EEE1105-Chapter - 2 - DC - Networks DC Network Basici

EEE 1105:
DC Network Theorems
Dr. Md. Robiul Hoque
Professor
Dept. of CSE, IU
Contents
 Definitions: Electric Circuits and Network Theorems

 Kirchhoff’s Laws
 Super position Theorem
 Thevenin’s Theorem
 Norton’s Theorem
 Delta Star Transformation
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
2.1. Electric Circuits and Network Theorems
 We will now discuss the various network theorems which are of great help in
solving complicated networks.
 A network is said to be completely solved or analyzed when all voltages
and all currents in its different elements are determined.
 Useful in
 (a) in determining the equivalent resistance of a complicated network of
conductors and
 (b) for calculating the currents flowing in the various conductors
 The two-laws are :
 1. Kirchhoff’s Point Law or Current Law (KCL)
 2. Kirchhoff’s Mesh Law or Voltage Law (KVL)
1. Kirchhoff’s Point Law or Current Law (KCL)
 In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a
point (or junction) is zero.
2. Kirchhoff’s Mesh Law or Voltage Law (KVL)
2.3. Determination of Voltage Sign
 (a) Sign of Battery E.M.F. A rise in voltage should be given a + ve sign and a
fall in voltage a -ve sign.
 (b) Sign of IR Drop
If we go through a resistor in the same direction as the current, then there is
a fall in potential because current flows from a higher to a lower potential.
Hence, this voltage fall should be taken -ve.
 However, if we go in a direction opposite to that of the current, then there
is a rise in voltage. Hence, this voltage rise should be given a positive sign.
2.3. Determination of Voltage Sign
2.4. Assumed Direction of Current
 The direction of current flow may be assumed either clockwise or

anticlockwise.
 If the assumed direction of current is not the actual direction, then on
solving the question, this current will be found to have a minus sign.
 If the answer is positive, then assumed direction is the same as actual
direction
2.15. Ideal Constant-Voltage Source
 It is that voltage source (or generator) whose output voltage remains absolutely
constant whatever the change in load current.
 Such a voltage source must possess zero internal resistance so that internal voltage
drop in the source is zero.
 In that case, output voltage provided by the source would remain constant
irrespective of the amount of current drawn from it.
 In practice, none such ideal constant-voltage source can be obtained.
 However, smaller the internal resistance r of a voltage source, closer it comes to
the ideal sources described above.
2.16. Ideal Constant-Current Source
 It is that voltage source whose internal resistance is infinity.

 In practice, it is approached by a source which posses very high resistance as
compared to that of the external load resistance.
 As shown in Fig. 2.94 (b), let the 6-V battery or
voltage source have an internal resistance of 1
M Ω and let the load resistance vary from 20 K to
200 K.
 The current supplied by the source varies from
6.1/1.02 = 5.9 μ A to 6/1.2 = 5 μ A.
 As seen, even when load resistance increases 10
times, current decreases by 0.9 μA.
 Hence, the source can be considered, for all
practical purposes, to be a constantcurrent
source
2.17. Superposition Theorem
Superposition Theorem
 In a network of linear resistances containing more than one generator (or

source of e.m.f.), the current which flows at any point is the sum of all the
currents which would flow at that point if each generator where considered
separately and all the other generators replaced for the time being by
resistances equal to their internal resistances.
2.18. Thevenin Theorem
 The current flowing through a load resistance RL connected across any two
terminals A and B of a linear, active bilateral network is given by Voc / (Ri + RL)
where Voc is the open-circuit voltage (i.e. voltage across the two terminals when RL is
removed) and Ri is the internal resistance of the network as viewed back into the
open-circuited network from terminals A and B with all voltage sources replaced by
their internal resistance (if any) and current sources by infinite resistance.
2.25. Norton’s Theorem
2.26. How To Nortonize a Given Circuit ?
 1. Remove the resistance (if any) across the two given terminals and
put a short-circuit across them.
 2. Compute the short-circuit current I SC.
 3. Remove all voltage sources but retain their internal resistances, if

any. Similarly, remove all current sources and replace them by
open-circuits i.e. by infinite resistance.
 4. Next, find the resistance R1 (also called RN) of the network as

looked into from the given terminals. It is exactly the same as Rt h
(Thevenin’s Theorem).
 5. The current source (I SC) joined in parallel across Ri between the

two terminals gives Norton’s equivalent circuit.
Example 2.97. Using Norton’s theorem, find the constant-current
equivalent of the circuit shown in Fig. 2.204 (a).
2.22. Delta/Star* Transformation
2.23. Star/Delta Transformation
2.30. Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
 A resistive load will abstract maximum power from a network when

the load resistance is equal to the resistance of the network as
viewed from the output terminals, with all energy sources removed
leaving behind their internal resistances.
▪ Load resistance of = RL
▪ Ri = Rg + R (Resistance between A and B)
▪ According to this theorem, RL will abstract

maximum power from the network when
RL = Ri.
 Find the equivalent Thevenin’s
source for the circuit
 Since 15 V drops across
two series resistors of 3 Ω each,
Vth = 15/2 = 7.5 V.
 Rth = 2 + (3 || 3) + 1 = 4.5 Ω
 Maximum power transfer to the load will take place when RL = Rth = 4.5 Ω.
 Maximum power drawn by RL = Vth2 /4 × RL = 7.52/4 × 4.5 = 3.125 W.

 Since same power in developed in Rth, power supplied by the source = 2 × 3.125 = 6.250 W.
Thanks
 Q&A

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EEE 1105:

 Definitions: Electric Circuits and Network Theorems

 The direction of current flow may be assumed either clockwise or

 It is that voltage source whose internal resistance is infinity.

 In a network of linear resistances containing more than one generator (or

 3. Remove all voltage sources but retain their internal resistances, if

 4. Next, find the resistance R1 (also called RN) of the network as

 5. The current source (I SC) joined in parallel across Ri between the

 A resistive load will abstract maximum power from a network when

▪ According to this theorem, RL will abstract

 Maximum power drawn by RL = Vth2 /4 × RL = 7.52/4 × 4.5 = 3.125 W.

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