RANGKUMAN

BAHASA DAN SASTRA INGGRIS

BAB 1-4

NAMA : ALIFA NAYLATUL IZZAH

KELAS : XII IPA 1

GURU PEMBIMBING: FITRI YULIANA,S.PD.I

 BAB I

CAUSE AND EFFECT

A. Cause and Effect Relationship
Cause and effect means that things happen because something prompted them
to happen. A cause is why something happens. An effect is what happened. Cause and
effect are intertwined.
From the examples above, we can conclude that:
1. The cause has to occur before the effect.
2. Whenever the cause happens, the effect must also occur.
3. There are no other factors that can explain the relationship between the cause and
effect.
1. Sosial function of cause and effectrelantionship
Cause and effect is a common way to organization in a text. We can see a cause-
and-effect relationship in academic texts. Cause-effect text can be easy to
comprehend if simple relationships are analyzed. The social function of cause and
effect text is to explain or give information about something.
2. Structure of cause and effect text
The cause and effect text structure is usually used in expository and persuasive
writings. Paragraph structured as cause and effect explain reasons why something
happened or the effects of something The paragraphs can be ordered as causes and
effects or as effects and then causes.
A single cause and effect relationship is more likely to unite the parts of a
sentence. However, when two sentences are united by this relationship, they might
well contain a chain or cycle of causes and effects.
3. Language Features of cause and effect
Writers often need to show a cause-and-effect relationship in several different
ways. They use nouns, verbs, and verb phrases as cause and effect markers within
sentences
a. Cause – and – effect Markers
1) Noun
- Cause (influence) - Factor (reason)
- Consequence (origin) - Impact (result)
- Effect (outcome)
2) Verb or verb phrases
- Affect
- Attribute to
- Blame
- Bring about
- Influence
- Lead to
- Dll
b. Cause –and- Effect connectors
 - As a result of - As - Consequently
- Because of - Because - Hence
- Due to - since - Therefore
- Thanks to - So that - Thus
B. “So.....that” and “Such....that”
1. So....that...
It expresses a cause and effect
Structure : So + (adj/adverb) + that + result
2. Such....that....
It also expresses a cause and effect
Structure : Such + Noun phrase(adj/adv) + that + result

BAB II

NOUN WITH MODIFIER

A. Noun Phrases and Noun Modifier
1. Noun phrases
A noun phrase is a group of two or more words headed by a noun that includes
modifiers.
2. Noun modifier
Noun modifiers are the modifiers that modify noun entities. The noun entities
can be a one- word noun or a noun phrase.
Modifiers provide description in sentences. They allow writers to take the
picture that they have in their heads and transfer it accurately to the heads of their
readers. If the modifiers are placed before the noun, they are called pre-modifiers.
If the modifiers are placed after the noun, they are called post-modifiers.
a. Pre-modifier
Modifiers can come before the noun.
1) Articles
2) Possessive Nouns
3) Possessive Pronouns adjective
4) Adjectives and participle adjectives
b. Post-modifier
Modifiers can come after the noun
1) Prepositinal phrase
2) Adjective clause or relative pronoun clause
3) Verb –ing modifiers
4) Verb –ed modifiers
5) To-infinitive
B. Noun Phrase Modifiers: Prepositional Phrase and Adjective Clause
Noun phrase modifiers are defined as words, phrases, and clauses that describe a
noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. There are five grammatical forms which can perform
the grammatical function of noun phrase modifiers.
 1. Prepositonal prhase as noun phrase modifier
A prepositional phrase is the preposition and the object of the preposition
together. Prepositions Include direction, place, time, cause, manner, and amount.
The following are examples of noun phrases with modifiers in the form of
prepositional phrase.
a. The bag under the chair is mine.
b. The plant on the window gets a lot of sunlight.
c. The old house between the shops belongs to Mr. Hasan.
d. The meeting at three o'clock was cancelled.
2. Adjective clause as noun phrase modifier
An adjective clause is also called a relative clause. A clause is a group of words
that has a subject and predicate. There are two kinds of adjective clause: finite and
non-finite. Adjective clause can perform as noun phrase modifiers.
a. Finite adjectiv clause
A finite clause may stand alone as a complete sentence. They depend on
another clause to have meaning. Finite clauses usually use subordinating
conjunctions, such as who, when, what, how, that, since,etc.
b. Non-finite adjective clause
A non-finite clause cannot stand on its own. Modifiers in the form of participle
phrase and to- infinitive belong to non-finite adjective clause. The following
are examples of noun phrases with modifiers in the form of non-finite
adjective clause. There are three major types of non-finite post-modifying
clauses:
1) Ing-clauses
2) Ed-clauses
3) To-clauses

BAB III

CIRCUMSTANCES
A circumstance is the condition in which something happens. Circumtance consist frequency
of happening, manner, place, and time.

A. Types of Circumstances
In semantic categories, there are participants, processes, and circumstances.
Participants are those elements which denote who or what is directly involved in the
process. Processes are the happenings or states of affairs represented in a clause.
Circumstances contribute additional, and frequently optional, information regarding
the who, when, where, how, for how long, and so on, of the process.
1. Adverbs
An adverb is a word that gives us information about a verb and sometimes about
an adjective. Adverbs can give information about a verb happens.
 Adverbs of manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of time Adverbs of frequency
(how?) (where?) (when?) (how often?)
Carefully Here Before Always
Quickly There Today Usually
Slowly Inside Now Frequently
Carelessly Outside After Often
Quiently Everywhere Yesterday Sometimes
Seriously Somewhere Tomorrow Never
2. Prepositinal phrases

Type Subtype Question

Location Space Where?
Time When?
Manner Means With what?
Manner How?
Reason Why?
Cause Purpose What for?
Behallf Who for?
Accompaniment With whom?
Extent Spatial How far?
Temporal How long?
Matter About what?
Contingency Condition In what case/ event?
Concession Despite what?
Role As what?

3. Adverbial clause
An adverbial clause is a group of words that plays the role of an adverb. An
adverbial clause is always a dependent clause so it cannot stand on its own as an
independent sentence.
4. Finite and non-finite clauses
Finite clauses are those clauses containing a subject and a finite verb (marked for
tense, person, and number). Finite clause can be either dependent or independent.
In contrast, non-finite clauses are those clauses formed with a non-finite verb, a
verbal element which is not marked for tense, person, or number. Non-finite
clauses are always dependent or embedded, since a main clause must have a finite
verb.
B. Finite and Non-finite Clauses
A clause is considered as the basic unit for conveying meaning it provides
information about what is happening, who or what is taking part in the happening and
the circumstances surrounding the activities (when, where, how, who with, etc.) A
clause is divided into two finite and non-finite.
1. Finite clause
A finite clause is a clause which has a finite verb. Finite clause can be either
dependent or independent. Finite clauses must contain a verb which shows tense.
They can be main clauses or subordinate clauses.
 There have three main types:
a. That-clauses
They function as subject, object, complement.
b. Adverbial clauses
They function as adverb
c. Wh-clauses
They include who,whom, whose, which, why, when, where, and how.

Finite adverbial clauses usually contain subordinating conjunctions, for example

when, while, as, since, after, until, as soon as, etc. The clauses may use modal and
temporal verbs (past, present, future). Most of the finite adverbial clauses belong to
circumstances of time.

2. Non-finite clauses
A non-finite clause is a clause which does not have a finite verb. A non-finite
clause cannot stand alone. It rarely includes a subject, and its verb is a secondary
verb form (infinitival, gerund-participle or past participle) which cannot be
inflected for tense, person, or number. It is a dependent clause serving as a subject
or a complement to a verb, preposition, or noun. Non-finite clauses are usually
subordinate clauses.
Non-finite adverbial clauses usually use an infinitive form of the verb or
present/past participle used without auxiliary verbs. When this occurs, the
subordinating conjunction is removed, thus leaving the sentence open to
interpretation.

BAB IV
UNREAL SITUATION
Unreal conditional sentences are hypothetical conditions which have no
probability to happen in the past, present or future but express what could/might
have happened. The "if clause is attributed to an unlikely or imaginary situation,
like sentence: "If I were rich, I would buy a luxury apartment." It means that the
speaker is not rich. It shows unreal situation in the present.
A. Conditional sentensces
Conditional sentences are used to speculate about what could happen, what
might have happened, and what we wish would happen. They are also known
as conditional clauses or if-clauses.
Conditional sentences function to express that the action in the main clause
(without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is
fulfilled.
There are four types of conditonal sentences.

Types Conditional sentences Usage

If-clause Main clause
0(zero) If+ simple present Simple present General truth.
I If+ simple present Will + verb Possible situation in the
 future (a possible
condition and its
probable result).
II If+ simple past Would/could+ Improbable situation in
verb the present or future (a
hypothetical condition
and its probable result).
III If + past perfect Would/could/ Unreal situation in the
might+have+ past (its probable result
verb 3 in the past).

B. Unreal Conditional in the Present and in the Past

1. Types II or second conditional
a. Function

Functions Examples Facts

To express dream, If I had a company, I I don't have a company.
unreal situations that would hire you. I think about having a
are likely to happen, company.
or imaginary situation
in the present or
future.
To give advice or If I were you, I would I'm not you.
suggestion. buy the dictionary.
To state unreal If I knew your phone I don't know your
condition in the number, I would call phone number.
present. you as soon as
possible.
b. Form

If-clause Main clause

If + simple present Subject + would + verb
2. Types III or Third conditional
a. Function

Functions Examples Facts

To talk about If I had known the I didn't know the
imaginary/unreal problem, I would have problem.
situations in the past. told you.
To express a regret or If I hadn't eaten too I ate too much, and I
criticism. much, I wouldn't have had stomachache.
had stomachache.
To express situations If you had seen the red You didn't see the red
which are contrary to light, the police light, so the police
the fact in the past. wouldn't have stopped stopped you.
you.
To state requirement or If I had had a degree, I I didn't have a degree.
condition in the past would have applied for
 the job.
b. Form

If-clause Main clause

If + past perfect tense Subject + would +have+ verb 3
3. Mixed conditional

Functions Examples Facts

Present result of past If we had looked at the We didn't look at the
condition. It refers to an map, we wouldn't be map and we are lost.
unreal past condition lost.
and its probable result in
the present. It expresses
a situation which is
contrary to reality both
in the past and in the
present.
Past result or present If I didn't trust you I would have left you a
continuing condition. month ago.