SLRC Geography Lecture Notes

St. Louis Review Center, Inc.
▪ Erosional and Depositional Processes: The forces of

QUALITY. SERVICE. DEDICATION.
2nd Floor Ladera Bldg,
weathering, erosion, and sediment deposition sculpt the
Gen Luna St., Dipolog City Earth's surface.
CHED PERMIT TO OPERATE REVIEW CENTER No. 035 Series of 2008
SEPT 2023 L.E.T REVIEW
▪ Fluvial and Coastal Landforms: Rivers and coastal
PRE-MAJORSHIP environments shape the landscape through processes
GEOGRAPHY like erosion, transportation, and deposition.
Prepared by: RICHMOND SUGANOB, LPT
b) Climatology: It focuses on understanding atmospheric
Lecture Notes: Geography circulation, temperature changes, and the factors that
influence climatic regions.
I. What is Geography
▪ Geography is the study of the Earth's landscapes, ▪ Atmospheric Circulation: The movement of air masses
environments, and the relationships between across the globe is influenced by factors like solar
people and their surroundings. radiation, Earth's rotation, and topography.
▪ The origin of geography can be traced back to ▪ Climate Classification: Climatic regions are categorized
ancient civilizations where people sought to based on temperature and precipitation patterns
understand the world around them.
▪ Climate Change: The study of long-term climate trends
Early Contributions: and their potential causes is a critical aspect of
climatology.
Babylonians and Egyptians:
c) Biogeography: It examines the distribution of species
Early maps and writings show a basic understanding of
▪ and ecosystems across the planet.
geographical features and locations.
▪ Babylonians created clay tablets with maps representing ▪ Biotic and Abiotic Factors: Both living (biotic) and non-
the world around them. living (abiotic) factors impact the distribution of
▪ Egyptians created maps of the Nile River and its organisms.
surrounding regions. ▪ Biogeographic Regions: Earth's surface is divided into
Ancient Greeks: distinct biogeographic regions based on shared species
▪ Considered the "founders of geography" due to their and ecological characteristics.
systematic approach.
▪ Eratosthenes calculated the Earth's circumference with d) Hydrology- It focuses on the distribution, movement, and
remarkable accuracy. properties of water on Earth's surface and underground.
▪ Strabo's "Geography" was a comprehensive description
of the known world. ▪ Water Cycle: The continuous movement of water
between the atmosphere, land, and oceans is known as
Middle Ages and Renaissance: the water cycle.
Islamic Scholars: ▪ Watersheds are areas of land where all water drains to
a common point, such as a river or lake.
▪ Preserved and expanded upon ancient geographical
knowledge. ▪ Groundwater and Aquifers: Underground water storage,
▪ Al-Idrisi's "Tabula Rogeriana" was a notable work in known as groundwater, is essential for both natural
medieval geography. ecosystems and human water supply.
Age of Exploration: 2. Human Geography:
▪ Explorations led to more accurate maps as new lands ▪ Studies the relationship between humans and their
were discovered. environments, including culture, societies, and
▪ Mercator's projection revolutionized map-making for economic activities.
navigation.
Major Themes in Human Geography
II. Branches of Geography
▪ Population and Migration: This theme studies
1. Physical Geography: patterns of human settlement, population growth,
migration, and demographic changes. It explores
▪ Focuses on Earth's physical features, such as reasons behind migration, such as economic
landforms, climate, vegetation, and natural opportunities, political factors, and social dynamics.
processes. Subfields include geomorphology,
climatology, biogeography, and hydrology. ▪ Cultural Geography: Cultural geography examines
the distribution of cultural traits, languages,
a) Geomorphology is the study of Earth's landforms and the religions, and customs across space. It delves into
processes that create and shape them. the formation of cultural regions and the impact of
▪ Tectonic Processes: The movement of Earth's tectonic globalization on local cultures.
plates leads to the formation of mountains, valleys, and
other landforms.
▪ Urban and Rural Geography: This theme focuses ▪ Global Issues: Many global issues, such as migration,
on the study of cities and rural areas, including climate change, and poverty, have strong geographical
urbanization, urban planning, spatial organization, dimensions. Human geography provides insights into
and the challenges of managing urban growth. these complex challenges.
▪ Globalization: Globalization involves the increasing IV. Five Themes of Geography

interconnectedness of societies and economies on
a global scale. Human geographers analyze the 1. Location: Describes where something is on the Earth's
impacts of globalization on trade, culture, surface. It can be absolute (latitude and longitude) or
communication, and more. relative (in relation to other landmarks).
2. Place: Focuses on the unique physical and human
▪ Political Geography: Political geography explores characteristics of a location. It includes both the natural
the spatial dimensions of political systems, borders, environment and human-made features.
states, geopolitics, and the exercise of power at 3. Human-Environment Interaction: Explores how
various scales. humans adapt to and modify their environments. It
considers the impact of human activities on the natural
3. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) world.
4. Movement: Examines the movement of people, goods,
▪ Involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting spatial ideas, and information across the Earth's surface. It
data using computer technology. includes migration, trade, communication, and more.
▪ Used in fields like urban planning, environmental 5. Region: Divides the world into areas that share common
assessment, and disaster management. characteristics. These can be physical, cultural,
economic, or political.
Applications:
V. Current Geographic Challenges
▪ Urban Planning: GIS assists in designing and managing
urban spaces, optimizing infrastructure development, 1. Climate Change: The warming of the planet due to
and analyzing population distribution. human activities is causing shifts in weather patterns and
sea-level rise.
▪ Natural Resource Management: GIS helps monitor and
manage forests, water bodies, wildlife habitats, and 2. Urbanization: Rapid population growth in cities presents
agricultural land through spatial analysis. challenges like infrastructure development, housing, and
resource management.
▪ Emergency Response: During disasters, GIS aids in
resource allocation, evacuation planning, and damage 3. Biodiversity Loss: Human activities are leading to the
assessment. extinction of species and degradation of ecosystems.
▪ Environmental Analysis: GIS is used to study 4. Natural Hazards: Geographic understanding helps
environmental changes, land use patterns, and the mitigate and respond to disasters like earthquakes,
impact of human activities on ecosystems. hurricanes, and wildfires.
▪ Transportation: GIS optimizes route planning, analyzes

traffic patterns, and supports the development of
transportation networks.
▪ Healthcare: GIS aids in disease mapping, epidemiology,

healthcare facility planning, and the analysis of health
trends.
III. Importance of Geography
▪ Policy and Planning: Human geographers contribute to

urban and regional planning, helping design sustainable
cities, manage resources, and mitigate environmental
challenges.
▪ Cultural Understanding: Understanding cultural

landscapes and the dynamics of cultural interactions is
crucial for fostering tolerance and mutual understanding
in our diverse world.
▪ Environmental Sustainability: Human geography

contributes to the understanding of how human activities
impact the environment and how sustainable practices
can be integrated into society.

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St. Louis Review Center, Inc.

▪ Erosional and Depositional Processes: The forces of

Age of Exploration: 2. Human Geography:

▪ Globalization: Globalization involves the increasing IV. Five Themes of Geography

▪ Transportation: GIS optimizes route planning, analyzes

▪ Healthcare: GIS aids in disease mapping, epidemiology,

III. Importance of Geography

▪ Policy and Planning: Human geographers contribute to

▪ Cultural Understanding: Understanding cultural

▪ Environmental Sustainability: Human geography

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