Important Constants Orbit Prediction (𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟)

𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚3 𝑒𝑒+ cos 𝜈𝜈 cos 𝐸𝐸−𝑒𝑒

𝜇𝜇⊕ = 398600.5 𝑅𝑅⨁ = 6378.137 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 cos 𝐸𝐸 = cos 𝜈𝜈 =
𝑠𝑠2 1+𝑒𝑒 cos 𝜈𝜈 1−𝑒𝑒 cos 𝐸𝐸
𝑁𝑁 𝑚𝑚2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚 𝜇𝜇 2𝜋𝜋
𝐺𝐺 = 6.67259 𝑥𝑥10−11 𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔2
1 𝑁𝑁 = 1 𝑛𝑛 = � =
𝑠𝑠2 𝑎𝑎 3 ℙ
𝐽𝐽 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 𝑚𝑚2
1𝑊𝑊 = 1 1𝐽𝐽 = 1 = 1𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑀𝑀 = 𝐸𝐸 − 𝑒𝑒 sin 𝐸𝐸 0 ≤ 𝑀𝑀 < 2𝜋𝜋
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠2
Restricted 2-Body EOM 𝑀𝑀𝑓𝑓 − 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖 = 𝑛𝑛 (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇) − 2𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑘𝑘 ≡ 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠/𝑐𝑐 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
𝑅𝑅�⃑̈ + = 𝑅𝑅�⃑̈ +
𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 𝜇𝜇 𝜇𝜇
𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑔 = 𝑅𝑅�⃑ 𝑅𝑅� = �0⃑
𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅2 Remote Sensing 𝑐𝑐 = 3.0 𝑥𝑥 108 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑅𝑅 = ℎ + 𝑅𝑅⨁ ℎ = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 2898
𝜆𝜆 = 𝜆𝜆𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇)
𝑎𝑎�1−𝑒𝑒 2 � 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 +𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 𝑓𝑓 𝑇𝑇 ( 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐾𝐾)
𝑅𝑅 = 1+𝑒𝑒 cos 𝜈𝜈 𝑎𝑎 = 2 2.44 𝜆𝜆 ℎ 2𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑 ℎ
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 =
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎(1 + 𝑒𝑒) 𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝 = 𝑎𝑎(1 − 𝑒𝑒) 𝐷𝐷 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
−1 𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑
𝑉𝑉 2 𝜇𝜇 𝜇𝜇 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 2 tan 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝜀𝜀 = 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 + 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 2
− =−
𝑅𝑅 2𝑎𝑎
Launch Windows
𝑎𝑎 3
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = ℙ = 2𝜋𝜋� 𝜇𝜇 For direct orbits, 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑖𝑖
cos 𝛼𝛼
𝜇𝜇 𝜇𝜇 𝜇𝜇 𝜇𝜇 sin 𝛾𝛾 =
𝑉𝑉 = �2 � + 𝜀𝜀� = �2 � − � 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = �𝑅𝑅 cos 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜
𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅 2𝑎𝑎
𝛽𝛽𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝛾𝛾 𝛽𝛽𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 180° − 𝛾𝛾
Classical Orbital Elements (COEs) cos 𝛾𝛾
cos 𝛿𝛿 =
sin 𝛼𝛼
�⃑ = 𝑅𝑅�⃑ × 𝑉𝑉
ℎ �⃑ �⃑
𝑛𝑛�⃑ = 𝑘𝑘� × ℎ
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = Ω + 𝛿𝛿 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = Ω + 180° − 𝛿𝛿
1 𝜇𝜇
𝑒𝑒⃑ = ��𝑉𝑉 2 − � 𝑅𝑅�⃑ − �𝑅𝑅�⃑ ∙ 𝑉𝑉
�⃑ �𝑉𝑉
�⃑ � 𝑒𝑒 = |𝑒𝑒⃑|
𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 = 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 − 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
𝜇𝜇 𝑅𝑅

cos 𝑖𝑖 =
� ∙ℎ
𝑘𝑘 �⃑ Launch Velocities
𝑘𝑘 ℎ
∆𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑆𝑆 −𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 cos 𝜑𝜑 cos 𝛽𝛽 0 0
�⃑
𝚤𝚤̂ ∙ 𝑛𝑛
cos Ω = 𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛
(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑛𝑛𝑗𝑗 < 0, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 180° < Ω < 360°) �∆𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑 𝐸𝐸 � = � 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 cos 𝜑𝜑 sin 𝛽𝛽 � − �𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 � + � 0 �
∆𝑉𝑉𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑑𝑑𝑍𝑍 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 sin 𝜑𝜑 0 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺
���⃑∙ 𝑒𝑒⃑
𝑛𝑛
cos ω = 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒
(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑘𝑘 < 0, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 180° < ω < 360°) 𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 0.4651 cos 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜
�⃑
𝑒𝑒⃑ ∙ 𝑅𝑅
cos ν = (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅�⃑ ∙ 𝑉𝑉
�⃑ < 0, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 180° < ν < 360°) 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = �
2𝜇𝜇 (𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 −𝑅𝑅𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 )
𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑅𝑅𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Alternate COEs �⃑𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 � + 𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
∆𝑉𝑉𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �∆𝑉𝑉
Circular Orbits
Propulsion 𝑔𝑔𝑜𝑜 = 9.81 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2
���⃑∙
𝑛𝑛 𝑅𝑅 �⃑
cos u = (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝑘𝑘 < 0, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 180° < ω < 360°) 𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (𝑃𝑃𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 − 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )
𝑛𝑛 𝑅𝑅
Equatorial Orbits ∆𝑉𝑉 = 𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔𝑜𝑜 ln
𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 =
𝐹𝐹
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑚𝑚̇𝑔𝑔𝑜𝑜
𝚤𝚤̂ ∙ 𝑒𝑒⃑
cos Π = (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒𝑗𝑗 < 0, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 180° < Ω < 360°)
𝑖𝑖 𝑒𝑒 Hohmann Transfers
Circular Equatorial Orbits 𝑅𝑅1 +𝑅𝑅2 𝑎𝑎 3
�⃑
𝚤𝚤̂ ∙ 𝑅𝑅
𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 2
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝜋𝜋� 𝜇𝜇𝑡𝑡
cos ℓ = 𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅
(𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝑗𝑗 < 0, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 180° < Ω < 360°)
∆𝑉𝑉 = |𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 − 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 @ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 | ∆𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = ∆𝑉𝑉1 + ∆𝑉𝑉2
Ground Tracks
∆𝑁𝑁
Plane Changes
For direct orbits, ℙ (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟) = 𝜃𝜃
15°/ℎ𝑟𝑟
∆𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 2𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 sin 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 ∡
3 2 2
𝑎𝑎 = �𝜇𝜇 �ℙ (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠) �
2𝜋𝜋 2 2
∆𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐 = �𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 2𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑒 𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 cos 𝜃𝜃

13
Rendezvous Unit Conversions
𝜇𝜇 5
𝜔𝜔 = � Temperature: K = 273.15 + ℃ ℃ = (℉ − 32)
3 9
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
Angular distance: π radians = 180°
𝜑𝜑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = ∡ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
Communications: 1 Byte = 8 bits
Coplanar Rendezvous
Binary prefixes: ki = 210 Mi = 220 Gi = 230
𝛼𝛼𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑥𝑥 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 0 ≤ 𝛼𝛼𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 < 2𝜋𝜋 SI prefixes: k = 103 M = 106 G = 109 μ = 10−6 n = 10−9
𝜑𝜑𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 𝜋𝜋 − 𝛼𝛼𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 Communications
𝜑𝜑𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 − 𝜑𝜑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 (±2𝜋𝜋) 𝑐𝑐
𝑊𝑊. 𝑇𝑇. = 𝜔𝜔𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 −𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
only use (±2𝜋𝜋) if WT is negative 𝜆𝜆 = 𝑐𝑐 = 3.0 𝑥𝑥 108 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓

Co-orbital Rendezvous 𝜆𝜆 2
𝑆𝑆 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆 2 𝐺𝐺 𝑃𝑃𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝐺𝐺𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥�4𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋� 𝐺𝐺_𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
=� �� � � �=
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒, 𝜑𝜑𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2𝜋𝜋 − 𝜑𝜑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑁𝑁 𝑘𝑘 𝐵𝐵 4𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑘𝑘 𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝐵𝐵

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖, 𝜑𝜑𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 4𝜋𝜋 − 𝜑𝜑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐽𝐽

𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = �(𝑅𝑅⨁ + ℎ)2 − 𝑅𝑅⨁ 2 𝑘𝑘 = 1.381 𝑥𝑥10−23
𝐾𝐾
3 2
𝜑𝜑
𝑎𝑎𝑝𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = �𝜇𝜇 �2𝜋𝜋𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 � Re-entry 𝛾𝛾 ≡ 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝜔𝜔 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝛽𝛽 = 0.000139 𝑚𝑚−1 𝜌𝜌𝑜𝑜 = 1.225
𝑚𝑚3
Attitude Control
𝑚𝑚 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2
��⃑
�⃑ = 𝐼𝐼Ω �⃑ = 𝑅𝑅�⃑ × 𝐹𝐹⃑ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝐷𝐷 = ℎ 𝜓𝜓 𝐻𝐻 𝑇𝑇 𝐶𝐶𝐷𝐷 𝐴𝐴 2 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝑊𝑊 2
Electrical Power 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 1358
𝑚𝑚2 𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝜌𝜌 sin 𝛾𝛾
𝑞𝑞̇ = 1.83𝑥𝑥10−4 𝑉𝑉 3 �
𝜌𝜌
2e 𝑟𝑟𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑅𝑅⨁
𝜌𝜌 = sin−1 𝑅𝑅 1
𝑜𝑜 𝜌𝜌 1 𝜌𝜌
⨁ +ℎ ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ln 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 sin ℎ𝑞𝑞̇ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = ln 3𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜sin 𝛾𝛾
𝛽𝛽 𝛾𝛾 𝛽𝛽
2𝜌𝜌
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑥𝑥 ℙ 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ℙ − 𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞̇ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0.846 𝑉𝑉𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
360°
𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = �𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 Ballistic Missiles
𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = �𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 �𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 Λ ≡ 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑) 𝛽𝛽 ≡ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)
𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 +𝐸𝐸𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 cos Λ = sin 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜 sin 𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 + cos 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜 cos 𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 cos Δℓ
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟′𝑑𝑑 = 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 sin 𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 −sin 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜 cos Λ
∆ℓ = ℓ𝑡𝑡 − ℓ𝑜𝑜 cos 𝛽𝛽 =
𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = (𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼) 𝜂𝜂 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 cos 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜 sin Λ
Λ
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 2
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑅𝑅𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 2 sin
𝑃𝑃𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 �1 − 𝐷𝐷𝐺𝐺𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � 𝑄𝑄𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = 𝑄𝑄𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2
Λ
𝜇𝜇 1+sin
𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 2
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑝𝑝𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑞𝑞′ 𝑑𝑑 = 1 2−𝑄𝑄𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 Λ Λ
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜑𝜑𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = �sin−1 �� � sin � − �
2 𝑄𝑄𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 2 2
Thermal Control 𝜏𝜏 + 𝛼𝛼 + 𝜌𝜌 = 1
1 2−𝑄𝑄𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 Λ Λ
𝑊𝑊 𝜑𝜑𝑏𝑏𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ = �180° − sin−1 �� � sin � − �
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 1358 2 𝑄𝑄𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 2 2
𝑚𝑚2
𝑄𝑄 Λ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 407
𝑊𝑊
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸ℎ𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 237
𝑊𝑊
Λ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2 sin−1 2−𝑄𝑄𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝜑𝜑𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 Λ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 45° − 4
𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = (𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑡𝑡 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼)𝐴𝐴 𝛼𝛼 Rotating Earth Correction

𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑃𝑃𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑞𝑞𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑞𝑞𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 cos Λ = sin 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜 sin 𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 + cos 𝐿𝐿𝑜𝑜 cos 𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡 cos(Δℓ + 𝜔𝜔𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸ℎ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)
4 −8 𝑊𝑊 𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚3
𝑞𝑞𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝜎𝜎𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴 𝑇𝑇 𝜎𝜎 = 5.67 𝑥𝑥 10
𝑚𝑚2 𝐾𝐾4
Interplanetary Travel 𝜇𝜇𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 1.327𝑥𝑥1011 𝑠𝑠2
2
𝑉𝑉∞
𝑞𝑞 4 𝑞𝑞
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝜀𝜀𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝜎𝜎𝜎𝜎𝑇𝑇 4 𝑇𝑇 = �𝜎𝜎 𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉∞ = �𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡@𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 � 𝜀𝜀∞ =
2
𝜀𝜀 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝜇𝜇𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
Structures 𝑉𝑉ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 = �2 � + 𝜀𝜀∞ �
𝑅𝑅
1 𝑘𝑘 𝐹𝐹 Δ𝑙𝑙
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = � 𝜎𝜎 = 𝜀𝜀 = ∆𝑉𝑉 = �𝑉𝑉𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 − 𝑉𝑉ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 �
2𝜋𝜋 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑙

14