Spec 2021-02 A00
Spec 2021-02 A00
Spec 2021-02 A00
DEP 31.40.00.10-Gen.
February 2021
DEM1
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written permission of the copyright owner or Shell Global Solutions International BV.
PREFACE
DEP (Design and Engineering Practice) publications reflect the views, at the time of publication, of Shell Global Solutions
International B.V. (Shell GSI) and, in some cases, of other Shell Companies.
These views are based on the experience acquired during involvement with the design, construction, operation and
maintenance of processing units and facilities. Where deemed appropriate DEPs are based on, or reference international,
regional, national and industry standards.
The objective is to set the standard for good design and engineering practice to be applied by Shell companies in oil and
gas production, oil refining, gas handling, gasification, chemical processing, or any other such facility, and thereby to help
achieve maximum technical and economic benefit from standardization.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to Shell companies for their consideration and decision to
implement. This is of particular importance where DEPs may not cover every requirement or diversity of condition at each
locality. The system of DEPs is expected to be sufficiently flexible to allow individual Operating Units to adapt the information
set forth in DEPs to their own environment and requirements.
When Contractors or Manufacturers/Suppliers use DEPs, they shall be solely responsible for such use, including the quality
of their work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for those requirements not
specifically covered, the Principal will typically expect them to follow those design and engineering practices that will achieve
at least the same level of integrity as reflected in the DEPs. If in doubt, the Contractor or Manufacturer/Supplier shall, without
detracting from his own responsibility, consult the Principal.
The right to obtain and to use DEPs is restricted, and is typically granted by Shell GSI (and in some cases by other Shell
Companies) under a Service Agreement or a License Agreement. This right is granted primarily to Shell companies and
other companies receiving technical advice and services from Shell GSI or another Shell Company. Consequently, three
categories of users of DEPs can be distinguished:
1) Operating Units having a Service Agreement with Shell GSI or another Shell Company. The use of DEPs by these
Operating Units is subject in all respects to the terms and conditions of the relevant Service Agreement.
2) Other parties who are authorised to use DEPs subject to appropriate contractual arrangements (whether as part of a
Service Agreement or otherwise).
3) Contractors/subcontractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers under a contract with users referred to under 1) or 2) which
requires that tenders for projects, materials supplied or - generally - work performed on behalf of the said users comply
with the relevant standards.
Subject to any particular terms and conditions as may be set forth in specific agreements with users, Shell GSI disclaims
any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death) suffered by any company or person whomsoever
as a result of or in connection with the use, application or implementation of any DEP, combination of DEPs or any part
thereof, even if it is wholly or partly caused by negligence on the part of Shell GSI or other Shell Company. The benefit of
this disclaimer shall inure in all respects to Shell GSI and/or any Shell Company, or companies affiliated to these companies,
that may issue DEPs or advise or require the use of DEPs.
Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements, DEPs shall not,
without the prior written consent of Shell GSI, be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever and the DEPs
shall be used exclusively for the purpose for which they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use,
including any copies which shall only be made by users with the express prior written consent of Shell GSI. The copyright of
DEPs vests in Shell Group of companies. Users shall arrange for DEPs to be held in safe custody and Shell GSI may at any
time require information satisfactory to them in order to ascertain how users implement this requirement.
All administrative queries should be directed to the DEP Administrator in Shell GSI.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5
1.1 SCOPE .............................................................................................................. 5
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY
CONSIDERATIONS........................................................................................... 5
1.3 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................... 6
1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES .................................................................................... 9
1.5 SUMMARY OF MAIN CHANGES...................................................................... 9
1.6 COMMENTS ON THIS DEP ............................................................................ 10
1.7 DUAL UNITS .................................................................................................... 10
1.8 NON NORMATIVE TEXT (COMMENTARY) ...................................................10
PART II. GENERAL ........................................................................................................ 11
PART III. AMENDMENTS/SUPPLEMENTS TO ISO 13623 ...........................................12
1. Scope ............................................................................................................... 12
3. Terms, definitions and symbols ....................................................................... 12
4. General ............................................................................................................ 12
4.1 Health, safety and the environment ................................................................. 12
5. Pipeline system design .................................................................................... 12
5.2 Categorization of fluids .................................................................................... 12
5.3 Hydraulic analysis ............................................................................................ 12
5.4 Pressure control and overpressure protection .................................................14
5.5 Requirements for operation and maintenance ................................................14
5.6 Public safety and protection of the environment ..............................................15
6. Design of pipeline and primary piping.............................................................. 15
6.1 Design principles.............................................................................................. 15
6.2 Route selection ................................................................................................ 15
6.3 Loads ............................................................................................................... 19
6.4 Strength requirements ..................................................................................... 19
6.5 Stability ............................................................................................................ 24
6.6 Pipeline spanning............................................................................................. 24
6.7 Pressure test requirements .............................................................................. 24
6.8 Other activities ................................................................................................. 25
6.9 Crossings and encroachments ........................................................................ 25
6.11 Section isolation valves ................................................................................... 26
6.12 Integrity monitoring .......................................................................................... 29
6.13 Design for pigging ............................................................................................ 29
6.14 Fabricated components ................................................................................... 31
6.16 Offshore risers ................................................................................................. 32
7. Design of stations and terminals ...................................................................... 33
8. Materials and coatings ..................................................................................... 33
8.1 General material requirements for pipelines and primary piping .....................33
8.2 Line pipe .......................................................................................................... 35
8.3 Components other than pipe ........................................................................... 37
8.4 Coatings ........................................................................................................... 38
9. Corrosion management ................................................................................... 40
9.1 General ............................................................................................................ 40
9.2 Internal corrosivity evaluation .......................................................................... 40
PART I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 SCOPE
This DEP specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, material
procurement, construction, testing, operation, maintenance and abandonment of rigid steel
pipelines (both onshore and offshore) used for the transport of hydrocarbons and other
fluids.
This DEP is not applicable to non-metallic pipelines or unbonded flexible pipes, which are
covered in separate DEPs.
This DEP is based on ISO 13623:2017. Part III of this DEP amends, supplements and
deletes various clauses of ISO 13623:2017. Part III follows the clause numbering of
ISO 13623 for easy reference.
All clauses of ISO 13623 not modified by this DEP remain valid as written.
For pipelines that carry some fluids, in particular those of a very toxic nature (for toxicity
classifications, see Part III of DEP 01.00.01.30‑Gen.), additional requirements not
specifically covered in this DEP might be appropriate.
For design and operation of CO2 pipelines, refer to ISO 27913 (and DNVGL-RP-F104,
where DNVGL-ST-F101 applies) in addition to this DEP and ISO 13623.
In addition to this DEP, the piping design and engineering of pipeline facilities (e.g., pump
stations, compressor stations, valve stations, pig stations) is complemented by
DEP 31.38.01.24‑Gen., DEP 31.38.01.25‑Gen. and DEP 31.38.01.26‑Gen.
This DEP contains mandatory requirements to mitigate process safety risks in accordance
with Design Engineering Manual (DEM) 1 – Application of Technical Standards.
This is a revision of the DEP of the same number dated February 2019; see (1.5) regarding
the main changes.
1.2 DISTRIBUTION, INTENDED USE AND REGULATORY CONSIDERATIONS
Unless otherwise authorised by Shell GSI, the distribution of this DEP is confined to Shell
companies and, where necessary, to Contractors and Manufacturers/Suppliers nominated
by them. Any authorised access to DEPs does not for that reason constitute an
authorization to any documents, data or information to which the DEPs may refer.
This DEP is intended for use in facilities related to oil and gas production, gas handling, oil
refining, chemical processing, gasification, distribution and supply/marketing. This DEP may
also be applied in other similar facilities.
When DEPs are applied, a Management of Change (MOC) process shall be implemented;
this is of particular importance when existing facilities are to be modified.
If national and/or local regulations exist in which some of the requirements could be more
stringent than in this DEP, the Contractor shall determine by careful scrutiny which of the
requirements are the more stringent and which combination of requirements will be
acceptable with regards to the safety, environmental, economic and legal aspects. In all
cases, the Contractor shall inform the Principal of any deviation from the requirements of
this DEP which is considered to be necessary in order to comply with national and/or local
regulations. The Principal may then negotiate with the Authorities concerned, the objective
being to obtain agreement to follow this DEP as closely as possible.
1.3 DEFINITIONS
1.3.1 General definitions
The Contractor is the party that carries out all or part of the design, engineering,
procurement, construction, commissioning or management of a project or operation of a
facility. The Principal may undertake all or part of the duties of the Contractor.
The Manufacturer/Supplier is the party that manufactures or supplies equipment and
services to perform the duties specified by the Contractor.
The Principal is the party that initiates the project and ultimately pays for it. The Principal
may also include an agent or consultant authorised to act for, and on behalf of, the
Principal.
The word shall indicates a requirement.
The capitalised term SHALL [PS] indicates a process safety requirement.
The word should indicates a recommendation.
The word may indicates a permitted option.
1.3.2 Specific definitions
The following definitions are specific to this DEP.
Term Definition
Barred Tee Tee-piece provided with bars across the internal bore of the branch pipe to a
pig from entering the branch.
Branch Pipe Pipe connected to a pipeline of equal or larger diameter, using a tee-piece
or welded branch connection.
Cold Bend Bend made from line pipe at ambient temperature, normally on the
construction site, using a mechanical bending machine.
Deep Water Water depth in excess of 300 m (984 ft), unless specified otherwise by the
Principal in the project specifications.
Emergency Valve for isolating a pipeline from an onshore plant or offshore platform in
Shutdown Valve case of emergency situations within the plant or platform.
Flow Assurance Measures to be taken to ensure that a pipeline can operate within the
specified operating window during its lifetime. Such measures are to be
detailed during DEFINE to prevent, e.g. hydrate formation, formation of wax.
Flow assurance is an exercise requiring input from various disciplines, such
as process, hydraulic pipeline design and mechanical pipeline design, to
ensure that all aspects are fully considered and an integrated solution is
developed.
Incidental Pressure occurring in a pipeline with limited frequency and during limited
Pressure periods of time. Incidental pressures include surge pressures, line pack, and
thermal pressures if not occurring routinely or maintained longer than a
short period.
Induction (hot) Bend made under factory conditions by hot working pipes.
Bend
Integrity Condition that is achieved when, under specified operating conditions, the
risk of failure that could endanger the safety of personnel, the environment,
or asset value is tolerable and has been reduced to a level that is ALARP.
Isolation (or Valve used to interrupt the flow or to isolate one section of a pipeline from
block) Valve an adjacent section or a facility connected to the pipeline. An isolation valve
is normally either fully opened or fully closed. Also referred to as a block
valve.
Jumper Short subsea section of pipe provided with mechanical connectors for the
diverless connecting of e.g., a wellhead to the end of a flowline.
Line Pack Quantity of gas in a gas transmission system in excess of the minimum gas
inventory required to meet deliveries. The line pack is used to continue
deliveries for some period following interruption of supply upstream.
Pig Device that can be propelled through a pipeline by fluid flow and is normally
used for cleaning, batching, inspection or other activities.
Pig Trap Ancillary item of pipeline equipment, with associated pipework and valves,
for inserting and launching a pig into a pipeline or receiving and removing a
pig from a pipeline.
Pipe-In-Pipe Single flow line, provided with an outer steel carrier pipe and annulus filled
(PIP) with insulation for reasons of flow assurance.
Pre- Series of activities, including cleaning and possibly drying and inerting,
Commissioning executed to prepare the pipeline for commissioning.
Risk Product of the probability of an event occurring and the consequences of the
event when occurring.
Shore Approach Section of a pipeline that crosses the sea shore, or major river/estuary
shores. The shore approach includes the area of breaking waves and
extends from the lowest to the highest water mark.
Slug Catcher Device located at the downstream end of a multi-phase pipeline, for the
primary separation of the liquid and gas phases, and the temporary storage
of liquids generated by pigging and transient flow conditions. There are two
types of slug catchers: the vessel type and the finger type.
Sphere Spherical pig used for batching and liquid hold-up removal in two-phase
pipelines.
Sphere Tee Jacketed tee-piece with a perforated inner pipe to prevent entry of a sphere
into the branch pipe.
Surge Pressure Pressure due to mass flow velocity changes caused by operational
activities, e.g., valve closures, pump shut-down or start-up.
Very Toxic – Substances that are very hazardous for the environment or human health,
acute, chronic as specified in DEP 01.00.01.30-Gen.
or environment
(substances)
1.3.3 Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are specific to this DEP.
Term Definition
CP Cathodic Protection
DP Dynamic Positioning
ID Inside Diameter
OD Outside Diameter
OOR Out-of-Roundness
PIP Pipe-In-Pipe
1.4 CROSS-REFERENCES
Where cross-references to other parts of this DEP are made, the referenced section or
clause number is shown in brackets ( ). Other documents referenced by this DEP are listed
in (Part IV).
1.5 SUMMARY OF MAIN CHANGES
This DEP is a revision of the DEP of the same number dated February 2019. The following
are the main, non-editorial changes.
Section/Clause Change
Part III, 5.5, Item 5 Updated clause to reflect the incorporation of SHALL [PS] statements from
DEP 30.10.02.31-Gen, as described in the line item in this table for Part III,
8.1.6, Item 3.
Part III, 6.11.3, Item 6 Added SHALL [PS] statement that previously was in
DEP 37.80.01.30‑Gen. and rephrased to fit within the context of
DEP 31.40.00.10‑Gen.
Part III, 6.11.3, Item 7 Added SHALL [PS] statement that previously was in
DEP 37.80.01.30‑Gen. and rephrased to fit within the context of
DEP 31.40.00.10‑Gen.
Part III, 6.11.3, Item 8 Added SHALL [PS] statement that previously was in
DEP 37.80.01.30‑Gen. and rephrased to fit within the context of
DEP 31.40.00.10‑Gen.
Section/Clause Change
Part III, 6.11.3, Item 9 Added SHALL [PS] statement that previously was in
DEP 37.80.01.30‑Gen. and rephrased to fit within the context of
DEP 31.40.00.10‑Gen.
Part III, 8.1.6, Item 3 Upgraded to SHALL [PS] to align with the requirements in
DEP 30.10.02.31‑Gen.
The former Part III, Removed this clause since this DEP now includes the relevant SHALL [PS]
8.3.4, Item 3 statements that previously were in DEP 37.80.01.30‑Gen.
Feedback that has been registered in the DEP Feedback System by using one of the above
options will be reviewed by the DEP Custodian for potential improvements to the DEP.
1.7 DUAL UNITS
This DEP contains both the International System (SI) units, as well as the corresponding
US Customary (USC) units, which are given following the SI units in brackets. When agreed
by the Principal, the indicated USC values/units may be used.
1.8 NON NORMATIVE TEXT (COMMENTARY)
Text shown in italic style in this DEP indicates text that is non-normative and is provided as
explanation or background information only.
Non-normative text is normally indented slightly to the right of the relevant DEP
clause.
11. Pipelines that will require the use of hydrate inhibitors, possibly in combination with
other chemicals, shall be subject to approval from the Principal’s flow assurance,
production chemistry and condensate/water treatment specialists.
5.4 Pressure control and overpressure protection
1. In case overpressure protection is provided by relief valves, refer to
DEP 80.36.00.30‑Gen. for requirements.
2. In case overpressure protection is provided by source-isolation valves, refer to
DEP 32.80.10.10‑Gen. for requirements.
3. When existing pipeline systems are extended, e.g., by adding a new branch line, the
pressure protection of the whole pipeline system shall be reviewed to confirm the
following:
a. over-pressurisation of the system from the new branch line is not possible;
b. the extended system has a consistent design pressure.
5.5 Requirements for operation and maintenance
Add to this clause:
1. The requirements for operation and maintenance of the pipeline system shall be
established in the BfD during the SELECT stage.
2. During DEFINE and EXECUTE stages, the requirements for operation and
maintenance of the pipeline system shall be further detailed.
a. Refer to DEP 31.40.00.11‑Gen. for integrity requirements.
Add to 7th bulleted item:
3. Refer to the following for requirements regarding pipeline leak detection systems.
a. API RP 1130
b. API RP 1175
c. (Part III, 6.12)
d. (Part III, 13.3.4)
Add to 12th bulleted item:
4. The requirement to depressurise and re-pressurize a pipeline containing a Category C,
D or E fluid and slug catcher shall be assessed during the DEFINE phase in order to
accomplish all of the following:
a. establish the minimum temperature and material requirements;
b. define the depressurisation or re-pressurisation rate and durations;
c. consider the impact on the associated facilities.
5. Refer to the following for requirements to prevent brittle fracture:
a. (Part III, 6.11.1, Item 11);
b. (Part III, 6.11.1, Item 12);
c. (Part III, 6.11.1, Item 13);
d. (Part III, 8.1.6, Item 3).
6.2.1.1 General
2. Location classes shall be in accordance with Annex B of ISO 13623, unless another
classification method is specified in applicable regulations.
3. Layout and separation requirements between pipelines (including pig traps) and other
facilities within a plant fence or on an offshore platform shall follow
DEP 80.00.10.11‑Gen. (for onshore applications) and DEP 80.00.10.12‑Gen. (for
offshore applications).
Rationale: Layout and separation requirements are normally determined as part of
the plant or platform layout study and safety case. Optimisation of the layout is a
primary means of both preventing incidents and preventing incipient incidents from
escalating in plants and at offshore platforms.
6.2.1.2 Public safety
l. when selecting the location for a pig launcher or receiver and the routing of the
adjacent outgoing or incoming pipeline within a new or existing facility, the impact
of the pipeline and pig launcher/receiver construction activities on other
simultaneous construction or operations activities and the impact of concurrent
operations shall be evaluated. (see also DEP 31.40.10.13‑Gen.).
3. The following apply to offshore pipelines:
a. the radius of curvature of the pipeline along its route should not be less than
2000xDN;
b. When lower values are necessary, a detailed analysis of the pipeline's lateral
stability during laying should be carried out;
c. the distance between parallel pipelines should not be less than 10 m (33 ft);
d. pipelines close to offshore platforms should be arranged in corridors to facilitate
the anchoring of vessels for support and future construction activities at the
platform;
e. Straight lengths of pipe shall be included for start-up of pipe laying;
f. risers should be protected from the marine activity around the platform and, except
for category A fluids, be located away from the living quarters:
i. for further requirements relating to the routing and location of risers refer to
Section 4 of DEP 31.40.10.10‑Gen.
g. the crossing of existing pipelines and submarine cables should be at 90 degrees
(Part III, 6.9.5):
i. if a crossing at 90 degrees imposes an additional route length, lower crossing
angles may be used.
ii. Lower crossing angles shall not be less than 30 degrees.
6.2.2 Surveys—on-land pipelines
b. If API RP 1111 is applied for the pressure design of deepwater pipelines, the
maximum negative wall thickness manufacturing tolerance shall be -5 % (Refer to
DEP 31.40.20.37-Gen).
4. The use of DNVGL-ST-F101 for the design of an offshore pipeline shall be subject to
the approval of the Principal.
a. For the design factors in DNVGL-ST-F101 differ from those in ISO 13623, a
project-specific gap analysis shall be performed.
i. The resolution of gaps identified between DNVGL-ST-F101 and ISO 13623
shall be clearly documented during the SELECT phase.
5. The strength contribution of a liner shall not be included for pressure containment.
6. The strength contribution of metallurgically bonded cladding shall not be included,
unless a robust methodology for calculating such strength distribution is used.
a. The methodology for calculating strength distribution shall be subject to the
approval of the Principal.
6.4.1.2 Other Stresses
where σr = radial stress, and the other symbols are as defined for Equation (2) in
ISO 13263.
3. The radial and hoop stress shall be calculated from the theory of elasticity for a
pressurised pipe (Lamé equation).
4. The longitudinal stress may be obtained from elastic beam theory.
a. The shear stress may be obtained from the theory of torsion.
5. The equivalent stress thus obtained will vary across the wall of the pipe and shall not
exceed the limits in (Part III, 6.4.2.2).
Rationale: Pipe-in-pipe flowline designs present the additional design
considerations of thermal loading, residual loading due to the installation process,
and load sharing between inner (carrier) and outer (casing) pipes. Carrier pipe
designs tend to be burst-driven and thick walled (D o /t~10), and casing pipe tends
to be less thick (D o /t~20) due to the absence of internal pressure and wall
thickness design typically driven by collapse.
6. The annulus between the pipes for pipe-in-pipe flowline designs is typically assumed to
be at atmospheric pressure, but the appropriateness of this assumption shall be
checked for each project.
a. The risk assessment for the project shall include the possibility of a failure of the
inner pipe that may result in accidental flooding of the annulus and might expose
the outer pipe to higher pressure than designed for.
6.4.2.1 General
Table 4a Von Mises mid-wall equivalent stress design factors feq for Do/t ratios < 10
Load Combination feq
Construction and Environmental 0.90
Functional and Environmental 0.81
Functional, Environmental and Accidental 0.90
3. If Section 4.3 of API RP 1111 is applied, then the Von Mises stress checks shall be
performed if the effective axial force is negative (compression).
The effective axial force is defined in section 4.3.1.1 of API RP 1111. If the effective
axial force is not negative, then the Von Mises stress checks do not need to be
performed.
Add the following note at the end of this clause:
NOTE: API RP 1111 and/or DNVGL-ST-F101 provide guidance for determining the level of
permissible strain.
6.4.2.3 Buckling
6.5 Stability
Add to this clause:
1. For offshore pipelines, the one-year return wave and steady state current conditions
should be used for the analysis of stability during the installation phase, where the
installation is anticipated to be completed within a single good weather season in any
one year.
2. Where the installation phase is anticipated to extend throughout or beyond one year,
the five-year return wave should be used.
3. The 100-year environmental return conditions should be used for the analysis during
the operation phase.
Further guidance on pipeline stability analysis for offshore pipelines is available in
DNVGL-RP-F109.
4. For on-land pipelines, a detailed stress analysis, based upon pipe soil interaction, shall
be performed for pipelines in areas where additional pipe loads or displacement might
occur.
For example, where in weak soils (such as peat or soft water saturated sands), at
dyke or sand dune crossings, and at anchor/thrust block locations (transition from
buried sections subjected to settlement to a fixed structure).
6.6 Pipeline spanning
Add to this clause:
1. Refer to DEP 31.40.10.15‑Gen. for pipeline spans.
6.7 Pressure test requirements
6.7.1 General
2. Designers of deepwater subsea manifolds and other subsea components shall account
for potentially higher system internal test pressure compared to the required
component test pressure due to hydrostatic effects.
6.8 Other activities
6.8.1 Activities by others
3. All Authority and owner requirements should be established during DEFINE and
specified for the subsequent detailed design, construction and operations activities for
EPC contracts.
6.9.4 Waterways and landfalls
6.11.1 General
1. Valves that are necessary for the routine operation of the pipeline, such as pig trap
valves, shall not be used as isolation valves.
2. An isolation philosophy which includes operation and maintenance requirements shall
be produced for each project during SELECT.
a. Refer to (8.2) of DEP 31.38.01.25‑Gen. for isolation requirements.
b. QRA (Part III, 6.2.1.2) should be used to evaluate the requirement for intermediate
section isolation valves and their spacing for on-land pipelines.
3. Pressure balancing, if required prior to valve opening, should be done using the
operational valves located immediately upstream or downstream of the ESD valve.
4. Three methods of operating section isolation valves may be considered, in order of
preference:
a. automatically,
b. remotely,
c. locally.
5. The appropriate method should be determined from a study of the likely effects of a
leak and the need to limit potential spill volumes, based on the total time required to
detect, locate and isolate a leak.
6. Valve closure time shall be specified such that the Maximum Allowable Incidental
Pressures (MAIP) due to pressure surges is not exceeded.
7. ESD valves shall be automatically operated when an emergency shutdown condition
occurs.
8. Automatically operated valves may be activated by detection of low pressure,
increased flow, rate of loss of pressure or a combination of these, or a signal from a
leak detection system.
9. Low pressure detection shall not be activated if designed to maintain minimum pipeline
pressure.
10. Automatically operated valves shall be fail-safe to close.
11. Facilities for hook-up of equipment for operational and emergency pipeline
depressurisation shall be available at one end of the pipeline and, for on-land pipelines
transporting category C, D or E fluids, at each section isolation valve location.
12. The capacity of the depressurisation system shall be such that the pressure in the
pipeline can be reduced as rapidly as reasonably practicable (i.e., aligning with
ALARP).
13. For category C, D and E fluids, the material specified for the depressurisation and
repressurisation system shall be compatible with the low temperatures encountered
during depressurisation.
a. Refer to DEP 30.10.02.31‑Gen. for requirements.
6.11.2 On-land pipelines
1. The spacing of section isolation valves should be derived from an evaluation of the
criticality of the pipeline with regard to the consequences of a leak for public safety and
the environment, and the potential spill volumes.
2. The requirement for isolation valves shall also be addressed for pipelines conveying
liquids where unacceptable spill volumes might occur, such as in sensitive
environmental areas and for pipelines in a mountainous area.
3. For on-land pipelines transporting category C, D or E fluids or category B fluids that are
very toxic (Part I, 1.3.2), remotely operated section isolation valves shall be used in
order to further reduce the impact of a leak.
4. The use of fittings between isolation valves, such as flanges and instrument taps, shall
be avoided.
5. In some situations, e.g., at the downstream side of plants or major river crossings or in
mountainous terrain, a check valve, which is self-actuating, may be used instead of an
isolation valve to prevent backflow.
6. Check valves should be piggable, either by using a piggable flapper or by allowing the
flapper to be temporarily secured in the open position during pigging operations.
7. Check valves shall not be used to provide isolation for inspection and maintenance.
8. Valves installed within plant boundaries to isolate the plant from the pipeline (used to
prevent escalation of an incident) are referred to as ESD valves and shall form part of
the pipeline or plant.
9. ESD valves shall be located at either end of a pipeline and on the incoming and
outgoing sections at any plant en route, such as compressor or pumping stations.
10. ESD valves shall be located in a non-hazardous area and close to the plant fence.
6.11.3 Offshore pipelines
1. For offshore pipelines containing category B, C, D or E fluids an ESD valve SHALL
[PS] be located at the top of each riser connected to a manned offshore installation.
2. The ESD valve shall be located in a position:
a. in which it can be safely inspected, maintained and tested;
b. such that it is above water;
c. such that its exposure to topside incidents is minimised; and
d. such that the distance from the ESD valve to the base of the riser is as short as
reasonably practicable.
3. The location of the ESD valve shall be included in the QRA assessment.
4. Connections outboard of the ESD valve shall be avoided.
5. For pipelines containing category B, C, D or E fluids and connected to a manned
offshore installation, the benefits of an additional subsea isolation valve (such as
Subsea Isolation Valve (SSIV), Riser Isolation Valve (RIV), Keel or Pontoon Valve)
SHALL [PS] be evaluated as specified in Managing Risks Manual Section of the
HSSE&SP Control Framework and the results included in the documented
demonstration of ALARP.
6. For pipelines containing category B, C, D or E fluids and connected to a manned
offshore installation, the stem of the Subsea Isolation Valve (SSIV), Riser Isolation
Valve (RIV), Keel or Pontoon Valve SHALL [PS] be a one-piece design manufactured
from forged material (this includes bar stock).
7. For pipelines containing category B, C, D or E fluids and connected to a manned
offshore installation using a Subsea Isolation Valve (SSIV), Riser Isolation Valve (RIV),
Keel or Pontoon Valve, the stem or shaft retainer ring or collar of the valve SHALL [PS]
be integral with the stem.
Stem or shaft retention by means of body/stem threads is not allowed.
8. For pipelines containing B, C, D, or E fluids and connected to a manned offshore
installation, the actuator for the subsea isolation valve (such as a riser isolation valve,
keel valve or pontoon valve) SHALL [PS] have a minimum safety factor of 2:1 over the
maximum torque or force required to operate the valve to its fail to safe position, over
its design life, where the maximum torque or force requirement to operate the valve is
taken at the minimum hydraulic pressure.
9. For pipelines containing category B, C, D or E fluids and connected to a manned
offshore installation using a subsea isolation valve (such as Subsea Isolation Valve
(SSIV), Riser Isolation Valve (RIV), Keel or Pontoon Valve), the hydraulic fluid
cleanliness in the system as delivered SHALL [PS] conform to ISO 4406 class level
17/15/12.
10. For offshore pipelines not containing category B, C, D or E fluid and connected to a
manned offshore installation, the risk of harm to people occupying the offshore
installation shall be managed to ALARP as specified in Managing Risks Manual
Section of the HSSE&SP Control Framework and the results included in the
documented demonstration of ALARP.
A “manned installation” is an “installation on which people are routinely
accommodated” and “accommodation is the place where personnel onboard sleep
and spend their off-duty time” as per DEP 37.17.10.11‑Gen. and ISO 13702.
6.12 Integrity monitoring
Replace first sentence with:
1. Requirements for pipeline integrity monitoring shall be established at the DEFINE stage
in line with DEP 31.40.00.11‑Gen.
The relevant operating integrity management system will be provided by the Principal.
4. The maximum distance between pigging stations should be decided on the basis of
anticipated pig wear and the potential quantity of debris to be removed from the
pipeline section.
Intermediate pig trap stations are normally not required. If installed, they are typically
located at (future) pump or compressor stations for on-land pipelines.
5. Barred tees shall be installed at all branch connections with a diameter equal to or
greater than 50 % of the pipeline diameter.
6. Where sphering is anticipated barred tees shall be installed at all branch connections
with a diameter equal to or greater than 25 % of the pipeline diameter.
7. If the use of sphere-type pigs is required, sphere tees may be used to prevent their
hold-up or destruction at barred tees.
8. Sphere tees should have a drainage provision to prevent collection of debris and liquids
which could cause a corrosive environment in the sphere tee annulus.
9. Sphere tees should not be used subsea because of the difficulty of providing this
drainage facility.
10. All ancillary equipment (e.g., corrosion probes) installed on the pipeline shall be flush
mounted with respect to the internal pipe wall.
11. For the design of pipelines, based on the requirements for internal inspection tools:
a. Variations in the internal diameter shall not exceed values which can hinder
pipeline inspection with internal inspection tools;
b. Where sections of different internal diameter are unavoidable, the chamfer angle
at the transition shall not exceed 14 degrees, measured from the axis of the pipe
(i.e., a taper of 1:4);
c. Main line valves shall be specified with a bore equal to the internal diameter of the
pipeline;
d. All main line bends shall have a sufficient radius to allow the passage of internal
inspection tools.
Rationale, Item 11d: Most internal inspection tools are able to pass a minimum of
3 D bends for pipeline diameters of DN 300 (NPS 12) and above, 5 D bends for
pipeline diameters between DN 150 and DN 250 (NPS 6 to 10). For pipeline
diameters below DN 150 (NPS 6), the required bends depend on the pipe internal
bore (7 D to 10 D). This is only indicative and can also be influenced by wall
thickness and extent of out-of-roundness of the pipe.
12. The Manufacturer/Supplier of internal inspection tools should be contacted during the
DEFINE stage, to ensure that the configuration of the pipeline (bend radius, distance
between bends, changes in ID) and pig launchers/receivers are suitable for inspection
pigging.
13. The use of dual diameter pipelines shall be subject to review and approval by the
Principal.
Dual diameter pipelines are more frequently used and might be necessary as a
project enabler. Dual diameter pigging during pre-commissioning is also proven to be
feasible.
14. For isolation of pipelines for operation/maintenance whilst in operation, refer to (Part III,
6.11).
15. Isolation of the pig trap for launching and receiving pigs shall enable safe operation and
maintenance of the pig trap, without depressurising or decommissioning of the pipeline.
8.1.10 Marking
5. If the pipeline has been designed with a design factor of 0.5 or lower; then line pipe
may be ordered in accordance with ISO 3183 or API Spec 5L PSL 1 requirements only
for non-hydrocarbon, non-toxic, Category A fluids in low pressure service (not greater
than 20 barg (290 psig) having a minimum design temperature greater than
0 °C(30 °F).
6. HSAW line pipe should be considered for onshore applications under the following
conditions:
a. the diameter and wall thickness requirements are within the manufacturing range
for HSAW line pipe;
b. exceptions for using are indicated in (Part III, 8.2.1, Item 7).
c. If HSAW line pipe is used, refer to DEP 31.40.20.37-Gen for requirements.
7. HSAW line pipe shall not be used if any of the following are applicable:
a. For sour service operating conditions;
b. The operating conditions require use of batch inhibition for corrosion control;
c. The seam welds are at risk of corrosion due to water drop out.
d. Where strain--based design principles are used.
8. Prior to order placement, the pipe mill and all sources of coil shall be evaluated and
subject to the approval of the Principal.
8.2.2 Stainless steel and non-ferrous metallic pipe
5. Unless special clad transition pieces are used, the internal diameter of clad pipelines
shall be constant.
In this context, special clad transition pieces are pieces that combine the use of clad
material with a transition piece (which is normally manufactured from a solid
material). Chamfering will reduce the thickness of the cladding and risks exposing
the carbon steel.
8.3 Components other than pipe
8.3.1 Flanged connections
8.3.4 Valves
iii. If the line pipe is used to deal with installation contingencies, then additional
pipe can be ordered immediately after construction to replenish the
operational contingency stock.
9. Corrosion management
9.1 General
Add to second paragraph of this clause:
1. The internal and external corrosivity evaluations and material selection shall be carried
out during SELECT; refer to (Part III, 8.1.1).
Add to this clause:
1. Refer to DEP 39.01.10.11‑Gen. for materials selection, corrosion mitigation and
corrosion monitoring.
9.2 Internal corrosivity evaluation
Add to this clause:
The occurrence and rate of internal corrosion is governed by a variety of process conditions
that include the following:
o corrosivity of the fluid, in particular due to the presence of water combined with
hydrogen sulphide (sour corrosion), carbon dioxide (sweet corrosion) or oxygen.
Temperature and pressure can have a great impact on the corrosion rates;
o velocity of the fluid, which determines the flow regime in the pipeline. In pipelines
transporting fluids containing water, too low velocities lead to settlement of water
which might lead to bottom of pipe internal corrosion, and too high velocities can
increase the overall corrosion rate and also destroy any protective scale or inhibitor
films;
o deposition of solids, which might prevent adequate protection by inhibitors, and can
create anaerobic conditions for the growth of sulphate reducing bacteria.
4. Potentials more negative than –1050 mV, which can occur in impressed current
systems, should be avoided in all situations.
5. The hardness of low alloy bolting material shall be limited to 34 HRC.
10. Construction
10.1 General
10.1.1 Construction plan
4. Where blasting is carried out between 20 m (65 ft) and 50 m (165 ft) from any exiting
above ground or buried pipeline or structure, ground vibration shall be continuously
monitored with certified instruments.
5. Peak particle velocities near existing facilities should be kept to a minimum.
6. Peak particle velocities shall in no case exceed 10 mm/s (0.03 ft/s).
10.4 Welding and joining
10.4.1 Welding standard
10.5 Coating
10.5.1 Field joint coating
11. For every pipe the buckling behaviour shall be checked, and an assessment made of
the risk of introducing a detector into the pipeline.
Rationale: Buckle detectors are of importance for the laying of medium to large
diameter pipelines with high D/t ratios that are prone to elastic buckling. For small
diameter pipelines with low D/t ratios that will buckle in the plastic mode, buckle
detectors can be a hazard to the installation, especially in deep water.
12. Contractor shall evaluate the possibility of wet buckles during installation.
13. Contractor shall have procedures, personnel and equipment available that will permit
pipe repairs for the entire range of water depths.
a. Contractor should demonstrate that the required equipment can be mobilised to
site and be operational within 30 days of a wet buckle incident occurring.
Repairs could require diverless wet buckle recovery tools.
14. For CRA solid, clad or lined pipelines (both onshore and offshore), the installation
Contractor shall have on-site procedures, personnel, equipment, chemicals, vessels
(for offshore pipelines), for dewatering and chemical treatment to avoid pitting corrosion
of pipe wall in case of an unplanned ingress of (sea) water.
10.7.6 Backfilling
13.1.8 Records
13.3.7.1 General
The following methodology, based on PD 8010 requirements in the UK, and is provided for
initial planning/guidance purposes only. It does not replace a requirement to perform a
Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA). Adopting a QRA approach would typically reduce the
building proximity distance, recognising the low probability of failure for pipelines.
1. For the purpose of initial pipeline routing, the following formulae provide a first estimate
for the minimum distance between the pipeline and normally occupied buildings.
2. Pipelines having a design factor not exceeding 0.72.
Table C.1
Fluid Category Fluid Factor
A and B Q = 0, i.e., there is no minimum distance
requirement except for access during construction
and operations
C Q = 0.3 for all fluids
Note: Formulae above are in SI units. When using USC units, these should be converted to SI
before applying the formulae.
3. Fluids not specifically mentioned in Table C.1 should be given the fluid factor most
closely similar in hazard potential to those quoted.
DEP 30.10.73.32-Gen. Cathodic protection systems for subsea pipelines and hardware
(amendments/supplements to ANSI/NACE SP0607-2007/
ISO 15589-2)
DEP 31.40.20.34-Gen. Welded and seamless duplex and super duplex stainless steel line
pipe (amendments/supplements to API Spec 5LC)
DEP 31.40.20.39-Gen. High density polyethylene pipelines and piping systems for oilfield
applications
DEP 31.40.30.31-Gen. External polyethylene and polypropylene coating for line pipe
(amendments/supplements to ISO/DIS 21809-1:2009)
DEP 31.40.30.35-Gen. Internal coating of line pipe for non-corrosive gas transmission
service (amendments/supplements to ISO 15741)
DEP 31.40.30.37-Gen. External field joint and rehabilitation coating systems for line pipe
DEP 35.00.00.10-Gen. Vessel integrity, marine systems – Requirements for selection and
operation of vessels (endorsement of DNV RP-H104)
DEP 37.81.10.10-Gen. Generic design and analysis for steel catenary risers and catenary
umbilical systems for offshore structures
DEP 74.00.10.10-Gen. Shop and field pressure testing of piping and process systems
AMERICAN STANDARDS
ASME B31.4 Pipeline transportation systems for liquid hydrocarbons and other
liquids
CANADIAN STANDARDS
DUTCH STANDARDS
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
ISO 3183 Petroleum and natural gas industries – Steel pipe for pipeline
transportation systems
ISO 13702 Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Control and Mitigation of
Fires and Explosions on Offshore Production Installations
Requirements and Guidelines
ISO 15156-2 Petroleum and natural gas industries – Materials for use in
H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production – Part 2:
cracking-resistant carbon and low alloy steels, and the use of cast
irons
ISO 15156-3 Petroleum, and natural gas industries – Materials for use in
H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Part 3:
cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other
alloys
NORWEGIAN STANDARDS