Fluid Mechanics-II

Teacher/Instructor :Engr. Muhammad Sumair

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (UET Lahore 2014-2018)

M.Sc. Thermal Power Engineering (UET Lahore 2018-2020)
 Francis Turbine
• The inward flow reaction turbine having radial discharge at outlet
(β=90°, Vw2=0 & Vf2=Vf ) is known as Francis Turbine, after the name
of J.B. Francis, an American engineer who, in the beginning, designed
inward radial flow reaction type of turbine.
• In the modern Francis turbine, the water enters the runner of the
turbine in at some angle between radial and axial, i.e., a mixed flow
turbine. Thus the modern Francis Turbine is a mixed flow type
turbine.
• The velocity triangle at inlet and outlet of the Francis turbine are
drawn in the same way as in case of inward flow reaction turbine we
have discussed in previous class.
 Francis Turbine (Cont’d)
• As in case of Francis turbine, the discharge is radial at outlet, the
velocity of whirl at outlet (i.e., Vw2) will be zero. Hence the work done
by water on the runner per second will be

• All above relations have also been discussed in the last lecture.
Important Relations for Francis Turbine
 Axial Flow Reaction Turbine (Kaplan)
• If the water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the
turbine is known as axial flow turbine. And if the head at the inlet of
the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy and during
the flow of water through runner a part of pressure energy is converted
into kinetic energy, the turbine is known as reaction turbine.
• For the axial flow reaction turbine, the shaft of the turbine is
vertical. The lower end of the shaft is made larger which is known as
'hub' or 'boss'. The vanes are fixed on the hub and hence hub acts as
a runner for axial flow reaction turbine. The following are the
important type of axial flow reaction turbines:
 Axial Flow Reaction Turbine/Kaplan
1. Kaplan turbine
(Cont’d)
2. Propeller turbine
• Generally, the Kaplan turbine and propeller turbine are understood as
same type of turbine; however, there is a distinction between the two.
• When the vanes are fixed to the hub and they are not adjustable, the
turbine is known as propeller turbine. But if the vanes on the hub are
adjustable, the turbine is known as a Kaplan Turbine.
• This turbine is suitable where a large quantity of water at low head is
available. Fig. 1 shows the runner of a Kaplan turbine, which consists
of a hub fixed to the shaft. On the hub, the adjustable vanes are fixed.
Axial Flow Reaction Turbine/Kaplan
(Cont’d)

Figure 6: Runner of Kaplan turbine with adjustable runner vanes

 Axial Flow Reaction Turbine/Kaplan
(Cont’d)
• The main parts of Kaplan turbine are nearly the same as were earlier
discussed for reaction turbines i.e.,
1. Casing (scroll casing)
2. Guide vane mechanism
3. Hub with vanes (runner of turbine)
4. Draft tube
• Fig. 2-6 shows all main parts of a Kaplan turbine. The water from
penstock enters the scroll casing and then moves to the guide vanes.
From the guide vanes, the water turns through 90° and flows axially
through the runner. The discharge through the runner is obtained as
Figure 2: Red dotted blades are the guide blades; green dotted component is the shaft (hub) and
yellow dotted blades are the runner bladed attached to the hub
Figure 5: Water leaving through the draft tube in first image (left side) and runner is shown in the
second image (right side)
Figure 4: The guide blades are adjustable as can be seen in first image (left side), the path between the two
blades is higher while it is lower in the second image (right side)
Figure 5:The runner blades are also adjustable as can be seen in above diagrams, in each diagram, the blades
are at different angle
Figure 6: All parts of Kaplan turbine with various dimensions shown
Axial Flow Reaction Turbine/Kaplan (Cont’d)
 Axial Flow Reaction Turbine/Kaplan
(Cont’d)
• All the notations of the Kaplan turbine are the same as that of inward
or outward flow reaction turbines. All the relations, for finding out the
data hold good for a Kaplan turbine also.
 Numerical Problems
• Problem 1: A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 75% is
required to produce 148.25 kW power. It is working under a head of
7.62 m. The peripheral velocity = 0.26 2𝑔𝐻 and the velocity of flow
at inlet is 0.96 2𝑔𝐻. The wheel runs at 150 r.p.m. and the hydraulic
efficiency is 78%. Determine : (i) The guide blade angle, (ii) The
wheel vane angle at inlet, (iii) Diameter of the wheel at inlet, and (iv)
Width of the wheel at inlet. (Ans:(i) 32.7°, (ii) 37.5°, (iii) 405 mm, (iv)
177 mm)
• Problem 2: A Francis turbine working under a head of 30 m has a
wheel diameter of 1.2 m at the entrance and 0.6 m at the exit. The vane
 Numerical Problems (Cont’d)
angle at the entrance is 90° and guide blade angle is 15°. The water at
the exit leaves the vanes without any tangential velocity and the velocity
of flow in the runner is constant. Determine the (i) speed of wheel in
r.p.m. and (ii) vane angle at the exit. (Ans: (i) 268 rpm, (ii)28.7°)
• Problem 3: 233 litres of water per second are supplied to an inward
flow reaction turbine. The head available is 11m. The wheel vanes are
radial at inlet and the inlet diameter is twice the outlet diameter. The
velocity of flow is constant and equal to 1.83 m/s. The wheel makes
370 r.p.m. Assume that the discharge is radial at outlet and there are no
losses in the wheel. Take speed ratio = 0.7. Find : (a) Guide vane angle
(b) Inlet and outlet diameter of the wheel, (c) The width of the wheel
at inlet and exit. Neglect the thickness of the vanes.. (Ans: (a)
10.1°,(b) 53 cm, 26.5 cm, (c) 7.6 cm, 15.2 cm)
 Numerical Problems (Cont’d)
• Problem 4: The external and internal diameters of an inward flow
reaction turbines are 1.20 m and 0.6 m respectively. The head on the
turbine is 22 m and velocity of flow through the runner is constant and
equal to 2.5 m/s. The guide blade angle is given as 10° and the runner
vanes are radial at inlet. If the discharge at outlet is radial, determine
:(i) The speed of the turbine, (ii) The vane angle at outlet of the runner,
and (iii) the hydraulic efficiency of turbine (Ans: (i) 225.65 rpm, (ii)
19.4° (iii) 93%)
• Problem 5: A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20 m develops
11772 kW shaft power. The outer diameter of the runner is 3.5 m and
hub diameter is 1.75 m. The guide blade angle at the extreme edge of
the runner is 35°. The hydraulic and overall efficiencies of the turbines
 Numerical Problems (Cont’d)
are 88% and 84% respectively. If the velocity of whirl is zero at outlet,
determine : (i) Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet at the extreme
edge of the runner, and (ii) Speed of the turbine. (Ans: (i) 79°, 39°, (ii)
67 rpm)
• Problem 6: A Kaplan turbine develops 24647.6 kW power at an
average head of 39 meters. Assuming a speed ratio of 2, flow ratio of
0.6, diameter of the boss equal to 0.35 times the diameter of the runner
and an overall efficiency of 90%, calculate the (i) diameter of boss and
(ii) speed of the turbine. (Ans: (i) 875 mm, (ii) 423 rpm)
• Problem 7: A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 9100
kW. The net available head is 5.6 m. If the speed ratio = 2.09, flow
ratio = 0.68, overall efficiency = 86% and the diameter of the boss is
1/3 the diameter of the runner.
 Numerical Problems (Cont’d)
• Find the diameter of the runner and its speed. Ans: ((i) 6.21 m, (ii)
67.5 rpm)
• Problem 8: A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop
7357.5 kW shaft power. The net available head is 5.50 m. Assume that
the speed ratio is 2.09 and flow ratio is 0.68, and the overall efficiency
is 60%. The diameter of the boss is 1/3 of the diameter of the runner.
Find the (i) diameter of the runner, and (ii) its speed Ans: ((i) 6.78 m,
(ii) 61 rpm)
• Problem 9: The hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine, working under a
head of 12 m, is 0.35 times the diameter of the runner. The turbine is
running at 100 r.p.m. If the vane angle of the extreme edge of the
 Numerical Problems (Cont’d)
runner at outlet is 15° and flow ratio is 0.6, find :(i) Diameter of the
runner,(ii) Diameter of the boss, and (iii) Discharge through the runner.
The velocity of whirl at outlet is given as zero. (Ans: (i) 6.55 m, (ii) 2.3
m, (iii) 272 m3/s)
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