Earthworks

MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering
Earthworks
Area and Volume Computation
I. Area Computation
1. Trapezoidal Method
AT = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + … + An
AT = ½ (h1 +h2) d + ½ (h2 + h3) d + ½ (h3 + h4) d + ½ (h4 + h5) d + ½ (h5 + h6) d + … + ½ (hn-1 + hn) d
AT = d/2 (h1 + h2 + h2 + h3 + h3 + h4 + h4 + h5 + h5 + h6 + h6 + … + hn-1 + hn)
AT = d/2 (h1 + 2h2 + 2h3 + 2h4 + 2h5 + 2h6 + … + 2hn-1 + hn)
AT = d/2 (h1 + 2∑h + hn)
AT = d/2 [(h1 + hn) + 2∑h]
Where:
AT = total Area
d = common distance between offsets
h1 & hn = end offsets
∑h = summation of the intermediate offsets
#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

 [email protected]  +63(77)600-34-58 www.mmsu.edu.ph
2. Simpson’s One-third Rule
AT = A1 + A2
AT = ½ (h1 + h3) (2d) + 2/3 (2d) (z1) + ½ (h3 + h5) (2d) + 2/3 (2d) (z2)
z1 = h2 – h1 – y1
by R & P
y1 h3 – h1
= 2d
d
h3 – h1
y1 = 2
h h1
z1 = h2 – h1 – ( 23 – )
2
h1 h3
z1 = h2 – 2 – 2
z2 = h4 – h3 – y2
by R & P
y2 h5 – h3
= 2d
d
h5 – h3
y2 = 2
h h3
z2 = h4 – h3 – ( 25 – )
2
h3 h5
z2 = h4 – –
2 2
h h h h5
AT = d (h1 + h3) + 4/3 (d) (h2 – 21 – 23 ) + d (h3 + h5) + 4/3 (d) (h4 – 23 – )
2
AT = d/3 [3h1 + 3h3 + 4h2 – 2h1 – 2h3 + 3h3 + 3h5 + 4h4 – 2h3 – 2h5]
AT = d/3 [h1 + 4h2 + 2h3 + 4h4 +h5]
AT = d/3 [h1 + 4∑heven + 2∑hodd + hn]
Where:
AT = total Area
d = common distance between offsets
h1 & hn = end offsets
∑heven = summation of the intermediate even offsets
∑hodd = summation of the intermediate odd offsets

3. Area by Coordinates
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥1
AT = ½ | 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5 𝑦6 𝑦1 |
1
AT = ½ [x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y5 + x5y6 + x6x1 – y1x2 – y2x3 – y3x4 – y4x5 – y5x6 – y6x1]
II. Volume Computation
1. End Area Method
𝐴1 +𝐴2
VE = ( )L
2

2. Prismoidal Formula
Vp = 1/3 A2h2 – 1/3 A1h1

But
A1 h 2
= h1 2
A2 2
A 1 h2 2
A2 = h1 2
h2 2
Vp = 1/3 A1 h1 2
– h2 – 1/3 A1h1
h2 3
Vp = 1/3 A1 (h 2 – h1 )
1
h2 3 − h 1 3
Vp = 1/3 A1 ( )
h1 2
But h23 – h13 = (h2 – h1) (h22 + h1h2 + h12)
But h = h2 – h1
A1 h h22 +h1h2 + h12
Vp = [ ]
3 h12
2
A1 h h h2
Vp = [ h22 + h + 1]
3 1 1
A1 h12
But A = h 2
2 2
A1 h A1 √A1
Vp = [A + + 1]
3 2 √A2
h
Vp = 3 [ A2 + √A1 A2 + A1] = Volume of a frustum of a pyramid
2
Am (h1 + h⁄2)
A1
= h2
1
But h = h2 – h1

2 2
Am (h1 + h2⁄2 – h1⁄2) (h1⁄2 + h2⁄2)
= =
A1 h12 h12
h1 + h2 2 A1(h1 + h2)2 A1(h12+ h1h2 + h22 )
Amh12 = A1 ( 2 ) = =
4 4
2h2 h22 √A2 A2
4Am = A1 [ 1 + + h 2] = A1 [1 + 2 +A]
h1 1 √A1 1
4Am = A1 + 2√A1 A2 + A2
4Am – A1 – A2
√A1 A2 = = 2Am – A1⁄2 – A2⁄2
2
h
Vp = 3 [A2 + 2Am – A1⁄2 – A2⁄2 – A1]
h h A1 + 4Am + A2
Vp = 3 [ A1⁄2 + 2Am + A2⁄2] = 3 [ ]
2
h
Vp = [A1 + 4Am + A2] = prismoidal volume
6
3. Volume with Prismoidal Correction
V = VE – Vcp
Where
Vcp = L/12 (C1 – C2) (D1 – D2)
Proof: Consider a triangular prism
Prismoidal Volume
Vp = VE – Vcp
Vcp = VE – Vp
𝐴1+𝐴2 L
Vcp = ( ) L – [A1 + 4Am + A2]
2 6
Vcp = L [ A1⁄2 + A2⁄2 – A1⁄6 – 2Am⁄3 – A2⁄6]
Vcp = L [ A1⁄3 – 2Am⁄3 + A2⁄3]

L
Vcp = 3 [A1 – 2Am + A2]
Vcp = L/3 [ ½ C1D1 – 2(½) CmDm + ½ C2D2]
But
C1 + C2
Cm =
2
D1 + D2
Dm = 2
(C1 + C2) (D1 + D2)
Vcp = L/3 [ ½ C1D1 – + ½ C2D2]
4
Vcp = L/3 [ ½ C1D1 – ¼ [C1D1 + C2D1 + C1D2 + C2D2] + ½ C2D2]
Vcp = L/3 [ ½ C1D1 – ¼C1D1 – ¼C2D1 – ¼C1D2 – ¼C2D2 + ½ C2D2]
Vcp = L/3 [ ¼C1D1 – ¼C1D2 – ¼C2D1 + ¼C2D2]
Vcp = L/12 [C1D1 – C1D2 – C2D1 – C2D2]
Vcp = L/12 [ C1 (D1 – D2) – C2 (D1 – D2)]
Vcp = L/12 (C1 – C2) (D1 – D2)
4. Borrow Pit Method
A
V = 4 (∑h1 + 2∑h2 + 3∑h3 + 4∑h4)
• For actual excavation Volume: multiply VCOMPUTED by 1.2

Sample Problems
1. Given the following cross-section notes of an earthwork on a rolling terrain. The width of the
road is 12m and the side slope is 2.5:1. Compute the volume of the cut.
a) Use End Area Method
b) Use Prismoidal Formula
c) Use Volume with Prismoidal Correction
Sta 5 + 000
y +10 +5 +3
x 31 0 13.5
Sta 5 + 020
y +14 +7 +4.5
x 41 0 17.25

𝐴 +𝐴
a) VE = ( 1 2 2) L
A1 = ½ (6) (10) + ½ (5) (31) + ½ (5) (13.5) + ½ (6) (3) = 150.25m2
A2 = ½ (6) (14) + ½ (7) (41) + ½ (7) (17.25) + ½ (6) (4.5) = 259.375m2
Am = ½ (6) (12) + ½ (6) (36) + ½ (6) (15.375) + ½ (6) (3.75) = 201.375m2
150.25+259.375
VE = ( ) (20) = 4096.25m3
2
L
b) Vp = 6 [A1 + 4Am + A2]
20
Vp = 6 [150.25 + 4(201.375) + 259.375]
Vp = 4050.42m3
c) V = VE – Vcp
Vcp = L/12 (C1 – C2) (D1 – D2)
C1 = 5m
C2 = 7m
D1 = 44.5m
D2 = 58.25m
Vcp = 20/12 (5 – 7) (44.5 – 58.25)
Vcp = 45.83m3
V = 4096.25 – 45.83
V = 4050.42m3

2. Given the following field notes. Compute the volume by End Area Method if the road bed is
10m, side slope for cut is 1:1 for fill is 1.5:1
Sta 1+020
9.5 5.5 3 2 +1.5 2 4.5 9.5
+4.5 +3.5 +2.6 +2.3 0 - 1.5 - 3.0
Sta 1+040
9.5 5.5 3 - 1.5 2 4.5 9.5
+4.5 +4.0 0 - 1.7 - 2.0 - 3.0

@ Sta 1+ 020
−5 2 0 2 −3 −5.5 −9.5 −5
ACUT = ½ | |
0 0 1.5 2.3 2.6 3.5 4.5 0
ACUT = ½ [0 + 3 + 0 – 5.2 – 10.5 – 24.75 + 0 – 0 – 0 + 3 + 6.9 + 14.3 + 33.25 + 22.5]
ACUT = 21.25m2
2 4.5 9.5 5 2
AFILL = ½ | |
0 −1.5 −3 0 0
AFILL = ½ [– 3 – 13.5 + 0 + 0 – 0 + 14.25 + 15 – 0]
AFILL = 6.375m2
@ Sta 1+ 040
−3 −5.5 9.5 −5 −3
ACUT = ½ | |
0 4 4.5 0 0
ACUT = ½ [– 12 – 24.75 + 0 + 0 – 0 + 38 + 22.5 – 0]
ACUT = 11.875m2
−3 0 2 4.5 9.5 5 −3
AFILL = ½ | |
0 −1.5 −1.7 −2 −3 0 0
AFILL = ½ [4.5 + 0 – 4 – 13.5 + 0 + 0 – 0 + 3 + 7.65 + 19 + 15 – 0]
AFILL = 15.825m2
21.25+11.875
VCUT = ( ) (20) = 331.25m3
2
6.375+15.825
VFILL = ( ) (20) = 222m3
2

3. From the following data of an earthwork, compute whether there is a waste or borrow and by
how much. Shrinkage Factor = 1.20
Sta 10+020 Sta 10+080

Width of Roadway = 10.0m Width of Roadway = 8.0m
Side Slope = 2:1 Side Slope = 1:1
Sta 10 + 020
+4 +6 +3
13 0 11
Sta 10 + 080
9 0 10
-5 -4 -6

ACUT = ½ (5)(4) + ½ (6)(13) + ½ (6)(11) + ½ (5)(3) = 89.5m2
AFILL = ½ (4)(5) + ½ (4)(9) + ½ (4)(10) + ½ (4)(6) = 60m2
4 6
=
x 60 - x
x = 24
60 – x = 36
89.5+0
VCUT = ( ) (36) = 1611m3
2
0+60
VFILL = ( 2 ) (24) = 720m3
Actual VFILL = 720m3 x 1.2 = 864m3
VWASTE = 1611m3 – 864m3 = 747m3

4. Find the area of a piece of land with an irregular boundary as follows:
Station Offset Distance

0+000 5.59
0+010 3.38
0+020 2.30
0+030 3.96
0+040 4.80
The stations are on a straight-line boundary. Find the area of the land in square meters by:
a) Trapezoidal Method
b) Simpson’s One-third Rule Method
a) AT = d/2 [(h1 + hn) + 2∑h]

AT = 10/2 [(5.59 + 4.80) + 2 (3.38 + 2.30 + 3.96)]
AT = 148.35m3
b) AT = d/3 [h1 + 4∑heven + 2∑hodd + hn]

AT = 10/3 [5.59 + 4(3.38 + 3.96) + 2(2.30) + 4.80]
AT = 147.83m3

5. A square lot is divided into 20 square meters and the corners are numbered I – IV vertically and
A – D horizontally. The heights tabulated are elevations of the ground section before excavation.
The ground is to be leveled at elevation 10m. Using Unit Area Method (Borrow Pit Method).
Compute the volume of Earthworks being excavated.
A-I = 16.2 B-I = 15.8 C-I = 16.3 D-I = 14.6 E-I = 15.7
A-II = 15.6 B-II = 14.3 C-II = 15.2 D-II = 13.8
A-III = 13.8 B-III = 12.6 C-III = 14.3 D-III = 12.8
A-IV = 12.1 B-IV = 11.9 C-IV = 13.9 D-IV = 11.8
A
V = 4 (∑h1 + 2∑h2 + 3∑h3 + 4∑h4)
∑h1 = 6.2 + 4.6 + 2.1 + 1.8 = 14.7m
∑h2 = 5.8 + 6.3 + 5.6 + 3.8 +3.8 + 2.8 + 1.9 +3.9 = 33.9m
∑h3 = 0
∑h4 = 4.3 + 5.2 +2.6 + 4.3 = 16.4m
20 (20)
V= 4
[14.7 + 2 (33.9) + 4 (16.4)] = 14810m3
𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
V=A( )
2
1 4.6+3.8+5.7
V = 2 (20) (20) [ ]
3
V = 940m3
VTOTAL = 14810m3 + 940m3

VTOTAL = 15750m3

Mass Diagram
Mass Diagram Raw Data Computation

2
End Areas (m ) Volume Net Volume
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
Station Cut Fill Total Cut Fill Shrinkage Total Fill (–) Cut (+) Mass
(10%) Fill Ordinate
(5) + (6)
0 3 18 75 1020 102 1122 –1047 0
1 2 50 60 2205 221 2426 –2366 –1047
2 2 97 90 3405 341 3746 –3656 –3413
3 4 130 180 2715 272 2987 –2807 –7069
4 8 51 720 1440 144 1584 –864 –9876
5 40 45 1275 975 98 1073 202 –10740
6 45 20 1875 375 38 413 1462 –10538
7 80 5 3030 105 11 116 2914 –9076
8 122 2 3780 30 3 33 3747 –6162
9 130 0 4050 0 0 0 4050 –2415
10 140 0 3600 45 5 50 3550 1635
11 100 3 2700 495 50 545 2155 5185
12 80 30 2325 750 75 825 1500 7340
13 75 20 1875 1050 105 1155 720 8840
14 50 50 1050 1950 195 2145 –1095 9560
15 20 80 450 2700 270 2970 –2520 8465
16 10 100 150 3300 330 3630 –3480 5945
17 0 120 45 3600 360 3960 –3915 2465
18 3 120 645 2550 255 2805 –2160 –1450
19 40 50 1050 1200 120 1320 –70 –3610
20 30 30 – – – – – – –3880
I. Computing Fill and Cut Volumes Using the Average End-Area Method
A roadway section is 600m long (20 stations). The cut and fill volumes are to be computed
between each station. The table above shows the list the station numbers (column 1) and the end
area value (m2) between each station that are in cut (column 2) and that are in fill (column 3).
Material in a fill section will consolidate (known as shrinkage factor), and for this road section, is 10
percent. (For example, if 100 m3 of net fill is required, the total amount of fill material that is
supplied by a cut section is 100(1.10) = 110 m3.) Determine the net volume of cut and fill that is
required between station 0 and station 1.

Solution:
30 (A0C+ A1C) 30 (3 + 2)
VTOTAL CUT = = = 75m3
2 2
30 (A0F + A1F ) 30 (18 + 50)
VFILL = = = 1020m3
2 2
VTOTAL FILL = 1020 (1.10) = 1122 m3
II. Computation of Net Volumes Between Stations
Solution:
Net volume between stations 0–1 = Total Cut – Total Fill = 75 – 1122 = –1047 m3 (column 8)
Note: Net fill volumes are negative (–) (column 8) and net cut volumes are positive (+) (column 9).
Similar calculations are performed between all other stations, from station 1+00 to 20+00,
to obtain the remaining cut or fill values shown in columns 2 through 9.
III. Computation of Mass Diagram Ordinate
Use the data obtained in Example 14.4 to determine the net accumulation of cut or fill
beginning with station 0 + 00. Plot the results.
Solution:
Columns 8 and 9 show the net cut and fill between each station. To compute the mass
diagram ordinate between station X and X + 1, add the net accumulation from Station X (the first
station) to the net cut or fill volume (columns 8 or 9) between stations X and X + 1. Enter this value
in column 10.
Station 0 + 00 mass diagram ordinate = 0

Station 1 + 00 mass diagram ordinate = 0 – 1047 = –1047 m3
Station 2 + 00 mass diagram ordinate = –1047 – 2366 = –3413 m3
Station 6 + 00 mass diagram ordinate = –10740 + 202 = –10538 m3
Station 7 + 00 mass diagram ordinate = –10538 + 1462 = –9076 m3
Continue the calculation process for the remaining 13 stations to obtain the values shown
in column 10 of the Table. A plot of the results is shown in below.

Mass Diagram
15000
12500
10000
7500
S T
5000
Mass Diagram Ordinate
2500
A’ D’ E’
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-2500
-5000
-7500 J K
-10000
-12500
-15000
Station
Interpretation of the Mass Diagram
1. When the mass diagram slopes downward (negative), the preceding section is in fill, and when
the slope is upward (positive), the preceding section is in cut.
2. The difference in mass diagram ordinates between any two stations represents the net accumulation
between the two stations (cut or fill). For example, the net accumulation between station 6 + 00
and 12 + 00 is 7340 – –10538 = 17878 m3.
3. A horizontal line on the mass diagram defines the locations where the net accumulation between
these two points is zero. These are referred to as “balance points,” because there is a balance in
cut and fill volumes between these points. In the figure, the “x” axis represents a balance between
points A’ and D’ and a balance between points D’ and E’. Beyond point E’, the mass diagram

indicates a fill condition for which there is no compensating cut. The maximum value is the
ordinate at station 20+00 of –3880 m3. For this section, imported material (called borrow) will
have to be purchased and transported from an off-site location.
4. Other horizontal lines can be drawn connecting portions of the mass diagram. For example, lines
J–K and S–T, which are each five stations long, depict a balance of cut and fill between stations
at points J and K and S and T.
IV. Computing Balance Point Stations
Compute the value of balance point stations for the mass diagram in the figure for the
following situations:
(a) The x-axis

(b) The horizontal distance S-T, which measures 150 m (5 Stations).
(This 150m. is called the free-haul distance, in actual practice, the free-haul distace is usually 300 m)
Solution:
(a) Balance points are computed by interpolation using the even stations where the ordinates change
from cut to fill (or vice versa). Balance point D’ occurs between Station 9 + 00 and 10 + 00 (since
ordinate values are –2415 and +1635).
Assuming that the mass diagram ordinate changes linearly between stations, by similar triangles,
we can write
Station of the Balance Point D’ = (9 + 00) + [2415/ (2415 + 1635)] (30) = 9 + 18
Similarly,
Station of the Balance Point E’ = (17 + 00) + [2465/ (2465 + 1450)] (30) = 17 + 19
(b) To determine the balance point stations for line ST, it is necessary to draw the mass diagram to
a larger scale than depicted in the figure (typically a millimeter paper), and to read the station for
one of the points directly from the diagram. Using this technique, station 11 + 06 was measured for
point S and from this value the station for point T is computed as
(11 + 06) + (5 + 00) = Station 16 + 06
Similarly,
Point J = 2 + 29
Point K = (2 + 29) + (5 + 00) = 7 + 29

V. Computing Overhaul Payments
Contractors are compensated for the cost of earthmoving in the following manner. Typically,
the contract price will include a stipulated maximum distance that earth will be moved without the
client incurring additional charges. If this distance is exceeded, then the contract stipulates a unit
price add-on quoted in additional station – m3 of material moved. The maximum distance for which
there is no charge is called free haul. The extra distance is called overhaul.
The free-haul distance in a highway construction contract is 150 m and the overhaul price is
3
$14/m station. For the mass diagram shown in the figure, determine the extra compensation that
must be paid to a contractor to balance the cut and fill between station 9 + 18 (D’) and station 17
+19 (E’).
Solution:
Step 1. Determine the number of cubic meters of overhaul.
The overhaul volume will occur between stations 9 + 18 and 11 + 06, and between stations
16 + 06 and 17 + 19. The overhaul value is obtained by interpolation between stations 11 + 00 and
12 + 00 or by reading the value from the mass diagram.
By interpolation, the value is
Overhaul = Ordinate at station 11 + (difference in ordinates at 12 and 11) (6/30)

Overhaul = 5185 + (7340 – 5185) (0.2) = 5185 + 431 = 5616 m3
This overhaul value should equal the value at station 16 + 06. By interpolation, the value is:
5945 – (5945 – 2465) (0.2) = 5249 m3
Since the values are not equal, use the average (5433m3) or measure the overhaul from a
larger scale diagram to obtain a value of 5400m3. This value is selected for the calculation of
contractor compensation.
Step 2. Determine the overhaul distance.
The method of moments is used to compute the weighted average of the overhaul distances
from the balance line to the station where free haul begins.
Beginning with stations 9 + 18 to 10 + 00, the volume moved is 1635 m3, and the average distance
to the free-haul station (11 + 06) is (10 + 00 – 9 + 18)/2 + 30 + 6 = 42m.

From stations 10 + 00 to 11 + 00, the volume moved is (5185 – 1635) = 3550 m3, and the distance
moved to the free-haul line is (11 + 00 – 10 + 00)/2 + 6 = 21 m.
From station 11 + 00 to station 11 + 20, the volume moved is 5400 – 5185 = 215m3, and the
average distance is 3m.
Overhaul distance moved between station 9 + 18 and 11 + 06 is

{(1635) (42) + (3550) (21) + (215) (3)} / 5400 = 143,865 / 5400 = 26.64 m
Similarly, compute the overhaul distance between the balance point at station 17 + 19 and
the beginning of free haul at station 16 + 06.
Beginning with stations 17 + 19 to 17 + 00, the volume moved is 2465m3, and the average distance
to the free-haul station (16 + 06) is (17 + 19 – 17 + 00) / 2 + (17 + 00 – 16 + 06) = 33.5 m.
From stations 17 + 00 to 16 + 20, the volume moved is (5400 – 2465) = 2935 m3, and the distance
moved to the free-haul line is (17 + 00 – 16+ 06) / 2 = 12 m.
Overhaul average distance moved between station 16 + 06 and 17 + 19 is

{(2465) (33.5) + (2935) (12)} / 5400 = 117,798 / 5400 = 21.81m
Total overhaul distance = 26.64 + 21.81 = 48.45 m
Step 3. Compute overhaul cost due to the contractor.
Overhaul cost = contract price ($/m3 station) x overhaul (m3) x stations

Overhaul cost = 14 x (5400) x (48.45/30) = $122,094


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MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

II. Volume Computation

1. End Area Method

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

Vp = 1/3 A2h2 – 1/3 A1h1

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

3. Volume with Prismoidal Correction

Proof: Consider a triangular prism

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

4. Borrow Pit Method

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

Sta 10+020 Sta 10+080

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

Station Offset Distance

a) AT = d/2 [(h1 + hn) + 2∑h]

b) AT = d/3 [h1 + 4∑heven + 2∑hodd + hn]

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

VTOTAL = 14810m3 + 940m3

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

Mass Diagram Raw Data Computation

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

VTOTAL FILL = 1020 (1.10) = 1122 m3

II. Computation of Net Volumes Between Stations

III. Computation of Mass Diagram Ordinate

Station 0 + 00 mass diagram ordinate = 0

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

Interpretation of the Mass Diagram

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

IV. Computing Balance Point Stations

(a) The x-axis

Station of the Balance Point D’ = (9 + 00) + [2415/ (2415 + 1635)] (30) = 9 + 18

(11 + 06) + (5 + 00) = Station 16 + 06

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

V. Computing Overhaul Payments

Step 1. Determine the number of cubic meters of overhaul.

By interpolation, the value is

Overhaul = Ordinate at station 11 + (difference in ordinates at 12 and 11) (6/30)

Step 2. Determine the overhaul distance.

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

Overhaul distance moved between station 9 + 18 and 11 + 06 is

Overhaul average distance moved between station 16 + 06 and 17 + 19 is

Total overhaul distance = 26.64 + 21.81 = 48.45 m

Step 3. Compute overhaul cost due to the contractor.

Overhaul cost = contract price ($/m3 station) x overhaul (m3) x stations

#16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, Ilocos Norte

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