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NUST COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT # 1 Radius of Gyration of a Compound Pendulum

OBJECTIVE

Find the radius of gyration of compound pendulum by varying time period and position of center
of gravity and compare with theoretical one.

APPARATUS

The compound pendulum consists of a 12.7 mm diameter steel rod and 0.762 m length. The rod
is supported on the cross member B1 by an adjustable knife-edge which when move along the
rod, effectively alters the value of ‘h’.

Figure No. 1 The compound pendulum consists of a rigid steel rod

PROCEDURE

1. The center of gravity of the rod is firstly measured and is equal to l/2 where l is the length
of the rod.
2. The knife-edge is tightened at a given value of l1 from one end and the rod is suspended
by placing the knife-edge on the cross beam and ensuring that it swings freely without
any rotation at the support.
3. The time for, say 50 oscillations is then taken, having displaced the pendulum through a
small angle, from which the periodic time T may be calculated.
4. In order to perform a subsequent test, the knife-edge is slackened off and moved along
the rod to a new position. It is found most convenient to remove the pendulum from the
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 NUST COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT # 2 Center of Percussion of a Compound Pendulum

OBJECTIVE

To determine the center of percussion of the wooden compound pendulum.

INTRODUCTION

When a simple pendulum swings against a stop, there is no horizontal reaction at the pivot when
a rigid body similarly swings, there is some point along its length which will be moving at the
same periodic time as the simple pendulum called center of percussion.

APPARATUS

Figure No. 2 Wooden Compound pendulum

PROCEDURE

1. Adjust the length of simple pendulum so that the length of the bob from the knife-edge is
equal to the equivalent length of the compound pendulum that is
l = (k2 + h2) / h
2. The simple pendulum is allowed to swing so that the spherical bob strikes the edge of
compound pendulum and causes the latter to swing.
3. The simple pendulum is in vee groove the only horizontal movement possible is that of
the compound pendulum resting on its flat support. It may be observed that no horizontal
movement is produced with the simple pendulum at length ‘l’ and that for any other
values of l, horizontal movement is produced. Simple pendulum length of 0.407 m
demonstrates the concept of center of percussion.
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 ME-421: VIBRATIONS, National university of science and technology (NUST) EME College

Experiment No 3:(part b) Vibration of Spring mass system

Objective
The purpose of the experiment is to show free vibration of a system having one degree of
freedom and to investigate the relationship between the basic vibration parameters.
Determine
a) An elastic property (the spring constant, K) of a spiral spring experimentally and then
compare its value theoretically.
b) The natural frequency f, of a spring mass system and then compare its value
experimentally.

(b) Free Vibrations

Calculating theoretical value of

Consider a system shown in Figure 2 which has a body of mass m moving along only the
vertical direction, which is supported by a spring of stiffness coefficient k of a negligible
mass

Figure 2
Eqaution of motion of the system can be written as

̈+ =0

+ =0
 ME-421: VIBRATIONS, National university of science and technology (NUST) EME College

Where

is the natural frequency of the system.

Since value of the K is known now calculate the Natural Frequency of a spring-mass system
with spring and a mass of----------kg.

Experimental value of

Experimental Setup
The experimental setup consists of a spring, mass, force transducer, accelerometer, a data
acquisition system and a computer with signal display and processing software. Accelerometer
is a sensing element to measure the vibration response (i.e., acceleration, velocity and
displacement). Data acquisition system takes vibration signal from the accelerometer and
encodes it in digital form. Computer acts as a data storage and analysis system. It takes encoded
data from the data acquisition system and after processing (e.g., FFT), it displays on the
computer screen by using analysis software.

x The apparatus is set up

x Give a small amount of displacement to the hanging mass and allow it to oscillate on
its own.

x Record the data obtained from the accelerometer in the form of graph

x Repeat the procedure to check the reliability of the experiment.

x Measure the time period from the graph

x Using following formula calculate the natural angular frequency of the spring mass
system

1
=2
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Experimental Vibration Testing

Objective
To get familiar with vibration testing tools and equipment.

Introduction to Vibration Testing

Due to the demands of high-speed operation and the use of light structures. In modern

machinery, static measurements of stress/strain properties are not sufficient. Dynamic

measurements are necessary and vibration testing has therefore found widespread use. In order

to investigate vibration in physical systems, it is necessary to excite the system at specific

frequencies and amplitudes. Engineers are particularly interested in the modal characteristics

of the system as well as forces, accelerations, velocities, displacements that a system may

experience. Resonance is potentially damaging to structural parts, while large oscillatory

motions are associated with noise and discomfort.

17
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT # 4 Whirling Speed of a Shaft

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the whirling speed (critical speed) of an unloaded shaft rigidly fixed at both ends.

APPARATUS

Whirling of shafts machine, stroboscope, shafts.

Figure No. 4 Whirling of shafts apparatus

THEORY

For any rotating shaft, a certain speed exists at which violent instability occurs. The shaft suffers
excessive deflection and bows – a phenomenon known as “WHIRLING”.
If the critical speed of whirling is maintained then the resultant amplitude becomes sufficient to
cause buckling and failure. However, if the speed is rapidly increased before such deleterious
effects occur, then the shaft is seen to destabilize and run true again until, at another specific
speed, a double bow is produced.

PROCEDURE

1. A particular shaft is firstly selected and large diameter shaft is most appropriate i,e,
diameter 7.143 mm, since this section is less prone to buckling or failure.
2. The shaft should firstly be tightened in chuck F by means of the setscrew.
3. To ensure that all necessary setscrews are tightened and that the guides and chuck
supports are rigidly fixed to the main frame.
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EXPERIMENT # 5 7UDQVYHUVH%HDP9LEUDWLRQ

 GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

.1 Unit Assembly:

1
4
2
5

6 3

1. Cantilever Beam 2. Proximity Sensor

3. Deflection measuring Scale 4. Deflecting mass
5. Control Box 6. Oscilloscope
 Transverse Beam Vibration

.2 Technical Specifications:

Type of beam:

Stainless Steel

Masses:

Mass of nuts and bolt = 54 g

Properties:
Stainless Steel

Mass, m ss = 292 g
Modulus of Elasticity, E = 180 x109 N/m2
Breadth, b = 20 mm
Height, h = 3 mm
Moment of Inertia, I = 4.5 x10-11 m4
Length, L =605 mm

Sensor:

Sensor Type Proximity Sensor

Operating Range 0V to 10V
Sensitivity 1V = 4 mm
 Transverse Beam Vibration

 SUMMARY OF THEORY:

.1 Transverse Load:

Transverse loading is a load applied vertically to the plane of the longitudinal axis
of a configuration, such as a wind load. It causes the material to bend and rebound
from its original position, with inner tensile and compressive straining associated
with the change in curvature of the material.

Transverse loading is also known as transverse force or crosswise force.

Transverse loading encourages shear forces that cause shear deformation of a

material and increase its slanting deflection. When a transverse load is applied on
a beam, it deforms and tensions develop within it. Therefore, bending moments
are created by transverse loads once applied to beams.
Transverse loading occurs in traditional and cutting off stresses in transverse
segments. Longitudinal cutting off strains may occur in any material subjected to
crosswise loading. It additionally causes bending and shear in beams. Transverse
loading of a beam could comprise concentrated loads and distributed loads or a
mix of each, producing internal forces corresponding to a shear force and both.

.2 Formulae:

The moment of inertia can be calculated for this beam is;

b .h 3
I (m 4 )
12

The beam stiffness, k:

3EI
k (N / m )
l3
The natural frequency of the beam is;

k
Zn
m

Putting value of k,

3EI
Zn (rad / s )
ml 3
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 ME-421: VIBRATIONS, National university of science and technology (NUST) EME College

Experiment No. 9 Free vibration of a cantilevered beam

Objective
To obtained first two natural frequencies and mode shapes of the cantilevered beam.

Theory

𝜕 4𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
𝐸𝐼 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝜌𝐴 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑡 2

This equation is known as the Bernoulli-Euler beam equation. where E is Young’s modulus
and I=I(x), which is second moment of area of the beam cross section along the beam length
for the non uniform beam and also note 𝜌 is density and 𝐴(𝑥) is cross sectional area of the
beam.

If free vibration is considered, then 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 0. Then equation reduces to

𝜕 4𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
𝐸𝐼 4 (𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝜌𝐴 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 2

which can be written as,

2
𝜕 4𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
𝑐 (𝑥, 𝑡) + (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0
𝜕𝑥 4 𝜕𝑡 2

𝐸𝐼
where 𝑐 = √𝜌𝐴

The natural frequencies of the beam can be obtained from the equation

𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
𝜔 = 𝛽2√ = (𝛽𝑙)2 √
𝜌𝐴 𝜌𝐴𝑙 4

The value of β can be found from the boundary conditions of the beam.
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 NUST COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

Center of gravity =

S/no. t20 (sec) T1 A (m) h (m) Ko (m) L eq (m)

K2 + h2
leq =
h

𝐾 ℎ
𝑇 2𝜋
𝑔ℎ
 NUST COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

crossbeam and to do any adjustment away from the portal frame. Having performed
several tests, value of K can
5. be calculated using the value of h and T subsequently compared to theoretical values of
K.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

Total length of rod =

Center of gravity =

S/no. L (m) h (m) Kexp (m) Kth (m) Error

𝐿
𝐾
2√3

𝐾 ℎ
𝑇 2𝜋
𝑔ℎ
 ME-421: VIBRATIONS, National university of science and technology (NUST) EME College

Fixed-free beam (cantilevered).

When the beam is fixed at 𝑥 = 0 and free at 𝑥 = 𝑙, then transverse deflection and slope are
zero at 𝑥 = 0 and the bending moment and shear force are also zero at 𝑥 = 𝑙. Therefore
boundary conditions are

𝜕𝑊
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0, 𝑊(0) = 0, (0) = 0
𝜕𝑥

𝜕 2𝑊 𝜕 3𝑊
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝐸𝐼 (𝑙) = 0, 𝐸𝐼 (𝑙) = 0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥 3

Figure 1 First four natural frequencies and mode shapes of a cantilevered beam

Experimental Setup
The experimental setup consists of a cantilever beam, force transducer, accelerometer, a data-
acquisition system and a computer with signal display and processing software . Accelerometer
is a sensing element to measure the vibration response (i.e., acceleration, velocity and
displacement). Data acquisition system takes vibration signal from the accelerometer and
encodes it in digital form. Computer acts as a data storage and analysis system. It takes encoded
data from the data acquisition system and after processing (e.g., FFT), it displays on the
computer screen by using analysis software.
 ME-421: VIBRATIONS, National university of science and technology (NUST) EME College

Figure 2 Experimental setup

Procedure
 Clamp one end of the beam as the cantilever beam support
 Place an accelerometer at the free end of the cantilever beam
 Use a hammer and give a small tap in the middle of the beam. Hammers has a force
transducer near its impact tip, so the force imparted to the structure can be measured.
 Record the data obtained from the accelerometer in the form of graph

Observations and Calculations

Second Young’s Density Cross
Material moment of Modulus ρ, sectional Length, Breadth Depth
2 3
area E N/m Kg/m area, A /m2 L /m b /m d /m
3
I=bd /12

Aluminium

Table 1
Frequencies Experimental Theoretical % Error
Values, Hz Values, Hz

𝑓1

𝑓2

Table 2
 ME-421: VIBRATIONS, National university of science and technology (NUST) EME College

Frequencies Experimental Theoretical % Error

Values, Hz Values, Hz

Table 1
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT # 6 Design and Construction of Working Pneumatic

Circuit for Barrier Control

OBJECTIVE

To design a pneumatic circuit for barrier control.

EXERCISE

An entry and exit at a factory gate is to be controlled by means of a double acting cylinder. To
raise the barrier a push button must be actuated, immediately the barrier starts to move, this push
button can be released and the barrier will continue to rise until it is at its maximum height,
where it will stay, until a second (totally separate) push button is actuated. Once the second push
button is actuated the barrier will lower, again as soon as the barrier stars to move the push
button can be released and the barrier will continue to lower, until it reaches its lowest position,
where it will remain, until the first (raise) push button is actuated once again. The barrier is to
rise and fall slowly (cylinder extends and retracts slowly)
It should be noted that the cylinder is in extended position when the circuit is at rest. (i.e. barrier
closed)
Design a circuit to meet these requirements.

Figure Barrier control

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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The data acquisition system is a piece of hardware where all the signal conditioning takes place

such as amplification and filtering. To excite the system electromagnetic shaker or impact

hammer is used. In the case of shaker, it can be excited by the signal produce by the software

and then this digital signal is converted to an analogue signal by the data acquisition system,

amplified by the power amplifier and then applied to the shaker. An accelerometer is used to

measure the FRFs at various locations on the testing structure. The outputs from the

accelerometer and force transducer are connected to signal conditioners which converts the

signal into voltage. Then this voltage signal is sampled and digitised by the data acquisition

system and transferred to the PC for processing.

 NUST COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT # 7 Design and Construction of Working Pneumatic

Circuit for Product Sorting

OBJECTIVE

To design a pneumatic circuit for product sorting.

EXERCISE

Components arrive on a conveyor and are to be pushed into a power press by means of a double
acting cylinder. There are two (2) push buttons and the cylinder is only to extend when both push
buttons are actuated, (if only one push button is actuated cylinder is to remain retracted). Once
the cylinder starts to extend, if either or both push buttons are released, the cylinder is to
immediately retract to its start condition.
Design a circuit to meet these requirements.

Figure Product sorting

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Figure Experimental setup

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

4. The speed control may then be switched on and the control knob rotated
slowly in a clockwise direction. The shaft speed will be seen to increase until
a point is reached at which instability begins to occur showing that the
critical speed is being approached.
5. In order to ascertain this speed the stroboscope should be switched on and
with its mode switched to “internal”, the flash rate should be increased until
some convenient point on the shaft appears stationary. (A suitable focus is
the hexagonal locknut on the end of the shaft). At this point, the flash rate
coincides with the shaft speed, the relevant scale reading thus indicate the
angular velocity of the shaft at that instant.
6. In order to determine accurately the critical speed, it is now necessary to
increase the rotations of the shaft until the transverse vibration amplitude is
seen to reach maximum.
7. The second operator must then adjust the flash rate, until the shaft appears
stationary again. The flash rate value may be noted and is equal to the critical
speed value.
8. After locating the first whirling speed, the speed control may be increased
and, as stated, the amplitude are seen die away until the shaft stability
returns. The speed may then be increased further until a double bow begins
to form, indicating the second mode has been reached. The above process
may be repeated in order to determine the second critical whirling speed.
9. The experiment may then be repeated for various lengths and diameters of shafts.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS

Test End End d l W I E Theoratical Experimental

No. (1) (2)
(mm) (m) (N/m) (m4) N/m2
1st 2nd 1st 2nd
mode mode mode mode

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS
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Where f1 = Frequency (Whirling

Speed) cycles / sec E = Young’s
modulus = 207x109 N/m2
I = second moment of area for circular section = 彃d4/ 64 where d = 6.350 mm
g = 9.81 m/s2
W= 2.435 N/m (Weight per unit length)
L = length of shaft = 0.9144 m
C1 = 3.57 (constant for fixed – fixed ends)
Calculate the 1st natural frequency I,e 1st WHIRLING SPEED
Similarly to calculate the second critical speed the same formula is used but with C2 = 8.82
 Transverse Beam Vibration

As the mass of the beam and nuts and bolts also takes part in the vibration so the
after integration the equivalent mass of the beam and nuts and bolt is as follow;

33
M eq M
140

Here "M" is the mass of the beam SOXVnuts and bolts viz. Mss = 
J 346g

Now the formula for the natural frequency is as follow;

3EI
Zn
l 3 §¨ mE ·
33
M ¸
© 140 ¹

k
Zn
33
m M
140

k
Zn
m sys

And the theoretical frequency of the beam is;

Zn
f th (Hz )
2S

Percentage error can be found by using following formula;

f th  f
%age Error x 100
f th
 Transverse Beam Vibration

 EXPERIMENT:

.1 Objective:

To calculate the frequency of the beam and compare it with the theoretical value

.2 Procedure:

 Assemble the apparatus as shown in section 2.1

 Fit the desired beam with its desired length.
 Set the proximity sensor close enough so that on vibration the beam does not
touch the sensor.
 Vibrate the beam and note down the frequency.
 'eflect the beam to vibrate and DJDLQ note down the frequency.
 Tabulate the results in the tables and compare theoretical values with
experimental.

.3 Observations:

Material: ________ Length: ______

Experimental %age
Sr No Theoretical Frequency fth
Frequency f H Error
 ME-421: VIBRATIONS, National university of science and technology (NUST) EME College

Experiment No 3:(part a) Vibration of Spring mass system

Objective
The purpose of the experiment is to show free vibration of a system having one degree of
freedom and to investigate the relationship between the basic vibration parameters.
Determine
a) An elastic property (the spring constant, K) of a spiral spring experimentally and then
compare its value theoretically.
b) The natural frequency f, of a spring mass system and then compare its value
experimentally.

(a) Experimental value of K

Helical or coil springs are commonly used in wide variety of mechanical systems. Their basic
work is to produce a force which is proportional to the deflection or vice versa. Figure-1 shows
a typical force-deflection diagram for a helical spring. In the linear region of this diagram, the
relation between force and deflection obeys Hook's Law.

Slope of the curve will give

the value of K

Figure 1

Mass/ kg Load/N Extension/m

Value of K is ---------------------
 ME-421: VIBRATIONS, National university of science and technology (NUST) EME College

Calculating theoretical value of K

Helical spring constant under axial load is
Gd4
K eq =
8nD3
where
d=wire diameter
D=mean coil diameter
n=number of active turns
G=shear modulus of coil material

theoretical value of K is ----------------------