Legal Studies XI

SmartSkills Sanskriti School
SMART SKILLS
2021-2022
LEGAL STUDIES
Page no 1 Class XI Legal Studies

LEGAL STUDIES- Class XI

INDEX
S. No Topic Page No.
1. Syllabus 5-9
2. Unit 1 10-20
3. Unit 2 21-26
4. Unit 3 27-29
5. Unit 4 30-38
6. Unit 5 39-40
7. Project 41
7. Sample Question Papers 42-56

LEGAL STUDIES Class XI
(Code No. 074)
Rationale
The Latin maxim ignorantia juris neminem excusat, in plain, which reads as ‘ignorance of law
is not an excuse’. This is one of the age old principles followed under the Roman Law and
even in our own Common Law. If every person of discretion is to know what law is, an
effort to teach law outside the remit of a professional law school may have significant social
benefits.
Law is a subject which has been traditionally taught in Universities for almost eight
centuries. Learning law outside the settings of a professional law school has a number of
perceived benefits. Some familiarity with law enhances one’s understanding of public
affairs and an awareness of one’s entitlements and duties as a citizen. It may also be helpful
in eliminating some of the mistaken notions about law and some of the inveterate
prejudices about law, lawyers and the legal system as such. Another advantage is that an
understanding of law can undoubtedly encourage talented students to pursue a career in
law – an objective which is laudable in its own right.
The pitfalls of learning law outside the settings of a professional school are rooted in two
key assumptions:
(1) law is too vast and complicated to be taught in a non-professional setting;
(2) the lack of professional trainers and experienced teachers could lead to incorrect
appreciation and understanding of law. If an understanding of law is mis-formed or
ill-formed as some academicians think, it may require greater efforts to unlearn whatever
was learnt earlier. Both these criticisms have attracted detailed scrutiny, but at least a few
countries have introduced law at the High School level.
The experience of countries that have introduced law has been by and large optimistic. The
Central Board of Secondary Education is introducing Legal Studies at the Class XI level.
The proposal is to introduce one module in Class XI and a second module in Class XII.

Objectives
● To provide a background of the evolution of the Indian legal system in a short and
concise form.
● To focus on the applicability of justice, equity and good conscience and more
importantly the development of Common Law system in India.
● To provide exposure on various systems of law such as Common Law, Civil Law,
Hindu Law, Islamic Law etc.
● To develop an understanding of the essential features of the Indian Constitution,

including the role and importance of Fundamental Rights, Separation of Powers,
Structure and operation of Courts, concept of precedent in judicial functioning, the
process of legislation, basic principles of statutory interpretation, etc.
● To deal with principles of practical utility such as the concept of Rule of Law,
principles of justice, differences between criminal and civil cases, the concept of
crime and the fundamental theories of punishment, rights available to the accused at
various stages of the criminal investigative process, or the key components of
Human Rights, etc.
● To understand the fundamental concept and subject matter of property, contract and
tort.
● To understand the rudimentary aspects of contract law such as formation of

contract, terms and conditions, discharge, etc.
● To enables students to form an understanding of rights and duties and various

categories of liability principles which form the bedrock for an understanding of
Law.
Competencies expected after this course
Students will be able to
i. acquire knowledge of legal theory, laws, legal procedure, drafting,

interpretation and application of laws;
ii. identify legal issues from facts, differentiate between ratio decidendi and obiter
dicta;
iii. ask relevant, detailed, and probing questions to understand the differences
among facts, opinions, analyse judgments and recognize and meaningfully
respond to legal fallacies;

iv. apply the law, and draw conclusions by applying analytical reasoning;
v. apply knowledge and understanding of law, legal theory and procedure to

solve legal problems;
vi. evaluate, seek feedback and modify solutions to legal problems;
vii. carry out low scale legal research;
viii. acquire values such as justice, fairness, openness, honesty, integrity, respect for
diversity, and respect for the rule of law; and
ix. prepare themselves for pursuing higher education in the field of Law
Class XI (2021–22)
One Paper Time: 3hrs. Marks: 100
S Units Periods Marks
1 Theory and Nature of Political Institutions 40 15
2 Nature and Sources of Law 45 15

Historical Evolution of the Indian Legal
3 System 45 10
Judiciary: Constitutional, Civil and
4 Criminal Courts and 45 20
Processes
5 Family Justice System 45 20
6 Project 20 20
Total 240 100

Contents:
S No Unit Topics
1 Theory and Nature of Political i. Concept of State and Nation

Institutions ii. Organs of Government
iii. Separation of Powers
iv. Basic features of the Constitution of India
Nature and meaning of

2 Nature and Sources of Law i. law
ii. Classification of Law
Sources of
iii. Law
iv. Law Reform
Historical Evolution of the

3 Indian i. Ancient Indian Law
Legal System ii. Administration of Justice in British India
iii. Making of the Indian Constitution
Judiciary: Constitutional, Civil

4 and i. Constitution: Roles and Impartiality
Criminal Courts and Processes ii. Hierarchy of Courts
The Civil Court
iii. Structure
Structure and functioning of Criminal
iv. Courts in
India
v. Other Courts in India
5 Family Justice System i. Introduction

ii. Institutional Framework

iii. Marriage and Divorce

iv. Children
v. Domestic Violence
vi. Property, Succession & Inheritance
6 Project on Unit 2
Legal Studies
DESIGN OF THE QUESTION PAPER -CLASS XI (2021-22)

Max. Marks:
Time : 3 Hours 80
S. Competencies Total %
No. Marks Weightage
1 Remembering and Understanding 30 37.5
Exhibit memory of previously learned material by recalling
facts, terms, basic concepts, and answers. Demonstrate
understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing,
translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating main
ideas
2 Applying 24 30
Solve problems to new situations by applying acquired
knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way.
3 Analysing, Evaluating and Creating: 26 32.5

Examine and break information into parts by identifying
motives or causes.

Make inferences and find evidence to support, generalizations,

Present and defend opinions by making judgments about
information, validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set
of criteria. Compile information together in a different way by
combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative
solutions
Total 80 100
No chapter wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters
Choice(s):
There will be no overall choice in the question paper. However, 33% internal choices will be
given in all the sections
Internal Assessment
A Project based internal assessment of twenty marks will be done as indicated above

Unit I- Theory and Nature of Political Institutions

Chapter 1- Concept of Nation and state
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this chapter, we will be able to:
• Explain the meaning of Society and State and define the term ‘State’
• Describe the theories of the origin of State
• Identify different types of States
• List the different elements of a State
• Recognize the role of a State
• Describe the concept of a Nation
• Resolve a given problem- case study
1. Fill in the blanks:

a. _________________ is described as society politically organized.
b. _______________________, in his work, An Introduction to politics, defines state as a
territorial society, divided into government and subjects claiming within its allotted
physical area having supremacy over other associations.
c. Primitive Australian tribes were divided into tribes known as
________________________.
d. Patriarchal Theory finds support from __________________, who explained that the
state developed out of the family as a legitimate legal system developed out of the
unrestrained autocracy of the family head.
e. According to _______________________ theory, state is governed by God or some
super human power or the king as his agent and the religious scriptures. This theory
adds ____________ character to state functions.
f. The literary work, Leviathan was written by____________________________
One markers
2. Define society.
3. What is state?
4. How does Aristotle define State?
5. Name the three proponents of Social contract Theory.
6. What is the basic premise of the Social Contract Theory?

7. Who governed the people according to Rousseau, after they entered into Social Contract?
8. What is a Modern welfare state?
9. What is the ideal type of state as viewed by modern liberals and democratic socialists?
Two Markers
10. What is the criticism of the Patriarchal and Matriarchal theories?
11. What are the five theories on the origin of State? Name the political philosophers
who propounded/supported these theories.
12. What were Aristotle and Montesquieu’s opinions on the size of the territory of a
state?
Four Markers
13. Compare the state of nature as given by Hobbes and Locke.
14. What are the two types of contracts that individual entered into, according to
Locke’s social contract theory. Describe each briefly.
15. Write a short note on the concept of a nation.
Five Markers
16. Describe the social contract theory as explained by Thomas Hobbes. Why has it been
criticized?
17. What are the various types of state according to their origin? Explain each briefly.
18. ‘Garner’s definition of state contains all the elements of the state’- What is the
definition of state as given by Garner? What are the four elements of state? Describe
each briefly.
Six Markers
19. Describe the classification of states according to their role.
20. Compare the social contract theory as given by Hobbbes, Locke and Rousseau.

Unit 1
Chapter 1
1. State is usually described as _______________________________.
2. When a society is governed by common set of laws, rules, regulations, and obey a
supreme authority, it qualifies for being a _________________.
3. Machiavelli, in his book _________________ defined state 'as the power which has
authority over men'.
4. The earliest advocate of the theory of kinship is _____________.
5. According to _________________ Theory, in the origin and development of State, the
eldest male descendant of the family had an important role to play.
6. The _________________ Theory traces the existence of the State to the mutual
agreement and mutual consent of the people, to form a State. ___________________,
______________________ and _____________________ are the three political
philosophers who propounded this theory.
7. The Romans established a form of government - _______________ - that inspired
several countries for centuries.
8. The Roman State passed through three different periods:
a. _______________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________
9. The decline of the Roman Empire can be attributed to reasons such as

a. _________________________________________
b. _________________________________________
c. _________________________________________
d. _________________________________________

10. The state must possess four elements, namely,

______________________,
______________________
______________________ and
______________________.
Presently _____________________ is also considered as an essential element of the
state. That implies the recognition of the sovereignty of the state over a given
territory and population by other states.
11. Andrew Heywood classifies the role of the State based on the functions or
responsibilities which are fulfilled by the state into:
a. _____________________
b. _____________________
c. _____________________
d. _____________________
e. _____________________
f. _____________________
12. A _______________ is a people descended from a common stock with homogeneous

factors. It means a people brought together by the ties of blood relationship.

Unit 1
Chapter 2- Organs of the Govt.:
Learning Outcomes:
• Summarize Aristotle’s view on Forms of Government
• Explain with examples the various forms of Government: Monarchy, Aristocracy,
Dictatorship, Democracy
• Compare and Interpret the three essential functions of the Government i.e.
Legislative, Executive and Judiciary
• Compare the Presidential and Parliamentary system of Government
• Define Unitary and Federal Forms of Government
• Differentiate between Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures with examples.
1. Aristotle’s classification of states was based on two aspects:
a. _________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________
2. ______________________ is a form of political regime in which the supreme and final

authority is in the hands of a single person wearing a crown, irrespective of whether
his office is hereditary or elective.
3. In ______________________ form of government, political powers of the state is

vested in the hands of a few people.
4. _____________________ form of Government is the most popular form in the
modern civilized states.
5. Explain:
a. Initiative
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b. Referendum
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c. Plebiscite
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6. In ________________________ system the legislature and the executive are related to

each other, by way of membership in the two bodies and their accountability. The
_________________________, while implementing laws and discharging its
responsibilities like health, education, food and public distribution, defence, police
services etc., is responsible to the ______________________.
7. In the ______________________ system, executive branch of the government is

independent of the legislature for its tenure and actions.
8. Indian Parliament is a ______________________ legislature, its houses being the

________________________________ and _______________________________.
9. In United Kingdom, the legislative houses are known by the names of

__________________ and ___________________________.
10. Legislative Acts are classified as
a. ____________________________
b. ____________________________
c. ____________________________ and
d. ____________________________

11. The Indian legislature enacted the _____________________________________ with

the purpose of protecting the interest of consumers and the speedy settlement of
their disputes.
12. A Bill can be introduced either by a Minister, when it is called a
_______________________; or a member other than a Minister, when it is known as a
____________________________.
13. Write short notes on
a. Monarchy
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b. Democracy
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c. Unitary and federal form of govt.
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14. Explain the role of

a. Legislature
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b. Executive
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Unit 1
Chapter 3- Separation of Powers
Learning Outcomes:
• Define the concept and enumerate the requirements for Separation of Powers
• State the meaning of Separation of Powers as explained by Wade and Phillips
• Analyze the Historical Background and reasons for origin of Separation of Powers
• Interpret Montesquieu’s Doctrine of Separation of Powers-Enumerate its Historical
Background; List its Basic Features,
• Explain Checks and Balances of Power, and Impact of the Doctrine
• Critique the Merits/Benefits and Defects of the Doctrine
• Make a presentation on the form of government and separation of powers as it exists
in Britain, USA and India
1. In the words of Wade and Phillips (Constitutional Law, 1960), separation of powers
may mean three different things:
a. ___________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
2. Aristotle in his treatise Politics called the three organs of the government as
___________________, _____________________ and _____________________
3. During his time, Montesquieu saw the oppressive and despotic rule of
________________________.
4. The doctrine of the separation of powers emerged as a distinct doctrine in
Montesquieu’s famous book _____________________________________published in
1748.
5. The system of checking the encroachment of powers by each organ and thus
balancing the division of powers is termed as the system of
________________________________.
6. Explain the impact of the doctrine of Separation of Powers.
7. What is the meaning of Checks and Balances?
8. What are the powers of the President of the United States of America.

9. Explain the interpretation of Separation of Powers as given by Wade and Philips.

10. How did the United States Constitution distribute the powers among the different
organs?
11. What changes were brought in by the Constitutional reforms Act, 2005?
12. Explain the historical origin of the doctrine of Separation of Powers.
13. What does Article 368 deal with?
14. Draw a diagram to explain the separation of powers in USA.
15. Explain separation of powers as it exists in
a. United States of America
b. Britain
c. India

Unit 1
Chapter 4- Constitutional Framework of India
Learning Outcomes:
• Define the term Constitution and explain its meaning
• Describe the historical perspective of Indian Constitution; Interpret the

limited governing rights granted to Indians
• Comment upon the Constituent Assembly and The Indian Independence Act,
1947 enacted to frame the constitution of India
• Comment upon the Salient Features of the Constitution of India that includes
Preamble to the Constitution, Fundamental Rights,
• Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principle of State Policy.
• Make a presentation on various writs that can be issued by the Supreme

Court/ High Courts to protect the Fundamental Rights of Citizens
• Describe Constitutional Provision for Amendment of the Indian Constitution

and critique with relevant case studies how the basic structure of the
Constitution cannot be amended.
• Comment on Article 370
• Define adult suffrage and identify the related articles of the Constitution of
India.
• Explain citizenship as given under the Constitution of India.
• Comment upon independence of Judiciary.
• Identify the 12 schedules to the Constitution of India.
1. What is the meaning of the term Constitution? What are the distinctive features of
the constitution of a state?
2. “The Government of India Act, 1935 has provided the administrative details and
language to the provisions of the constitution”. Elaborate.
3. What are writs? Why are they used? Name the various types of writs and also give
the purpose of their issue.

4. What is the significance of Article 370?

5. What is the significance of Preamble to the Indian Constitution
6. Briefly discuss the system of prerogative writs in India.
7. Write short notes on:
a. Fundamental Rights
b. Directive principles of state policy
c. Constitutional provision for the amendment of the constitution
d. Single citizenship
e. The Indian Independence Act
a. _______________________ argued that in the absence of Constitution, there will
be reign of anarchy.
b. The literal meaning of the writ _______________________ is ‘by what authority’.
c. Part XV of the constitution contains provisions on
______________________________
d. Supreme Court, in the case_________________________________, held that
Sovereign denotes that India is not subject to
9. What was the significance of using the word ‘Union’ instead of ‘Federation’ in article
1(1) of the constitution of India?
10. Describe the subject matter of the 12 schedules to the Constitution of India.

UNIT 2- Nature and Sources of Laws

CHAPTER 1
NATURE AND MEANING OF LAW
Learning Outcomes:
• Critique Spelucean Explorers Case

• Define Law
• Explain the historical perspective of law i.e. different approaches towards laws since
ancient time by noted philosophers/jurists
• Compare the Five schools of law i.e. Natural, Analytical, Historical, Sociological and
Realist
• Comment on the need for law in a society and explain its function and purpose.
• List the distinguishing features and sources of law for each school;
• Comment on the need for law in society and explain its function and purpose.
1. Write a short note on
a. The Case of the Speluncean Explorers.
b. Justitia, the Roman Goddess of Justice
c. Sir Henry James Sumner Maine
d. Themis, the Greek Goddess of Justice
2. Define Law. How has Aristotle defined Law?
3. What is the central idea behind Natural Law theory?
4. Why were the principles of Natural law rejected by Positivists like Bentham and
Austin?
5. The principle of natural justice encompasses two rules. Name them and give their
meaning.
6. What is Volksgeist?
7. Compare the views of Finnis and Fuller.
8. State the two important principles of Natural Justice.
9. Who propounded the Utilitarian principle? What does it mean?

10. What were the main features of the sociological school according to Roscoe Pound?
11. What were main criticisms against the sociological school of Law?
12. Who introduced the concept of Social Engineering? What does it mean?
13. What were the major criticisms of the Realist school?
14. Name the various schools of Law, their main proponents and the main features of
each school.
15. List some of the major functions and purposes of Law.

UNIT 2 CHAPTER 2
CLASSIFICATION OF LAW
Learning Outcomes:
• Identify the purpose of classification of Laws
• Classify the Laws into International and Municipal Laws and explain them
• Classify International and Municipal Laws further into Public and Private laws
respectively and explain them.
1. Law may be broadly divided into which two classes in terms of its usage?
2. What are the two classes of International Law? Describe each briefly.
3. Describe the three main branches of Public Law.
4. What is Municipal Law?
5. Why is classification of law important?
6. What does Criminal Law deal with? Why is it considered a part of public law?
7. What do you understand by the term private law? How has private law been
classified?
8. What is a contract? What are the essential elements of a valid contract?

Unit 2
Chapter 3- Sources of Law
Learning Outcomes:
• Identify various sources of Law
• Describe the need for classification of laws
• Classify the sources of law into Formal and Material sources of law
• Critique on the three main sources of law- Customs, Legislation and Judicial
Precedent
• Explain how Custom is an important source of law
• Describe the essential tests laid down by Jurist/ courts for customs to be recognized
as sources of law
• Comment on the importance of custom as a source of law in India
• Critique on the developments relating to property rights of women in India
• Explain judicial precedent as a source of law;
• Compare the 2 parts of judicial decisions- Ratio decidendi and Obiter dicta
• Describe the historical evolution of Hierarchy of courts in British India
• List the hierarchy of Criminal/ Civil Court Post-independence in India
• Comment on ‘Do judges make law? Compare the two views of jurists on this issue
• Critique the role of judiciary in law making in India;
• Explain why Legislation is the most important source of law
• List and Define different kinds of legislation
1. Salmond, an English Jurist, has classified sources of law into the following
categories:
a. ______________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________
2. The three major sources of law can be identified in any modern society are as
follows:
a. _________________
b. _________________
c. _________________
3. The word __________________ means "Seven steps" and is an example of custom as
a source of Law.

4. Define Custom.
5. Do judges make law? Elaborate.
6. Explain the main categories into which custom has been divided.
7. Name the six essentials of a valid custom.
8. What is the meaning of Judicial Precedent?
9. Explain the hierarchy of courts in India.
10. What is the difference between the will of people and will of the sovereign.
11. What are the two parts into which judicial decisions can be divided?
12. Was there a hierarchy of courts in British India?
13. Write a short note on the Judicial Committee of Privy Council.
14. Discuss legislation as a source of law.
15. Draw a flow chart explaining the types of Legislation.

UNIT 2
CHAPTER 4
LAW REFORMS
Learning Outcomes:
• Explain the meaning and need of law reform
• Comment upon the law reforms in India in pre and post independent India
• Comment on the various British administrators who played a crucial role in
improving the Civil and Criminal system in pre- independent India
• Describe the major milestone in law reform in pre-independent India due to the
establishment of various ‘Law Commission’
• List the major contribution of Law Commissions in India.
1. What do you understand by the term ‘Law Reform’?

2. Law reform is not a one-time process but a tedious and gradual process. Explain.
3. What are the two periods into which law reforms can be classified?
a. ______________________ a British Army officer and colonial administrator,
who served as a civil and military governor in India, is known for his
contribution to the policy for the Permanent Settlement.
b. ________________________, a British statesman, who served as Governor
General of India from 1828 to 1835, played crucial roles in improving the Civil
and Criminal Justice System in pre-independent India.
c. The first Law Commission in the British Raj was established in the year
___________ under the Charter Act of 1833, under the Chairmanship of
____________________________________.
d. After Independence, the constitution under Article ___________________,
recognized the pre-constitutional laws.
e. The Government of India constituted the First Law Commission of
independent India under the chairmanship of the then Attorney General,
_______________________.
5. What were the major contributions of the Law commissions in pre independence
India?

Unit 3- Historical Evolution Of The Indian Legal System
Chapter 1- Ancient Indian Law

Learning Outcomes:
• comment on Hindu Law
• describe Classical Hindu Law
• explain Dharma and list the Sources of Hindu Law or Dharma
• describe Dharmashastra
• comment upon Anglo- Hindu Law and identify its phases
To critique Modern Hindu Law

1. What is Dharma? How is it different from the modern understanding of law?
2. Define Law and list the three major sources of law.
3. What are the three categories of Hindu Law?
4. Discuss in brief the topics covered in the Dharmashastras.
5. What were the main sources of Dharma?
6. Differentiate between commentaries and digests.
7. How are Dharmasutras different from Dharmashastras? List some important

examples of each.
8. What were the two main phases in Anglo Hindu Law?
9. Name the four major legislations adopted by the Parliament in 1955-56 that
governed the family and personal matters of Hindus.
10. How did the Dharmashastra tradition lose its relevance?


Chapter 2- Administration of Justice in British India
Learning Outcomes:
• describe the administration of justice in British India

• comment on the evolution of courts in British India
• critique the establishment of Mayor Courts
• explain the Regulating Act of 1773
• comment on the defects of the Regulating Act of 1773
• comment on the Law Reforms in British India
• explain the Charter of 1861
• describe the establishment of Federal Court
• explain Advisory Jurisdiction
• comment on the establishment of other High Courts and Supreme Court
• explain the Legal Profession in India.
1. What is the meaning of the term ‘Justice, equity and Good Conscience’?
2. What is the meaning of Lex Loci?
3. Write a short note on the Act of 1773. What were the defects of this Act?
4. How does the charter issued by King George in 1726 mark an important
development in the Indian Legal History?
5. Which courts were established subsequent to the Charter of 1726? Write a short note.
6. What were the Recordrs’ courts?
7. What were the Choultry courts? Where did they exist?
8. Write a short note on Privy Council.
9. Explain the historical evolution of Indian Courts.
10. Who all can practice Law in India?


Chapter 3- Making of the Indian Constitution
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this chapter, we will be able to
• Explain Constituent Assembly
• Describe the sources of the Constitution
• Comment on the Indian Constitution
1. How was the Constituent Assembly formed? What was its purpose?
2. What are the three sources that the framers of the Constitution referred to draft the
Indian Constitution? Briefly describe them.
3. What was the objectives’ resolution?
4. Briefly describe the theme, philosophy and the spirit on which the Indian
Constitution was drafted.
5. How are the Fundamental Rights different from the Directive principles of State
Policy?
6. What is Bicameral Legislature? How is the Indian legislature Bicameral?
7. How is the legislative authority divided between the centre and the state?
8. When can the President of India proclaim a state of emergency? What happens
during such a situation?
9. How are the jurisdictions of Supreme Court, High Courts and Subordinate Courts
similar or different from each other?
10. Why would one term the Indian Constitution a ‘Living Document’?

Unit 4- Judiciary - Constitutional, Civil and Criminal Courts And Processes
Learning outcomes:
• Understand Independence and Impartiality of the Supreme Court
• Become familiar with the Structure and Hierarchy of the Courts in India
• Gain knowledge regarding Appointment, Retirement and Removal of Judges of
High Courts
• Gain knowledge regarding Appointment, Retirement and Removal of Subordinate
Court Judges
• Understand the civil process and functioning of civil courts
• Become familiar with the Civil Court Structure
• Study about Decree, Judgment and Order
• Explain the structure and functioning of Criminal courts in India
• Become familiar with the criminal process- investigation, Inquiry and Trial
• Understand about Warrant, Summons and Summary Trials
• Gain knowledge about Bailable and non-bailable Offences
• Explain about: Anticipatory Bail, Cognizable and non- cognizable Offences
• Familiarize with the Doctrine of autrefois acquit and auterfois convict
• Understand the function and Role of Police
• Criminal Investigations and First Information Report (FIR)
• Understand other courts in India i.e.: Family Courts and Administrative Tribunals
1. Explain the meaning of the term ‘Basic Structure”. When was it first used?
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2. Discuss the
(a) appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
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(b) Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court with relevant Case laws
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3. How has the constitution of India ensured the independence of the Judiciary?
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4. Write a short note on The Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
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5. Explain the terms Decree, Judgment and order, and highlight the difference between
the three.
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6. What are the three stages to be followed for the administration of Criminal justice in
India?
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7. What are two types of criminal trials?
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8. What are six distinct stages of a criminal trial?
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9. Define Warrant Case. Which section of CrPC, 1973 defines it?
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10. Differentiate between
(a) Bailable and non Bailable offences,
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(b) Cognizable and non-Cognizable offences
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11. Write a short note on
(a) FIR,
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(b) Anticipatory Bail.

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12. What are the rights of an arrested person?
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13. Discuss the doctrine of Autrefois acquit and autrefois convict, giving the relevant
provisions of the Constitution of India and CrPC, 1973.
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14. Write a short note on Adminstrative Tribunals in India.
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15. At what age does criminal liability arise according to the IPC, 1860? Explain.
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16. Which principles of interpretation of Law are invoked by the Supreme Court to
examine laws to see whether they fall within the allotted legislative domain of the
enacting legislature?
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17. What are the two grounds on which Supreme Court can strike down any piece of
legislation?
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18. Write a short note on Supreme Court and Judicial review.
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19. Can the Supreme Court review its own judgment? Explain.

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20. Define judgment. Differentiate between a decree and judgment.
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21. Write a short note on the hierarchy and categories of Criminal courts in India.
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UNIT 5- FAMILY JUSTICE SYSTEM

Learning Objectives:
• Understand the emergence of personal laws in India.

• Describe the constitution, emergence and need for family courts in India.
• Differentiate between the concept of Endogamy and exogamy
• Identify the essentials of a valid marriage, concept of void and voidable marriage as
provided for under various religious laws.
• Analyse the various theories of divorce.
• Identify and differentiate between the various rights of child.
• Enumerate the international legal framework around violence against women and
explain the various provisions of Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act,
2005.
• Analyse the concept of property, inheritance and succession under various religious
laws.
1. Who introduced the uniform criminal law in India for the first time with the idea of
equality before law of both Hindus and Muslims? Did he also introduce the same in
matters of personal law?
2. Give two reasons why the system of court Hindu Pandits and Muslim jurists was
abolished after 1864.
3. What were the three means of development of Anglo Hindu personal law and Anglo
Islamic personal law during the British rule?
4. Give some examples of gender inequality existing in the present day Hindu Family
Law and Islamic Family Law.
5. What were goals of the Family courts which were created after the enactment of
Family Courts Act, 1984?
6. Write a short note on the Family Courts Act, 1984
7. Name the relevant statutes that come within the purview of Family Courts Act, 1984.
8. What is the meaning of Amicus Curiae? Explain his role in Family Courts.
9. In which situation can a person approach the court for restitution of Conjugal rights?
10. How is marriage a (a) Social Union, (b) Legal Union
11. Explain the concept of endogamy and exogamy with examples.

12. Enumerate the conditions for a valid Hindu Marriage.

13. Distinguish between void and voidable marriage. Give the three grounds for a void
marriage, and four grounds of voidable marriage.
14. Write a short note on Fasid marriage.
15. What are the grounds of void marriage in Muslim Law?
16. What are the grounds for obtaining a decree of nullity of marriage under the Indian
Divorce Act, 1869?
17. In which situation can a declaration as to nullity of marriage be obtained under the
Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936?
18. What is Divorce? What are the different theories of Divorce?
19. Has ir-retrievable breakdown of marriage been included as a ground for divorce in
the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955? What steps are being taken to include it as a ground?
20. What are the grounds for divorce under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955?
21. Describe the matrimonial rights and obligations conferred as a result of marriage.
22. What are the salient features of the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory
Education Act, 2009?
23. How does the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child embody the
Rights Perspective?
24. How has the Supreme Court described Right to shelter in decided cases?
25. Explain the concept of de-jure and de-facto guardian.
26. Describe the legislative steps taken internationally and in India for the elimination of
child labour.
27. Explain the terms (a) Child in need of care and protection (b) Child in conflict with
law
28. What are the laws in India on violence against women?
29. Write a short note on Protection of women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
30. What is the meaning of inheritance?
31. Which legislation governs intestate succession among Christians?
32. What are the set of standards delivered by Supreme Court in Vishakha Case, which
are now referred to as Vishakha guidelines? Discuss, giving a brief background of
the case.

Project
Learning Outcomes:
On completion of the Project, we will be able to
• Learn research skills

• Differentiate between Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dicta.
• Present facts in an organised manner.
A Project based internal assessment of twenty marks will be completed in term 2 class 11.

Academic Session: 2020--21

Annual Examination
Subject: Legal Studies
Class XI
Time::3Hours Max Marks: 80
M.M.
Part A- Objective Type Questions
1. This is an order issued by the court to prevent a person from holding office to 1
which he is not entitled and to oust him from that office.
a. Habeas Corpus
b. Prohibition
c. Quo warranto
d. Mandamus
2. The word juvenile has emerged from the latin word Juvenilis, which means 1
a. Belonging to teenager
b. Belonging to adolescent
c. Belonging to youth
d. Belonging to adult
3. The need to establish family courts was first emphasized by 1
a. Smt Amrita Kaur

b. Smt Durga Bai Deshmukh
c. Justice M C Chagla
d. Justice P B Gajendragadkar
4. The Supreme Court has concurrent original jurisdiction along with the High 1
Courts, for:
a. Disputes between Central and state Government
b. The enforcement of fundamental rights under Article 32 of the Constitution
of India.
c. Give advice to the President
d. Hear criminal cases
5. Which of the following statements regarding ‘Fasid’ is NOT true? 1
a. It is a concept of irregular marriage under Muslim Law.

b. A Fasid Marriage is a void marriage
c. It is recognized only by Sunnis and not by the Shia sect.
d. A fasid marriage can become valid if the defect is cured.
6 The maxim pouvoirartere le pouvoir means 1
a. Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.

b. Power halts power.

c. Separation of Powers
d. Checks and Balances of Power
7 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was passed by the 1
Parliament in 2009. Which of the following is NOT provided by the Act?
a. All children should get education irrespective of their economic condition
b. Children should be free to decide whether they want education or not
c. The financial burden for the implementation is to be shared by state and
the central government
d. 25% reservation for economically disadvantaged communities in all
private and minority schools.
8 What is the “formal expression of an adjudication which so far regards the court 1
expressing it, conclusively determines the rights of the parties with regard to all or
any of the matters in controversy in the suit and may be either preliminary or
final”?
a. Order
b. Decree
c. Judgment
d. Admission
9 1
Rajat committed the offence of bigamy, which has a maximum punishment of 5
years. Under which category does bigamy fall:
a. Bailable offence
b. Cognizable
c. Non Cognizable
d. Non cognizable and bailable
10 Neelu and Naveen were married for 10 years but due to certain issues between 1
them, they no longer wished to stay together. Neelu suggests that they should stay
separately for at least one year and then move a joint petition for divorve. This is:
a. Fault theory
b. Guilt theory
c. Divorce by mutual consent
d. Divorve by irretrievable breakdown
11. The first Law Commission of Independent India was constituted under the 1
chairmanship of
a. Justice H J Kania
b. M C setalvad
c. Thomas Babington Macaulay
d. D K Jain
12. Sonu and his friend Mantu, both 12 years old, were working in a firecracker 1
factory in Madhya Pradesh. Upon knowing about this, the state govt took steps to
withdraw them from work and enrolled them in a special school set up for the

children withdrawn from work. Identify the scheme which envisaged the setting
up of these special schools.
a. National Child Labour Project, 1988
b. National Policy on Child Labour 1987
c. International Programme on elimination of Child Labour, 1992
d. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986
13 Section 438 of the CrPC enables the superior courts to grant _________________ 1
a. Bail
b. Warrant
c. Anticipatory Bail
d. Anticipatory Warrant
14 The support services envisaged under the Protection of Women from Domestic 1
Violence Act 2005, do NOT include
a. Legal aid
b. Counseling
c. Reconciliation
d. Medical Assistance
15 What does the seventh Schedule to the Constitution of India provide for? 1
a. List of States and Union Territories of India.
b. Allocation of seats in Council of states.
c. Subject matters of three lists regarding division of legislative power.
d. Powers, authority and responsibilities of panchayats.
16 Migrant labourer, Beliram while walking from Delhi to UP during lockdown, 1
picked up a cycle from a house as he found it difficult to carry his handicapped
son. He left a note telling the circumstances in which he was compelled to take
away the cycle.
a. Beliram has committed no crime as he had the motive to carry his
handicapped son.
b. Beliram has committed crime as he did a prohibited act willfully and
knowingly.
c. Beliram has committed no crime as he had good intention when he took
away the cycle.
d. None of the above statements are true.
17 The Constitution of India holds the distinction of being one of the lengthiest 4
Constitutions in the world. On August 15, 1947, after the last Viceroy of
British-India Lord Louis Mountbatten declared India and Pakistan as two
independent countries, the Constituent Assembly continued with its mandate to
create the new Constitution for India.
1. ________ has been termed as the principal architect of the Indian
Constitution.
a. Dr Rajendra Prasad
b. Jawahar Lal Nehru
c. Sardar Patel

d. Dr B R Ambedkar
2. The Objectives resolution, which was one of teh sources of the Constitution
of India, was drafted by
a. Dr B R Ambedkar
b. A O Hume
c. Jawahar Lal Nehru
d. Mahatma Gandhi
3. What was the foundation document or the base text for the Constitution of
India?
a. Govt. of India Act, 1919
b. Govt of India Act, 1935
c. Objectives Resolution
d. Indian Independence Act, 1947
4. The Constitutions of other countries were mostly used with respect to two
chapters of the Constitution of India. Identify them.
a. Union and its Territories, Citizenship
b. Panchayats, Fundamental Rights
c. Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy
d. Elections, Directive Principles of State Policy
18 In the 4th century BC, the great Greek philosopher Aristotle made the first attempt 4
to describe the political organizations of his time. In the absence of a clear-cut line
of difference between state and government, Aristotle called it classification of
states.
1. As per Aristotle’s classification of states, ----------------- form implies that the
ruling power is exercised for the self-interest of the rulers.
a. Normal
b. Perverted
c. Monarchy
d. Ideal
2. According to Aristotle, tyranny, in its normal form, would be
a. Monarchy
b. Dictatorship
c. Aristocracy
d. Democracy
3. The Normal form of govt, where the ruling power is in the hands of a few
people, would be regarded as
a. Oligarchy
b. Democracy
c. Aristocracy
d. Monarchy
4. Aristotle has justified __________ as the best form of government.
a. Monarchy
b. Aristocracy
c. Polity
d. Democracy

Part B- Subjective Type Questions
19 What should be the status of a valid custom with regard to legislation? Explain 2
with reference to essentials of a valid custom.
20. Nicole, a German born in and living in Germany, met Viraam, an Indian living in 2
India, in a virtual office space and they decided to get married. Identify and
explain the category of International law which would be applicable in the given
situation.
21 Name the two legislations that deal with ownership and transfer of the two types 2
of properties.
22 Giving suitable examples,advantages and disadvantages, give the main points of 2

differences between a unicameral legislature and Bicameral legislature.
23 What does Anglo-Hindu Law stand for? What are the two time periods into which 4
Anglo-Hindu Law has been divided?
24 Discuss Separation of Powers as it exists in Britain. 4
25 What are Dharmashastras? Discuss the topics covered in Dharmashastras. 4
26 ‘Delegated legislation is sometimes considered as a necessary evil’. Comment. 4
27 Sumit and Suhaani want to get married as per Hindu traditions. Advise them on 4
the essentials of a valid marriage as per Hindu marriage laws.
28 In 2005, the Indian parliament adopted the Protection of Women from Domestic 4
Violence Act (PWDVA).
a. What is the objective of the PWDVA?
b. What are the two main concerns addressed by the PWDVA?
c. Identify the legislation which was created with the objective of serving as a
drafting guide for comprehensive legislation on domestic violence at State
levels.
29. 6
Identify and explain the type of jurisdiction being exercised by the Supreme Court in
the given situations:
A. Conflict between states regarding the forest area within their jurisdictions.
B. Ms. Meena filed an appeal in the Supreme Court under Article 132
C. President wants to seek the advice of the Supreme Court on a question
having legal consequences of public importance.
30. 6
Sumit a victim of harrassment went to the police station to register his FIR. The
Officer in charge was not present at that time. Answer the following questions:
A. If the Officer in charge is not present, identify the competent authority to

register his FIR.

B. State 6 salient features of FIR

C. What happens if any person gives information to an officer in charge of a
police station of the commission of a non-cognizable offence?
31. Trace the law reforms in Pre and Post Independent India. 6
32. Explain the distinction between 6

a. Intention and Motive
b. Compoundable and non compoundable offences

Academic Session: 2019-20

First Term Examination
Subject- Legal Studies
M/2
Time: 3 Hours MM- 80
General Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory.

2. Section A- Questions from 1 – 4 has 20 Objective type questions.
3. Section B - Questions from 5 – 12 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not
exceed 40 words each.
4. Section C- Questions from 13 – 17 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not
5. Section D- Questions from 18 – 21 are of 6 marks each. The answers to these questions should not
SECTION A
1 Fill in the Blanks:
a. In S R Bommai vs. UOI, it was held that the principal aim of 1

_________________ is to eliminate inequality of income, status, standards of
life and to provide a decent standard of life to working people.
b. __________________ is a form of Government where there is rule by a single 1
person who controls and exercises the political powers of the state and
occupies the position by force, invasion, intervention or militarism.
c. _____________ is a famous hypothetical legal case used in the study of law, 1
written by Lon Fuller in 1949 for the Harvard Law Review.
d. __________ states believe that a laissez-faire approach to the economy is most 1
likely to lead to economic prosperity.
e. __________________________school of law asserts that there is an essential 1
connection between law and morality.
2. Answer the following in one word/one sentence each:

a. Name the textual hermeneutics used by the Dharmashastra tradition to 1
interpret its texts.
b. What was characterized as 'volksgeist' by Georg Friedrich Puchta? 1
c. Explain the meaning of Law reform. 1
d. Name the two parts into which Realist school can be divided. 1
e When was the Congress party formed and by whom? What was the main 1

objective behind its formation?
3. Multiple Choice Questions

a. Which of the following is NOT a source of Dharma? 1
i. Smriti
ii. Customs
iii. Veda
iv. Achara
b. The maxim Nemo judex in causa sua means 1
i. Hear the other party
ii. Ignorance of law is no excuse
iii. No one should be a judge in his own cause
iv. No one should be a judge in others’ cause
c. Which of the following jusrists was NOT a proponent of sociological school? 1
i. Roscoe Pound
ii. Eugene Ehrlich
iii. Léon Duguit
iv. Jeremy Bentham
d. India has a recorded legal history starting from the_________________ period 1
i. Mughal Period
ii. Vedic Period
iii. British Period
iv. Post Independence Period
e In India, the Legislature and Executive are related to each other by way 1
of membership and accountability. This system is known as
i. Presidential Form of Govt.
ii. Separation of Powers
iii. Parliamentary form of Govt.
iv. Oligarchy
4. State whether the following statements are True or False

a. The word 'Secular' was added to the preamble by the Constitution 1
(forty-second Amendment)Act, 1976.
b. Prâyaschitta', includes the 'rajadharma' or the duties and obligations of a 1
king to organize court, listen and examine witnesses, decide and enforce
punishment and pursue justice.
c. The Directive Principles of State Policy are included in part XX of the 1
Constitution.
d. State is society politically organized. 1
e. The three organs of Govt can be divided into watertight compartments. 1
SECTION B

5 ‘The first Law Commission was established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 2
1833’. Who was the Chairman of this commission and what was its most
important contribution?
6. Who propounded the Utilitarian principle? What does it mean? 2
7. Enumerate four reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire. 2
8. How is Public International Law different from Private International Law? 2
9. ‘The Constituent Assembly had two roles to play’. Enumerate the two roles 2
of the Constituent Assembly.
10. What does Article 368 deal with? Explain. 2
11. Explain the two parts into which judicial decisions have been divided. 2
12. ‘Garner’s definition of state contains all the elements of the state’- What is the 2
definition of state as given by Garner? What are the four elements of state?
SECTION C
13. ‘Hindu law can primarily be divided into three categories, which also have a 4
historical context’.
Identify and explain the three categories of Hindu Law. Also name any two
legislations governing the family and personal matters of Hindus.
14. What is Custom? Explain the main types of custom. 4
15. Discuss the four procedures used in the exercise of direct democracy. 4
16. Describe the historical origin and background of the concept of separation of 4
powers.
17. Which part of the Constitution of India provides for Emergency provisions? 4
What are the grounds for emergency, and what kinds of emergency can be
proclaimed on each of these grounds?
SECTION D
18. ‘The framers of the Indian Constitution, i.e. the Constituent Assembly, drew 6
upon three sources to draft the Constitution.’
Discuss the main sources of the Constitution of India, explaining the main
features of each.
19. What are Municipal Laws? Describe the classification of municipal laws. 6
20. Give a critical evaluation of the doctrine of Separation of powers. 6
21. Explain legislation as a source of law. Differentiate between the various types 6
of legislation.
Academic Session: 2019-20

Annual Examination
Subject- Legal Studies
M/2
Time: 3 Hours MM- 80
General Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory. Internal choice is given in all sections.

2. Section A- Questions from 1 – 4 has 20 Objective type questions.
3. Section B - Questions from 5 – 12 are of 2 marks each. The answers to these questions should not
4. Section C- Questions from 13 – 17 are of 4 marks each. The answers to these questions should not
5. Section D- Questions from 18 – 21 are of 6 marks each. The answers to these questions should not
SECTION A
1. Fill in the Blanks:
a. Delegated legislative functions are performed by the ______________. 1
b. ______________________ was a personal law, a part of the thirteenth century 1
digest Dharmaratna written by Jimutavahana.
OR
The need to establish the Family Courts was first emphasized by ____________
c. According to Jean Jaques Rousseau, __________________ led to the creation of the 1
institution called the state.
d. __________________________ school of law is also known as Positive school of 1
law.
e. During ________________ the central government may supersede the state 1
government(s) and rule the country, or one or more states, in a unitary fashion
2. Answer the following in one word/one sentence each:

a. Give the meaning of the legal maxim Nemo Judex in causa sua. 1
OR

Give the meaning of the legal maxim Audi Alterem Partem.

b. Give the purpose of issue of the writ Mandamus. 1
c. In which case was the Right to free and fair election declared as a basic feature of 1
the Constitution?
d. Ritesh and Jayesh are brothers having the same father and different mothers. In 1
legal terms, how are Ritesh and Jayesh related?
e Which cases are termed as Warrants case under section 2(x) of CrPC? 1
OR
Name the main substantive criminal law in India.
3. Multiple Choice Questions

a. Ravi was arrested for the offence of murder which entails a maximum 1
punishment of life imprisonment as well as death penalty. He can get bail:
a. As a matter of right
b. On the discretion of Court
c. On the deposit of a surety
d. Cannot be released on bail.
b. A ______ is designated by the Supreme Court or any High Court based on his 1
ability or special knowledge in an area of law. He/she cannot file Vakalatnama
before any Court or Tribunal in India
a. Advocate
b. Advocate on record
c. Senior advocate
d. Prosecutor
c. The Supreme Court has concurrent original jurisdiction along with the High 1
Courts, for:
a. Disputes between Central and state Government
b. The enforcement of fundamental rights under Article 32 of the Constitution of
India.

c. Give advice to the President

d. Hear criminal cases
d. ‘Tyranny’ is perverted form of which type of government? 1
a) Oligarchy
b) Polity
c) Aristocracy
d) Monarchy
OR
The Legislature enables the Government to _____ laws.
a. Interpret and enforce.
b. Frame laws and amend.
c. Interpret and incorporate laws.
d. Interpret and frame laws.
e Sushmita and Neel were married for 15 years but due to problems between them, 1
they no longer wished to stay together. Sushmita suggests that they should stay
separately for atleast one year and then move a joint petition for divorve. This is:
a. Divorce by mutual consent
b. Divorve by irretrievable breakdown
c. Fault theory
d. Guilt theory
4. State whether the following statements are True or False
a. The first law commission of independent India was formed under the 1
chairmanship of M C Setalvad
OR
Lord Macaulay came to India when William Bentinck was the Governor General
of India.
b. Obiter Dicta is the binding part of a judicial decision. 1
c. Court not having jurisdiction cannot be raised as a preliminary plea, as a bar to 1

criminal trial.
d. The National Child Labour Project, launched in 1988, provides for 25% 1
reservation for children of economically disadvantegd communities in
employment.
e. There are 12 schedules to the Constitution of India. 1
SECTION B
5 Do all customs become customary laws? Explain any 3 factors required for 2
recognition of customs.
6. Identify the law which deals with children who are below the age of 16 years and 2
are caught up in criminal activities. What are such children called?
OR
Give two instances each of gender inequality existing in the present day Hindu
personal law and Islamic personal law respectively.
7. State any two features of Realist School of Law? 2
8. Why is the Indian Constitution termed as a living document? 2
9. Explain the principle of collective responsibility. 2
10. What principles were laid down by the Supreme Court regarding Advisory 2
jurisdiction in the Special Courts Bill case (1979)?
11. Explain the meaning of the terms 2
a. Plea bargaining.
b. Compoundable offence
12. What is the relevance of the following under Islamic personal laws: 2
a. Fasid
b. Batil
SECTION C
13. What is intestate succession? Explain intestate succession of hindu males. 4
OR

Vidya took up a family dispute to a family court as she was persistently

physically abused by her husband. What are the special features of a family court?
Also evaluate the role of counselor in the above scenario.
14. a. Dinaland and Jabua, two Countries have a dispute with respect to the 4
implementation of a treaty as Jabua refuses to follow it.
b. Ramantha, a citizen of Dinaland wants to adopt a child from Jabua.
Identify and explain the categories of law which govern the above two
situations.
15. Differentiate between a decree and Judgment. 4
16. Give four points of difference between confession and admission. 4
17. Explain the meaning of 4
a. Doctrine of Pith and substance
b. Doctrine of Severability
SECTION D
18. a. What do you understand by separation of powers? 6
b. What is checks and balances?
c. Can separation of powers be followed in a parliamentary form of government?
OR
Identify and explain the forms of Govt:
a. Executive and legislature are related to each other by accountability.
b. A government having two houses in the legislature. Give its advantage and
disadvantage.
19. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act was enacted in 2005. Give 6
its salient features.
20. The CrPC elaborates the procedure to be followed in every investigation, inquiry 6
and trial, for every offence under the Indian Penal Code or under any other law. It
divides the procedure to be followed for administration of criminal justice into
three stages: namely investigation, inquiry and trial.
a. What is the objective of an investigation? How does investigation end?

b. Explain the meaning and purpose of Inquiry.

c. What is trial? Give the steps of trial as envisaged in the CrPC.
21. Discuss the meaning, relevance, proponent and school of law related to the 6
following terms:
a. Volksgeist
b. Social Engineering
c. Utilitarian Principle

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SmartSkills Sanskriti School

Page no 1 Class XI Legal Studies

LEGAL STUDIES- Class XI

Page no 2 Class XI Legal Studies

LEGAL STUDIES Class XI

(Code No. 074)

(1) law is too vast and complicated to be taught in a non-professional setting;

Page no 3 Class XI Legal Studies

● To develop an understanding of the essential features of the Indian Constitution,

● To understand the rudimentary aspects of contract law such as formation of

● To enables students to form an understanding of rights and duties and various

Students will be able to

i. acquire knowledge of legal theory, laws, legal procedure, drafting,

Page no 4 Class XI Legal Studies

v. apply knowledge and understanding of law, legal theory and procedure to

vii. carry out low scale legal research;

S Units Periods Marks

1 Theory and Nature of Political Institutions 40 15

2 Nature and Sources of Law 45 15

5 Family Justice System 45 20

Total 240 100

Page no 5 Class XI Legal Studies

1 Theory and Nature of Political i. Concept of State and Nation

Nature and meaning of

Historical Evolution of the

Judiciary: Constitutional, Civil

5 Family Justice System i. Introduction

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iii. Marriage and Divorce

DESIGN OF THE QUESTION PAPER -CLASS XI (2021-22)

3 Analysing, Evaluating and Creating: 26 32.5

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Make inferences and find evidence to support, generalizations,

No chapter wise weightage. Care to be taken to cover all the chapters

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Unit I- Theory and Nature of Political Institutions

1. Fill in the blanks:

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9. The decline of the Roman Empire can be attributed to reasons such as

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10. The state must possess four elements, namely,

12. A _______________ is a people descended from a common stock with homogeneous

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1. Aristotle’s classification of states was based on two aspects:

2. ______________________ is a form of political regime in which the supreme and final

3. In ______________________ form of government, political powers of the state is

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6. In ________________________ system the legislature and the executive are related to

7. In the ______________________ system, executive branch of the government is

8. Indian Parliament is a ______________________ legislature, its houses being the

9. In United Kingdom, the legislative houses are known by the names of

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11. The Indian legislature enacted the _____________________________________ with

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14. Explain the role of

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9. Explain the interpretation of Separation of Powers as given by Wade and Philips.