12 Plumbing Fundamentals

Chapter 12
PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS
PLUMBING FUNDAMENTALS
Overview
 Modern Plumbing Systems
 Properties of Water
 Units
 Water Sources
 Water Impurities, Testing and Treatment
 Water Use and Conservation
 Water Supply Systems
 Private – Wells
 Community – Water Towers etc.
 Piping Materials and Sizes
 Fittings and Valves
 Fixtures
 Codes and Standards

Mechanical and Electrical Systems in Architecture, Engineering and Construction, 5/e © 2010 Pearson Higher Education,
Frank R. Dagostino and Joseph B. Wujek 2 Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
BUILDING PLUMBING SYSTEMS
Modern Plumbing Systems
 Modern cities have sophisticated water delivery and
wastewater treatment systems. In buildings, the
plumbing system performs two primary functions: water
supply and waste disposal.
 A complete plumbing arrangement consists of a water
supply system, a sanitary drainage system, and a
wastewater treatment system.
 The water supply system consists of the piping and
fittings that supply hot and cold water from the building
water supply to the fixtures, such as lavatories, bathtubs,
water closets, dishwashers, clothes washers, and sinks.
BUILDING PLUMBING SYSTEMS
Modern Plumbing Systems
 Essentially, a plumbing system is a network of pipes, fittings, and
valves that carry and control flow of supply water and wastewater
to and from points of use known as fixtures.
 Fixtures are components, receptacles, or pieces of equipment that
use water and dispose of wastewater at the point of water use.
 Piping is a series of hollow channels that carry water to and
wastewater from plumbing fixtures.
 Fittings are used to connect lengths of pipe in the piping network.
 Valves are used to regulate or control flow of water.
 Types of plumbing pipes, fittings, valves, and fixtures are
discussed in this chapter because they relate to the water supply
and sanitary drainage systems.
WATER: THE SUBSTANCE
Fundamental Units
 Several fundamental units describe the properties and
behavior of water in building plumbing systems.
 The following are definitions of the fundamental units:
 Specific Weight (Density)
 Specific Gravity
 Volume
 Volumetric Flow Rate
 Velocity
 Pressure
Fundamental Units
TABLE 12.3 CONVERSIONS FOR

WATER BASED ON WEIGHT,
PRESSURE, FLOW, AND VOLUME.
Fundamental Units
TABLE 12.3 (CONTINUED)

CONVERSIONS FOR WATER
BASED ON WEIGHT, PRESSURE,
FLOW, AND VOLUME.
WATER SUPPLY
Water Sources
 A supply of good water is more important to human
survival than food.
 Potable is clean water that is suitable for human drinking.
 It must be available for drinking, cooking, and cleaning.
 Nonpotable water may be used for flushing water closets
(toilets), irrigating grass and gardens, washing cars, and
for any use other than drinking, cooking, or cleaning.
 An abundant supply of potable water that is easily
distributed is vital to a prosperous economy.
WATER SUPPLY
Water Sources
 Surface Water
 By definition, surface water is the rain that runs off the
surface of the ground into streams, rivers, and lakes.
 Groundwater
 Groundwater is water found below the surface of the
earth.
 It is water that has percolated through porous soil until it
reaches an impervious stratum, upon which it collects.
WATER SUPPLY
Water Sources
FIGURE 12.1 A cistern is a reservoir that holds drinking water.
WATER SUPPLY
Water Sources
FIGURE 12.2 Groundwater can be

captured at many levels below a building
site. A saturated permeable stratum capable
of holding a usable supply of water is
known as an aquifer.
WATER SUPPLY
Impurities in Water
 All water sources contain some impurities. It is the type
and amount of these impurities that affect water quality
and suitability for a particular use.
 Whenever animal or human fecal material connects with
a water source, it is possible one or more pathogenic
(disease-causing) microorganisms could invade the
water source.
 Chemicals and toxins can also contaminate the water
source such as agricultural runoff (e.g., pesticides,
herbicides, and so forth) and industrial runoff (e.g.,
metals, mine tailings, and so on).
 Some toxic bacteria can spawn algae in warm, shallow
water and turn it green.
WATER SUPPLY
Water Testing
 The test for potable water provides a chemical analysis
of the water, indicating the parts per million (ppm) of
each chemical found in the water.
 A separate test is made for bacteriological quality of the
water, providing an estimate of the density of bacteria in
the water supply.
WATER SUPPLY
Drinking Water Standards
 In Ontario, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was passed in
2002.
 Its purpose is to protect public health by regulating the province’s
public drinking water supply.
 The SDWA requires licensing and inspection of public drinking
water systems. Regulations include standards for drinking water
to protect against both naturally occurring and human-made
contaminants that may be found in drinking water.
 The Ontario Drinking Water Quality Standards are legally
enforceable mandatory standards that apply to public water
systems and that protect public health by limiting the levels of
contaminants in drinking water.
WATER SUPPLY
0.025 mg/L
No Limit
1.0 mg/L
Zero
0.005 mg/L
0.007 mg/L
No Limit
0.05 mg/L
No Limit
Zero
Zero
1.5 mg/L
Zero
TABLE 12.4 A PARTIAL LIST OF CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER, MAXIMUM

ACCEPTABLE LEVELS, COMMON SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS, AND POTENTIAL
HEALTH EFFECTS FROM INGESTION OF WATER (FROM SDWA).
WATER SUPPLY
No Limit
40 mg/L
80 mg/L
Zero
1.0 mg/L
0.5 Bq/L
0.01 mg/L
500 mg/L
No Limit
0.100 mg/L
No Limit
0.02 mg/L
Varies
TABLE 12.4 (CONTINUED) A PARTIAL LIST OF CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING

WATER, MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE LEVELS, COMMON SOURCES OF CONTAMINANTS, AND
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS FROM INGESTION OF WATER (FROM SDWA).
WATER SUPPLY
Water Treatment
 Potable water can have an objectionable odor and taste
and even be cloudy and slightly muddied or colored in
appearance.
 Although the odor, taste, or appearance of potable water
may not mean you want to drink it, it is still safe to
drink.
 Several methods are used to improve water quality and
taste:
 Problems with undesirable taste and odor are overcome
by use of filtration equipment or by aeration of the water.
 Bacteria are destroyed by the addition of a few parts per
million of chlorine. The taste of chlorine is then removed
with sodium sulfite.
WATER SUPPLY
Water Treatment
 Suspended organic matter that supports bacterial life and
suspended mineral matter are removed by the addition of
a flocculating and precipitating agent, such as alum,
before settling or filtration.
 Excessive hardness, which renders the water unsuitable
for many industrial purposes, is reduced by the addition
of slaked, or hydrated, lime or by an ionexchange process.
WATER SUPPLY
Water Use
 The amount of water we use in residences varies by time
of day:
 Lowest rate of use—11:30 PM to 5:00 AM
 Sharp rise/high use—5:00 AM to noon (peak use from
7:00 AM to 8:00 AM)
 Moderate use—noon to 5:00 PM (low around 3:00 PM)
 Increasing evening use—5:00 to 11:00 PM (second minor
peak, 6:00 to 8:00 PM)
WATER SUPPLY
Water Use
TABLE 12.5 RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER IN THE UNITED

STATES BY CATEGORY OF USE.
WATER SUPPLY
Water Conservation
 Potable water is not an infinite resource.
 As population and demand for water grows, it is in short
supply and is becoming more expensive, particularly in
arid and semiarid climates and in all regions during
periods of long drought.
 Efforts are underway to cut back on its use.
 The introduction of running water and waste systems in
buildings is a rather new experience, occurring only in
the last hundred years.
 During this time, we have progressed from taking a bath
once a week (the Saturday night bath) to bathing once or
twice daily.
WATER SUPPLY
Water Conservation
 Water Conservation
 Use of Untreated Water
 Use of Gray Water
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
 In large metropolitan areas, most of the drinking water
originates from a surface source such as a lake, stream,
river, or reservoir.
 In rural areas, people are more likely to drink
groundwater that was pumped from a well.
 The design of any building water supply system begins
with an evaluation of the system from which the water
will be obtained.
 Basically, water is available through systems that serve a
community or through private systems.
Private Systems
 Approximately 25% of Canadians obtain water from
their own private drinking water supplies.
 Private systems may also use any of the water sources
discussed. Most private water is drawn from groundwater
through wells.
 Large industrial and commercial projects may draw all
of their supply from one source (e.g., a stream) or they
may draw part of their supply from one source (such as
a stream) and supplement the supply with another source
(e.g., a well).
 Small private systems, such as those used for residences,
usually rely on a single source of water to supply
potable water to the system.
Well Systems
 A modern well system consists of a well, a motor-driven
pump, and a storage tank.
 In most systems, the pump draws water from the well
where it is stored in a storage tank.
 A switch activated by water pressure controls the pump.
 As water is consumed in the building, it is drawn from the
storage tank and the pressure in the tank decreases.
 When tank pressure drops to a preset cut-in pressure
level, the switch activates the well pump.
 Pumped water replaces the water drawn from the tank.
 The pump is switched off when the tank pressure rises to
a preset cut-out pressure.
Well Systems
 Types of Wells
 Wells are classified according to their depth and the method used to
construct the well:
Well Systems
FIGURE 12.3 There are three

common types of water wells: dug,
driven, and bored/drilled.
Well Systems
 Types of Wells:
 Dug Wells
 Driven Wells
 Drilled/Bored Wells
Well Systems
FIGURE 12.4 A dug well is shallow.

It is excavated at surface level. The
top of a dug well extends above
grade. A concrete cap has a drip edge
to prevent contamination.
Well Systems
FIGURE 12.5 A driven well.
Well Systems
FIGURE 12.6 Driven wells consist of lengths

of pipe attached one on top of another and
driven into the ground. A sharp well point and
drive cap are attached to a pipe.
Well Systems
FIGURE 12.7 Drilled wells typically have

holes 200 ft or more in depth. A
submersible pump is dropped into the
well casing to pump water up the well.
Well Systems
 Well Pumps
 Pumps are used to bring well water to the surface.
 Well pumps are referred to as shallow well and deep well,
depending on the type and depth of well.
 Pumping level, expressed in feet or meters, is the vertical
distance between the pump and the lowest water level,
taking into account level draw down by pumping and
lower levels during dry seasons.
 There are two general types of well pumps:
 Submersible well pumps
 Jet pumps
Well Systems
 Well Tanks
 Water drawn from a well is pumped into a storage tank
where it is stored for use by building occupants.
 Elevated storage tanks are discussed later in this chapter.
 A typical utility-powered well system consists of a pump
delivering water into a pressure tank.
 A pressure tank is a type of closed storage container
designed to store water under pressure.
Well Systems
TABLE 12.6 WELL LOCATION AND CONSTRUCTION ARE OFTEN CONTROLLED BY GOVERNMENT
REGULATIONS THAT SET MINIMUM DISTANCES BETWEEN THE WELL AND ANY POSSIBLE GROUND
CONTAMINANT. REGULATIONS VARY WITH BUILDING CODE. A TYPICAL SET OF MINIMUM DISTANCES
IS PROVIDED.
Community Systems
 Community water supply systems are public or private
entities that install and provide a central supply of water
to a neighborhood, city or special district.
 They are government owned, as in most cities, or
privately owned, such as in a rural housing development
where the builder or real estate developer develops the
water system.
 The water for these systems may have been obtained
from any of the water sources discussed previously.
 Quite often water is drawn from more than one source.
Water Towers and Elevated Storage Tanks
 Water towers used in community systems and elevated
water storage tanks used in private systems carry a
reserve capacity of water.
 They serve many additional purposes, including what
follows:
 To introduce pressure to the water supply system
 To equalize supply and demand over periods of high
consumption
 To supply water during equipment failure or maintenance
 To supply water for firefighting demand
PIPING MATERIALS
 Pipe is a round, hollow channel used to transport liquids
such as water or solid–liquid mixtures such as
wastewater from one point to the next.
 In a building plumbing system, pipes transport hot and
cold water and remove liquid and solid wastes. Piping in
buildings is also used in transporting natural and
liquefied petroleum gases, fuel oil, compressed air,
refrigerants, and irrigation water.
PIPING MATERIALS
 Water pipe generally falls into one of two categories:
 Pressure Pipe, which delivers supply water
 Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV) pipe, which carries waste
and soil water away
 Both categories are sold in metal and plastic; however,
metal (copper in plumbing systems) dominates the
pressure category.
 Plastic and cast iron are the most common piping
material for DWV.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.7 A COMPARISON OF COMMON PIPE MATERIALS.
PIPING MATERIALS
 Copper Pipe and Tubing
 Type K
 Type L
 Type M
 DWV
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.8 TYPES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE COPPER TUBING.

PIPING MATERIALS
 Brass Pipe
 Steel and Iron Pipe
 Thermoplastic Pipe
 Composite Pipe
 PE-AL-PE Pipe
 PEX-AL-PEX Pipe
 Clay and Concrete Pipe
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.9 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF COPPER TUBING.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.10 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF COPPER AND BRASS PIPES.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.11 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF STANDARD WEIGHT SCHEDULE 40 STEEL PIPE.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.12 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF EXTRA STRONG (XH) WEIGHT SCHEDULE 80 STEEL PIPE.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.13 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF SCHEDULE 160 STEEL PIPE.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.14 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF DOUBLE EXTRA STRONG (XXH) WEIGHT STEEL PIPE.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.15 DIMENSIONS OF CAST IRON PIPE.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.16 TYPES OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPE MATERIALS.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.17 DIMENSIONS OF ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS) PLASTIC PIPE FOR

DRAINAGE, WASTE, AND VENT SYSTEMS.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.18 DIMENSIONS OF CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE

(PEX) TUBING.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.19 DIMENSIONS OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) AND CHLORINATED

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (CPVC) PIPE.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.20 DIMENSIONS OF COPPER TUBE SIZE CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (CTS-
CPVC) PLUMBING PIPE.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.21 DIMENSIONS OF CHLORINATED POLYVINYL

CHLORIDE (CPVC) WITH A STANDARD DIMENSION RATIO (SDR)
OF 13.5. USED FOR FIRE SPRINKLER PIPE.
PIPING MATERIALS
TABLE 12.22 DIMENSIONS OF AND BENDING REQUIREMENTS FOR PEX-AL-PEX COMPOSITE PIPE.
PIPING MATERIALS
Tubing and Pipe Sizes
 Pipe is thick walled and available in standard iron pipe size (IPS).
 IPS remains the standard by which pipe size is measured.

 With materials other than iron, the wall thickness of pipe is
different.
 Consequently, inside diameters of pipes of different materials
vary for a specific pipe size.
 Thus, a half-inch pipe is neither a half-inch on the inside nor the
outside, but it is still called a half-inch pipe based on the nominal
diameter.
 Under the IPS designation, female fittings are identified by FIP
and male fittings are MIP.
 The terms nominal pipe size (NPS) and IPS are interchangeable
and refer to the nominal diameter of the pipe, not the actual
diameter.
PIPING MATERIALS
Pipe Pressure Rating
 With the exception of sewer and drainage pipe, all pipe
is pressure rated.
 There are several different methods of determining
pressure ratings:
 The schedule number
 The SDR
 The pressure-level rating
 Weights designations
FITTINGS AND VALVES
Fittings
 A variety of fittings must be used to connect pipe
lengths and make all the pipe turns, branch lines,
couplings that join the straight runs, and stops at the end
of the runs.
 Fittings for steel and wrought-iron pipe are made of
malleable iron and cast iron.
 The fittings for plastic, copper, and brass pipe are made
of the same materials as the pipe being connected.
 Elbows
 Tees
 Couplings
 Adapters
 Joining Pipes and Fittings
FITTINGS AND VALVES
Valves
 Valves are used to control flow of the water throughout
the system.
 Proper location of valves simplifies repairs to the
system, fixtures, or equipment being serviced.
 Valves also regulate flow to deliver the appropriate
quantity of water and reduce water consumption.
FITTINGS AND VALVES
Valves
 Valves generally fall into these categories:
 Gate Valves
 Globe Valves
 Angle Valves
 Check Valves
 Ball Valves
 Metered Valves
 Flow Control Valves
 Thermostatic Valves
 Temperature-Pressure Relief Valves
 Pressure-Reducing Valves
 Hose Bibbs
 Flushometer
 Sensor-Operated Valves
FITTINGS AND VALVES
Valves
FIGURE 12.8 A cross-section of a gate valve. FIGURE 12.9 A cross-section of a globe valve.
FITTINGS AND VALVES
Valves
FIGURE 12.10 A cross-section of an angle FIGURE 12.11 A cross-section of a check

valve. valve.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
 A plumbing fixture is an approved receptacle, device, or
appliance that uses water and discharges wastewater
such as a water closet, urinal, faucet, shower,
dishwasher, drinking fountain, hose connection, hose
bibb, water heater, water softener, underground
sprinkler, hot tub, spa, and clothes washer.
 They must be made of dense, durable, nonabsorbent
materials with smooth, impermeable surfaces.
 Plumbing fixtures are the only part of the plumbing
system that the owners or occupants of the building will
see regularly, because most of the plumbing piping is
concealed in walls and floors.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Water Closets
 A water closet is a plumbing fixture that serves as an
indoor receptacle and removal system for human waste.
 Although this fixture is commonly called a toilet or
commode, the building code specifically refers to it as a
water closet.
 Water closets are typically made of solid vitrified china
cast with an integral (built-in) trap.
 They are also available in stainless steel that is typically
specified for high-vandalism installations such as at
highway rest stops, outdoor recreation areas, jails, and
detention centers.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Water Closets
FIGURE 12.12 Flush tank water closets.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Water Closets
FIGURE 12.13 Flush valve water closets.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Urinals
FIGURE 12.14 Types of flushing actions used

in a water closet. Water flows into the bowl
from the bowl rim. This raises the water level
in the bowl to fill the gooseneck pathway. As
water fills the gooseneck, the water and waste
remaining in the bowl is sucked up and into
the gooseneck by a siphoning action.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Urinals
 Urinals are plumbing fixtures that are commonly used in
public restrooms where it is desirable to reduce possible
contamination of the water closet seats.
 They are commonly available in vitreous china and
sometimes in enameled iron.
 They are also available in stainless steel for high-
vandalism installations.
 Floor and trough-type urinals are no longer allowed in
new construction.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Urinals
FIGURE 12.15 Types of urinals.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Waterless Urinals
 A waterless urinal is a urinal that is specifically
engineered to eliminate potable water consumption for
urinal flushing.
 It looks very much like a conventional urinal except the
flush valve and piping that is normally positioned above
the fixture is omitted.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Bathtubs
 Bathtubs are plumbing fixtures used for bathing.
 They are available in enameled iron, cast iron, or
fiberglass.
 Tubs are available in a variety of sizes, the most common
being 30 or 32 in (760 or 810 mm) wide; 12, 14, or 16 in
(300, 350 or 400 mm) high; and 4 to 6 ft (1.2 to 1.8 m)
long.
 Whirlpool bathtubs are fitted with jets that propel a
current of warm water in a swirling motion.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Showers
 A showerhead is an overhead nozzle that sprays water
down on the bather.
 Shower fittings may be placed over bathtubs instead of
having a separate shower space; this is commonly done
in residences, apartments, and motels.
 However, it is important that when a showerhead is used
with a bathtub fixture, the walls be constructed of an
impervious material such as ceramic tile.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Lavatories
 A lavatory is a bathroom basin or sink used for personal
hygiene.
 Lavatories are generally available in vitreous china or
enameled iron, or they may be cast in plastic or a plastic
compound with the basin an integral part of the
countertop.
 They are also available in stainless steel for high-
vandalism applications.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Lavatories
FIGURE 12.17 Types of lavatories.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Sinks
 Kitchen sinks are most commonly made of enameled
cast iron or stainless steel.
 Sinks are usually available in a single- or a double-bowl
arrangement; some even have a third bowl, which is
much smaller.
 A waste disposal is typically connected to one of the
sink drains.
 Kitchen sinks are generally flushmounted into a plastic
laminate or into a composition plastic counter.
 Present water conserving requirements for residential
kitchen sink faucets limits the average water consumption
to 2.5 gpm (9.5 L/min).
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Laundry Tubs and Trays
 Laundry tubs, sometimes called trays, are a large deep
sink used in laundry rooms.
 They are usually available in a single or a double-bowl
arrangement.
 Laundry tubs are typically floor or wall-mounted units
available in low-cost plastic, enameled iron, or stainless
steel.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Drinking Fountains and Water Coolers
 Drinking fountains offer users a limitless supply of
drinking water at any location where water and sanitary
drainage are readily available.
 Water coolers can deliver 8 gal/hr (30 L/hr) or more of
chilled drinking water.
 They require connections to power, water, and drainage.
 Drinking fountains and water coolers are available in
wall-mounted and floor units.
 Drinking fountains and water coolers should not be
installed in public restrooms.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Other Fixtures
 Emergency fixtures include eye-face washes, drench
showers, decontamination units, portables, and
accessories designed for use wherever hazardous
substances are present.
 Other types of fixtures include baptisteries, ornamental
ponds, fountains, and aquariums.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
“Approved” Fixtures
 Ontario Building Code mandates that all plumbing
fixtures meet or exceed the minimum requirements
based on maximum flow.
 Toilets 4.8 Lpf
 Urinals 1.9 Lpf
 Showerheads 7.6 L/min
PLUMBING FIXTURES
Minimum Number of Fixtures
 Codes generally set the minimum number of fixtures
that must be installed on a project according to the type
of occupancy and, in some cases, the number of
occupants.
 When designing any residential, commercial, industrial,
or institutional project, this minimum plumbing facility
chart must be followed.
 Requirements vary by occupancy number and type as
dictated by local code.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
TABLE 12.23 AN EXAMPLE OF MINIMUM NUMBER OF PLUMBING FIXTURES. THE DESIGNATION

1:100 INDICATES 1 FIXTURE TYPE PER 100 OCCUPANTS. NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS IS TYPICALLY
DETERMINED BY FLOOR AREA. VARIES WITH VARIOUS MODEL CODES AND LOCAL REGULATIONS.
PLUMBING FIXTURES
TABLE 12.24 AN EXAMPLE OF MINIMUM TOILET REQUIREMENTS IN KINDERGARTEN THROUGH

12TH-GRADE SCHOOLS BASED ON POPULATION OF EACH GENDER AT THE SCHOOL SITE. VARIES
BY SCHOOL DISTRICT.
CODES AND STANDARDS
 Building codes began as fire regulations written and
enacted by several large cities during the 19th century.
 These regulations have evolved into a code that contains
standards and specifications for materials, construction
methods, structural strength, fire resistance,
accessibility, egress (exiting), ventilation, lighting,
energy conservation, and other considerations.
 There are many codes and standards that govern
building design and engineering.
 An architect and engineer must be familiar with and
maintain a working-level understanding of current codes
and standards.
CODES AND STANDARDS
Standards
 A standard is a set of specifications written by a
professional organization or group of professionals that
seek to standardize materials, components, equipment,
or methods of construction/operation.
 Many organizations develop technical standards,
specifications, and design techniques that govern the
design and construction of buildings and building
systems.
CODES AND STANDARDS
Building Codes
 By definition, a building code is a local ordinance (a
law) that establishes the minimum requirements for
design, construction, use, renovation, alteration, and
demolition of a building and its systems.
 The intent of a building code is to ensure health, safety,
and welfare of the building occupants.
 A model building code is a collection of standards and
specifications written and compiled by group of
professionals and made available for adoption by state
and local jurisdictions.
CODES AND STANDARDS
Construction Drawings
 A complete set of construction drawings and
specifications of the building plumbing system is needed
to convey design information to the contractor.
 Plumbing construction drawings show the layout and
design of a plumbing installation.
CODES AND STANDARDS
Administration of the Code
 Where codes are in force, there will be a building
department or department of building within the local
governmental entity (e.g., city, county, and so forth).
 The governmental building department issues permits
for the construction, addition, alteration, repair,
occupancy, use, and maintenance of all buildings,
structures, or utilities within its jurisdiction.
 A building inspector is a representative of a
governmental entity who performs the local
administration and enforcement of the codes.
CODES AND STANDARDS
Administration of the Code
 Although it varies by local jurisdiction, the typical
residential or commercial code-compliance inspections
occur in three phases.
 1. Underground Inspection
 2. Rough-In Inspection
 3. Final Inspection

12 Plumbing Fundamentals

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12 Plumbing Fundamentals

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Chapter 12

 Water Impurities, Testing and Treatment

 Water Use and Conservation

 Water Supply Systems

 Community – Water Towers etc.

 Piping Materials and Sizes

 Fittings and Valves

 Codes and Standards

TABLE 12.3 CONVERSIONS FOR

TABLE 12.3 (CONTINUED)

FIGURE 12.1 A cistern is a reservoir that holds drinking water.

FIGURE 12.2 Groundwater can be

TABLE 12.4 A PARTIAL LIST OF CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER, MAXIMUM

TABLE 12.4 (CONTINUED) A PARTIAL LIST OF CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING

TABLE 12.5 RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER IN THE UNITED

FIGURE 12.3 There are three

FIGURE 12.4 A dug well is shallow.

FIGURE 12.5 A driven well.

FIGURE 12.6 Driven wells consist of lengths

FIGURE 12.7 Drilled wells typically have

TABLE 12.7 A COMPARISON OF COMMON PIPE MATERIALS.

TABLE 12.8 TYPES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE COPPER TUBING.

TABLE 12.9 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF COPPER TUBING.

TABLE 12.10 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF COPPER AND BRASS PIPES.

TABLE 12.13 WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF SCHEDULE 160 STEEL PIPE.

TABLE 12.15 DIMENSIONS OF CAST IRON PIPE.

TABLE 12.16 TYPES OF THERMOPLASTIC PIPE MATERIALS.

TABLE 12.17 DIMENSIONS OF ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS) PLASTIC PIPE FOR

TABLE 12.18 DIMENSIONS OF CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE

TABLE 12.19 DIMENSIONS OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) AND CHLORINATED

TABLE 12.21 DIMENSIONS OF CHLORINATED POLYVINYL

 IPS remains the standard by which pipe size is measured.

FIGURE 12.10 A cross-section of an angle FIGURE 12.11 A cross-section of a check

FIGURE 12.12 Flush tank water closets.

FIGURE 12.13 Flush valve water closets.

FIGURE 12.14 Types of flushing actions used

FIGURE 12.15 Types of urinals.

FIGURE 12.17 Types of lavatories.

TABLE 12.23 AN EXAMPLE OF MINIMUM NUMBER OF PLUMBING FIXTURES. THE DESIGNATION

TABLE 12.24 AN EXAMPLE OF MINIMUM TOILET REQUIREMENTS IN KINDERGARTEN THROUGH

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