AD - 3. Short Q & A

UNIT – III: PROSTHETIC AND ORTHODIC DEVICES
PART – A
1. What is an artificial limb?
An artificial limb or Prosthetic limb is a type of prosthesis that replaces a missing extremity, such
as arms or legs.
2. Classify the limb prosthesis.
The type of prosthesis depends on what part of the limb is missing. These include the
1) Transtibial prostheses,
2) Transfemoral prostheses,
3) Transradial prostheses, and
4) Transhumeral prostheses
3. Mention the considerations when choosing prosthesis.
1) Amputation level
2) Contour of the residual limb
3) Expected function of the prosthesis
4) Cognitive function of the patient
5) Avocational interests of the patient (ie, hobbies)
6) Cosmetic importance of the prosthesis
7) Financial resources of the patient
4. What is Transtibial prosthesis?
A transtibial prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces a leg missing below the knee. In the
prosthetic industry a trans-tibial prosthetic leg is often referred to as an "BK" or below the knee
prosthesis.
5. Define transfemoral prosthesis?
A transfemoral prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces a leg missing above the knee. In the
prosthetic industry a trans-femoral prosthetic leg is often referred to as an "AK" or above the
knee prosthesis.
6. What is transhumeral prosthesis?
A transhumeral prosthesis is an artificial limb that replaces an arm missing above the elbow. In
the prosthetic industry a trans-humeral prosthesis is often referred to as a "AE" or above the
elbow prothesis.
7. What is Bowden cable?
In a body-powered device the amputee’s body operates the prosthesis with its own muscular
power, usually via a cable link called a Bowden cable. A Bowden cable consists of two parts, an
outer housing and an inner tension cable. The housing is fixed at both ends and serves as a flexible
bridge between two points, maintaining a constant length regard less of any motion. The cable is
free to slide within the housing.
8. What are the components of body powered upper extremity prostheses?
All conventional body-powered, upper extremity prostheses have the following components:
1) Socket
2) Harness Suspension
3) Control-cable system
4) Elbow and wrist unit
5) Terminal device
9. Mention the components of below knee prosthesis.
Below knee prostheses have the following components:
1. Suspension system
2. Socket
3. Shank/shin piece
4. Ankle and foot assembly
10. Classify the functional prostheses.
Functional prostheses generally can be divided into the following 2 categories:
1. Body-powered prostheses - Cable controlled
2. Externally powered prostheses - Electrically powered
11. What are the suspension mechanisms used in lower extremity prostheses?
Suspension can be achieved by a variety method, including the following:
1) Self-suspension of the socket - This makes use of the anatomic shape of the residual limb
(Syme or knee disarticulation).
2) Suction suspension - Methods of creating suction suspension include the use of an
appropriate suction socket design, of a gel suspension liner.
3) Suspension device or harness - Such equipment includes belts, cuffs, wedges, straps, and
sleeves. A combination of these techniques also can be used.
12. What are the components of myoelectric prosthesis?
The components of myoelectric prosthesis include
1) Externally Powered Prosthetic Socket
2) Forearm shell,
3) Electrodes,
4) Battery,
5) Glove, and
6) Terminal Device.
13. What are the advantages of myoelectric prosthesis?
Advantages:
 Relatively small muscle contractions required
 Minimal if any harnessing
 Enhanced cosmetic appearance with silicone or latex covering
 Better functional control in many body positions
 Various prosthetic suspension options
14. What is mean by FES?
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a rehabilitative technique where low level electrical
voltages and currents are applied to an individual in order to improve or restore function lost to
injury or disease.
15. List out the components of FES system.
All modern FES devices incorporate the following
1) Surface or implanted electrodes,
2) A regulated-current or regulated-voltage output stage,
3) The stimulator pulse conditioning circuitry, and
4) An open- or closed-loop stimulator controller unit.
16. Mention the applications of FES.
Functional Electrical Stimulation can help in regaining functional movements in numerous
paralyzed humans such as standing, walking, reaching, grasping and bladder management.
17. Define haptic device.
A haptic device is one that involves physical contact between the machine and the user, usually
through an input/output device, that senses the body's movements.
18. Define phosphenes.
Minute electrical stimuli delivered to the retina, the optic nerve, or the occipital cortex can
induce light perceptions called phosphenes.
19. What are the two main approaches to stimulate retinal ganglion cells?
There are two main approaches to stimulate retinal ganglion cells:
(I) Epi-retinal stimulation, in which, the prosthetic device is attached to the inner retinal
surface; and
(II) the sub-retinal approach, which involves implanting an electrode array between bipolar
cells and the retinal pigment epithelium
20. List out the commonly used materials in prosthetic and orthodic devices.
The commonly used materials can be grouped under the following classes:
a. Metals d. Wood
b. Leather e. Plastics
c. Rubber f. Composites

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UNIT – III: PROSTHETIC AND ORTHODIC DEVICES

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