ME8511 KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS LABORATORY

EX NO: TRANSVERSE VIBRATION - I

AIM: To find the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the cantilever beam.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: steel rule and Weights

DESCRIPTION:
Strain gauge is bound on the beam in the form of a bridge. One end of the beam is fixed and
the other end is hanging free for keeping the weights to find the natural frequency while applying
the load on the beam. This displacement causes strain gauge bridge to give the output in milli-volts.
Reading of the digital indicator will be in mm.

OBSERVATION: Cantilever beam dimensions: Length=530mm, Breadth=25mm and

Height=3mm

FORMULAE USED:
1. Natural frequency = 1/2(g/) Hz
Where g= acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 and  = deflection in m.
2. Theoretical deflection = Wl3/3EI
Where, W= applied load in Newton, L= length of the beam in mm
E= young’s modules of material is 2*105 N/mm2, I= moment of inertia in mm4 =bh3/12
3. Experimental stiffness = W/ N-mm and Theoretical stiffness = W/ =3EI/l3 N/mm

TABULATION:
Sl. Applied Deflection Theoretical Experimental Theoretical Natural
No. mass  (mm) deflection Stiffness Stiffness frequency
m (kg)  T (mm) k (N/mm) k (N/mm) fn (Hz)

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the beam into the slot of trunnion bearings and tighten.
2. Gradually add the load .
3. Determine the deflection of the beam for various weights added.
4. Repeat the experiments.

GRAPH:
Draw the characteristics curves of load vs displacement, natural frequency
Draw the characteristics curves of displacement vs natural frequency

RESULT:
Thus the transverse vibration of cantilever beam were determined and tabulated .
EX NO: CAM ANALYSIS

AIM:
To study the profile of given can using cam analysis system and to draw the displacement
diagram for the follower and the cam profile.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Cam analysis system

DESCRIPTION:
A cam is a machine element such as a cylinder or any other solid with a surface of contact so
designed as to give a predetermined motion to another element called the follower. A cam is a
rotating body importing oscillating motor to the follower. All cam mechanisms are composed of at
least there links viz: 1.Cam, 2. Follower and 3. Frame which guides follower and cam.

OBSERVATION:

Diameter of base circle =20mm, type of follower =flat face

TABULATION:

Sl.no Angular displacement Linear displacement in

in degree degree

PROCEDURE:
Cam analysis system consists of cam roller follower, pull rod and guide of pull rod.
1. Set the cam at 0° and note down the projected length of the pull rod
2. Rotate the can through 30° and note down the projected length of the pull rod above the
guide
3. Calculate the lift by subtracting each reading with the initial reading.
GRAPH:
Displacement diagram and also the cam profile using a graph chart.

RESULT.
Thus the displacement diagrams are drawn for the given follower and various cams.
 EX NO: TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS - II

AIM: To find the transverse vibrations of a simply supported beam subjected to central load

APPARATUS REQUIRED: beams, weights.

FORMULAE USED:

Defection at the center, T= Wl3/48EI for central concentrated load.

I = bh3/12; b = width of the beam, h = height of the beam, l = length of the beam.
Natural frequency of transverse vibrations, fn = 1/2(g/) Hz Or 0.4985/
Where g= acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 and  = deflection in mm.
Stiffness experimental, K = load/deflection =W/δ = mg/δ N/mm
Stiffness theoretical, K = W/ δT = 48EI/l3 for center load,

OBSERVATIONS: b =25mm , h =3mm , l =560mm , E =2*105 N/mm2

TABULATION:
Sl. Mass Experimental Nat. freq. Experimental Theoretical
No. Added Deflection fn , Hz Stiffness Stiffness
m, , m K, N/m K, N/m
Kg N

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the beam into the slots of trunnion bearings and tighten.
2. Add the concentrated load centrally .
3. Determine the deflection of the beam for various weights added.

GRAPHS:

1. Deflection Vs. load (N) from this get stiffness (graph)

2. Deflection Vs. Natural frequency
3. Load in N Vs. natural frequency

RESULT: Thus the transverse vibration of cantilever beam were determined and tabulated
EX NO: FREE VIBRATION OF SPRING-MASS SYSTEM

AIM: To calculate the undamped natural frequency of a spring mass system

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Weights, Thread, Ruler, Stopwatch

DESCRIPTION:

The setup is designed to study the free or forced vibration of a spring mass system either
damped or undamped condition. It consists of a mild steel flat firmly fixed at one end through a
trunnion and in the other end suspended by a helical spring, the trunnion has got its bearings fixed
to a side member of the frame and allows the pivotal motion of the flat and hence the vertical
motion of a mass which can be mounted at any position along the longitudinal axes of the flat. The
mass unit is also called the exciter, and its unbalanced mass can create an excitational force during
the study of forced vibration experiment. The experiment consists of two freely rotating unbalanced
discs. The magnitude of the mass of the exciter can be varied by adding extra weight, which can be
screwed at the end of the exciter.

FORMULA USED

Stiffness, k = load/deflection N/m

Experimental natural frequency, fn (exp) =1/t Hz
Theoretical natural frequency, fn (the) = 1/2√(g/) Hz

TABULATION:

Sl. Deflection Time taken Time Experimental Theoretical

no  (mm) for period natural natural
os5cillation T frequency, frequency
t (sec) (sec) fn(exp), Hz fn(the), Hz

PROCEDURE
1. To make the spring to oscillate for 5 times
2. Note the corresponding time taken for 5 oscillations and calculate time period
3. From the time period calculate experimental natural frequency

GRAPH:
Load vs Deflection
Load vs Theoretical natural frequency
Load vs Experimental natural frequency

RESULT: Thus the free vibration of undamped natural frequency of a spring mass system were
determined and tabulated.
EX NO: COMPOUND PENDULUM

AIM: To determine the radius of gyration and mass moment of inertia of the given rectangular plate
experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. frame, 2. Rectangular plate, 3. Stop watch and 4. Steel rule etc

FORMULAE USED:

Time period T= t/N sec and also Experimental time period T = 2((K2+L12)/gL1)
Where K= experimental radius of gyration and K = ((gL1T2/42)-L12),
L1= distance from point of suspension to centre of gravity of rod and L= total length of the rod
Theoretical radius of gyration, Kt = L/12=0.2866L
Natural frequency fn = 1/T (Hz) and Moment of inertia Im = mk2 kg-m2
OBSERVATIONS: : mass= 1.6 kg, length of plate L =90cm

TABULATION

Sl. Distance Time for 5 Time Natural Experimental Theoritical Moment of

No. L1 (m) oscillations period T frequency radius radius inertia
t (sec) (sec) fn (Hz) of gyration of
(Kexp) gyration
(Kexp)

PROCEDURE:

1. Suspend the rod through any one of the holes

2. Give a small angular displacement to the rod & note the time taken for 5 oscillations
3. Repeat the step by suspending through all the holes.

RESULT: Thus the radius of gyration and mass moment of inertia of the given rectangular plate
were determined experimentally
EX NO: BIFILAR SUSPENSION

AIM: To determine the radius of gyration and the moment of Inertia of a given rectangular plate.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Main frame, bifilar plate, weights, stopwatch, thread

FORMULA USED:

Time period T=t/N

Natural frequency fn = 1/T hz
Radius of gyration k =(Tb/2)(g/L) (mm)
Where, b=distance of string from centre of gravity, T= time period
L= length of the string, N= number of oscillations
t= time taken for N oscillations

OBSERVATION:

Type of suspension = bifilar suspension

Number of oscillation n=5
b =12.5 cm, weight of the plate =1.6 kg

TABULATION:

Time Moment of
Weight Length of Natural Radius of
Sl. taken for inertia (I)
added string frequency gyration
No. N osc.
m (kg) L (m) fn (Hz) k (mm)
T sec

PROCEDURE:

1. Select the bifilar plate

2. With the help of chuck tighten the string at the top.
3. Adjust the length of string to desired value.
4. Give a small horizontal displacement about vertical axis.
5. Start the stop watch and note down the time required for ‘N’ oscillation.
6. Repeat the experiment by adding weights and also by changing the length of the strings.
7. Do the model calculation

GRAPH:
A graph is plotted between weights added and radius of gyration

RESULT: Thus the radius of gyration and the moment of Inertia of a given rectangular plate were
determined.
EX. NO. TRIFILAR SUSPENSION

AIM: To determine the radius of gyration of the circular plate and hence its Mass Moment of
Inertia.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Main frame, chucks, circular plate, thread, stop watch.

FORMULAE USED :

Time period, T = t/N, Natural frequency, fn = 1/T Hz

Radius of gyration, K = (bT/2Л) (g/l) m.
Where , b-distance of a string from center of gravity of the plate,
l- Length of string from chuck to plate surface.
Moment of inertia of the plate I= mk2

OBSERVATIONS:

No. of oscillations= 5, b=0.14m

Radius of circular plate, R= 0.16m, mass of the plate, m1 = 6.kg

TABULATION:
Sl. Length Added, Time for N Time Radius of Natural Moment of
No. of string mass, oscillations, period gyration, frequency inertia of
l, m m, kg t, sec T, sec k, m fn, Hz weight

PROCEDURE:

1. Hang the plate from chucks with 3 strings of equal lengths at equal angular intervals (120 0
each)
2. Give the plate a small twist about its polar axis
3. Measure the time taken, for 5 or 10 oscillations.
4. Repeat the experiment by changing the lengths of strings and adding weights.

GRAPHS:

Weight added vs radius of gyration

Weight added vs moment of inertia

RESULT: The radius of gyration of the plate and moment of inertia of the weights were
determined.
EX NO: WHIRLING OF SHAFT

AIM: To determine theoretically the critical speed of the given shaft with the given end conditions

DESCRIPTION:

The speed at which the shaft runs so that additional deflection of the shaft from the axis of
rotation becomes infinite is known as critical speed.
Normally the centre of gravity of a loaded shaft will always displace from the axis of
rotation although the amount of displacement may be very small. As a result of this displacement,
the centre of gravity is subjected to a centripetal acceleration as soon as the Shaft begins to rotate.
The inertia force acts radially outwards and bend the shaft. The bending of shaft not only depends
upon the value of eccentricity, but also depends upon the speed at which the shaft rotates.

FORMULA USED:

fn =K√(EgI/wl4) and Nc= fn X 60

Where, fn= natural frequency of vibration in Hz
E= modules of elasticity of the shaft is 2*109 N/mm2
Nc= calculated speed in rpm
I=moment of inertia of shaft in m4 π/64d4, w= weight /unit length in N/m
l=effective length of the shaft between supports in m. and N= speed of the shaft in rpm
K= constant (2.45)

OBSERVATION: l=0.810 m, d=0.006m, mass = 0.1 kg

TABULATION:

sl.no Diameter of rod Length of the rod Observed speed Calculated speed
in rpm (N) in rpm (Nc)

PROCEDURE:

1.fix the shaft properly at the both ends

2.check the whole apparatus by tightening the screws
3.first increase the voltage slowly to the level where the whirling is observed subsequently reduce
the voltage step by step thus reducing the speed
4.observe the loops appearing on the shaft and note down the speed at which they are appearing
with the help of digital tachometer
5.slowly bring the shaft to rest and switch off the supply
6.repeat the same procedure for different shafts

RESULT:

Thus the critical speed of the given shaft with the given end conditions were determined.
EX NO: BALANCING OF ROTATING MASSES

AIM: To balance the given rotor system dynamically with the aid of the force polygon and the
couple polygon.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: rotor system, weights, steel rule, etc.

PROBLEM:
A,B,C,D are four masses carried by rotating shaft at radius of 30mm,60mm,30mm and
60mm respectively. The planes in which the masses are spaced 70mm,157mm,227mm from the
first masses .The plane B and C are perpendicular to each other .The mass of plane A,B,C are 90
g,150 g, and 115 g respectively. find the magnitude of plane D and relative angular position of A
and D.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the unbalanced masses as per the given conditions: radius, angular position and plane of
masses.
2. Find out thee balancing masses and angular positions using force polygon, and couple
polygon
3. Fix the balancing masses (calculated masses) at the respective radii and angular position.
4. Run the system at certain speeds and check that the balancing is done effectively.
5. If the rotor system rotates smoothly, without considerable vibrations, means the system is
dynamically balanced.

TABULATION:

Sl. Planes Mass Radius C.Force / ω2 Distance from Couple / ω2

No. of mass m, kg r, m mr, kg-m Ref. Plane mrl, kg-m2
l, m
1 A
2 B
3 C
4 D

DIAGRAMS:

1.Plane of the masses 2. Angular position of the masses 3. Force polygon

4.Couple polygon

RESULT: The given rotor system has been dynamically balanced with the aid of force polygon and
couple polygon.
EX NO: DETERMINATION OF GYROSCOPIC COUPLE

AIM: To determine the active and reactive gyroscopic couples and compare them.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Gyroscope, tachometer, or stroboscope, variable voltage transformer,

rotating disc with a light reflecting sticker for stroboscope speed measurement

PROCEDURE:

1. The disc as made to rotate at a constant speed at a specific time using variable voltage
transformer.
2. The speed of the (N) disc is measured using a tachometer or a stroboscope.
3. A weight /mass is added on the extending platform attached to the disc.
4. This causes an active gyroscopic couple and the whole assembly (rotating disc, rotor and
weight platform with weight) is standing to move in a perpendicular plane to that of plane of
rotating of disc. This is called gyroscopic motion.
5. The time taken (t) to traverse a specific angular displacement (φ =60°) is noted.

FORMULA USED:

 Mass moment of inertia of the disc, I = md2 /8, kg-m2, m-mass of the disc and d-dia of the
disc.
 Angular velocity of the disc, ω = 2πN / 60, rad/s, N-speed of disc in rpm
 Angular velocity of precession, ωp = (φ / t) x (π/180) rad/s
 Reactive gyroscopic couple, Cr=I.ω.ωp Nm and Active gyroscopic couple, Ca=W x L,
 W-weight added = mg, N and L-distance between centers of weight to center plane of
disc.

TABULATION:

Sl. Speed of Weight Time taken for 60° Active couple Reactive couple
no disc, added precision t in sec Ca=W x L Cr=I.ω.ωp
N, (rpm) m, (kg) Degree t in sec Nm Nm

GRAPH:

1. Active couple Vs. Reactive couple

2. Weight added Vs. Reactive couple

RESULT: Thus the active and reactive gyroscopic couple were determined
EX NO : TURN TABLE

AIM: To determine the mass moment of inertia of the given member.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: Turn table, masses, steel rule

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the mass to the sliding arm and measure the initial radius R1
2. Make the turn table to rotate at (30-40 rpm) low speeds and measure the final radial position
of the mass, R2 and the time taken by the mass to travel from initial radial position to final
position, t in seconds.
3. Repeat the steps for different amounts of masses.

FORMULAE USED:

moment of inertia I1=qt12/4π2

moment of inertia I2= qt22/4π2-I1

Stiffness q=GJ/L

polar moment of inertia J= π/32d4

where, I1=mass moment of inertia of disc

I2 =mass moment of inertia of object

t1=time taken for one oscillation of disc

t2 =time taken for one oscillation of disc with object,

L=length of the rod is 1.1m , D= diameter of plate is 0.3m

G=8*106N/m2,

TABULATION:

sl.no Without mass With mass Moment of inertia

Time taken Time taken Time taken Time taken
for 5 for one for 5 for one I1 I2
oscillations oscillations oscillations oscillations
1
2

RESULT: The angular velocity, angular acceleration, centrifugal force and mass moment of inertia
were determined and tabulated.
EX. NO: VIBRATING TABLE SYSTEM

AIM :
To determine the transmissibility of the forced vibration with all types of observation with
its frequency and amplitide.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
Vibrating table system, stop watch.

PROCEDURE:

1. Attach the shorter beam at one thick breaker

2. hold the exciter to the centre of the beam
3. the given spring to its position at the top
4. Repeat the experiment by changing the speed.

SPECIFICATION:

 Mass Of The Beam (M1)= 1.5 Kg

 Total Length Of The Beam (L1)=0.8m
 Mass Of The Exciter(M2)=6kg
 Spring Stiffness (K)=280 N/M
 Distance Between Exciter (L2)=0.55m
 Radius (R)=7.5*10-2m

FORMULA USED:

 Angular Velocity = 2N/60 Rad/S

 Mass Is Given By M.L1=M2.L2
 Table Mass Acting On The Beam MT = M+M1
 Natural Frequency(Exp)Fn = 1/T
 Theoretical Frequency Fn =1/2 √K/Mt
 Transmissibility Force FT = K*Xmax
 Natural Force F = Mt* Ω2*R
 Amplitude = FT//F

TABULATION:

Sl no Exciter Position Time for 10 oscillations Time for 1 oscillations Amplitude

(t) sec (t) sec Speed FT

RESULT: Thus the transmissibility of the forced vibration to which its frequency and
amplitude was analyzed and determined.
EX NO: SINGLE ROTOR SYSTEM

AIM:
To find the natural frequency of the given single rotor system.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Single rotor system and stop watch.

SPECIFICATION:

Shaft diameter = 3.5mm

Distance between centres, L = 950mm

Radius of the disc = 100mm

La = 510mm, m = 600g, G = 8*109 N/m2

FORMULA USED:

Natural Frequency (Experimental) Fn = 1/T

Natural Frequency (Theoritical) Fn = 1/2π √GJ/LI

Time Period T = T/N

Moment Of Inertia I = Mr2/2 In Kg-M2, J = Π/32d4 In M4

PROCEDURE:
1. Select the rotor system.
2. Give a small twisting moment to rotor.
3. Start the stop watch and note down the time required for N oscillations.
4. repeat the experiment and do the model calculation.

TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No Weight Time Taken Time Natural Natural Averege

On The For 5 Period Frequency Frequency Frequency
Rotor Oscillations T (Exp) (The)

RESULT:

Thus the natural frequency of the given rotor system is determined.

EX NO: FORCED VIBRATION OF SPRING-MASS SYSTEM

AIM:
To calculate the natural frequency of a spring mass system

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Weights, Thread, Ruler, Stopwatch

DESCRIPTION:
The setup is designed to study the free or forced vibration of a spring mass system either
damped or undamped condition. It consists of a mild steel flat firmly fixed at one end through a
trunnion and in the other end suspended by a helical spring, the trunnion has got its bearings fixed
to a side member of the frame and allows the pivotal motion of the flat and hence the vertical
motion of a mass which can be mounted at any position along the longitudinal axes of the flat. The
mass unit is also called the exciter, and its unbalanced mass can create an excitational force during
the study of forced vibration experiment. The experiment consists of two freely rotating unbalanced
discs. The magnitude of the mass of the exciter can be varied by adding extra weight, which can be
screwed at the end of the exciter.

FORMULA USED

 Stiffness, k = load/deflection N/m

 Experimental natural frequency, fn (exp) =1/t Hz
 Theoretical natural frequency, fn (the) = 1/2√(g/) Hz

TABULATION:

Sl. Deflection Time taken for Time Experimental Theoretical

no  (mm) os5cillation period natural frequency, natural
t (sec) T (sec) fn(exp), Hz frequency
fn(the), Hz

PROCEDURE
1. To make the spring to oscillate for 5 times
2. Note the corresponding time taken for 5 oscillations and calculate time period
3. From the time period calculate experimental natural frequency

GRAPH:
 Load vs Deflection
 Load vs Theoretical natural frequency
 Load vs Experimental natural frequency

RESULT: Thus the natural frequency of forced vibration for a spring mass system were
determined and tabulated.
Exp No. GOVERNOR

AIM: To determine the speed and sensitivity of the given Governor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Governor set up. 2. Tachometer

FORMULA: WATT GOVERNOR

1. Speed, N = √(895/h) rpm h-sleeve lift

2. Sensitivity= N/N2-N1
N2-Maximum speed
N1-Minimum speed
N-Mean speed

FORMULA: PROELL GOVERNOR

N = √ FM/BM x (m+M/m) x 895/h.

Where,
FM/BM-proell link ratio =0.57.
M-mass of the sleeve assembly=2.25kg
m-mass of the ball = 0.092 kg.
h-sleeve lift
Sensitivity=N/N2-N1
N2-Maximum speed
N1-Minimum speed
N-Mean speed

FORMULA: PORTER GOVERNOR

1. Governor speed n = √ (m+M/m) * (895/h) rpm.

M-mass of the sleeve assembly =2.25 kg
h-sleeve lift
m-mass of the each ball=0.225 kg
2. Sensitivity= N/N2-N1
N-Mean speed
N2-Maximum speed
N1-Minimum speed

FORMULA: HARTNELL GOVERNOR

1. Governor speed n = √ (m+M/m) * (895/h) rpm.

M-mass of the sleeve assembly =2.25 kg h-sleeve lift
m-mass of the each ball=0.225 kg
2. Sensitivity= N/N2-N1
N-Mean speed
N2-Maximum speed
N1-Minimum speed
PROCEDURE:
1. The governor assembly is mounted over the spindle.
2. The motor is started and speed is adjusted. Speed is measured with the help of tachometer.
3. Due to this centrifugal force the sleeve will be rise, the speed and the sleeve height are
noted.
4. By using the formula the speed of the governor is calculated.
5. The experiment is repeated at different speed and force.

TABULATION:

Sl.no Type of Motor Sleeve lift Governor speed Sensitivity

governor speed (rpm) (h) (N)
(mm) (rpm)

RESULT:
At different motor speed the sleeve lift are noted and corresponding governor speed and
sensitivity are calculated.