shown so far have had
power outputs,of up to only about 30 mW. This R,o controls the degreeof forward bias given
limit hasbeenkept-tobecadse of the high curreflr to thc two transistorsand shouldbe adjustedfor
consumptionof a classA outfiut stace.Circul, minimum distortionat low volume leveis.Before
No. 14,howe'rer,usesa classB ciutr:utJtaeewhich switch.ingon the batteryfor the first time set Ryo
providesmuch grcater e{Eciencyind th! maxi- roughly to its mjd positionand adjustfrom there.
mum output power is raisedto 200 mW. At this Re very careful to ensurethat Rroii neverreduced
level,evena relativelyinefficientloudspeaker will to its minimum resistanceposition as this mav
give a good volume. causedamageto the transistbrs,
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MODERN TI(ANSISJ'IOR CIRCUITS FOR BIJGINNIRS
As with the last circuit, C, can normally be The aerial coil and the tuning capacitorare both
omitted.The higher gain transistorscan also be extremelysmall and for the volumecontrol a rim
usedbut this is unlikely to be necessary
sincethe control type may be used to minimise the space
gain is alreadyvery hidh. If an OC75 is usedfor consumed.
Trr, Rr should be increasedto 68K ohms. The
earpiece must be a sensitivehigh impedancetype Components.
with an impedancebetween250 and-1,000oh-nis. C'--40 pf trimmer. Tr'-OC45
C,-250 pf tuning cap-
Components, acltor Tr,-OC7l
Cg-0.01 mfd.
C,--40 pf trimmer. Lr- lf," ferrite C,-2 mfd. 12 v.w. Trr-4C72
Cr-150 pf tuning cap- rod aerial. Rr-2.2K ohms.
acrtor Trr-OC45 Rr-5K ohms volume T1- type LT700.
C"--0.01mfd. control with switch. Loudspeaker-3 ohms
Cr-2 mfd. 12 v.w. Trr-OC7l f"- lt" ferrite impedance
R,-1.5K ohms. rod aerial.
Rr-5K ohms volume Tr,-oc7l
controlwith switch. Circuit No. 18.
Rr-56K ohms. Earpiece-lK ohm. This is another exampleof simplifieddesign.
Trr is a commonemitter stagewith an extremely
Circuit No. 17. high value of collector resiitor. This is used tb
This receivcrfollowsa similarDatternto the last match the high input impedanceof Tr, which is
hut the battery potentialhas be6n increasedto 9 ooeratedin the commoncollectormode. Despite
volts and the set hrs been designedto drive a the useof a commoncollectorstage,which noim-
loudspeaker. The collectorcurrenl of the outDut ally.has low gain, the overall power gain of the
stageis about 9 rnA and the maximumoutbut receiver is very high becauseof the accurate
poweris 30 mW. With a sensitive2 inch diameter matchingof the impedances.The collector cur-
3 chm loudspeaker,a pocketradio of -good oei- rent of Tr3 varieswith the settingof the volume
formance canbe built uiing thiscircuit. control.
The total currentconsumption is no loneerlow Components.
-batterv C,--40 pf.
enoughto be ignored.The^drain on the Tr, ,,-OC7l
will be about I0 mA and whilst a pp5 could b! C,-250 pf. tuning cap-
tusedits life would not be very lons. Unless acitor Dr-OA70
absoluteminimumsizeis requireda pp3-wouldbe Cr-2 mfd. 12 v.w.
preferable. R,-22K ohms. Lr- l*" ferrite
Rr-5K ohmsvolume rod aerial.
The circuit lendsitself vcry rvell to miniaturisa- control. High impedancemag-
tion becauseof the small numberof comrronents. neuc earDlece.
L
MODERN TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS FOR BEGINNERS
CHAPTER THREE
Regenerativeand Reflex Receivers.
None of the radrosso far describedincludeany wouldoperatesimplyasa detectorplusA.F. ampli-
R.F. amplificationbefore the detector.As has fier receiveras in the last Chaptei.The inclusion
been cxplained this makes them insensitive,so of the regenerationeftectivelyincreasesthe inDut
that they require external aerials and unselective ^the
signalby as much as 100times or evenmore,
which makes it difficult to seDaratethe stations actual level dependsvery rnuch on the desreeof
satisfactorily.Nor are these sEtssuitable for re- regeneretionthat can be applied before oscillation
ceiving foreign stations except under very good starts.This means,in theory, that an aerial which
conditionsand with a very long aerial. picks up only one hundrEdthof the sisnal is
The above faults can be overcome,at least to requiredto obtain the sameresultsas are obtainetl
a certain degree, by the use of a regenerative without any regenerationat all.
detectorinsteadof a crystal diode. The-resenera-
tive detector,which in ihis book is, of co-urse,a ..{1 thi_scircuit the re-generatio!is controlled by
sliding L, along the ferrite rod. This alters the
transistorbut which could also be a valve, pro- coupling with L, and thus controls the amount
vides a reasonableamount of R.F. eain. The of feedback.L2 consistsof between3 and 5 turns
transistor functions in the normal iav as u of thin enamelledwire (the gaugeis not important)
detectorwhich providesA.F. gain but, because wouno onto a slnglelayer of paper.The laver of
the transistorusedis an R.F. type,it alsoamplifies papershouldbe sufficientlyloose-toenableif to be
the-R.F. signaland the R.F. butput is fed^back slid up and down on the iod. The coil is put onto
to the input to increaseit. If morE than a certain the_endof L, nearestto the yellow lead.'
amount is fed back the transistorwill oscillateso , Whenthe setis completed,slideto up and down
the degreeof feedback has to be carefullv con- the rod to obtain oscillationin the lieadphones.
trolled. If no oscillationoccurs reversethe condections
Detection occursin a transistorat verv low lev- to L2 or take it off the rod and put it on the other
els of collector current: with certain restrictions. way round. If you still fail to-obtain oscillation
thelowerthe better.For maximumR.F. sain.how- increasethe numberof turns on l, and repeatthe
ever, a very much higher collector iurrent is operationabove.
required.This meansthat a compromisemust be When oscillationhas been achieved,move Lr
made betweendetectionefficiencvand RlF. eain. towards the end of the coil a little way past the
Nevertheless,
Nevertheless, the circuit
circuit is extr6melv
extr6melvuseful'be-
useful'be- point gt which oscillati-onstops and cirnhcct up
causeof the simplicity
cause simplicity with which R.F. gain
which R.F. eain iis a small aerial. It should now be possibleto.tune
obtainedand because-asingle transistorIs per per- in one or more stations. To acliieve maximum
suaded to perform three functions: namelv sensitivity,the coil should now be moved towards
detection,R.F. amplifi",ationand A.F. amplifici- Lr to the point just beforeoscillationbeeins.Each
tion The economyof this is obvious. time a stationis tuned in, I" will havJto be re-
The optimum collector current for a transistor adjusted for maximum sensitivity. A strio of
performing these functions is usuallv about -glued
cardboard or thin plastic may be to L to
0-25 mA for an R.F. germanium junction tran- make this easier.The end of ihe strlp should then
sistor such as the OC4{ and about b.l mA for a passthrough a slot in the caseso fhat it can be
surfacebarrier transistor.S.B.T.'s,(surfacebarrier convenientlyadjustedwithout openins the back.
transistors)make particularly good regenerative As has been mentioned, the colledtor currenr
detectors and they are used i-n severil of the Ievelis sornethingof a compromise.The oDtimum
circuits in tbis chapter. level varies somewhat frdm one transistor to
Circuit No. 19. another and it is well worthwhile tryine different
The circuit shown in Fie. 29 is that of a very valuesfor R, which controls the collalctdrcrurent.
simple single trinsistor receiver. The siqnal is In this circuit any value from 250K ohms to
picked up by the aerial and selectedby thJ tuned {M ghms.may.betried or you could try omitting
circuit in the normal way. It is cou-pledto the R, altogethersincethis gives the best r6sults witfr
transistorvia the secondaryof the aeriai coil. Since some transistors.The higher the batterv voltase
the transistoris biased to-a low level of collector used.the larger the value of R, is likely io be f6r
curent the input is fairly non linear, that is to say, maxrmum gatn.
a negativesignal is amplified more than a positive Components.
one,and a certain amount of detectiontakesplace Cr-40 pf trimmer. Rr-See text.
and gives rise to an amplified A.F. signal in the Cr--250 pf. tuning cap- Tr,-OC44
collector.A certain amount of R.F. amplification acrtor
also takesplace,however,and this is coubledback Cr-0.01 mfd. Lr- l*" ferrite
to the tuned circuit by meansof I-r. It is tlien added C,-0.001 mfd. rod aeria--I.
with the input signal and contributesto the out- Headphonesor earpiece-high impedancemag-
put. If it were not for this regenerationthe et netlc type.
MODERN TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS FOR BEGINNERS
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in and out of oscillation and the degleeof regen- C.-2 mfd. 12 v.w. &-10K.
eration can be controlled by varying Rr. Sincethis C,-100 mfd. 3 v.w. Rr-22K.
method of varying regenerationis smooth and R5-5.6K.
convenientit may be used with any of the other Tr1-tJC44 or SFT 308. Ru-100 ohms.
regenerativedetector circuits in this Chapter- Tr,-OC7l or OC75. T1- type LT700.
No particular type of S.B.T. has been specified Trt-@72 or SFT 323. Lr- lt" ferrite rod
for this circuit becauseany type may be used, at Loudspeaker-3 ohms aerial.
these frequencies,with satisfactory results. The
SBO78is usuallythe cheapesttype availableand
is perfectly suitable. Circuit No.26.
This receiver has the same output power as
Components. that of Fig. 35 but has much more gain. The
increasedgain is obtainedby transformercoupling
C'-250 pf'- tuning cap- R,-100K. Tr, to Tr. and it makesthe set more suitablethan
acitor Rs-470 ohm. the last one for difficult reception areas. The
C,-0.01 mfd. &-5K volumc control addedgain is achievedat the exp-ense of simplicity,
C'--4.001 mfd. with switch. however,since far more componentsare requircd.
Cn-2 mf,l. 12 v.w. R{-lK. Unless the extra gain is really needed the last
Trr-any surfacebarrier R5-82K. circuit will be preferable.
transistor, Earpiece-High impe- Just for the sake of variety a different form of
Tr,-OC7l dancemagnetictype. regenerationhas beenused.Ia consistsof 10 turns
sPT 352. wound next to the yellow wire end of I+ and it
Lr- l*" ferrite rod does not need to move. Feedbackis controlled by
aerial. meansof Cr, a 40 pf trimmer capacitor.If oscilla-
tion cannot be achievedreversethe connections
CircuitNo.25. to Ia. Conventional stabilisation is used for Tr,
to provide a collectorcurrent of about I mA. The
This receiver uses an interesting and elegant regenerationsystemsused in Figs. 34 and 35 may
outputcircuit which,althougheconomicalin num. be used insteadof the one shown.
ber of components, is well stabilised against
temperaturechangesand which can accepta wide Components.
variationin transistorparameters. Cr-250 pl tuning cap- R.-lK.
The driver and the output transistorare directly acitor R'--47K.
coupled, the collector of Tr, being connectedto C,--{.01 mfd. Rr--4.7K.
the baseof Tr3.Any tendencyfor the collectorcur. Ca-100 nfd. 3 v.w. Rr-lK.
rent of either transistor to change is amplified Rs-sK volume control.
by the other and reapplied to that transistor with Cr--c0 pf trimmer. Rr--470 ohms.
its phasechangeso as to halt or minimisethe tend- C'-2 mfd. 12 v.w. Rro-8.2K.
ency. A full explanationof the way in which the Cc-100 mfd. 3 v.w. Ru-2.2K.
circuit functions is given in " Transistor Audio Rs-220 ohms.
Amplifier Manual ". C-100 mfd. 12 v.w. Tn-OC44
The output power of the set is 30 mW which
is quite adequateif a good loudspeakeris used. C'-2 mfd. 12v.w. TSL. Tr,-OC7l
The small number of components used makes Ce-100 mfd. 3 v.w.
miniaturisation simple and since the set will not Tts--OC72
normally require an externalaerial it should make Loudspeaker-3 ohm
an excellentpocket radio. Increasedgain may be L- lf" ferrite rod.
obtained by using an OC75 for Tre. R!-2.2K. Tr- type LT44.
Where a more convenient type of regenerative Rr--{8K. T'- type LT700.
control is required, R1 may be replaced by a Ir.s-10K. R.F.C.-1.5 mH.
4.7K ohm fixed resistor and the 5K ohm volume This completesthe seriesof regenerativedetec-
conttol may be connectedacross the coil l" as tor receiverscircuits given in this book. They are
in Fig. 34. There will then be no need to slide a little more difrcult to build than the sets in
the coil uo and down onceit has beenset. Chapter 2 but they are also more rewarding.One
The totil current drain of the set is about l0 mA point should be remembered,these sets are not
and the most suitable battery for a pocket set suitable for use by someoneunfamiliar with this
will be the PP3. type of set so they make poor presents.Anyone
who has no knowledge of them is unlikely to be
Components, able to set the regenerationlevel correctly so that
C'-250 pf. R,-l meg. they may causeoscillationand henceinterference.
C:{).01mfd. R:-5K ohms volume They are bestsuited.therefore,for useby the con-
C'-{.001 mfd. control. structorhimself.
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Cs-0.01 mfd. Rr-2.2K. The output stageof the receiveris also novel.
C,-2 mfd. l2 v.w. &-510K. It workson the half-supplyprinciple,the collector-
Tr,-OC7[ or emittervoltagebeinghalf the supplyvoltageunder
sF-t352. quiescentconditions.This makespossiblea circuit
which, although very simple, is completelyfree
from any possibilityof the transistordissipating
Circuit No. 33. too much power and so destroyingitself. It also
avoidsthe use of an output transformerwhich is
This is the last reflex receiverof this type and a worthwhileeconomy.The loudspeakerusedhas
it shouldneed very little explanation.It cbnsists a voice coil impedanceof 130 ohms but one of
of the reflexcircuit of Fig. 4l with a two transistor 140ohms may be used insteadif the former is not
transformercoupled A.F. amplifier added. The available.The current consumptionof the set is
performanciof this set shouldbe adequateeven 40 mA so the batteryshould be as large as pos-
in areas of low signal strengthsince the gain is sible.The size of the loudspeakerdoesnot matter
extremelyhigh. much but it should be over 4" in diameter.
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Circuit No. 35. The gain of this set is not particularlygood but
This circuitis includedfor the sakeof complcte- selectivityis good.
nesssinceit usesa twin.gangtuning capacitor-.The The vast majority of commercial radios use
type used is the TSL " Babyvar'-' whicb, at the two-gangcapacitorsin superhetcircuits but these
time of writing, is the smaliest in the world. It are rather outside the scopeof this book.
has two sectionseach of which has a maximum Cotnponents.
capacityof 120pf and two trimmers; one for each Cr g-: tuning capacitor120pf *
8ang. 120 pt.
L, is any transistor I.F. transformer with the Lr- ferrite rod aerial.
fixed capacitor removed. When the set has been Ia-Transistor I.F.T. with tixed capacitorremoved.
built it must be alignedby moving the winding Cr-0.1 mfd. Tr,-OC44
of Lr to the centreof the rod and adiustine the
-on Cr-0.1 mfd. SFT 308.
slug of the I.F.T. for maximum volume a Cs-2 mfd. 12 v.w. Tra-OC?l
station.at the high frequency end of the band. Cc-10 mfd. 12 v.w. SFT352.
The trimmer capacitors,Csa-and Gb which are Trr-OC75.
built into the tuningcapacitor,shouldbe adjusted Cr-i'mtd.12 v.w. D,-OA70
for maximum gain on a statiotr at the low frc. Cc-10 mfd. 12 v.w.
quencyend of the band.
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BERNARDS AND BABAM PRESS RADIO BOOKS