Electrical Systems-2
Electrical Systems-2
Electrical Systems-2
Dr Rachel CUNLIFFE
School of Physics, Engineering & Computer Science
r.cunliffe@herts.ac.uk
1
INTRODUCTION
5
SYSTEM COMPONENTS – Self-Excited Shunt Wound Generator
7
SYSTEM COMPONENTS - Generators Image: Airbus training information for A320
• Emergency generator is
driven by hydraulic system
SYSTEM COMPONENTS – DC Sources Image: Airbus training information for A320
• Emergency generator is
driven by hydraulic system
Basic Electrical Principles
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE FOR A
TYPICAL CIVIL AIRLINER APU Constant
speed engine
ELECTRONIC LEFT 115/200V 400Hz AC BUSBAR RIGHT 115/200V 400Hz AC BUSBAR ELECTRONIC
CONVERTER CONVERTER
13
SYSTEM COMPONENTS – Distribution System
Electro-magnet
AC circuits
115/200V
Schematic circuit
400Hz
diagram of a relay.
14
SYSTEM COMPONENTS – Distribution System
CIRCUIT PROTECTION
• Required to protect
circuits from too much
current – fire risk
• Circuit breaker (not
contact breaker) = fuse
• Normally collected
onto breaker panels
• Can be manually
disconnected (pulled)
15
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
16
GENERATION OF AN AC SIGNAL
Fundamental principle upon which
electrical generation is based: -
An electron experiences a force
when it passes through a magnetic
field. That force is called the
Electromotive Force and is usually
denoted by “E”.
E = Blv
Where: -
B = the strength of the magnetic
field
l = the length of the wire
v = the velocity of the wire
GENERATION OF AN AC SIGNAL
Variation of Induced Current in a Wire Rotating in a Magnetic Field
VOLTAGE
TIME
OPERATION OF A DC GENERATOR
Commutator
OPERATION OF A DC GENERATOR
Variation of Induced Current via a Commutator in a Wire Rotating in a
Magnetic Field
Red and green dots included to show position of rotor.
VOLTAGE
TIME
DC Power Generation
• Voltage limits +/-10%
• Generator produces AC internally
• Commutator rectifies the voltage
“Rippled” DC Current
Voltage
115
Voltage
Time (ms)
0
1.25 2.5
-115
AC Generation
The power derived in an AC circuit IS NOT
V(peak) x I(peak)
……………………………Why???
115
Voltage
Time (ms)
0
1.25 2.5
-115
EXERCISE TO FIND THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE OF A SIGNAL
A voltage signal is given by the data in the table below. Process the data
to find the Root Mean Square (RMS) value of the signal by following these
steps: -
1. Plot the signal data on the graph.
Time Signal Signal^2 2. Calculate the square of each of the signal values and plot this data on
0 0.0000
the graph.
2 0.7654
4 1.4142
3. Calculate the mean of all the squared values and draw a line on the
6 1.8477 graph representing this value.
8 2.0000 4. Now calculate the square root of the mean value you got from step 3
10 1.8478 and put this value on the graph.
12 1.4143
5.0000
14 0.7654
16 0.0001 4.0000
18 -0.7653 3.0000
Voltage Signal (Volts)
20 -1.4141
22 -1.8477 2.0000
24 -2.0000 1.0000
26 -1.8478
0.0000
28 -1.4143
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
30 -0.7655 -1.0000
32 -0.0002
-2.0000
Mean:
Square Root of -3.0000
Time (milliseconds)
Mean:
EXERCISE TO FIND THE ROOT MEAN SQUARE VALUE OF A SIGNAL
Basic Signal Signal^2 Mean of Squares RMS
5.0000
Time Signal Signal^2
0 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.7654 0.5858 4.0000
4 1.4142 2.0000
6 1.8477 3.4142 3.0000
8 2.0000 4.0000
10 1.8478 3.4143 2.0000
12 1.4143 2.0001
14 0.7654 0.5859
1.0000
16 0.0001 0.0000
18 -0.7653 0.5856
0.0000
20 -1.4141 1.9998 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
22 -1.8477 3.4140
24 -2.0000 4.0000 -1.0000
26 -1.8478 3.4144
28 -1.4143 2.0003 -2.0000
30 -0.7655 0.5860
32 -0.0002 0.0000 -3.0000
Mean: 1.8824
Square Root of
Root Mean Peak Value
Mean: 1.3720 Squared value of =
a signal √2
AC Generation
True (Real) Power Vs. Reactive Power
True (Real) Power = I2 x R where R = resistance
The power is dissipated as heat in the resistive
component.
True power is measured in Watts (symbol W)
N.B Power (W) is NOT equal to peak volts x peak amps
28
Why are 2 voltages quoted for aircraft AC supplies?
LOAD
Single phase voltage = 115VAC
= 200VAC
Line-To-
Ground
LOAD
Voltage
Where would you place these
electrical loads?
Direct Drive
Engine
2 source.
120kVA
24,000rpm
GEARBOX GEARBOX
Backup
alternator 25kVA IDG 120kVA IDG 120kVA
Backup 2. Flight instruments –
alternator 25kVA
14-28,000rpm 24,000rpm 24,000rpm
14-28,000rpm
required to be powered by
ELECTRONIC
ELECTRONIC
CONVERTER
LEFT 115/200V 400Hz AC BUSBAR RIGHT 115/200V 400Hz AC BUSBAR
CONVERTER all but back-up generators
LEFT 28V 400Hz AC BUSBAR RIGHT 28V 400Hz AC BUSBAR
From Right A
RECTIFIER
BATTERY TRU
28V AC
busbar
TRU B TRU
3. Important supplies: -
UNIT
• Fuel booster pumps,
BATTERY BUSBAR LEFT 28V DC BUSBAR RIGHT 28V DC BUSBAR
• cabin temperature
controls,
C D • pilots window heat.
4. Non-essential services:
lavatory water heaters,
galleys (automatically shed
if 1 engine fails.)
Swiss Air Flight 111 (MD11 Sept 1998)
Very basic summary of incident: -
1. Crew noticed smell of fire in cockpit
2. Warned ATC but thought had time to land
3. They implemented emergency procedures which made the
problem worse
4. Fire quickly escalated and pilots lost control of aircraft
33
“ALL-ELECTRIC” AND “MORE ELECTRIC” AIRCRAFT
“All Electric” Aircraft
The aircraft is propelled by engines powered by electricity
alone.
37
QUESTIONS