ADC Lab Manual

“Analog & Digital Communication”
Analog & Digital Communication (Lab Manual)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
5th Semester, 3rd Year

BATCH -2021/F
Prepared by:
Engr. ALTAF Ahmed
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms. with Roll # has successfully
completed all the labs prescribed for the course “Analog & Digital Communication ”
(Instructor)
Department Of Electronics Engineering

Dawood University of Engineering and Technology
Domain &
Sr. # Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) Of Lab Level PLO
Perform signal modulation and demodulation on communication
1 systems kit P4 5
Assume responsibility to follow lab rules, maintain lab manual and
2 behave ethically A3 8
Lab Assessment Plan

Assessment Sessional Final Exam Domain &
S.No Method Marks Marks CLO NO Level PLO
1 Open ended Lab-I 5 x CLO_1 P_4 5
Open ended Lab-II /
2 Project 5 X CLO_1 P_4 5
3 Lab File/Report 10 X CLO_2 A_3 5
3 Lab Performance X 15 CLO_1 P_4 5
4 Practical Viva X 15 CLO_1 P_4 5
20 30
Total Marks 50
Analog & Digital Communication

Open Ended Lab – I & II
Few Errors Minor Accurate Total (05)

improvement
Schematic / Block Draw and Improvement Accurate

diagram describe required at some schematic and
Description schematic with extent. description have
errors. (0.5) formed
(0.5) (1)
Assembly / Hardly able to Assemble / operate Correctly
Operation Assemble / with no assemble and
operate machine. knowledge. Minor operate machine
(0.5) improvement
required. (2)
(1)
Observation and Hardly able to Results with errors. Accurate
results get and observe observation and
results (1) results.
(0.5) (2)
Total:

Complex Engineering Activity

improvement

errors. (2) formed
(1) (3)
Assemble / Hardly able to Assemble / operate Correctly
Operation/ Assemble / with no assemble and
simulation operate machine. knowledge. Minor operate machine
(1) improvement
required. (3)
(2)
(2) (4)

Final Exam

improvement

errors. (3) formed
(2) (5)
Assembly / Hardly able to Assemble / operate Correctly
Operation Assemble / with no assemble and
operate machine. knowledge. Minor operate machine
(2) improvement
required. (5)
(3)
(2) (5)
Lab Contents
Experiment
Experiment Title Signature
No.
01 Radio Frequency (RF) Oscillators CLO 1
02 Amplitude Modulation (AM) CLO 1
Asynchronous Amplitude Demodulation (Diode

03 CLO 1
detector)
Synchronous Amplitude Demodulation (Product
04 CLO 1
detector)
a) Double Side Band-Suppressed Carrier Modulation

05 CLO 1
b) Single Side Band-Suppressed Carrier Modulation
a) Double Side Band-Suppressed Carrier
06 Demodulator CLO 1
b) Side Band-Suppressed Carrier Demodulator
Open Ended Lab –I
07 Frequency Modulation CLO 2
08 Frequency Discriminator CLO 2
a) Pulse width modulation

09 CLO 2
b) Pulse width demodulation
a) Frequency shift keying

10 CLO 2
b) Frequency shift keying Demodulator
a) Amplitude shift Keying
11 b) Amplitude shift keying demodulator (Non- CLO 2
coherent)
Open Ended Lab - II

LAB 1
RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) OSCILLATORS
OBJECTIVE
Implementing Oscillators
Theory:
An oscillator is simply a signal generator converting its dc supply voltage into a continuously repeating
ac output signal without any input signal. Oscillator play very important role in communication systems.
An oscillator generates the carrier or local oscillation signal used in any communication system.
Fig-1 show the basic block diagram of oscillator. It includes an amplifier and a feedback network
constructed by the resonator. When dc power is first applied to the circuit, noise will appear in the circuit
and is amplified by the amplifier and then fed to the input through the feedback network that is a resonant
circuit with filter function. The feedback network permits the signal frequency equaling the resonant
frequency to pass and rejects other frequencies. The feedback signal will be amplified and fed back
again. If the feedback signal is in phase with the signal at input and voltage gain is enough, the oscillator
will be operation.
For proper operation, an oscillator must meet Barkhausen criterion. Barkhausen criterion is the
relationship between the amplifier’s gain A and the oscillator’s feedback factor β(s) and should be equal
to 1. That is
A β(s) ≥ 1 (1)
Where
A : amplifier’s gain
β(s) : oscillator’s feedback factor

Figure: basic block diagram of an oscillator
Transistor oscillators will be used in our experiments. A transistor amplifier with nonlinear i c –vbe
characteristic serves as an amplitude limiter. An oscillator with limiter function is also called a self-
limiting oscillator when its loop gain equals 1. Therefore such an oscillator circuit is no need to append
other amplitude limiters.
Colpitts Oscillator
An ac equivalent circuit of Colpitts oscillator is shown in Fig. 2. Since the LC parallel-resonant circuit
is connected between the base and the collector of transistor, partial feedback voltage fed to the emitter
through the voltage divider constituted by C1 and C2. In this circuit, the R represents the sum of the
output resistance of the transistor, load resistance and the equivalent resistance of inductor and capacitor.
If the frequency is not very high, the internal capacitance of transistor can be neglected and the
oscillating frequency of colpitts oscillator can be calculated by formula
In Colpitts oscillator circuit, the feedback factor is C1, /C2 and the voltage gain A is g R. By
Eq. (1-1)
For starting oscillation, the loop gain should be at least 1 so that the oscillation condition can be
expressed by
C2/
R≥
C1
g m
A practical Colpitts oscillator circuit. The resistors R1, R2, R3 and R4 determine the bias of transistor.
C1 is the coupling capacitor and C2 is the bypass capacitor. The frequency of oscillation is determined
by the values of C3, C4 and L1.
Hartley Oscillator
The ac equivalent circuit of Hartley oscillator, is similar to the Colpitts oscillator. The parallel LC
resonant tank is connected between the collector and base; however, two conductors L1 and L2 are used
instead of two capacitor. The R represents the sum of transistor’s output resistance, load resistance and
the equivalent resistance of inductors and capacitors.
If operating frequency is not very high, the spray capacitance of transistor can be neglected and the
oscillating frequency is determined by the component values of parallel-resonant circuit and can be
calculated by the formula
In Hartley oscillator circuit, the feedback factor is L2 /Li and the voltage gain A
is g„,R.
For starting operation, the loop gain should be at least 1 so that the oscillation condition can be
expressed by
L1
R ≥
g m L2
A practical Hartley oscillator circuit. Resistance R1, R2 and R3 provide the bias for transistor. C1 is the
couple capacitor and C2 is the bypass capacitor. C3, L1 and L2 from a resonant circuit for determining
the operating frequency
Excepting the oscillators mentioned above, there are many other types of oscillators in practical
applications: such as RC phase-shift and Wein bridge oscillator for low frequency requirement, Clapp
and Pierce oscillators for high stability. In general, Peirce oscillator is the most common use in high-
frequency applications due to the use of crystal that has low power consumption and very high and
stable Q.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-93001
3 – Oscilloscope
OBSERVATION:
Colpitts Oscillator
Sr.No C C L f f Difference
(observed) (calculated) of frequency
Hartley Oscillators
Sr.No L L C f f Difference
(observed) (calculated) of frequency
Conclusion:
LAB 2
AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM)
OBJECTIVE
To understand and implement the Amplitude Modulation of waveform
THEORY
Modulating Signal
Carrier signal
Rewriting Equation (1), we obtain
The first term on the right side of Equation (2) represents double sideband signal and the second term is
the carrier signal. According to Equation (2), we can plot the spectrum of AM modulated signal as shown
in Fig. 2. In an AM transmission the carrier frequency and amplitude always remain constant, while the
side bands are constantly varying in frequency and amplitude. Thus, the carrier contains no message or
information since it never changes. This means that the carrier power is a pure dissipation when
transmitting an AM signal. Thus, the transmitting efficiency of amplitude modulation is lower than that
of double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulation, but the amplitude demodulator circuit is
simpler.
The m in Equation (1), called modulation index or depth of modulation, is an important

parameter. When m is a percentage, it is usually called percentage modulation. It is
defined as
It is difficult to measure the ADC in a practical circuit so that the modulation index is
generally calculated by
Where Emax = Ac + Am and Emin = Ac – Am as indicated in Fig. 1.
As mentioned above, audio signal is contained in the side bands so that the greater the sideband signals
the better the transmitting efficiency. From Equation (2), we can also find that the greater the modulation
index, the greater the sideband signals and the better the transmitting efficiency. In practice, the
modulation index is usually less or equal to 1; if m > 1, it is called over modulation.
Fig.4 Amplitude modulator using MC1496

PROCEDURE
1. Locate AM modulator circuit on Module KL-93002. Insert connect plugs in J1 and J3 to set R8=1kΩ
and R9=6.8kΩ.
2. Adjust the function generator 1 to low frequency to behave as modulationg signal.(400Hz to
1kHz).
3. Adjust the 2nd function generator to high frequency to behave as carrier signal.
4. Connect carrier signal in I/P1 pin on Module KL-93002.
5. Connect modulating signal in I/P2 pin on Module KL-93002.
6. Connect oscilloscope on output junction of Module KL-93002.
7. Adjust input signal voltages and observe Envelope wave form oscilloscope.
8. Note down the maximum and minimum voltage of envelope signal.
9. Repeat same process and adjust the modulating signal voltage.
10. Take upto three readings.
Observation Table:
Sr.No Fc Fm Emax Emin m
Description:
Conclusion:
Lab 3
AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION
(AM Diode Detector Demodulator)
OBJECTIVE
To understand and implement the Amplitude Demodulation with diode detector
Theory:
A demodulation process is just the opposition of a modulation process. An AM signal is a

modulated signal that is high-frequency carrier amplitude varied with low-frequency audio
amplitude for transmission. To recover the audio signal in receiver, it is necessary to extract
the audio signal from an AM signal. The process of extracting a modulating signal from a
modulated signal is called demodulation or detection. It is shown in Fig.1. In general, detectors
can be categorized into two types: synchronous and asynchronous detectors. We will discuss
these two types of AM detectors in the rest of this chapter.
Diode Detector
Fig.1 Illustration of an amplitude demodulation
Since an AM modulated signal is the signal that the carrier amplitude varies with the
modulating amplitude, a demodulator is used to extract the original modulating signal from the
AM signal.
Fig.2 Block diagram of a rectified demodulator
Fig. 3 shows a practical diode detector circuit. The components R 2, R3, R4, U1 and U2
constitute two inverting amplifiers connected in cascading to offer a proper gain for the AM
signal. The amplified AM signal is rectified by D1 diode and then fed into the input of the low-
pass filter constructed by C2, C3 and R5. The output signal of low-pass filter is the positive-half
envelope with a dc level. The capacitor C4 is used to pass the ac components while blocking
the dc component.
Figure 3 Diode detector circuit

The block diagram of diode detector, shown in Fig.2, is a typical asynchronous detector. The
AM modulated signal including both positive-half and negative-half envelope waves is applied
to the input of the rectifier. The rectified output signal is the positive half envelope plus a dc
level and is fed into a low-pass filter whose output is the original modulating signal with dc
level. Then the modulating signal will be recovered by removing the dc voltage.
Procedure:
1. Check the AM o/p signal on oscilloscope.
2. Connect the AM output pin to the diode detector.
3. Connect the o/p of diode detector circuit with the channel X of oscilloscope.
4. Analyze the wave o/p response and compare it with modulating signal.
5. Repeat the above process by changing amplitude of modulating signal.
6. Take three readings and show wave forms.
Observation:
Sr.No Modulating signal Recovered signal Difference
Vpp Vpp ∆V
Observed Waveforms:
Input signals Output signals

Conclusion:
Lab 4
AMPLITUDE DEMODULATION
(AM Product detector)
Product Detector
Demodulation for AM signal can be also accomplished with the balanced modulator discussed
before. Such demodulator is called synchronous detector or product detector. Fig. 4 provides the
internal circuit of MC1496 balanced modulator. See the discussion in Chapter 3 for details. If xAM(f)
represents the AM signal and xc(r) is the carrier, and are expressed by
If these two signals are connected to the inputs of balance demodulator, then the output of
balance demodulator will be
Where k is the gain of balanced modulator. The first term on the right side of Eq (3)
represents dc level, the second term is the modulating signal, and the third term is the
second-order harmonic signal. To recover the modulating signal, the intelligence must be
extracted from the AM signal xouf(r).
Internal circuit diagram MC-1496
Fig. 4 shows the product detector circuit. The VR1 controls the input level of the carrier signal. The
output signal from the MC1496 pin 12 is expressed by Eq. (3). The low-pass filter constructed by C7,
C9 and R9 is used to remove the third term, which is the second-order harmonic signal in the AM
modulated signal. The first term of Eq. ( 3 ) is the dc level that can be blocked by the capacitor C10. The
amplitude demodulated output signal can be given by
( 4-4 )
Eq. (4) represents the audio signal. In other words, the product detector has extracted the audio signal
from the AM signal.
From the discussion above, we can conclude that the diode detector is an asynchronous detector
whose circuit is simple but quality is bad. The product detector is a synchronous detector whose
quality is excellent but the circuit is more complicated and the carrier signal must exactly synchronize
with the AM signal.
Procedure:
1. Check the AM o/p signal on oscilloscope.
2. Connect the AM output pin to the pin no 1 “AM input pin” with product detector circuit.
3. Connect the carrier signal to the pin “carrier input” with product detector circuit.
4. Connect the o/p of product detector circuit with the channel X of oscilloscope.
5. Analyze the wave o/p response and compare it with modulating signal.
6. Repeat the above process by changing amplitude of modulating signal.
7. Take three readjings and show wave forms.
Observation:
Sr.No Modulating signal Recovered signal Difference
Vpp Vpp ∆V
Observed Waveforms:
Input signals Output signals

Conclusion:
LAB 5
DSB-SC and SSB-SC Modulators
Objectives:
 Learning how to generate double-sideband suppressed carrier and single-sideband modulated
signals.
 Learning how to test and adjust double-sideband suppressed carrier and single-sideband
balanced modulators.
Background Information:
The principle of circuit operations of this chapter is similar to that of mentioned before. The circuit is a
double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) modulator. The balance circuit consisted by the VR1 is
used to control the LM1496 operating in balance state. By adjusting the VR1 properly, this will ensure
that the modulator operates in balance state. In short, the major difference between DSB-SC and AM
modulated signals is the DSB-SC modulated signal containing no carrier. To achieve the requirement
of suppressing carrier, we should first connect the audio input to ground, and then observe the LM1496
output to ensure no carrier presented by carefully adjusting the VR1. If this is made and then reconnects
the audio signal, the DSB-SC modulated signal containing the upper- and lower-sideband signals will
be presented at LM1496 output.
“Circuit of DSB-SC”
Carrier voltage level is a very important factor, which affects the carrier suppressing. If the carrier level
is too low, it will be not enough to start the carrier amplifier completely; reversely, a too high level will
occur carrier feed through. In general, the optimum input range is about 0.2 Vpp to 0.8 Vpp when the
carrier frequency is 500 kHz. To identify AM, DSB-SC or SSB modulated signals; we assume a typical
audio spectrum shown in Fig. 5-2a. Where fmh is the highest frequency and fml is the lowest frequency
in audio signal.
If using this audio signal to modulate the amplitude of sine carrier, we will obtain an AM spectrum as
shown in Fig. 5-2b. The AM spectrum includes three components below: 1. Carrier frequency fc 2.
Upper sideband with the highest frequency ( fc+fmh ) 3. Lower sideband with the highest frequency (
fc-fml ) Since the amplitude-modulated signal contains these two sideband signals, it is sometimes
called as double-sideband AM. In double sideband suppressed carrier modulation, the carrier signal is
removed or suppressed by the balanced modulator, and the modulated signal containing no carrier as
shown in Fig. 5- 2c. Notice that these two sidebands contain the same audio signal when the modulated
signal is transmitted, while receivers may recover the audio signal from each sideband signals by
demodulation technique. This means that only one of two sidebands is need in transmitting process.
Thus an amplitude modulation called single-sideband (SSB) is shown in Fig. 5-2d. Suppose the audio
input signal (pins 1 and 4) of LM1496 is Amcos2Sfmt and the carrier input signal (pins 8 and 10) is
Accos2Sfct, then its output signal at pin 6 should be
Where k is the modulator gain, and ( fc+fm ) and ( fc-fm ) are the upper and lower sideband modulated
signals, respectively. In Fig. 5-1, the source follower consisted of Q1 and Q2 acts as a buffer due to the
characteristics of high input impedance and low output impedance. The coupling capacitors C1, C2, C4,
C5 and C8 are used for blocking dc signal while coupling ac signal. The R11 is for adjusting the gain
of the balanced modulator and the R12 is for bias current adjustment. Resistors R1, R2, R13 and R14
provide dc bias for operating requirement. Resistors R5 and R10 are for AGC control. Capacitors C3,
C6 and C7 are used to bypass undesired noise. The VR1 are for balancing, optimum operating point,
minimizing distortion and determining types of output signal (i.e., AM or DSB-SC).
To generate a SSB modulated signal from DSB-SC, a low-pass or high-pass filter is commonly used to
filter one sideband signal. Unfortunately, it is difficult to take out single sideband signal from DSB-SC
signal with 1st- or 2nd-order low- or high-pass filters because these two sideband spectrums are so close
to each other. A good solution of this problem is the use of ceramic or crystal filters. For example, we
use the FFD455 ceramic band-pass filter to take out the upper sideband signal in experiment circuit, as
shown in Fig. 5-3
For DSB-SC signal

Sr.No Am Ac fc fm Fc+fm Fc-fm
Signal in Frequency domain:
Signal in Time domain:

For SSB-SC signal

Sr.No Am Ac fc fm Fc+fm Fc-fm
Signal in Frequency domain:
Signal in Time domain:

Conclusion:
LAB 6
DSB-SC and SSB-SC Demodulator
Objectives:
 Demodulating DSB-SC and SSB signals using product detector.
 Learning how to use product detector in communication receivers.
Theory:
The internal configuration of MC1496. The differential amplifier, Q5 and Q6, is used to drive the
differential amplifiers Q1Q2 and Q3Q4. The constant-current source generator, Q7 and Q8, provides
the differential amplifier Q5 and Q6 with a constant current. Overall gain of MC1496 can be controlled
by externally connecting a resistor between pins 2 and 3. For DSB-SC or SSB demodulation, the DSB-
SC or SSB signal should be applied to pins 1 and 4, and the carrier to pins 8 and 10. The bias current to
pin 5 is commonly provided by connecting a series resistor from this pin to the power supply. Since the
detector has two outputs (pins 6 and 12), one of the outputs can be used as the detector output and the
other used for the use of automatic gain control (AGC).
Fig. 6-2 shows the product detector circuit with the MC1496 for DSB-SC or SSB demodulation. With
some proper modifications, this circuit can also be used as an AM, FM, or PWM demodulator. The local
carrier is applied to the inputs (pins 10 and 8) and its frequency should be exactly equal to the frequency
of DSB-SC or SSB carrier. Since the amplitude of the modulated signal is typically within the range of
500 mVpp to 800 mVpp, it is enough to ensure that the detector operates in linear region. The resistor
R5 connected between pins 2 and 3 determines the voltage gain of MC1496
Since the signal generators in laboratory can not generate DSB-SC and SSC signals for our experiment
requirements, we will use the DSB-SC modulator output of Fig. 5-1 and the SSB modulator output of
Fig. 5-3 for our experiments 6-1 and 6-2, respectively. As mentioned in chapter 5, the SSB modulated
signal could be obtained from the DSB-SC modulated signal by removing the upper band or lower band
with a filter. Note that the load effect may be caused if the filter added directly. To eliminate this effect,
the source follower used in the circuit of Fig. 5-1 is recommended to add between the filter output and
the product detector input. Considering the SSB modulated signal connected to the input (pins 1 and 4)
of LM1496, the SSB signal can be expressed by
For DSB-SC:
Input Signal in frequency domain (Labeled):
Output signal in frequency domain (Labeled):
For SSB-SC:
Input Signal in frequency domain (Labeled):
Output signal in frequency domain (Labeled):
Conclusion:
Lab # 7
FREQUENCY MODULATOR
OBJECT: Implementing a Frequency Modulator with Voltage-Controlled Oscillator by using
LM566.
Equipment Required:
1. Module KL-92001
2. Module KL-93004
3. Oscilloscope
4. Spectrum Analyzer
Procedure:
1. Locate the LM566 FM Modulator circuit on Module KL-93004. Insert connect plugs in J1 and
J3 to set the capacitor to C4 (0.01 µF). Turn the VR1 to get the output frequency of 20 kHz.
2. Connect a 500mVp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the audio input (I/P1). Using the oscilloscope, observe
the output waveform (O/P) and record the result in Table -1.
3. Change the audio frequencies to 3kHz and 5kHz sequentially. Observe the output waveforms
corresponding to the audio inputs and record the results in Table -1.
4. Change the audio input to a 1Vp-p, 1kHz sine wave. Observe the output waveform and record
the result in Table -2.
5. Change the audio frequencies to 3kHz and 5kHz sequentially. Observe the output waveforms
corresponding to the audio inputs and record the results in Table -2.
Note: Write conclusion on opposite page.

Lab # 8
FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATOR
Object: Demodulating FM Signal by using FM to AM Conversion Discriminator.
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-93004
3 – Oscilloscope
Procedure:
1. Locate MC1648 FM Modulator circuit on Module KL-93004. Insert connect plugs in J1 and J3
to set the inductor to L1 (220µH) and the 1SV55 varactor operating at 5V.
2. Connect a 2Vp-p, 1 kHz sine wave to the input (I/P1). Turn the VR1 to get the output
amplitude of 600mVp-p.
3. Connect the output of MC1648 FM Modulator to the input of FM to AM Discriminator Circuit
on the lower of Module KL-93004.
4. Using the oscilloscope, observe and record the input and output waveforms of frequency
demodulator in Table-1.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 for audio frequencies of 2 KHz and 3 KHz, respectively.
Conclusion:
LAB # 9a
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)
OBJECT: Implementing a Pulse Width Modulator with LM555.
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94002
3 – Oscilloscope
Procedure:
1. Locate the PWM Modulator circuit on Module KL-94002.
2. Connect a 5Vp-p, 1 kHz square wave to the audio signal input.
3. Using the oscilloscope, observe the n test point and the output waveforms and adjust the VR1
to get a rectangular wave (duty cycle is not equal to 50%) at n.
4. Switch the coupling mode of oscilloscope to DC position. Observe and record the output
waveform in Table -3.
5. Change the input signal to triangle wave and repeat step 4.
6. Change the input signal to sine wave and repeat step 4. Record the results in Table -4.
7. Change the input amplitude to 3Vp-p and repeat steps 4 to 6 and record the results in Table -4.
Conclusion:
LAB # 9b
Pulse Width Demodulator
OBJECT: Implementing a Pulse- Width Demodulator by using a Product Detector.
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001.
2 - Module KL-94002.
3 - Oscilloscope.
Procedure:
1. Locate the PWM Demodulator circuit on Module KL-94002.
2. Complete the PWM Modulator circuit in Fig-1. Connect a 3Vp-p, 700Hz sine wave to
the audio input.
3. Connect the test point T1 of the PWM Modulator circuit to the carrier input (1/P1) of
the PWM Demodulator circuit.
4. Connect the PWM modulated output of the PWM Modulator circuit to the PWM input
(l/P2) of the PWM Demodulator circuit.
5. Vary the VR1 to get an output signal with minimum distortion at U1 μA 7 41 output.
6. Carefully adjust VR2 and VR3 until getting a proper demodulated signal.
7. Using the oscilloscope, observe the signals of PWM input signal, carrier signal, U1
output signal, U2 output signal, MC1496 output signal (pin 12), and PWM
demodulated signal. Record the results in Table -1.
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 and record the results in Table -2.
Conclusion:
LAB # 10a
Frequency Shift Keying
Object: Implementing an FSK Modulator with LM566.
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94003
3 - Oscilloscope
Procedure:
1) Locate the FSK modulator circuit on Module KL-94003.
2) Connect 5Vdc to digital signal input (l/P). Using the oscilloscope, observe the LM566
output frequency (pin 3) and adjust VR2 to obtain the frequency of 1070Hz, and then
record the result in Table -1.
3) Using the oscilloscope, observe and record the FSK output signal in Table -1.
4) Connect digital signal input (l/P) to ground (0V). Using the oscilloscope, observe the
LM566 output frequency (pin 3) and adjust VR1 to obtain the frequency of 1270Hz,
and record the result in Table -1.
5) Using the oscilloscope, observe and record the FSK output signal in Table -1.
1. Set the output of signal generator to TTL level and the frequency of 200 Hz and
then connect the output to the digital signal input (l/P). Using the oscilloscope,
observe and record the input, LM566 output (pin 3), and FSK output signals in
Table -2.
6) Change the output frequency of signal generator to 5 kHz and repeat step 6.
LAB # 10b
Frequency Shift Keying Demodulator
OBJECT: Performing a Frequency-Shift Keying Detector using Phase Locked Loop.
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94003
3 – Oscilloscope
Procedure:
1 Locate the FSK Demodulator circuit on Module KL-94003. Connect the vertical input of
oscilloscope to VCO output (T1). Observe the free-running frequency of LM 565 and
Adjust VR1 to obtain a frequency of 1170 Hz.
2 Connect a 1070Hz, 2Vp-p sine wave to the input terminal (l/P). Set oscilloscope vertical
input to DC range and observe the output waveform and record the result in Table-1.
3 Change the input frequency to 1270Hz and repeat step 2.
4 Complete the FSK Modulator circuit on Module KL-94003. Apply a 150Hz TTL square
wave to the input of FSK modulator.
5 Connect the output of FSK modulator to the input of FSK demodulator. Using the
oscilloscope, observe and record the demodulated output waveform in Table-2. If the
demodulated signal is not obtained, check the input FSK frequencies 1070 Hz and
1270Hz.
6 Change the input frequency of FSK modulator to 200Hz. Set oscilloscope vertical
input to DC range and observe the output waveform and record the result in Table-2.
LAB # 11a
Amplitude Shift Keying (Modulator)
OBJECT: To Implement an Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Modulator.
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94005
3 – Oscilloscope
Procedure:
1) Locate the ASK modulator circuit shown in Fig-1 on the KL-94005 module.
2) Connect a 500 KHz, 4Vp-p sine wave to the VC Carrier in terminal.
3) Connect a 20 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS
out to the VD Signal in terminal.
4) Turn the VR1 fully CW to obtain a maximum amplitude of ASK modulated signal
on VT out. Measure and record the ASK signal waveform in Table-1.
5) Turn the VR1 fully CCW to obtain a minimum amplitude of ASK modulated signal
on the VT out. Measure and record the ASK signal waveform in Table-1.
7) Repeat steps 4 and 5.
10) Connect a 50 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/
CMOSout to the VD Signal in terminal.
LAB # 11b
Amplitude Shift Keying Demodulator
OBJECT: To Implement Non-coherent ASK Demodulator.
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94005
3 – Oscilloscope
Procedure:
1) Complete the non-coherent ASK demodulator shown in Figure-1 by placing the
jumpers in positions 2, 6, and 8.
2) Connect a 500 KHz, 4Vpp sine wave to VC Carrier in terminal.
3) Connect a 20 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS out
to VD Signal in terminal.
4) Turn VR1 fully CW to set maximum amplitude on VT out terminal. Measure and
record the waveforms on terminals VT out, VE out, VLP out, and Vo out in Table-1.
5) Connect a 1 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS out to
VD Signal in terminal.
6) Repeat step 4.
8) Repeat step 4.
10) Repeat step 4.
11) Compare the waveforms on VD Signal in and Vo out terminals and write down your
comment.
LAB 12
Amplitude Shift Keying Demodulator
OBJECT: To Implement Coherent ASK Demodulator.
Equipment Required:
1 - Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-94004
3 - Module KL-94005
4 – Oscilloscope
Procedure:
1) Complete the coherent ASK demodulator shown in Figure -1 by placing the
jumpers in positions 1, 3, 4,7,8,9, 10, and 11.
2) Connect a 500 KHz, 4Vpp sine wave to VC Carrier in terminal.

out to VD Signal in terminal.
4) Turn VR 1 fully CW to obtain the maximum amplitude on VT out terminal. The VT
out waveform is an ASK modulated wave.
5) Turn VR4 to make the VCO OUT signal frequency equal to the carrier frequency
500 KHz.
6) Turn VR5 to make the signals on VLO out and VT out in phase.
7) Turn VR2 to obtain maximum signal amplitude on Vx out.
8) Turn VR3 to obtain a 5Vpp signal on VLP out.
9) Measure and record the signal waveforms on terminals VT out, Vx out, VSO in,
VLP out, and Vo out in Table 18-4.
11) Repeat steps 6 through 9.
16) Compare the waveforms on Vo out and VD Signal in terminals and write down
your comment.

ADC Lab Manual

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ADC Lab Manual

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“Analog & Digital Communication”

Analog & Digital Communication (Lab Manual)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

5th Semester, 3rd Year

Department Of Electronics Engineering

Lab Assessment Plan

Analog & Digital Communication

Few Errors Minor Accurate Total (05)

Schematic / Block Draw and Improvement Accurate

Analog & Digital Communication

Few Errors Minor Accurate Total (10)

Schematic / Block Draw and Improvement Accurate

Analog & Digital Communication

Few Errors Minor Accurate Total (15)

Schematic / Block Draw and Improvement Accurate

02 Amplitude Modulation (AM) CLO 1

Asynchronous Amplitude Demodulation (Diode

a) Double Side Band-Suppressed Carrier Modulation

Open Ended Lab –I

07 Frequency Modulation CLO 2

08 Frequency Discriminator CLO 2

a) Pulse width modulation

a) Frequency shift keying

Open Ended Lab - II

β(s) : oscillator’s feedback factor

Figure: basic block diagram of an oscillator

Rewriting Equation (1), we obtain

The m in Equation (1), called modulation index or depth of modulation, is an important

Where Emax = Ac + Am and Emin = Ac – Am as indicated in Fig. 1.

Fig.4 Amplitude modulator using MC1496

To understand and implement the Amplitude Demodulation with diode detector

A demodulation process is just the opposition of a modulation process. An AM signal is a

Fig.1 Illustration of an amplitude demodulation

Fig.2 Block diagram of a rectified demodulator

Figure 3 Diode detector circuit

Input signals Output signals

Internal circuit diagram MC-1496

Input signals Output signals

For DSB-SC signal

Signal in Frequency domain:

Signal in Time domain:

For SSB-SC signal

Signal in Frequency domain:

Signal in Time domain:

Output signal in frequency domain (Labeled):

Output signal in frequency domain (Labeled):

Note: Write conclusion on opposite page.

Object: Implementing an FSK Modulator with LM566.

OBJECT: Performing a Frequency-Shift Keying Detector using Phase Locked Loop.

OBJECT: To Implement an Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) Modulator.

OBJECT: To Implement Non-coherent ASK Demodulator.

3) Connect a 20 KHz, TTL-Level square wave from Function Generator TTL/CMOS

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