Course Branch Subject Name with Code Semester Assignment

Name Unit No.

B.Tech ECE Network Theory (IEC-502) 5th 01

STUDENT NAME ARTI KAK

STUDENT ID SVU66850724

Objective type Question – Answers

1. What will be the internal resistance of an ideal current and voltage sources

ANS.

 Ideal Voltage Source: The internal resistance is zero. It can maintain a constant voltage regardless of the
current drawn from it.

 Ideal Current Source: The internal resistance is infinite. It can provide a constant current regardless of the
voltage across it.

2. What are the conditions of application of superposition theorem

ANS.

 Linear Components: The circuit must contain only linear elements, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors,
and linear dependent sources. Non-linear components (like diodes or transistors) cannot be used with this
theorem.

 Independent Sources: The theorem applies to circuits with multiple independent sources (voltage or current
sources). The effects of each source can be analyzed independently.

 Circuit Response: The superposition theorem can be used for calculating voltages and currents. It’s typically
applied to find the total response by summing the individual responses due to each independent source.

 Active and Passive Sources: While you can include both active (like batteries and current sources) and
passive sources (like resistors and capacitors) in the circuit, superposition only considers the active sources
one at a time, with all others replaced by their internal resistances.

3. Write the statement of Tellegen’s Theorem

ANS.
Tellegen’s Theorem states that in any electrical network, the sum of the power contributions from all branches
is equal to zero at any instant in time.
More formally, if you have a network with NNN branches, the theorem can be expressed mathematically as:

N
∑ vkik=0
k=1
where vk is the voltage across branch k and ik is the current through branch k. This holds true regardless of whether
the elements in the network are linear or nonlinear, passive or active, as long as the network is consistent in terms of
voltage and current definitions.
Essentially, Tellegen’s Theorem emphasizes the conservation of energy within a network, reflecting that the power
supplied and absorbed must balance out at any given moment.
4. Define Node and Mess
ANS.
Node
A node is a point in a circuit where two or more circuit elements (such as resistors, capacitors, or voltage sources) are
connected. Nodes are important for analyzing circuits because they are used to apply techniques like Kirchhoff's
Current Law (KCL), which states that the total current entering a node must equal the total current leaving it. Nodes
help define the connections in a circuit and are essential for understanding how current flows through it.
Mesh
A mesh is a loop in a circuit that does not contain any other loops within it. In other words, it's a closed path that visits
each node only once and does not enclose any other loops. Mesh analysis (or mesh current analysis) is a method used
in circuit analysis that applies Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to these loops to find the current in each branch of the
circuit. This method is particularly useful for planar circuits, where all components can be drawn on a single plane
without crossing wires.
In summary, nodes are points of connection in a circuit, while meshes are specific loops used for analyzing circuit
behavior.

5. Convert the given voltage source into current source and given current source into voltage source.

10 V
3A 6Ω
5Ω
B

Voltage Source Current Source

ANS.

18 V
2A
5Ω
6Ω

Current Source Voltage Source

Very Short Question – Answers

1. State maximum power transfer theorem

ANS. The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem states that in an electrical circuit, the maximum amount of
power will be transferred from a source (such as a voltage or current source) to a load when the load resistance
is equal to the Thevenin resistance of the circuit as seen from the load terminals.
Key Points:
1. Condition for Maximum Power Transfer:
 For a load resistor RL connected to a Thevenin equivalent circuit with a Thevenin resistance Rth,
maximum power is delivered when:
RL=Rth
 2. Power Calculation:
 The power P delivered to the load can be calculated using:
P= V²th/4Rth
 Where Vth is the Thevenin voltage.
3. Practical Implications:
 This theorem is especially useful in designing circuits where maximum efficiency is required, such
as in communication systems or audio applications.
2. Write the statement of Norton’s Theorem
ANS. Norton’s Theorem states that any linear electrical network containing independent and/or dependent sources can
be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single current source IN in parallel with a single resistance RN.
Key Points:
Current Source: The equivalent current source IN is the short-circuit current that flows through the terminals when they
are shorted.
Resistance: The equivalent resistance RN is the total resistance seen from the terminals when all independent sources
are turned off (voltage sources replaced by short circuits and current sources replaced by open circuits).
Applicability: Norton’s Theorem applies to both linear and time-invariant circuits, making it a powerful tool for
simplifying complex circuits for analysis.

3. Drive the condition of maximum power transfer theorem

ANS. To derive the condition for the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem, we start with a simple circuit that consists of
a Thevenin equivalent circuit with a Thevenin voltage source Vth and a Thevenin resistance Rth, connected to a load
resistor RL.
Step 1: Power Delivered to the Load
The power PPP delivered to the load RL can be expressed as:
P=I²RL
where I is the current flowing through the load resistor.

Step 2: Calculate the Current

Using Ohm's Law, the current I can be calculated as: I=Vth/Rth+RL

Step 3: Substitute for Power

Substituting the expression for I into the power equation: P=(Vth/Rth+RL)².RL

Step 4: Maximizing Power

To find the value of RL that maximizes power P, we can take the derivative of P with respect to RL and set it to zero:
dP/dRL=0

Using the quotient rule for differentiation: dP/dRL= (Rth+RL)².V²th-2V²thRL(Rth+RL)/(Rth+RL)⁴

Setting the numerator to zero for maximization: (Rth+RL)2−2RL(Rth+RL)=0

Simplifying:
Rth+RL−2RL=0
Rth=RL
This means that maximum power is delivered to the load when the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance of the
circuit.
 4. Find the current passing through AB

5Ω

4Ω 10 A

ANS. Steps to Calculate the Current Through A and B

Total Resistance of the Parallel Combination: The current source and the 5 Ω resistor are in parallel. The voltage
across the 5 Ω resistor is determined by the current source.Since the current source provides a constant current
of 10 A, the voltage across the 5 Ω resistor can be calculated:

V=I×R=10 A×5 Ω=50 V

Now, to find the equivalent resistance Req of the parallel combination of the current source and the 5 Ω resistor,
note that the 10 A current source dictates that 10 A flows into this parallel network, splitting as follows:

The voltage across the 5 Ω resistor is: V=IR×5 Ω

Since the voltage across the resistor is 50 V (from the current source), we can
find the current through the resistor:
IR=V/5 Ω = 50V/5 Ω = 10A

The total current from the current source is still 10 A because it maintains that value.
Adding Series Resistance: Now we consider the 4 Ω resistor (R2), which is in series with the parallel combination of
the 10 A current source and the 5 Ω resistor.
The total current flowing through the series combination (from the current source) remains at 10 A.
Current Through A and B
In this configuration, the current flowing through A and B, which is the same current flowing through the series
combination (10 A), is:

A Current through A and B=10A

5. Determine the Thevenin’s resistance across 2-ohm resistance

2Ω 1Ω
5V 10 V
3Ω 4Ω
1Ω
Long Question- Answers

1. Find the current through load resistance and also find the maximum power transfer through it.

5Ω 3Ω RL
4Ω
10 V

2. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit across 6 Ω resistance as shown in figure.

3. Find the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across the resistance R as shown in figure

4. Using superposition theorem find the current through 6 Ω resistance as shown in figure

2.5 Ω 3Ω

6Ω
6V 12 V
0.5 Ω

5. Explain Reciprocity and compensation theorem