IT Workshop Lab Manual
IT Workshop Lab Manual
IT Workshop Lab Manual
Objective:
Internet & WWW module introduces the different ways of hooking the PC on
to the internet from home and workplace effectively usage of the internet. Usage of
web browsers, e-mails, news groups and discussion forums would be covered. In
addition, awareness of cyber hygiene, i.e., protecting the personal computer from
getting infected with the viruses, worms and other cyber attacks would be
introduced.
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Parts of Computer System
CPU Cabinet
Monitor
Keyboard
Mouse
The disassembling of the computer system starts with externally connected device
detachment. Make sure the computer system is turned off, if not then successfully
shut down the system and then start detaching the external devices from the
computer system. It includes removing the power cable from electricity
switchboard, then remove the cable from SMPS (switch mode power supply) from
the back of the CPU Cabinet. Do not start the disassembling without detaching the
power cable from the computer system. Now remove the remaining external
devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, printer or scanner from the back of CPU
cabinet.
Make sure if the card has any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if it
would be easier to remove them before or after you remove the card. Remove the
screw if any, that holds the card in place. Grab the card by its edges, front and back,
and gently rock it lengthwise to release it.
detach internal cables | Source
Removing drives is easier. There can be possibly three types of drives present in
your computer system, Hard disk drive, CD/DVD/Blue-ray drives, floppy disk drives
(almost absolute now a day). They usually have a power connector and a data cable
attached from the device to a controller card or a connector on the motherboard.
CD/DVD/Blue Ray drive may have an analog cable connected to the sound card for
direct audio output.
The power may be attached using one of two connectors, a Molex connector or a
Berg connector for the drive. The Molex connector may require to be wiggled
slightly from side to side and apply gentle pressure outwards. The Berg connector
may just pull out or it may have a small tab which has to be lifted with a
screwdriver.
Now Pull data cables off from the drive as well as motherboard connector. The hard
disk drive and CD/DVD drives have two types of data cables. IDE and SATA cables.
The IDE cables need better care while being removed as it may cause the damage to
drive connector pins. Gently wiggle the cable sideways and remove it. The SATA
cables can be removed easily by pressing the tab and pulling the connector straight
back.
Now remove the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay.
remove CD/DVD drives
Memory modules are mounted on the motherboard as the chips that can be
damaged by manual force if applied improperly. Be careful and handle the chip only
by the edges. SIMMs and DIMMs are removed in a different way:
SIMM - gently push back the metal tabs while holding the SIMM chips in the
socket. Tilt the SIMM chip away from the tabs until a 45% angle. It will now lift
out of the socket. Put SIMM in a safe place.
DIMM- There are plastic tabs on the end of the DIMM sockets. Press the tabs
down and away from the socket. The DIMM will lift slightly. Now grab it by the
edges and place it safely. Do not let the chips get dust at all.
remove processor
Now remove the screws of SMPS from the back of the cabinet and the SMPS can be
detached from the tower cabinet.
Before removing all the connectors from the motherboard, make sure u memorize
the connectors for assembling the computer if required, as that may require
connecting the connectors at its place. Remove the screws from the back of the
motherboard and you will be able to detach it from the cabinet. Now remove the
CPU fan from the motherboard. The heat sink will be visible now which can be
removed by the pulling the tab upward. Finally, the processor is visible now, which
can be removed by the plastic tab which can be pulled back one stretching it side
way.
Assembling the computer system
The first step for assembling the computer system starts with mounting the
processor on the processor socket of the motherboard. To mount the process, you
don't need to apply any force. The special ZIF (zero insertion force) sockets are
usually used to prevent any damage to the processor pins. Once the processor is
mounted, the heat sink will be attached on top of the processor. The CPU fan is also
attached on top of the heat sink.
Now the motherboard is to be fixed vertically in the tower case and the screws are
fixed from behind of the motherboard.
Now line up the power supply at the top back end of the cabinet and screw it. The
power connectors for motherboard power supply and CPU fan power supply are to
be connected. If the cabinet cooling FAN is required then it is to be screwed at the
back end grill of the cabinet and its power connector is to be connected from SMPS.
Install the CD/DVD drives at the top front end of the cabinet and screw it. Install the
Hard disk drive and floppy disk drive below CD/DVD drive and screw it. Make sure
once screwed there is no vibration in either of the CD/DVD, Hard disk or Floppy
disk drives.
Now select the appropriate data cable and connect one end of the cable to its drive
socket and another end at its appropriate connector on the motherboard. For SATA
hard disk drive or CD/DVD drives use SATA cable and its power cable, else use IDE
data cable. Do the proper jumper settings as per the usage requirement.
It is time now to mount the memory modules on the motherboard by aligning the
RAM to its socket on the motherboard and press it downward. Make sure the side
tab are fixed into the RAM notch. If not, you may still have to press a bit.
Install the internal cards to its socket and attach the cables or power cable to it. The
selection of right socket or slot is required as per the type of socket.
Cover the tower by placing it and pressing towards front side and screw it.
Connect the external devices with CPU at its appropriate socket. It includes mouse
and keyboard at PS2 or USB connectors. Monitor at the video output socket. Connect
the power cable to the back of tower in SMPS. Plug in the power cable to the electric
board.
Installing Windows 10
Step 1: This is the first screen you will see if you install Windows 10 using a
bootable USB flash drive or DVD. Here’s where you choose the OS’ language, time
and currency format, and input method.
Step 2: It's pretty obvious what you need to click here. Like Windows 8.x, you can
also choose to repair your computer. If you choose the repair option, you will end
up at a Troubleshoot screen where you can choose to reset your PC and re-install
windows (you can either keep or remove your files), or access more advanced
troubleshooting options. For the latter, there are options for doing a system restore
(if you’ve a restore point on your PC), image recovery, running commands in
command prompt, and letting Windows fix any startup problems. You can also get
to the advanced startup options after installation via the new Settings app in
Windows 10.
Step 3: Traditionally, your Windows product key can be found on your online order
info, in the confirmation email for your purchase, or on the DVD packaging. That
said, this is more for a clean install. If your device has been successfully upgraded to
Windows 10, and you choose to wipe your device and do a clean install later, the
device will reactivate without the need of a Windows 8.x product key.
Step 4: Accept the license terms. After you read them, of course.
Step 5: Next, you’ll be presented with this screen, where you can choose to do either
an upgrade (files, settings, and apps are moved to Windows) or a custom install
(files, settings, and apps aren’t moved). The latter is the one to choose if you prefer a
clean install, which was what we did.
Step 6: Here’s where you select the drive to install Windows 10 on. You can format
a drive here as well.
Step 8: Before you can start using Windows, there are some personalization,
location, browser and protection, and connectivity and error reporting settings that
you can adjust. You can zip through all these by using the Express settings, which
basically turn everything on, or you can hit the small print that says ‘Customize
settings’ to customize them. We went for the latter.Oh, notice that little icon at the
bottom left? Click on it to access an accessibility menu where you can turn on things
like a narrator, magnifier, or increase the screen contrast.
Step 9: If you choose to customize the settings, the first page deals with your
contact, calendar, input, and location data. Read these carefully to decide if you want
to turn the settings on or off.
Step 10: The next page deals with browser data, connectivity, and error reporting.
Again, read these carefully and toggle the switches accordingly.
Step 11: Next, you need to specify who's the owner of the device. You can choose to
sign in with your company ID, which will give you access to your company's
resources.
Step 12: Microsoft really wants you to sign in to Windows 10 with your Microsoft
account. If you use Microsoft services like Office, Outlook.com, OneDrive, Skype, or
Xbox, it makes sense to sign in with your Microsoft account as it ties them all up and
makes your Windows experience more personal.
If you use two-factor authentication, you’ll need to enter your code. If you don’t
have a Microsoft account, you can create one right away. Alternatively, you can sign
in with a local account. Unlike Windows 8.x, apps like Mail will not force you to
switch to a Microsoft account and stop you from using the app if you don’t comply.
Step 13: Instead of signing in using your Microsoft account password, you’ve the
option to create and use a short PIN instead. In addition to easy typing, another
benefit is that once created, this PIN only works on the device it’s created on.
Step 14: Windows 10 will save new documents and pictures to OneDrive. If you’re
okay with that, just hit Next to continue. Else, you can click the small text that says
‘Save new files only to this PC by default’.
Step 15: You can also decide if you want to turn on the Cortana personal assistant
feature. Some people may not want to use Cortana as this allows Microsoft to collect
and use their location; contacts; voice input; info from email and messages; browser
history; search history; calendar details; and more. If you were to ask us, Cortana is
one of the best features in Windows 10. And for it to be truly useful, it has to be
granted access to such data. Here’s a link to Microsoft’s privacy statement.
(Note: Cortana is only available in select markets. Currently, Cortana on Windows
10 is only available for the U.S., U.K., China, France, Italy, Germany, and Spain.)
At some point, you'll also be asked if you want to set the built-in apps to be the
default apps for certain tasks. Simply untick the checkboxes for those that you don't
want the installer to change.
MS WORD
Opening a Word document
For opening a word document do the following steps:
1. Select ‘File’ option from Main Menu.
2. Click on the ‘Open’.
3. Click on the file from the available list.
4. Click on ‘Open’ button.
The selected file will be opened.
Modifying Font
Certain text can be displayed in a different format to highlight a particular
point . For doing so perform the following steps:
1. Select the text for which you want to change the Font.
2. Select the Font drop-down list box button.
3. Click on the font ‘Arial’ in the font list box.
4. Select the text for which you want to change the Font size.
5. Select the font size drop-down list box.
6. Click ‘14’ in the font size list box.
7. Select the text for which you want to change the font to bold style.
8. Click ‘Bold’ button. You can undo the effect by clicking on the same
button again.
9. Select the text for which you want to change the font to italic style.
10. Click ‘Italic’ button.
11. Select the text you want to underline.
12. Click ‘Underline’ button. Undo the effect by clicking the same button
again.
Note: Bold, Italic, Underline buttons are toggle buttons.
Aligning Text
1. Select the text for which you want to align to the center of the line.
2. Click the ‘Center’ button.
3. Select the text you want to align to the right of the line.
4. Click on the ‘Align right’ button.
5. Select the text you want to align to the left of the line.
6. Click on the ‘Align left’ , button.
To take care that the text written is always aligned properly with the margins
specified and to get perfect justification of the text on the either side of the line.
7. Click on the ‘Justify’; button.
Note : It is recommended that whenever working with a new document
always keep the alignment in the ‘Justify’ mode for proper alignment of
text.
Indenting Paragraphs and modifying line spacing
1. Select the paragraph for which you want to set the indenting.
2. Click ‘Increase Indent’ as shown in Fig.
3. Click ‘Decrease Indent’ as shown in Fig used to remove the indenting.
4. Select the paragraph you want to set the line spacing.
5. Select the ‘Format’ option from Main Menu.
6. Click ‘Paragraph’ option , a dialogue box.
7. Select ‘Line Spacing’ list box from the dialogue box.
8. Click on ‘Double’ option from the list box.
Inserting Bullets
1. After giving the number to the players, continue the document with the
following text.
Using AutoCorrect
Word allows us to check any grammatical error while you are typing any
document . To use this feature do the following steps:
1. Select ‘Tools’ option from the Main menu.
2. Click ‘AutoCorrect’ option. Screen as shown in Fig will appear.
3. Click all the Check Boxes.
4. Click on ‘OK’ button.
Now type the following text and see the effect of AutoCorrect feature:
After the above text is typed it will be automatically displayed in the
following way as the AutoCorrect feature will be used.
tHis is Radiant-MSU Task Team. We are learning Word.
This is Radiant-MSU Task Team. We are learning Word.
Next Steps:
5. Open the ‘AutoCorrect’ dialogueue.
6. Place the cursor in ‘Replace’ text box.
7. Type ‘Radian’
8. Place the cursor in ‘With’ text box.
9. Type ‘Radiant’
10. Click on ‘OK’ button.
Now type the following text and see the feature of Replace/With feature of Word.
The text will automatically turn to:
Radian Software Ltd. Ray Of Hope.
Radiant Software Ltd. Ray Of Hope.
Find Text
To find a particular word throughout the document, we use the feature of
Find. Perform the following steps:
1. Select ‘Edit’ option from Main menu.
2. Click on ‘Find’.
3. Type the text you want to find in the ‘Find What’ text box.
4. Click on ‘Find Next’ button.
5. Cursor will be placed at the first occurrence of the text.
6. Click on ‘Find Next’ again button to get the next occurrence.
You can continue till the end-of-document is reached.
Splitting Window
1. Open any document created earlier as learnt previously.
2. Select ‘Window’ option from the Main menu.
3. Click on ‘Split’ option.
A horizontal line appears on the screen, which moves along with the mouse
movement.
4. Click the mouse button where you want the window to split .See the Fig.
The Window will be split.
FLOW CHARTS
TEXT WRAPPING
Navigation: breakstext wrapping
Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe.
"Nature" can refer to
the phenomena of the physical world,
and also to life in general. The study
of nature is a large part
of science. Although humans
are part of nature, human activity is
often understood as a separate
category from other natural
phenomena.
The word nature is
derived from the Latin word natura, or "essential qualities, innate disposition", and
in ancient times, literally meant "birth". Natura is a Latin translation of the Greek
word physis which originally related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants,
animals, and other features of the world develop of their own accord. [2][3] The
concept of nature as a whole, the physical universe, is one of several expansions of
the original notion; it began with certain core applications of the word φύ σις by pre-
Socratic philosophers, and has steadily gained currency ever since. This usage
continued during the advent of modern scientific method in the last several
centuries.
Arranging Windows
By splitting a window you can only work with a single document. But
if you want to work with two documents simultaneously then you have
to arrange the windows . Do the following steps to arrange windows.
1. Open any two documents you want to work with at the same time.
2. Select ‘Window’ option from the Main Menu.
3. Click ‘Arrange All’ option. Screen as shown in Fig will appear.
Now you can see both documents opened in two separate windows and you
can modify either of them at the same time.
After modifying individual documents save the files one by one, both the
windows get their own menu bar.
The file would be saved by the given name. Next time you click on
save the ‘Save As’ dialogue box won’t appear as Word 2000 already
know what is the name of the file by which is should save. You get
more flexibility when you are working with ‘Save As’.
You can change the directory where you want to save the file. You can specify the
directory by using the popup list for the directory .
Creating Table
In a document you may want to enter some data, which is in tabular format.
For entering such kind of data you require a table. Following the given steps
to do so:
1. Select ‘Table’ option from Main Menu.
2. Select ‘Insert’ option from the list.
3. Click on ‘Table’ option. Screen as shown in Fig will appear.
4. Click on ‘OK’ button.
• A table with 5 columns and 2 rows will be inserted into the document.
• You can change the number of columns or the rows by making the
changes in the number of column and number of rows text box
respectively.
• The table created above will have column cells of same width, as we have
selected the ‘Fixed column width’ radio button. Select ‘AutoFit to contents’
option if you want the column width to variable width depending on what
we enter into the cell.
If you don’t want the table of fixed width as well as AutoFit style , then you
can go for some predefined style. Perform following steps to AutoFormat the
table.
Repeat the steps 1,2,3 as given above.
5. Click on ‘AutoFormat’ button .
6. Select ‘Classic4’ from the formats list box.
7. Click ‘OK’ button.
Table with a classic4 layout will be inserted.
Click the check box ‘Set as default for new tables’ if you want the same format for all
the new tables created hereafter.N Age Marks Rank Paper
John 24 84 First Office Automation
Instead of working with fixed column width and AutoFit width column, now
suppose you want to have the width according to your choice. To do so
follow the given steps:
8. Insert a table using any of the way discussed above.
9. Select the column for which you want to change the width.
10. Select ‘Table’ option from the Main Menu.
11. Click ‘Table Properties’ option.
12. Click ‘Column Tab’ .
13. Enter ‘4’ in the preferred width textbox.
14. Select ‘Measure in’ option as ‘Inches’.
15. Click ‘OK’ button.
The selected column will now have the width as 4”. The properties can be
changed for all the columns by using the ‘Previous column’ and ‘Next
column’ buttons.
Adding Calculations
You may want to show some output by calculating the values from the other cells.
You can do this with the help of formula. Perform the following steps to do so.
1. Select the cell in which you want to display the output.
2. Select ‘Table’ option from Main Menu.
3. Click on ‘Formula’ Option.
4. Enter ‘=Sum(ABOVE)’ if the values for which you want the sum are above
the cell where you want to display the sum. OR Enter ‘=Sum(LEFT)’ if the
values are at the cell where you want to display the sum.
5. Click ‘OK’ button to get the sum.
You can change the format of the output by changing the ‘Number format’
option.
You can also choose the functions with the help of ‘Paste Function’ option.
MS-EXCEL
Microsoft Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by
Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. The current versions at the time of
writing this tutorial are 2010 for Microsoft Windows and 2011 for Mac OS X.
By default, documents saved in Excel 2010 are saved with the .xlsx extension where
as the file extension of the prior Excel versions is .xls.
Following is the basic window which you get when you start excel application. Let
us understand various important parts of this window.
Merge Cells:
MS Excel enables you to merge two or more cells. When you merge cells, you don’t
combine the contents of cells. Rather, you combine a group of cells into a single cell
that occupies the same space.
Choose Merge & Center control on the Ribbon is simpler.To merge cells,
select the cells that you want to merge and then click the Merge & Center
button.
If you have text too wide to fit the column width but don’t want that text to spill
over into adjacent cells, you can use either the Wrap Text option or the Shrink to Fit
option to accommodate that text.
Formulas in MS Excel
A formula consists of special code which is entered into a cell. It performs some
calculations and returns a result, which is displayed in the cell. For creating formula
you need to type in Formula Bar. Formula begins with '=' sign. When building
formulas manually, you can either type in the cell addresses or you can point to
them in the worksheet.
Functions in Formula:
Suppose you need to determine the largest value in a range. A formula can’t tell you
the answer without using a function. We will use formula that uses the MAX
function to return the largest value in the range B3:B8 as =MAX(A1:D100)
Another example of functions. Suppose you want to find if cell of month is greater
than 1900 then we can give Bonus to Sales representative. The we can achieve it
with writing formula with IF functions as =IF(B9>1900,"Yes","No")
Built in Functions
MS Excel has many built in functions which we can use in our formula. To see all the
functions by category choose Formulas Tab » Insert Function. Then Insert
function Dialog appears from which we can choose function.
Insert Shape:
Select the shape you want to insert. Click on shape to insert it.
To edit the inserted shape just drag the shape with the mouse. Shape will adjust the
shape.
Workbook Security
We can apply security to the workbook by the concept of protection available in the
Review Tab of ribbon. MS Excel's protection-related features fall into three
categories.
Protect Worksheet: You may want to protect a worksheet for a variety of reasons.
One reason is to prevent yourself or others from accidentally deleting formulas or
other critical data. A common scenario is to protect a worksheet so that the data can
be changed, but the formulas can’t be changed.
Excel displays the Protect Sheet dialog box. Note that providing a password is
optional. If you enter a password, that password will be required to unprotect the
worksheet. You can selected various option in which the sheet should be
protected.Suppose we checked Format Cells option then Excel will not allow to
format cells.
When somebody tries format the cells he or she will get the error.
To unprotect a protected sheet, choose Review » Changes group » Unprotect Sheet.
If the sheet was protected with a password, you’re prompted to enter that
password.
Protecting a Workbook:
Excel lets you save a workbook with a password. After doing so, whoever tries to
open the workbook must enter the password.
Choose File » Info » Protect Workbook » Encrypt With Password. Excel displays the
Encrypt Document dialog box.
To prevent others (or yourself) from performing certain actions in a workbook, you
can protect the workbook’s structure and windows. When a workbook’s structure
and windows is protected, the user may not Add a sheet, Delete a sheet, Hide a
sheet, unhide a sheet,etc and may not allowed to change size or position of a
workbook’s windows respectively.
Charts: A
chart is a visual representation of numeric values. Charts (also known as graphs)
have been an integral part of spreadsheets. Charts generated by early spreadsheet
products were quite crude, but thy have improved significantly over the years.
Pie chart:
MS POWER POINT
PURPOSE:
PPT is a file extension for a presentation file format used by Microsoft PowerPoint,
the popular presentation software commonly used for office and educational slide
shows. All text images, sound and video used in the presentation are contained in
the PPT file.
2. Click on the first layout from the new slide dialogue box.
3. Click ‘OK’ button.
4. Click ‘Add to title’ to add the title, enter ‘Radiant Software’ as title .
5. Click ‘to add Subtitle’ to add the subtitle enter ‘Ray of Hope’.
Making Handouts
For creating and viewing handouts do the following steps.
1. Select ‘View’ option from Main Menu.
2. Select ‘Master’ option.
3. Click ‘Handout Master’ option, screen.
For inserting date, header, footer and the page number do the following steps.
4. Select ‘View’ option from Main Menu.
5. Click ‘Header and Footer’.
6. Select ‘Notes and Handout’ tab.
Making Notes
For creating and viewing notes perform the following steps.
1. Select ‘View’ option from Main Menu.
2. Select ‘Master’ option.
3. Click ‘Notes Master’ option.
4. Click ‘Update automatically’ option.
5. Enter text in ‘Header’ textbox.
6. Enter text in ‘Footer’ textbox.
7. Click ‘Page number’ check box to display page number on the handouts.
8. Click ‘Apply to All’ button.
Drawing on Slides
You can also draw on the slides when you are viewing the slide show as you
can highlights the important points when the presentation is on. Perform the
following steps to do so.
1. Start the Slide Show.
2. Right click anywhere on the slide.
3. Select ‘Pointer Options’ from the popup menu.
4. Click ‘Pen’ option.
You will see that the pointer changes from an arrow to a pen. You can use this
pen pointer to highlight any important points, during the slide show. You will
also notice that the slide show will not proceed ahead according to the
rehearse time. It will only continue when you again set the pointer to
automatic.
Customizing a Presentation
To customize a presentation do the following steps:
1. Select ‘Slide Show’ option from Main Menu.
2. Click ‘Custom Shows’ option, screen in Fig.
3. Click ‘New’ button, to create a new custom show.
4. When you click on new button, a dialogue box will appear.
5. PowerPoint will give the name as Custom Show1.
6. Slides in presentation will display all the slides in the current presentation.
7. Select the Slide you want to put in the custom show.
8. Click ‘Add’ button to add the slide to custom show.
9. Repeat the 7th and 8th steps for all the slides you want to have in the
custom show.
10. If you want to remove any slide from the selected custom show slides then
click on ‘Remove’ button.
You can also change the sequence of the slides in the custom show by clicking
the ‘Up’ and ‘Down’ buttons on define custom show dialogue box.
8. Click ‘OK’ button.
9. The Custom Show Dialogue Box will be displayed.
10. Click ‘Show’ button to view the custom slide show.
Saving Presentation
To save the presentation, do the following steps.
1. Select ‘File’ option from Main Menu.
2. Click ‘Save’ option.
MS ACCESS
When you start Access 2007, you will see the Getting Started window.
In the left pane, the template categories—including the featured local templates—
are listed, as well as the categories on Office Online. Templates are prebuilt
databases focused on a specific task that you can do wnload and use immediately.
Opening a database:
You have three main options on the Getting Started page. You can open a template
database stored locally or online, an existing database, or a blank database.
Click Local Templates in the left pane. The center of the screen will change to
display icons for the templates.
Select an icon in the center of the screen. Details about the database template
will appear on the right.
In the left pane of the Getting Started window, you will see a list of categories for the
templates available on Office Online. You must have an Internet connection to
download these database templates.
The Blank Database command allows you to create a database from scratch. To
open an existing database:
1. In the Open Recent Database section, double-click the file name of the database
you want to open. It will appear in the window.
Parts of a database
Tables
Queries
Forms
Reports
Tables are the foundation of an Access database. Access stores data in tables. This
lesson teaches you how to create a table, add fields to a table, assign data types to
fields, and set field properties.
Type the next field name. Access creates the field. Continue until you have created
all of the fields in your table. Press Enter without entering a field name to end
your entries.
Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar. The Save As dialog box appears.
1. Type the name you want to give your table.
2. Click OK. Access names your table.
1. Press the Tab key. When you make an entry into another field in the
record, Access will automatically make an entry into the AutoNumber
field.
2. Click the down-arrow that appears when you click in the field.
In Access, you store data in multiple tables and then use relationships to join the
tables. After you have created relationships, you can use data from all of the related
tables in a query, form, or report.
To create relationships:
1. Close all tables and forms. (Right-click on the tab of any Object. A menu appears.
Click Close All.)
3. Click the Relationships button in the Show/Hide group. The Relationships window
appears.
4. If anything appears in the relationships window, click the Clear Layout button in the
Tools group. If you are prompted, click Yes.
5. Click the Show Table button in the Relationships group. The Show Table dialog box
appears.
6. Activate the Tables tab if your relationships will be based on tables, activate the
Queries tab if your relationships will be based on queries, or activate the Both tab if
your relationships will be based on both.
7. Double-click each table or query you want to use to build a relationship. The tables
appear in the Relationships window.
8. Click the Close button to close the Show Table dialog box.
9. Drag the Primary table’s primary key over the related table’s foreign key. After you
drag the primary key to the related table’s box, the cursor changes to an arrow.
Make sure the arrow points to the foreign key. The Edit Relationships Dialog box
appears.
11. Click Create. Access creates a one-to-many relationship between the tables.
12. Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar to save the relationship.
Creating Queries
A query can be based on tables or on other queries. To create a query, you open
the tables or queries on which you are going to base your query in Query Design
view, and then use the options in Design view to create your query. You then click
the Run button to display the results. You can save queries for later use.
After you run a query, you can easily change back to Query Design view and make
modifications to your query or create a new query.
If you want to view data from two or more tables or queries, you can create a query
that pulls the data from multiple tables or queries. The tables and queries from
which you pull your data should have a relationship.
2. Choose the field names you want to retrieve in the order you want to retrieve them.
3. Choose the field names you want to sort by in the order you want to sort. Under the
fields you want to sort by, choose Ascending or Descending.
5. Deselect the Show button for columns you do not want to display (Not applicable in
this example).
6. Click the Run button. Access retrieves the columns you chose and displays the rows
in the order you specified.
To save a query:
1. Click the Save button on the Quick Access toolbar. Access saves the query unless you
are saving for the first time. If you are saving for the first time, the Save As dialog
box appears.
3. Click OK. Access saves the query. You can now access the query by using the
Navigation pane.
Access forms are much like paper forms: you can use them to enter, edit, or display
data. They are based on tables. When using a form, you can choose the format, the
arrangement, and which fields you want to display. This lesson teaches you how to
create forms.
To create a form:
1. Click the table or query on which you want to base your form.
Reports organize and summarize data for viewing online or for printing. A detail
report displays all of the selected records. You can include summary data such as
totals, counts, and percentages in a detail report. A summary report does not list the
selected records but instead summarizes the data and presents totals, counts,
percentages, or other summary data only. Access has several report generation
tools that you can use to create both detail and summary reports quickly. This
lesson teaches you how to create reports
SHELL COMMANDS
Synopsis:-
Synopsis:-
cd dir_name
Synopsis: cd ..
rmdir:
Synopsis:
cat:
(Note: To exit the text file after giving the data , press cntrl + d )
ls [option] [file]
Options:
a: do not ignore entries starting with . (dot) (which implies hidden files).
r: display all the files in reverse order
R: display all the files including subdirectories recursively like tree structure.
l: give a long listing of directory contents ( including the information like file
permissions, day and time of file creation, host name etc; )
i: display inode number of each file.
a) To check the list of the current directory.
Ex: ls
Synopsis:
cp file1 file2
cp –r dir1 dir2
This command is used to copy the content of source to destination. After copying, both
be same.
Synopsis:-
mv file1 dir
mv old_name new_name
sort:
Synopsis:
Option:
rm:
Remove files or directories.
Synopsis:
rm [option file1]
rm file1
b) By default, it does not remove directories but, we can use option (-rf) to remove
non-empty directories.
rm -rf dir1
head:
Output the first part of lines. Print the first 10 lines of each file to standard
output by default.
Synopsis:
Options:
tail:
Output the last part of files. Print the last 10 lines of the file to to standard output
by default.
Options:
echo:
Synopsis:
wc:
Synopsis:
wc [option] file1
Options:
date:
Print or set the system date and time display the current time in the given format
or set the system date.
Synopsis:
Options:
vi:
vi improved, a programmer text editor. It can be used to edit all kinds of plain
text. It is especially used for editing programs.
Synopsis:
to insert, press i.
to save and quit, press esc and :wq
who:
Synopsis:
Options:
-a all
Ex: who -a
Output:
who am i:
Show the login details of the user’s system.
Synopsis:
who am i
Output:
sleep:
Synopsis:
Suffixes:
Ex: sleep 5s
grep:
Synopsis:
Description:
Grep searches the named input files for lines containing a match to the given
pattern. By default, grep print the matching lines.
Options:
pattern.
comm:
Synopsis:
Description:
With no options, produce three column output. Column one contains lines unique to
file1, column three contains line common to both files.
Options:
uniq:
Description:
Discard all but one of successive identical lines from input, writing to output.
Options:
cmp:
Synopsis:
Description:
The compare utility compares two files of any type and write the results to the
standard output. By default cmp is silent if the files are the same; if they differ, the byte
and line number at which the first difference occurred is reported.
Options:
-l print the byte number and the differing byte values for each difference.
tee:
Read from standard input and write to standard output and files.
Synopsis:
tee new_file_name
Description:
cut:
Synopsis:
cut [option] file
Description:
Options:
paste:
Synopsis:
Description:
Ex1: paste f2 f3
Output: f2 f3
A x
B y
C z
paste -s f2 f3
Output: f2 a b c
f3 x y z
pwd:
Synopsis:
pwd
Output:
/home/bca2/dir1
chmod:
Synopsis:
Description:
Chmod changes the permission of each given file according to mode, which can
be either a symbolic representation of changes to make, or an octal number
representing the bit pattern for the new permissions.
This command is use to make the file writable for the group users.
Synopsis:
gzip file_name
Description:
Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel –ziv coding. Whenever
possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz. it will only attempt to
compress regular files.
a) to zip a file
gzip file1
gunzip:
Synopsis:
gunzip file_name
SHELL SCRIPTING
Shell scripts allow input/output, manipulation of variables, and a powerful flow-
of-control and iteration constructs for programming.
To create a shell script, you need to write it in a text file using an editor like
vi.
Ex: vi filename.sh
read a
read b
sum=`expr $a + $b`
diff=`expr $a - $b`
prdt=`expr $a \* $b`
quot=`expr $a / $b`
rem=`expr $a % $b`
echo "remainder when $a is divided by $b : $rem"
Output:
10
sum of 10 and 5 is : 15
difference of 10 and 5 : 5
product of 10 and 5 : 50
quotient of 10 and 5 : 2
read n
do
for((j=1;j<=$i;j++))
do
echo -n "$j"
done
done
Output:
12
123
1234
12345
read n
echo “The series is : “
for((i=1;i<=$n;i++))
do
for((j=1;j<=$i;j++))
do
echo -n "$i"
done
done
Output:
The series is :
22
333
4444
55555
read n
if [ `expr $n % 2` -eq 0 ]
then
else
fi
Output:
5 is an odd number
read a
read b
read c
if [ $a -gt $b ]
then
max=$a
else
max=$b
fi
if [ $max -gt $c ]
then
else
fi
Output:
11
4 the maximum no is 11
read n
for((i=1;i<=10;i++))
do
p=`expr $n \* $i`
done
Output:
5 * 1=5
5 * 2=10
5 * 3=15
5 * 4=20
5 * 5=25
5 * 6=30
5 * 7=35
5 * 8=40
5 * 9=45
5 * 10=50
read n
do
then
fi
done
Output:
10
factors of 10 are :
10
read n
actnum=$n
s=0
while [ $n -gt 0 ]
do
r=`expr $n % 10`
s=`expr $s \* 10 + $r`
n=`expr $n / 10`
done
Output:
123
read n
count=0
for ((i=1;i<=$n;i++))
do
then
count=`expr $count + 1 `
fi
done
if [ $count -eq 2 ]
then
else
fi
Output:
5 is a prime number
read n
s=1
do
s=`expr $s \* $i`
done
Output:
factorial of 5 is 120
Configuring Windows clients for TCP/IP involves installing and configuring the TCP/IP network
protocol.
The following instructions are based on the Configuring TCP/IP function of Windows XP.
1. Click Start > Settings > Control Panel.
In the Address box, type the IP address of the proxy server. Your proxies are delivered as
PROXY_IP:PORT_NUMBER like for example 1.2.3.4:0000 so in this example 1.2.3.4 would
be the IP and 0000 would be the port number
In the Port box, type the port number that is used by the proxy server for client
connections (by default, 8080).
You can click to select the Bypass proxy server for local addresses check box if you do not
want the proxy server computer to be used when you connect to a computer on the local
network (this may speed up performance).
Click OK to close the LAN Settings dialog box.
Click OK again to close the Internet Options dialog box.
Browse to www.whatismyipaddress.com or www.iplocation.net to check that it shows the
IP of your proxy as being your own
Installation (or setup) of a computer program is the act of making the program ready for execution.
Installation refers to the particular configuration of a software or hardware with a view to making it
use able with the computer. A soft or digital copy of the piece of software(program) is needed to
install it. There are different processes of installing a piece of software (program). Because the
process varies for each program and each computer, programs (including operating systems) often
come with an installer, a specialized program responsible for doing whatever is needed (see below)
for the installation. Installation may be part of a larger software deployment process.
Installation typically involves code (program) being copied/generated from the installation files to
new files on the local computer for easier access by the operating system, creating necessary
directories, registering environment variables, providing separate program for un-installation etc..
Because code is generally copied/generated in multiple locations, uninstallation usually involves
more than just erasing the program folder. For example, registry files and other system code may
need to be modified or deleted for a complete uninstallation.
1. Google
2. Bing
3. Yahoo
4. Ask.com
5. AOL.com
6. Baidu
7. Wolframalpha
8. DuckDuckGo
9. Internet Archive
10. Yandex.ru
Cyber hygiene is a reference to the practices and steps that users of computers and other devices
take to maintain system health and improve online security.
Trouble Shooting
Hardware troubleshooting is the process of reviewing, diagnosing and identifying operational or
technical problems within a hardware device or equipment. It aims to resolve physical and/or logical
problems and issues within a computing hardware.
1. Run fewer programs at the same time. Don't have too many programs running at the same
time. ...
2. Restart your computer. ...
3. Remove viruses and malware. ...
4. Free up hard disk space. ...
5. Verify windows system files. ...
6. Uninstall unnecessary programs. ...
7. Adjust windows visual effects. ...
8. Run a disk scan.
9. Defragment your harddisk.
10. Reinstall windows.
11. Advanced step
12. Upgrade your hardware.
Software troubleshoot
Software troubleshooting is the process of scanning, identifying, diagnosing and resolving problems,
errors and bugs in software. It is a systematic process that aims to filter out and resolve problems, and
restore the software to normal operation. It is a subcategory of IT troubleshooting.