SALT ANALYSIS

1. What is qualitative analysis ?

Ans. The type of analysis that deals with the methods which are used to determine the constituents of a
compound.

2. What is a radical ?

Ans. A radical may be defined as an atom or group of atoms which carries charge and behaves as a single
unit in chemical reactions.

3. What are acidic and basic radicals ?

Ans. Radicals carrying positive charge are called basic radicals and those carrying negative charge are
called acidic radicals.

4. What type of bond is present in an inorganic salt ?

Ans. Electrovalent bond.

5. Why do inorganic salts ionise when dissolved in water ?

Ans. Due to the high dielectric constant of water, the force of attraction holding the two ions in a salt
decreases. Thus, the two ions separate. The ions are further stabilized by solvation.

6. Give examples of some coloured basic radicals.

Ans.Cu2+,Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+.

7. What is the colour of iron salts ?

Ans. Ferrous salts are usually light green while ferric salts are generally brown.

8. Name any iron salt which is light green.

Ans. Ferrous sulphate.

9. What is the colour of nickel salts ?

Ans. Bluish green or green.

10. What is the colour of manganese salts ?

Ans. Light pink or flesh colour.

11. Name the basic radicals which are absent, if the given salt is white.

Ans. Cu2+,Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Mn2+

12.Why a salt containing lead turn black in colour, when placed for a long time in labora-tory?

Ans. Due to the formation of black lead sulphide by the action of H2S in atmosphere.

13. Name the salts which produce crackling sound when heated.
Ans. Lead nitrate, barium nitrate, potassium bromide, sodium chloride.

14. What is sublimation ?

Ans. It is the process by which a salt directly changes into gaseous phase without melting, when heated.
On cooling vapours condense back to the solid state.

15. Tell the importance of preliminary tests in qualitative analysis.

Ans. Sometimes, preliminary tests give authentic information about an ion in the salt. For example,
golden yellow colour in flame test shows the presence of sodium. In a charcoal cavity test, brown
residue shows the presence of cadmium in a salt and so on.

16. How is dry heating test performed and what information you get if the residue changes to yellow
when hot ?

Ans. In dry heating test, the salt is heated in a dry test tube. Yellow residue when hot shows the
presence of Zn2+ ion.

17. What is the expected observation when copper sulphate is heated in a dry test tube ? Ans. A white
residue is formed and water condenses on the colder walls of the test tube.

18. Name the radical which produces CO2 on heating.

Ans. Carbonate.

19. What is the colour of residue when zinc salt is heated ?

Ans. A residue yellow when hot and white when cold is formed.

20. What is the colour of residue when cadmium salt is heated ?

Ans. A residue brown when hot, brown when cold.

21. If the residue in dry heating test is white, name the radicals which are absent.

Ans. Cu2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Zn2+ and Pb2+.

22. How is charcoal cavity test performed ? Describe the chemistry for the formation of incrustation as
well as metallic bead.

Ans. The salt is mixed with the double the quantity of sodium carbonate and the mixture is heated in the
charcoal cavity in luminous flame (reducing flame)."

23. Which flame is used in charcoal cavity test ? How is it obtained ?

Ans. A reducing flame is used in charcoal cavity test. It is obtained by closing the air holes of the burner.

24. Why should we avoid excess of cobalt nitrate in cobalt nitrate test ?

Ans. Excess of cobalt nitrate is avoided because it forms black cobalt oxide in the oxidising flame. This
colour masks the other colours which might be produced during the test.
25. In the flame test, sodium imparts yellow colour to the flame while magnesium does not impart any
colour. Why ?

Ans. In case of magnesium, when the excited electron jumps back to the ground state, the frequency of
radiation emitted does not fall in the visible region.

26. Write the chemistry of flame test.

Ans. In flame test, the valence electron of the atom gets excited and jumps to the higher level. When the
electron jumps back to the ground state, the radiation is emitted whose frequency falls in the visible
region.

27. What is the function of blue glass in flame test ?

Ans. The blue glass can absorb a part or whole of the coloured light in certain cases. Therefore, the
flame appears to be of different colour when viewed through blue glass. This helps in identification of
some basic radicals.

28. Why do we use cone. HCl in preparing a paste of the salt for flame test ?

Ans. In order to convert metal salts into metal chlorides which are more volatile than other salts.

29. Why can’t we use glass rod instead of platinum wire for performing flame test ?

Ans. This is because glass contains sodium silicate which imparts its own golden yellow colour to the
flame.

30. Why is platinum metal preferred to other metals for flame test ?

Ans. Because platinum does not react with acids and does not itself impart any characteristic colour to
the flame.

31. Why do barium salts not impart colour to the flame immediately ?

Ans. Because barium chloride is less volatile, it imparts colour to the flame after some time"

32. Why should we avoid the use of platinum wire for testing lead salts ?

Ans. Because lead combines with platinum and the wire gets corroded.

33. Why should only a particle or two of the given salt should be touched with the bead in borax bead
test ?

Ans. If salt is used in excess an opaque bead is formed.

34. Why borax bead test is not applicable in case of white salts ?

Ans. White salts do not form coloured meta-borates.

35. What is Nessler’s Reagent ?

Ans. It is a solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide. Its formula is K2[HgI4].

36. Name the acid radicals detected with dil. H2SO4.

37. Why dil. H2SO4 is preferred while testing acid radicals over dil. HCl ?

Ans. When the salt is treated with HCl, during reaction HCl gas is also given out along with the gas
evolved by the salt. So the actual gas cannot be identified whereas with H2SO4, no such problem arises.

38. Name the acid radicals detected by cone. H2SO4.

Ans. Cl–, Br–, I–, NO3–, CH3COO–.

39. Name the radicals which are tested with the help of water extract.

Ans. NO3–, NO2– and CH3COO–.

40. Name the radicals which are confirmed with the help of sodium carbonate extract.

Ans. S2-, Cl–, Br–, I–, PO43-, SO32-, SO42-.

41. How is sodium carbonate extract prepared ?

Ans. The salt is mixed with double the amount of solid Na2CO3 and about 20 ml of distilled water. It is
then boiled till it is reduced to one-third, and then filtered. The filtrate is sodium carbonate extract or
(S.E.).

42. What is water extract ?

Ans. The given salt or mixture is shaken well with distilled water and the solution is filtered. The filtrate
is water extract or (W.E.).

43. CO2 and SO2 both turn lime water milky. How will you distinguish between them ?

Ans. By passing through acidified K2Cr2O7 solution. SO2 turns K2Cr2O7 green while CO2 has no effect"

44. CO2 and Br2 both are brown in colour. How will you distinguish between them ?

Ans. By passing through FeSO4 solution. NO2 turns FeSO4 soln. black while Br2 has no effect.

45. How will you test the presence of carbonate ?

Ans. Treat a small quantity of the mixture with dil. H2SO4. CO2 gas is evolved. When the gas is passed
through lime water, it is turned milky.

46. What is lime water ?

Ans. A solution of Ca(OH)2 in water is called lime water.

47. What will happen if excess of CO2 is passed through lime water ?

Ans. The white ppt. of CaCO3 changes into soluble calcium bicarbonate and the milkiness, therefore,
disappears.

48. How do you test for sulphide ?

Ans. Warm the salt with dil. H2SO4. H2S gas is evolved. It turns a paper dipped in lead acetate black.
49. Is there any gas other than CO2 which turns lime water milky ?

Ans. Yes, it is SO2 gas.

50. All nitrates on heating with cone. H2SO4 in presence of paper pallet evolve NO2 gas. What is the
function of paper pallet ?

Ans. Paper pallet (carbon) reduces HNO3 to NO2

51. How will you test whether the given solution in a bottle is lime water ?

Ans. Take 2 ml of the solution in a test tube and blow into it by means of a glass tubing. Milkiness
indicates that the solution is lime water.

52. How is ring test performed for nitrates ?

Ans. To the salt solution, freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution is added and then sulphuric acid
(cone.) is added along the walls of the tube. A dark brown ring is formed at the junction of the two
solutions.

53. Why the hot reaction mixture in case of cone. H2SO4 test is not thrown into the sink ? Ans. In order
to avoid spurting, due to which H2SO4 may fly and spoil clothes and may result into serious injuries.

54. What is Tollen’s reagent ?

Ans. Ammonical AgNO3 solution is called Tollen’s reagent.

55. Give formula of Diphenylamine reagent.

Ans. (C6H5)2 NH.

56. Why a dark brown ring is formed at the junction of two layers in ring test for nitrates ?

Ans. H2S04 being heavier forms the lower layer and reacts only with a small amount of nitrate and
FeS04 at its surface, therefore, a brown ring appears only at the junction of the two layers.

57. Why acetic acid is added before adding lead acetate solution ?

Ans. In order to prevent the hydrolysis of lead acetate which would yield white precipitate of lead
hydroxide."

58. What is the formula of Sodium nitroprusside ?

Ans. Na2[Fe(CN)5 NO].

59. What is chromyl chloride test ?

Ans. Heat a small amount of the mixture with cone. H2SO4 and solid K2Cr2O7 in a dry test tube. Deep
brownish red vapours of chromyl chloride are formed. Pass these vapours in water. A yellow sol. of
H2CrO4 is formed. Add to this solution NaOH, acetic acid and lead acetate, a yellow ppt. confirms
chloride in the mixture.

60. What is the chemistry of carbon disulphide test for a bromide or iodide ?
Ans. To a part of the soda extract add dil. HCl. Now to this add small amount of CS2 and excess of
chlorine water and shake the solution well. Chlorine displaces bromine or iodine from the bromide or
iodide, which dissolves in carbon disulphide to produce orange or violet colouration.

61. Why do bromides and iodides not respond to chromyl chloride test ?

Ans. Because chromyl bromide (CrO2Br2) and chromyl iodide (CrO2I2) compounds are not formed,
instead of these bromine and iodine are evolved.

62. Describe the chemistry of match stick test.

Ans. In match stick test, the sulphate is reduced to sulphide by carbon of match stick which then gives
violet colour with sodium nitroprusside solution.

63. Why does iodine give a blue colour with starch solution ?

Ans. The blue colour is due to the physical adsorption of iodine upon starch.

64. What is Nessler’s Reagent ?

Ans. Nessler’s reagent is K2[HgI4], Potassium tetraiodomercurate (II). It is used for detecting ammonia
and ammonium ions.

65. Name a cation which is not obtained from a metal.

Ans. Ammonium ion (NH4+).

66. What is aqua regia ?

Ans. Aqua regia is a mixture of concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO3 in the ratio 3:1 by volume.

67. What is the name of the product obtained when NH4+ ions are reacted with Nessler’s Reagent ?

Ans. Basic mercure (II) amido-iodine, HgO . Hg(NH2)I. Its common name is iodide of Millon’s base.

68. Why O.S. is not prepared in cone. HNO3 ?

Ans. HNO3 is an oxidising agent which on decomposition gives oxygen. A yellow ppt. of sulphur is
obtained in presence of HNO3 when H2S is passed.

69. Why is original solution for cations not prepared in concentrated H2SO4 ?

Ans. H2SO4 would lead to precipitation of cations of group V as sulphates.

70. Name group reagents for different groups.

Ans. Group I—Dil. HCl.

Group II—H2S in the presence of dil. HCl.

Group III—NH4OH in presence of NH4Cl.

Group IV—H2S in presence of NH4OH.

Group V—(NH4)2 CO3 in presence of NH4Cl and NH4OH.

71. Why is it essential to add dil. HCl before proceeding to the test for the basic radicals of group II ?

Ans. In the precipitation of group II cations as their sulphides. H2S is used in the presence of dil. HCl. H2S
is itself a weak acid and dissociates as follows :

Hydrochloric acid being a strong acid is largely ionised to H+. Thus, hydrogen ion concentration is
increased and consequently the concentration of sulphide ions produced by the ionisation of H2S is
sufficiently decreased due to common ion effect. As a result of which the sulphide ion concentra¬tion is
sufficient only to exceed the solubility product of the sulphides of group II cations.

Since the solubility products (Ksp) for the sulphides of groups III and IV cations are very high, those
cations are not precipitated out under the above conditions.

72. Why is it essential to boil off H2S gas before precipitation of radicals of group III ?

Ans. Before precipitation of group III cations, the solution is boiled with cone, nitric acid. If H2S is not
boiled off then it would react with HNO3 and would be oxidized to colloidal sulphur, which would
interfere with further analysis.

73. Why is the O.S. boiled with cone. HNO3 in III group ?

Ans. In the presence of NH4Cl, Fe(OH)2 is not completely precipitated because of its high solubility
product. For this reason Fe++ salts are oxidised to Fe+++ salts by boiling with cone. HNO3 before adding
NH4Cl and NH4OH ; otherwise Fe++ would not be completely precipitated in III group

74. Why is NH4Cl added along with NH4OH in III group ?

Ans. It is done in order to decrease the concentration of OH– ions by suppressing the ionisation of
NH4OH by common ion effect. If NH4OH alone is used in that case, the concentration of OH– is enough
to ppt. the hydroxide of IV, V and VI groups.

75. What is blue lake ?

Ans. It is blue particles, blue litmus adsorbed on white ppt. of Al(OH)3, floating in colourless solution.

76. H2S gas is passed in presence of NH4OH in group IV. Explain why ?

Ans. When H2S gas is passed in alkaline medium or NH4OH, the H+ ions from the dissociation of H2S gas
combine with hydroxyl ions (OH–) from the dissociation of NH4OH to form nearly unionised H2O.

The removal of H+ ions from the solution causes more of H2S to dissociate, thereby increasing the
concentration of S2- ions to such an extent that the ionic product of IV group metal sulphides exceeds
their solubility product. Hence they are precipitated.

77. Presence of NH4Cl is quite essential before the addition of (NH4)2 COs in group V. Explain why ?

Ans. Ammonium chloride suppresses the ionisation of NH4OH and (NH4)2 CO3 due to common ion
effect which results in the decrease in the concentration of OH– and CO32- ions. So the ionic product
does not exceed the solubility product of Mg(OH)2 or MgCO3 and thereby they are not precipitated in V
group.
78. Why are the group V radicals tested in the order Ba2+, Sr2+and Ca2+ ?

Ans. Tests of Sr2+ and Ca2+ are given by Ba2+ also. Similarly tests of Ca2+ are given by Sr2+ also.
Therefore before confirming Sr2+ we have to show absence of Ba2+ and before confirming Ca2+ we
have to show absence of Ba2+ and Sr2+.

79. Na2CO3 cannot be used in place of (NH4)2 CO3 in the group V. Explain why ?

Ans. Na2CO3 is highly ionised electrolyte, which produces very high cone, of CO32- ions. As a result ionic
product of MgCO3 may increase its Ksp and it may get precipitated along with the radicals of V group.

80. How will your prepare chlorine water ?

Ans. Take cone. HCl in a test tube and add KMnO4 soln. dropwise till the pink colour starts persisting.
Now add a few drops of cone. HCl so that pink colour disappears. The colourless solution thus obtained
is chlorine water.

81. Can we use ammonium sulphate in place of ammonium chloride in group III precipitation ?

Ans. No, ammonium sulphate cannot be used because it would cause precipitation of group V radicals as
their sulphates in group III.

82. Why does cone. HNO3 kept in a bottle turn yellow in colour ?

Ans. This is due to formation of NO by decomposition of HNO3 which is further oxidized to NO2. Yellow
colour in due to dissolved to NO2

VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

Question.1.What is a standard solution ?

Answer. A solution whose strength is known is called a standard solution.

Question.2.What is a normal solution ?

Answer. A solution containing one gram-equivalent mass of the solute per litre of the solution is called a
normal solution.

Question.3.What is the equivalent mass of KMnO4 when it acts as oxidizing agent in acidic medium ?

Answer. KMnO4 loses 5 electrons per molecule, when it acts as oxidizing agent in the presence of acids.
Therefore, its equivalent mass is one-fifth of its molecular mass."

Question.4.Is sodium hydroxide a primary standard ?

Answer : No

Question.5.Are ‘molality’ and “molarity’’ same ?

Answer. No, molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of solute present in 1000 grams of
the solution whereas molarity tells us about the number of moles of the solute present per litre of the
solution.

Question.6.What would be the normality of 0.10M KMnO4 ?

Question.7.What volume of 10M HCl must be diluted with water to get 1L of 1M HCl ?

Answer. 0.1L.

Question.8.What is the basicity of H2SO4 ?

Answer. 2.

Question.9.What is the relationship between normality (N), molarity (M), molecular mass and
equivalent mass ?

Answer. Normality x Eq. Mass = Molarity x Molar mass

Question.10.Why front door of the balance is closed during weighing ?

Answer. Opening the front door causes vibrations in the pan due to operator’s breath which leads to
inaccurate results.

Question.11.What is the maximum weight that can be weighed in a chemical balance ?

Answer.100 grams.

Question.12.What is the weight of a rider ?

Answer. 10 mg.

Question.13.What is the use of a rider ?

Answer. A rider is used for weights less than 10 mg.

Question.14. What is the principle of volumetric analysis?

Answer. In volumetric analysis, the concentration of a solution is determined by allowing a known

Question.15. What is titration ?

Answer. The process of adding one solution from the burette to another in the conical flask in order to
complete the chemical reaction involved, is known as titration.

Question.16. What is indicator ?

Answer. Indicator is a chemical substance which changes colour at the end point.

Question.17. What is end point ?

Answer. The stage during titration at which the reaction is just complete is known as the end point of
titration.

Question.18. Why a titration flask should not be rinsed ?

Answer. This is because during rinsing-some liquid will remain sticking to the titration flask therefore the
pipetted volume taken in the titration flask will increase.
Question.19. What are primary and secondary standard substances?

Answer. A substance is known as primary standard if it is available in high degree of purity, if it is stable
and unaffected by air, if it does not gain or lose moisture in air, if it is readily soluble and its solution in
water remains as such for long time.

On the other hand, a substance which does not possess the above characteristics is called a secondary
standard substance. Primary standards are crystalline oxalic add, anhydrous Na2CO3 , Mohr’s salt, etc."

Question.20. Burette and pipette must be rinsed with the solution with which they are filled, why ?

Answer. The burette and pipette are rinsed with the solution with which they are filled in order to
remove any water sticking to their sides, which otherwise would decrease the cone, of the solutions to
be taken in them.

Question.21. It is customary to read lower meniscus in case of colourless and transparent solutions and
upper meniscus in case of highly coloured solutions, why ?

Answer. Because it is easy to read the lower meniscus in case of colourless solutions, while the upper
meniscus in case of coloured solutions. In case of coloured solutions lower meniscus is not visible
clearly.

Question.22. What is a molar solution ?

Answer. A molar solution is a solution, a litre of which contains one gm-mole of the substance. This is
symbolised as 1M.

Question.23. Why the last drop of solution must not be blown out of a pipette?

Answer. Since the drops left in the jet end is extra of the volume measured by the pipette.

Question.24. Pipette should never be held from its bulb, why ?

Answer. The body temperature may expand the glass and introduce an error in the measurement
volume.

Question.25. What is acidimetry and alkalimetry ?

Answer. It is the branch of volumetric analysis involving chemical reaction between an acid and a base.

Question.26. What is permanganometry ?

Answer. Redox titrations involving KMnO4 as the oxidising agent are called permanganometric
titrations.

Question.27. Which is an oxidising agent and a reducing agent in the reaction between KMnO4 and
FeSO4?

Answer. KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent and FeSO4 acts as reducing agent."

Question.28. What is the indicator used in KMnO4 titration ?

Question.29. Why does KMnO4 act itself as an indicator ?

Answer. In the presence of dilute sulphuric acid, KMnO4 reacts with reducing agent (oxalic acid or .
ferrous sulphate). When all the reducing agent has been oxidised, the excess of KMnO4 is not
decomposed and imparts pink colour to the solution.

Question.30. What is the end point in KMnO4 titrations ?

Answer. From colourless to permanent light pink.

Question.31. Why is Mohr’s salt preferred as a primary standard over ferrous sulphate in volumetric
analysis ?

Answer. This is because of the fact that Mohr’s salt is stable and is not readily oxidised by air. Ferrous
sulphate gets oxidised to ferric sulphate.

Question.32. Why are a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid added while preparing a standard solutionof
Mohr’s salt ?

Answer. Few drops of H2SO4 are added to prevent the hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.

Question.33. Why a burette with rubber pinch cock should not be used in KMnO4 titrations ?

Answer. Because KMnO4 attacks rubber.

Question.34. Sometimes a brown ppt. is observed in KMnO4 titrations. Why ?

Answer. It is due to insufficient quantity of dil. sulphuric acid. Brown coloured ppt. (MnO2.H20) is
formed due to the incomplete oxidation of KMnO4.

Question.35. Why should you heat the oxalic acid solution to about 60-70°C before titrating with KMnO4
solution ?

Answer. In cold, the reaction is very slow due to the slow formation of Mn2+ ions. Oxalic acid is heated
to speed up the liberation of Mn2+ ions which then autocatalyses the reaction and thus the reaction
proceeds rapidly. This also serves the purpose of expelling the carbondioxide evolved during the
reaction which otherwise does not allow the reaction to go to completion."

ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP

Question.1.What is a functional group?

Answer. The group of atoms that largely determines the properties of an organic compound is called
functional group.

Question.2.Name any four functional groups.

Answer. Hydroxyl group —OH

Question.3.Name the functional groups present in alkenes and alkynes.

Answer. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with C = C bond present in them. Alkynes are un-
saturated hydrocarbons with C = C bond present in them.

Question.4.What is Baeyer’s test for unsaturation?

Answer. When Baeyer’s reagent (alkaline potassium permanganate) is added to unsaturated com-
pound, its colour gets discharged indicating presence of C = C or C = C in the compound.

Question.5.Do alkynes turn blue litmus paper red?

Answer. No.

Question.6. Which is more acidic: an alcohol or a phenol?

Answer. A phenol.

Question.7. Why is alcohol dried before carrying out sodium metal test?

Answer. Because water also reacts with sodium and gives hydrogen gas with brisk effervescence"

Question.8. What is the use of Lucas reagent?

Answer. It is used to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.


Question.9. Which of the two is more acidic: phenol or carboxylic acid?

Answer. Carboxylic acid.

Question.10. Name a test by which you can distinguish between hexylamine (C6H13NH2) and aniline.
(C6H5NH2).

Answer. Dye test.

Question.11.Name two tests which distinguish aldehydes from ketones?

Answer. Tollen’s test and Fehling’s test.

Answer. DNP (2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine).

Question.13, What is Tollen’s reagent?

Answer. It is ammonical silver nitrate solution.

Question.14. What is the use of Schiff’s reagent?

Answer. Schiff’s reagent is used to detect aldehyde group.

Question.15. Give one test to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone.

Answer. Tollen’s test can be used to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone.

Question.16. What is Rochelle’s salt?

Answer. Sodium potassium tartarate is called Rochelle’s salt.

Question.17. What is Fehling’s solution?

Answer. It is a solution obtained by mining equal volumes of copper sulphate solution (Fehling A) and a
solution of sodium hydroxide containing sodium potassium tartarate (Fehling B).

Question.18. How is nitrous acid is prepared?

Answer. When sodium nitrite is reacted with dil. HCl at a temperature below 5°C, nitrous acid is
produced.

Question.19. What is application of carbylamine reaction?

Answer. it is used to detect primary amine."

Question.20. How can phenol and aniline be distinguished chemically?

Answer. Phenol is soluble in aqueous NaOH solution whereas aniline is not.

Aniline is soluble in dilute HCl whereas phenol is not.

Answer. Because alkyl carbocation formed on decomposition of diazonium salt is more stable than
phenyl carbocation.

Question.22. Why is aniline weaker base than ammonia?

Answer. Because lone pair of nitrogen in aniline is delocalized over benzene ring and is not fully
available for sharing with acids.

Question.23. How can you distinguish between methanol and ethanol chemically?

Answer. Methanol and ethanol can be distinguished by iodoform test. Ethanol gives yellow ppt. of
iodoform in this test whereas methanol does not give this test positive."