Earthworks
Earthworks
Earthworks
College of Engineering
Earthworks
Area and Volume Computation
I. Area Computation
1. Trapezoidal Method
AT = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 + … + An
AT = ½ (h1 +h2) d + ½ (h2 + h3) d + ½ (h3 + h4) d + ½ (h4 + h5) d + ½ (h5 + h6) d + … + ½ (hn-1 + hn) d
AT = d/2 (h1 + h2 + h2 + h3 + h3 + h4 + h4 + h5 + h5 + h6 + h6 + … + hn-1 + hn)
AT = d/2 (h1 + 2h2 + 2h3 + 2h4 + 2h5 + 2h6 + … + 2hn-1 + hn)
AT = d/2 (h1 + 2∑h + hn)
AT = d/2 [(h1 + hn) + 2∑h]
Where:
AT = total Area
d = common distance between offsets
h1 & hn = end offsets
∑h = summation of the intermediate offsets
AT = A1 + A2
AT = ½ (h1 + h3) (2d) + 2/3 (2d) (z1) + ½ (h3 + h5) (2d) + 2/3 (2d) (z2)
z1 = h2 – h1 – y1
by R & P
y1 h3 – h1
= 2d
d
h3 – h1
y1 = 2
h h1
z1 = h2 – h1 – ( 23 – )
2
h1 h3
z1 = h2 – 2 – 2
z2 = h4 – h3 – y2
by R & P
y2 h5 – h3
= 2d
d
h5 – h3
y2 = 2
h h3
z2 = h4 – h3 – ( 25 – )
2
h3 h5
z2 = h4 – –
2 2
h h h h5
AT = d (h1 + h3) + 4/3 (d) (h2 – 21 – 23 ) + d (h3 + h5) + 4/3 (d) (h4 – 23 – )
2
AT = d/3 [3h1 + 3h3 + 4h2 – 2h1 – 2h3 + 3h3 + 3h5 + 4h4 – 2h3 – 2h5]
AT = d/3 [h1 + 4h2 + 2h3 + 4h4 +h5]
AT = d/3 [h1 + 4∑heven + 2∑hodd + hn]
Where:
AT = total Area
d = common distance between offsets
h1 & hn = end offsets
∑heven = summation of the intermediate even offsets
∑hodd = summation of the intermediate odd offsets
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥1
AT = ½ | 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦3 𝑦4 𝑦5 𝑦6 𝑦1 |
1
AT = ½ [x1y2 + x2y3 + x3y4 + x4y5 + x5y6 + x6x1 – y1x2 – y2x3 – y3x4 – y4x5 – y5x6 – y6x1]
𝐴1 +𝐴2
VE = ( )L
2
2. Prismoidal Formula
4Am = A1 + 2√A1 A2 + A2
4Am – A1 – A2
√A1 A2 = = 2Am – A1⁄2 – A2⁄2
2
h
Vp = 3 [A2 + 2Am – A1⁄2 – A2⁄2 – A1]
h h A1 + 4Am + A2
Vp = 3 [ A1⁄2 + 2Am + A2⁄2] = 3 [ ]
2
h
Vp = [A1 + 4Am + A2] = prismoidal volume
6
V = VE – Vcp
Where
Vcp = L/12 (C1 – C2) (D1 – D2)
Prismoidal Volume
Vp = VE – Vcp
Vcp = VE – Vp
𝐴1+𝐴2 L
Vcp = ( ) L – [A1 + 4Am + A2]
2 6
Vcp = L [ A1⁄2 + A2⁄2 – A1⁄6 – 2Am⁄3 – A2⁄6]
Vcp = L [ A1⁄3 – 2Am⁄3 + A2⁄3]
A
V = 4 (∑h1 + 2∑h2 + 3∑h3 + 4∑h4)
• For actual excavation Volume: multiply VCOMPUTED by 1.2
1. Given the following cross-section notes of an earthwork on a rolling terrain. The width of the
road is 12m and the side slope is 2.5:1. Compute the volume of the cut.
a) Use End Area Method
b) Use Prismoidal Formula
c) Use Volume with Prismoidal Correction
Sta 5 + 000
y +10 +5 +3
x 31 0 13.5
Sta 5 + 020
y +14 +7 +4.5
x 41 0 17.25
L
b) Vp = 6 [A1 + 4Am + A2]
20
Vp = 6 [150.25 + 4(201.375) + 259.375]
Vp = 4050.42m3
c) V = VE – Vcp
Vcp = L/12 (C1 – C2) (D1 – D2)
C1 = 5m
C2 = 7m
D1 = 44.5m
D2 = 58.25m
Vcp = 20/12 (5 – 7) (44.5 – 58.25)
Vcp = 45.83m3
V = 4096.25 – 45.83
V = 4050.42m3
Sta 1+020
9.5 5.5 3 2 +1.5 2 4.5 9.5
+4.5 +3.5 +2.6 +2.3 0 - 1.5 - 3.0
Sta 1+040
9.5 5.5 3 - 1.5 2 4.5 9.5
+4.5 +4.0 0 - 1.7 - 2.0 - 3.0
2 4.5 9.5 5 2
AFILL = ½ | |
0 −1.5 −3 0 0
AFILL = ½ [– 3 – 13.5 + 0 + 0 – 0 + 14.25 + 15 – 0]
AFILL = 6.375m2
@ Sta 1+ 040
−3 −5.5 9.5 −5 −3
ACUT = ½ | |
0 4 4.5 0 0
ACUT = ½ [– 12 – 24.75 + 0 + 0 – 0 + 38 + 22.5 – 0]
ACUT = 11.875m2
−3 0 2 4.5 9.5 5 −3
AFILL = ½ | |
0 −1.5 −1.7 −2 −3 0 0
AFILL = ½ [4.5 + 0 – 4 – 13.5 + 0 + 0 – 0 + 3 + 7.65 + 19 + 15 – 0]
AFILL = 15.825m2
21.25+11.875
VCUT = ( ) (20) = 331.25m3
2
6.375+15.825
VFILL = ( ) (20) = 222m3
2
Sta 10 + 020
+4 +6 +3
13 0 11
Sta 10 + 080
9 0 10
-5 -4 -6
89.5+0
VCUT = ( ) (36) = 1611m3
2
0+60
VFILL = ( 2 ) (24) = 720m3
Actual VFILL = 720m3 x 1.2 = 864m3
VWASTE = 1611m3 – 864m3 = 747m3
The stations are on a straight-line boundary. Find the area of the land in square meters by:
a) Trapezoidal Method
b) Simpson’s One-third Rule Method
A-I = 16.2 B-I = 15.8 C-I = 16.3 D-I = 14.6 E-I = 15.7
A-II = 15.6 B-II = 14.3 C-II = 15.2 D-II = 13.8
A-III = 13.8 B-III = 12.6 C-III = 14.3 D-III = 12.8
A-IV = 12.1 B-IV = 11.9 C-IV = 13.9 D-IV = 11.8
A
V = 4 (∑h1 + 2∑h2 + 3∑h3 + 4∑h4)
∑h1 = 6.2 + 4.6 + 2.1 + 1.8 = 14.7m
∑h2 = 5.8 + 6.3 + 5.6 + 3.8 +3.8 + 2.8 + 1.9 +3.9 = 33.9m
∑h3 = 0
∑h4 = 4.3 + 5.2 +2.6 + 4.3 = 16.4m
20 (20)
V= 4
[14.7 + 2 (33.9) + 4 (16.4)] = 14810m3
𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
V=A( )
2
1 4.6+3.8+5.7
V = 2 (20) (20) [ ]
3
V = 940m3
I. Computing Fill and Cut Volumes Using the Average End-Area Method
A roadway section is 600m long (20 stations). The cut and fill volumes are to be computed
between each station. The table above shows the list the station numbers (column 1) and the end
area value (m2) between each station that are in cut (column 2) and that are in fill (column 3).
Material in a fill section will consolidate (known as shrinkage factor), and for this road section, is 10
percent. (For example, if 100 m3 of net fill is required, the total amount of fill material that is
supplied by a cut section is 100(1.10) = 110 m3.) Determine the net volume of cut and fill that is
required between station 0 and station 1.
Solution:
30 (A0C+ A1C) 30 (3 + 2)
VTOTAL CUT = = = 75m3
2 2
30 (A0F + A1F ) 30 (18 + 50)
VFILL = = = 1020m3
2 2
Solution:
Net volume between stations 0–1 = Total Cut – Total Fill = 75 – 1122 = –1047 m3 (column 8)
Note: Net fill volumes are negative (–) (column 8) and net cut volumes are positive (+) (column 9).
Similar calculations are performed between all other stations, from station 1+00 to 20+00,
to obtain the remaining cut or fill values shown in columns 2 through 9.
Use the data obtained in Example 14.4 to determine the net accumulation of cut or fill
beginning with station 0 + 00. Plot the results.
Solution:
Columns 8 and 9 show the net cut and fill between each station. To compute the mass
diagram ordinate between station X and X + 1, add the net accumulation from Station X (the first
station) to the net cut or fill volume (columns 8 or 9) between stations X and X + 1. Enter this value
in column 10.
Continue the calculation process for the remaining 13 stations to obtain the values shown
in column 10 of the Table. A plot of the results is shown in below.
Mass Diagram
15000
12500
10000
7500
S T
5000
Mass Diagram Ordinate
2500
A’ D’ E’
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-2500
-5000
-7500 J K
-10000
-12500
-15000
Station
1. When the mass diagram slopes downward (negative), the preceding section is in fill, and when
the slope is upward (positive), the preceding section is in cut.
2. The difference in mass diagram ordinates between any two stations represents the net accumulation
between the two stations (cut or fill). For example, the net accumulation between station 6 + 00
and 12 + 00 is 7340 – –10538 = 17878 m3.
3. A horizontal line on the mass diagram defines the locations where the net accumulation between
these two points is zero. These are referred to as “balance points,” because there is a balance in
cut and fill volumes between these points. In the figure, the “x” axis represents a balance between
points A’ and D’ and a balance between points D’ and E’. Beyond point E’, the mass diagram
4. Other horizontal lines can be drawn connecting portions of the mass diagram. For example, lines
J–K and S–T, which are each five stations long, depict a balance of cut and fill between stations
at points J and K and S and T.
Compute the value of balance point stations for the mass diagram in the figure for the
following situations:
(a) Balance points are computed by interpolation using the even stations where the ordinates change
from cut to fill (or vice versa). Balance point D’ occurs between Station 9 + 00 and 10 + 00 (since
ordinate values are –2415 and +1635).
Assuming that the mass diagram ordinate changes linearly between stations, by similar triangles,
we can write
Similarly,
Station of the Balance Point E’ = (17 + 00) + [2465/ (2465 + 1450)] (30) = 17 + 19
(b) To determine the balance point stations for line ST, it is necessary to draw the mass diagram to
a larger scale than depicted in the figure (typically a millimeter paper), and to read the station for
one of the points directly from the diagram. Using this technique, station 11 + 06 was measured for
point S and from this value the station for point T is computed as
Similarly,
Point J = 2 + 29
Point K = (2 + 29) + (5 + 00) = 7 + 29
Contractors are compensated for the cost of earthmoving in the following manner. Typically,
the contract price will include a stipulated maximum distance that earth will be moved without the
client incurring additional charges. If this distance is exceeded, then the contract stipulates a unit
price add-on quoted in additional station – m3 of material moved. The maximum distance for which
there is no charge is called free haul. The extra distance is called overhaul.
The free-haul distance in a highway construction contract is 150 m and the overhaul price is
3
$14/m station. For the mass diagram shown in the figure, determine the extra compensation that
must be paid to a contractor to balance the cut and fill between station 9 + 18 (D’) and station 17
+19 (E’).
Solution:
The overhaul volume will occur between stations 9 + 18 and 11 + 06, and between stations
16 + 06 and 17 + 19. The overhaul value is obtained by interpolation between stations 11 + 00 and
12 + 00 or by reading the value from the mass diagram.
This overhaul value should equal the value at station 16 + 06. By interpolation, the value is:
5945 – (5945 – 2465) (0.2) = 5249 m3
Since the values are not equal, use the average (5433m3) or measure the overhaul from a
larger scale diagram to obtain a value of 5400m3. This value is selected for the calculation of
contractor compensation.
The method of moments is used to compute the weighted average of the overhaul distances
from the balance line to the station where free haul begins.
Beginning with stations 9 + 18 to 10 + 00, the volume moved is 1635 m3, and the average distance
to the free-haul station (11 + 06) is (10 + 00 – 9 + 18)/2 + 30 + 6 = 42m.
From station 11 + 00 to station 11 + 20, the volume moved is 5400 – 5185 = 215m3, and the
average distance is 3m.
Similarly, compute the overhaul distance between the balance point at station 17 + 19 and
the beginning of free haul at station 16 + 06.
Beginning with stations 17 + 19 to 17 + 00, the volume moved is 2465m3, and the average distance
to the free-haul station (16 + 06) is (17 + 19 – 17 + 00) / 2 + (17 + 00 – 16 + 06) = 33.5 m.
From stations 17 + 00 to 16 + 20, the volume moved is (5400 – 2465) = 2935 m3, and the distance
moved to the free-haul line is (17 + 00 – 16+ 06) / 2 = 12 m.