Hands on Virtual Computing 2nd

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 Hands-On Virtual Computing, 2e
Chapter 7 Solutions
Answers to the Chapter 7 Review Questions

1. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using VMware Player to host a “sandbox” vSphere

virtual data center?

c. You need to install the 32-bit vSphere version

2. Which of the following consoles are used on the ESXi host when installing the free vSphere ESXi

host?

c. DUCI

3. Which of the following consoles are used by the free vSphere ESXi host? (Choose all that apply.)

a. vSphere Client

b. VCLI

c. DUCI

4. Which of the following is a remote command line client?

d. VCLI

5. Which of the following are used for management of the ESXi host as well as for accessing shared

storage?

b. VMkernel ports

6. Which of the following is true about a standard virtual switch?

c. It can be connected to multiple NICs.

7. Which of the following is true about using VLANs with virtual switches? (Choose all that apply.)

c. VLANs can be configure at the port group level.

d. One of the Host’s physical NICs must be defined as a static trunk port.

8. Which of the following virtual networks is configured using the DCUI client?
 b. Management network

9. Which of the following is a network switch security policy?

e. Promiscuous mode

10. Which of the following is NOT an option of the traffic-shaping network policy?

a. Burst mode

f. Peak bandwidth

11. Which of the following is a virtual machine virtual disk file?

b. Windows10.vmhd

12. Which of the following commands would be used to create a new group named Managers?

a. vicfg-user

13. By default a Windows guest VM will use which of the following types of disk adapters?

a. SCSI

14. Which of the following virtual network adapters is typically used by default when creating a

virtual machine for use with Windows 8 or later operating systems?

a. e1000

15. Which of the following clients can be used to access a virtual machine’s desktop? (Choose all that

apply.)

a. vSphere Client

b. VMware View

d. Remote Desktop

16. Which of the following clients is designed for use in Virtual Desktop Infrastructures?

b. VMware View

17. Which of the following disks types allows for virtual disk overcommitment?
 c. Thin provisioned

18. Which of the following disks types allows for persistent and nonpersistent disk types?

d. Independent

19. Which disk type allows the virtual machine to store data directly on the host’s VMFS disk

volume?

a. RDM

20. What is one of the first functions you need to do when installing a guest OS in a virtual machine

from a local computer? (Choose all that apply.)

b. change the BIOS boot sequence of the virtual machine

c. Point the virtual CD drive to the location of the installation file on local computer
Tips and Solutions for Chapter 7

Activity 7-1: Installing the Universal AeroSpace ESXi Servers

In this activity students will use the free vSphere hypervisor to install two vSphere hosts for use in setting

up and testing the UAS vSphere data center.

After completing this activity, students should have two hosts named UAS-vHost1-xxx and UAS-vHost2-

xxx (where xxx represents the student’s initials). The virtual machines should have 120 GB virtual hard

drives and NAT network adapters. Students should record the password for their vHost1 and vHost2

systems. Verify that students can start and login to both their host ESXi systems.

Activity 7-2: Adding a Management Network Adapt3r

In this activity students will use VMware Player to add network adapters to their ESXi virtual machines.

Verify that students have added a Host-only network adapter to both their UAS host systems. The student

ESXi virtual machines should have 2 NAT adapters.

Activity 7-3: Configuring the ESXi Host Management Network

In this activity students will use the DCUI console to configure their UAS-vHost1-xxx host to use the

Host-only adapter for the management network.

Verify that the student’s UAS-vHost1-xxx VM is now configured for the management network.

In Step 8 students should record the IP address, subnet mask, and Default gateway of their ESXi UAS-

vHost 1 VM as they will need to use it when accessing the host using the vSphere Client. The IP address

of the UAS-vHost1 system should be 192.168.xxx.141 (where xxx is the NAT subnet).

In Step 10 students should record the IP address of their UAS-vHost1 system. It should be the same as the

address they recorded in Step 8.

In Step 15 students should record the IP address of their UAS-vHost2 system as 192.168.xxx.142 (where

xxx is the NAT subnet). Be sure both UAS-vHost1 and UAS-vHost2 are on the same subnet.
In Step 17 students should record the results of pinging their ESXi hosts. Both hosts should respond to

pings from the Windows 10 workstation. If a host does not respond, check to verify correct IP address and

subnet mask settings.

Activity 7-4: Working with Virtual Switches

In this activity students will use vSphere Console to create a new switch and configure the virtual

machine port groups and VMKernel storage port.

In Step 7 students should record the following:

Network Label: Management Network

VLAN ID: none

vMotion: disabled

Management traffic: enabled

iSCSI port binding: disabled

In Step 10 verify that the students have recorded the following:

Network label: __Management Network

VLAN Id: __None

Activity 7-5: Working with Network Policies

In this activity students are to implement the following policies for their UAS data center:

• Reject all MAC address changes and forged transmits on the VMkernel Management network

switch.

• Document NIC teaming and Traffic Shaping options on the Management switch.

• Add a port group to the virtual machine switch that has the Promiscuous mode. This port group

will be used to connect a Intruder Detection network monitor application.

Step 7: Students should record the following Traffic Shaping status and parameters:

Status: Disabled
 Average, Peak, and Burst Size bandwidth options.

Step 8: Students should record the Active adapters, Failback setting, and Load balancing information

below:

Load balancing:

based on originating virtual port ID

Failback:

is enabled

Active and Unused adapters:

There is only one active adapter and no Unused adapters detected.

Activity 7-6: Creating a Virtual Machine

In this activity students are to will use vCenter Client to create a new Windows virtual machine named

UASWorkstation1-xxx (where xxx represents the student’s initials). Have students show their virtual

machine configuration.

In Step 14, students should record their SCSI adapter type as LSI Logic SAS

In Step 16, students should record the following Independent Mode options:

Persistent

Nonpersistent

Activity 7-7: Installing a Guest Operating System

Prior to doing this activity, you should provide students with a copy of the Windows 10 installation ISO

file or should have students perform Project 7-1 to download the Windows.iso file from the Microsoft

Web site.
In this activity students are to use vSphere Client to access the virtual machine and then install the

Windows 10 operating system from an iso image file provided by your instructor (see end of chapter

projects to download Windows 10 iso).

In Step 12 students should record the password they use for their Windows 10 guest OS.

Activity 7-8: Viewing Virtual Machine Settings

In this activity students are to use the vSphere Client to view and document configuration parameters for

the virtual machine they created in activity 7-6.

In step 8 students should record the following MAC address and adapter type below:

MAC address: answers will vary but should be in the format 00-00-00-00-00-00 (where 00 are valid

hexadecimal number 0-F)

Adapter type: E1000E

Network Connection: VM Network

Solutions to the Case Project Assignments

Case Project 7-1: Download the Windows 10 ISO File

In this case projects students should go to https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-

download/windows10 and download Windows 10 iso file to the folder they created in Activity 1-1.

Solution: Verify that students have a Windows.iso file in the C:\Downloads folder

Case Project 7-2: Installing a Third ESXi Host

In order to test the data center on your VMware Workstation 12 Player “sandbox” your manager has

asked you to download the Windows 10 iso file. You can then use the Windows 10 workstation to test

virtual machine environment prior to rolling it out on actual hardware using the Windows Server 2016.

Open a Web browser (Edge) to go to https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10

Click the Download tool now button and download Windows 10 iso file to the folder you created in

Activity 1-1.

Solution: Students should record the IP address information for their UAS-Host3 system.

IP Address of VMkernel Storage port: Valid ip_address

IP Address of your UAS-vHost3-xxx host: Valid ip_address

Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Default Gateway: 192.168.xxx.2

Case Project 7-3: Creating a Second Virtual Switch for Virtual Machine Traffic for Universal

AeroSpace Virtual Data Center

Follow the procedure you used in Activity 7-4 to create a new virtual switch on your UAS-vHost2 ESXi

host and configure it to use the NAT adapter. Record the following information:

Switch name:

Physical adapter:
 Port Group name: Security Mode and Status:

Solution: Verify that the student’s UAS-vHos3-xxx is configured to use the vSphere client using

the address they recorded in Activity 7-4.

Case Project 7-4: Implementing NIC Teaming for Failover

One of the strengths of virtual switches is their ability to connect to multiple NICs and then use the

addition NICs for load balancing and fault tolerance. In this project studetns are to use the procedure they

learned in Activity 7-4 to document the how to add NIC teaming to the management network switch.

Solution:

Step 1: Verify that students have added and their VMware Workstation 12 Player. They should

now have 3 adapters defined as NAT

Step2: Use vSphere Client to verify that the student has added the new adapter to their

management switch. Document the procedure you use below:

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Case Project 7-5: Creating a Virtual Machine

In this case project students are to use the procedure they learned in Activity 7-6 to create and run a

Ubuntu virtual machine on their UAS-vHost3-xxx host.

Solution: Verify that students have recorded the process they used to create and install Ubuntu

VM on their UAS-vHost3-xxx host.

Another random document with
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 with Sophia “the youngest of the aeons” within the Pleroma
and cannot again issue forth.

376. Hippolytus, op. cit. c. 32: ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς μὴ μόνον κατὰ

συζυγίαν δεδοξακέναι τὸν υἵον, δοξάσαι [δὲ] καὶ διὰ
προσφορᾶς καρπῶν πρεπόντων τῷ Πατρί. “It seemed good
to them [the aeons of the Pleroma] not only to magnify the
Son by conjunction, but also by an offering of pleasing fruits to
the Father.” So in the mysteries of Isis, Osiris is called the fruit
of the vine Dionysos. See Athenagoras, Legatid. c. XXII.
Plainly Bythos and Nous or Monogenes are here represented
as Father and Son as in the Ophite myth. The new projection
is necessary to accord with the text about the whole Pleroma
dwelling together bodily in Jesus. Cf. Colossians i. 19.

377. The expression ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς ὁ μέγας is repeated by Clement

of Alexandria, Protrept. c. XII., possibly with reference to this
passage. It may be noticed, however, that Jesus is here also
made the Messenger or Ambassador of the Light as with the
Ophites. It will be seen later that he occupies the same place
with the Manichaeans. Cf. Chapter XIII, infra.

378. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 32, p. 289, Cruice.

379. Ibid. p. 290, Cruice. Κατὰ τοῦτο τοίνυν τὸ μέρος, θνητή τις
ἐστὶν ἡ ψυχή, μεσότης τις οὖσα· ἔστι γὰρ Ἑβδομὰς καὶ
Κατάπαυσις. “According to this, therefore,” [he has just said
that fire has a twofold power, for there is a fire which devours
everything and which cannot be extinguished] “part (of the
Demiurge) is a certain soul which is subject to death, and a
certain substance which occupies a middle place. For it is a
Hebdomad and a laying to rest.” The passage is not easy, but
seems to mean that some of the souls made by the Demiurge
are mortal, while others are susceptible of salvation. Cf. n. 1,
p. 109, infra. The name Hebdomad evidently refers to the
seven astronomical heavens under the rule of the Demiurge,
and the title “Ancient of Days” identifies him, like the
Jaldabaoth of the Ophites, with the God of the Jews.
380. Called Ogdoadas or eighth, because it is next above the
seven heavens; but Sophia, the 28th, was the last of the
aeons. We see, therefore, that Valentinus, like the Ophites of
the diagram, is reckoning forwards and backwards in the most
confusing way.

381. So Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 1, § 9, pp. 44, 45, Harvey, says that they

[the Valentinians] say that the seven heavens are endowed
with intelligence (νοητούς) and that they suppose them to be
angels, and that the Demiurge is himself an angel like God.
Also that Paradise is a heaven above the third, and that a
fourth angel rules (?) there, and that from him Adam took
somewhat while talking to him. Whatever this story may
mean, it is curious to see how readily the Gnostics identified
in name a heavenly place with its ruler, as in the titles of kings
and peers.

382. Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 1, § 10, pp. 47, 48, Harvey, says that the
Devil or Cosmocrator and all the spiritual things of evil (τὰ
πνευματικὰ τῆς πονηρίας) were made out of the pain (λύπη)
of Sophia, and that he is the creation of the Demiurge, but
knows what is above him, because he is a spirit, while his
creator is ignorant that there is anything higher than himself,
because he is only ruler of animal things (ψυχικὰ ὑπάρχοντα).
In this, which is probably the teaching of Ptolemy, Valentinus’
successor is seen to be reverting to the Ophite ideas.
Hippolytus, who here probably gives us Valentinus’ own
doctrine, says on the other hand (op. cit. Bk VI. c. 33, pp. 290,
291, Cruice): Ὥσπερ οὖν τῆς ψυχικῆς οὐσίας ἡ πρώτη καὶ
μεγίστη δύναμις γέγονεν εἰκὼν [the text is here restored by
Cruice: τοῦ μονογενοῦς υἱοῦ, οὕτω τῆς ὑλικῆς οὐσίας δύναμις]
διάβολος, ὁ ἄρχων τοῦ κόσμον τούτου· τῆς δὲ τῶν δαιμόνων
οὐσίας, ἤτις ἐστὶν ἐκ τῆς ἀπορίας, ὁ Βεελζεβούδ. “As therefore
the first and greatest power of the animal substance (the
Demiurge) came into being as the image of the unique son
(Nous), so the power of the material substance is the Devil,
the Ruler of this world: and Beelzebud [the power] of the
 substance of demons which came into being from the
perplexity” (of Sophia). It has been shown elsewhere
(P.S.B.A. 1901, pp. 48, 49) that this Beelzebud or Beelzebuth
is written in the Magic Papyri Jabezebuth or Yahweh Sabaoth,
probably in pursuance of the parallelism which gives every
god or superior power his correspondent personality in the
inferior or evil world. In all magic, mediaeval or otherwise,
Beelzebuth is carefully distinguished from Satan.

383. Matthew x. 25, xii. 24, 27; Mark iii. 22; Luke xi. 15, have
βεελξεβούλ, while the Peshitto writes the more familiar
Beelzebub. See P.S.B.A. quoted in last note.

384. Called also the Heavenly Jerusalem. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI.
c. 32, p. 290, Cruice.

385. Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 1, § 10, p. 49, Harvey: Δημιουργήσαντα δὴ

τὸν κόσμον, πεποιηκέναι καὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν χοϊκόν· οὐκ
ἀπὸ ταύτης δὲ τῆς ξηρᾶς γῆς, ἀλλ’ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀοράτου οὐσίας,
ἀπὸ τοῦ κεχυμένου καὶ ῥευστοῦ τῆς ὕλης λαβόντα· καὶ εἰς
τοῦτον ἐμφυσῆσαι τὸν ψυχικὸν διορίζονται. “Having indeed
fashioned the world, he (the Demiurge) made material man;
not taking him out of this dry earth, but from the unseen
substance, from the poured forth and liquid matter, and into
him, they declare, he breathed that which is of the soul.”
Although this might be taken for a Ptolemaic elaboration or
embroidery of Valentinus’ own doctrine, it is repeated in
almost identical words in the Excerpta Theodoti of Clement of
Alexandria, which represent the teaching of the Oriental
School, and it is therefore possibly the statement of
Valentinus himself. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 34, p. 293,
Cruice, is quite in accord with this. Irenaeus says later (Bk I. c.
1, § 11) with reference to the body of Jesus: καὶ ὑλικὸν δὲ οὐδ’
ὁτιοῦν εἰληφέναι λέγουσιν αὐτόν· μὴ γὰρ εἶναι τὴν ὕλην
δεκτικὴν σωτηρίας. “And they say that He took on Himself
nothing whatever of matter; for matter is not susceptible of
 salvation.” From which it is to be inferred that Valentinus
rejected the resurrection of the body.

386. Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 1, § 4, p. 23, Harvey, says that when Jesus,

the Joint Fruit of the Pleroma, was projected, Angels of the
same kind as himself (ὁμογενεῖς) were projected with him as a
guard of honour. That these are the spiritual spouses of the
souls of men is confirmed by Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 34,
p. 292, according to Cruice’s emendation: Ὑποδιῄρηται δὲ καὶ
τὰ ἐν τῇ Ὀγδοάδι, καὶ προβεβήκασιν ἡ Σοφία, ἥτις ἐστὶ μήτηρ
πάντων τῶν ζώντων κατ’ αὐτούς, καὶ ὁ κοινὸς τοῦ
Πληρώματος καρπὸς ὁ Λόγος, [καὶ] οἵτινες εἰσὶν ἄγγελοι
ἐπουράνιοι, πολιτευόμενοι ἐν Ἰερουσαλὴμ τῇ ἄνω, τῇ ἐν
οὐρανοῖς. “The things which are in the Ogdoad also are
subdivided, and there proceed (from it) Sophia who is,
according to them, the Mother of All Living, and the Joint Fruit
of the Pleroma, the Logos, and there are certain heavenly
angels who are citizens of the Jerusalem which is above, that
which is in the heavens.” So later (ibid. p. 293, Cruice) ...
οἵτινές εἰσι λόγοι ἄνωθεν κατεσπαρμένοι ἀπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τοῦ
Πληρώματος καρποῦ καὶ τῆς Σοφίας εἰς τοῦτον τὸν κόσμον,
κατοικοῦντες ἐν [σώμα]τι χοϊκῷ μετὰ ψυχῆς, ὅταν δαίμονες μὴ
συνοικῶσι τῇ ψύχῃ. “There are certain Logoi sown from above
in the world by the Joint Fruit of the Pleroma and Sophia,
which dwell in the material body with the soul, when there are
no demons dwelling with it.” Clement of Alexandria, in Strom.
Bk V. c. 14, points out that the notion of demons dwelling with
the soul is to be found in Plato, and quotes the passage from
the Vision of Er (Rep. Bk X. c. 15) about the souls of men
between births each receiving from the hand of Lachesis a
demon as their guides through life. It is more likely, however,
to have been derived from the Zoroastrian belief in the
Fravashis or Ferouers, celestial spirits who live with Ahura
Mazda and the powers of light, until they are sent on earth to
be joined with the souls of men, and to combat the powers of
Ahriman (see L. C. Casartelli, La Philosophie Religieuse du
 Mazdéisme, Paris, 1884, pp. 76-80, for references). Cf. Hope
Moulton, op. cit. c. VIII. passim.

387. Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 1, § 12, p. 59, Harvey: Τοὺς δὲ πνευματικοὺς

ἀποδυσαμένους τὰς ψυχὰς καὶ πνεύματα νοερὰ γενομένους,
ἀκρατήτως καὶ ἀοράτως ἐντὸς πληρώματος εἰσελθόντας
νύμφας ἀποδοθήσεσθαι τοῖς περὶ τὸν Σωτῆρα ἀγγέλοις. “And
the Spirituals, or Pneumatis, doffing their souls and becoming
intelligent spirits, shall enter unperceived and unseen within
the Pleroma, and shall be given as brides to the angels about
the Saviour.” This suggestion, which completely shocked the
modesty of Tertullian, may be connected with the Zoroastrian
idea of the virgin who appears to the believer as his conductor
at the bridge Chinvat. See Chapter XII, infra.

388. This appears in the Excerpta Theodoti, fr. 63, Migne’s Patrol.
Graeci, t. IX. col. 689: Ἡ μὲν οὖν πνευματικῶν ἀνάπαυσις ἐν
Κυριακῇ ἐν Ὀγδοάδι ἡ Κυριακὴ ὀνομάζεται· παρὰ τῇ μητρὶ
ἔχοντα τὰς ψυχὰς τὰ ἐνδύματα ἄχρι συντελείας· αἱ δὲ ἄλλαι
πισταὶ ψυχαὶ παρὰ τῷ Δημιονυργῷ· περὶ δὲ τὴν συντέλειαν
ἀναχώρουσι καὶ αὐτοὶ εἰς Ὀγδοάδας. Εἶτα τὸ δεῖπνον τὸν
γάμον κοινὸν πάντων τῶν σωζωθέντων, ἄχρις ἂν ἀπισωθῇ
πάντα καὶ ἄλληλα γνωρίσῃ. “Therefore the repose of the
Spirituals in [the dwelling] of the Lord, that is, in the Ogdoad,
is called the Lord’s rest” (cf. Irenaeus, Bk I. cc. 1, 9, p. 46,
Harvey): “the garments [i.e. natures] containing the souls [will
remain] with the Mother until the Consummation. And the
other faithful souls (will remain) with the Demiurge; and at the
Consummation they will withdraw, and they also will go into
the Ogdoad. Then will be the Wedding Feast of all those who
are saved until all things shall be made equal and all things
mutually made known.” This heavenly banquet, of which we
may be quite sure Valentinus made the Marriage in Cana a
type, will be met with again in the worship of Mithras (Chapter
XII, infra). But it was also well known to the Orphics (see
Abel’s Orphica, Frag. 227, etc.), and the question repeats
 itself: Did the Orphics borrow the idea from the Persians, or
the Mithraists from the Orphics?

389. Valentinus may have found this doctrine in Egypt, where as

Maspero points out (Ét. Égyptol. I. p. 398) only the rich and
noble were thought to enjoy the life beyond the grave.

390. Valentinus’ remark about the Cosmocrator being superior in

knowledge to the Demiurge because he is a spirit (see n. 1, p.
108 supra) much complicates the problem, and brings us
pretty near to the Dualism of the Avesta. That all matter was
in Valentinus’ opinion transitory appears from Irenaeus, Bk I.
c. 1, § 13, where it is said that when all the seed scattered by
Sophia in the world, i.e. the souls of the Pneumatici, is
gathered in, the fire which is within the Cosmos shall blaze
forth and after destroying all matter shall be extinguished with
it.

391. Clem. Alex., Strom. Bk II. c. 8, quotes an epistle of Valentinus

in which he speaks of the terror of the angels at the sight of
man because of the things which he spoke: διὰ τὸν ἀοράτως
ἐν αὐτῷ σπέρμα δεδωκότα τῆς ἄνωθεν οὐσίας, καὶ
παρρησιαζόμενον “because of that within him which yielded a
germ of the substance on high, and spoke freely.” So
Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 1, § 10, p. 51, Harvey: Ἔλαθεν οὖν, ὡς
φασί, τὸν Δημιουργὸν ὁ συγκατασπαρεὶς τῷ ἐμφυσήματι
αὐτοῦ ὑπὸ τῆς Σοφίας πνευματικὸς ἀνθρώπων [ἄνθρωπος]
ἀρρήτῳ [adj. δυνάμει καὶ] προνοίᾳ. “It escaped the Demiurge,
therefore, as they say, that the man whom he had formed by
his breath was at the same time made spiritual by Sophia with
unspeakable power and foresight.” So that, as Irenaeus says
a few lines later, man has his soul from the Demiurge, his
body from Chaos, his fleshly part (τὸ σαρκικὸν) from matter,
and his spiritual man from the Mother, Achamoth [i.e. ‫חכמת‬
“Wisdom”].

392. Clem. Alex. Strom. Bk IV. c. 13, quoting “a certain homily” (τις
ὁμιλία) of Valentinus: Ἀπ’ ἀρχῆς ἀθανατοί ἐστε, καὶ τέκνα ζωῆς
 ἐστε αἰωνίας καὶ τὸν θάνατον ἠθέλετε μερίσασθαι εἰς ἑαυτούς,
ἵνα δαπανήσητε αὐτὸν καὶ ἀναλώσητε καὶ ἀποθάνῃ ὁ θάνατος
ἐν ὑμῖν καὶ δι’ ὑμῶν. Ὅταν γὰρ τὸν μὲν κόσμον λύητε, ὑμεῖς δὲ
καταλύησθε, κυριεύετε τῆς κτίσεως καὶ τῆς φθορᾶς ἁπάσης.
“You were deathless from the beginning and the children of
life everlasting, and you wish to share out death among you,
in order that you may dissipate and destroy it and that death
may die in and by you; for when you put an end to the world
and are yourselves put an end to, you have rule over creation
and all corruption.” So one of the documents of the Pistis
Sophia speaks of this world being finally consumed by the fire
“which the perfect wield.” It was doubtless such predictions
which gave colour to the charge of incendiarism made by the
Roman authorities against the Christians generally. For the
translation of the pneumatics to the Ogdoad see next note.

393. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 31, p. 290, Cruice: Ἐὰν ἐξομοιωθῇ
τοῖς ἄνω ἐν Ὀγδοάδι, ἀθάνατος ἐγένετο καὶ ἦλθεν εἰς τὴν
Ὀγδοάδα ἥτις ἐστί, φησίν, Ἰερουσαλὴμ ἐπουράνιος· ἐὰν δὲ
ἐξομοιωθῇ τῇ ὕλῃ, τουτέστι τοῖς πάθεσι τοῖς ὑλικοῖς, φθαρτή
ἐστι καὶ ἀπώλετο. “If [the soul] be of the likeness of those on
high in the Ogdoad, it is born deathless and goes to the
Ogdoad which is, he says, the heavenly Jerusalem; but if it be
of the likeness of matter, that is, if it belongs to the material
passions, it is corruptible and is utterly destroyed.”

394. ψυχικὸς ἄνθρωπος translated in the A.V. by “natural man”

evidently means in the Valentinian sense those who are
animated or have had breathed into them the breath of life
merely. It has nothing to do with soul as we understand the
term.

395. Amélineau, Gnost. Ég. p. 225.

396. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 36, pp. 297, 298, Cruice: Ἔδει οὖν
διορθωμένων τῶν ἄνω κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν ἀκολουθίαν καὶ τὰ
ἐνθάδε τυχεῖν διωρθώσεως. “Wherefore when things on high
 had been put straight, it had to be according to the law of
sequences that those here below should be put straight also.”

397. Hippolytus, op. cit. p. 297, Cruice: ἐδιδάχθη γὰρ ὑπὸ τῆς
Σοφίας ὁ Δημιουργός, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν αὐτὸς Θεὸς μόνος ὡς
ἐνόμιζε, καὶ πλὴν αὐτοῦ ἕτερος (οὐκ) ἔστιν· ἀλλ’ ἔγνω
διδαχθεὶς ὑπὸ τῆς Σοφίας τὸν κρείττονα· κατηχήθη γὰρ ὑπ’
αὐτῆς, καὶ ἐμυήθη καὶ ἐδιδάχθη τὸ μέγα τοῦ Πατρὸς καὶ τῶν
Αἰώνων μυστήριον, καὶ ἐξεῖπεν αὐτὸ οὐδενί, κ.τ.λ. “For the
Demiurge had been taught by Sophia that he was not the only
God and that beside him there was none other, as he had
thought; but through Sophia’s teaching he knew better. For he
had been instructed and initiated by Sophia, and had been
taught the great mystery of the Father and of the Aeons, and
had declared it to none”—in support of which the statement in
Exodus (vi. 2, 3) about being the God of Abraham, Isaac, and
Jacob, but “by my name Jehovah was I not known unto them”
is quoted. The identification by Valentinus of the Demiurge
with the God of the Jews is therefore complete.

398. σφάλματα “stumblings,” Hippolytus, loc. cit.

399. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk vi. c. 35, p. 295, Cruice. I have taken
what seems on comparison to be the original form of
Valentinus’ teaching. In the same chapter, Hippolytus tells us
that his followers were divided on the question of the
composition of the body of Jesus—the Italic School led by
Heracleon and Ptolemy averring that it was psychic and that
at His baptism only the πνεῦμα came upon Him as a dove,
while the Oriental School of Axionicus and Bardesanes
maintained that it was pneumatic from the first. Cf. n. 2, p. 116
infra.

400. Amélineau, Gnost. Ég. p. 226. The Excerpta Theodoti, on

which he relies, says (fr. 78): Μέχρι τοῦ βαπτίσματος οὖν ἡ
εἱμαρμένη, φασίν, ἀληθής· μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο οὐκ ἔτι ἀληθεύουσιν
οἱ ἀστρολόγοι. Ἔστι δὲ οὐ τὸ λουτρὸν μόνον τὸ ἐλευθεροῦν,
ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ γνῶσις τίνες ἦμεν, τί γεγόναμεν, ποῦ ἦμεν, ἢ ποῦ
 ἐνεβλήθημεν, ποῦ σπεύδομεν, πόθεν λυτρούμεθα, τί γέννησις
τί ἀναγέννησις. “Until baptism then, they say the destiny [he is
talking of that which is foretold by the stars] holds good; but
thereafter the astrologers’ predictions are no longer unerring.
For the [baptismal] font not only sets us free, but is also the
Gnosis which teaches us what we are, why we have come
into being, where we are, or whither we have been cast up,
whither we are hastening, from what we have been
redeemed, why there is birth, and why re-birth.” For baptism
was to the Valentinian initiation, and a mystagogue of Eleusis
would have expressed himself no differently.

401. Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 1, § 13, pp. 60-62, Harvey; Amélineau,

Gnost. Ég. p. 226, and Excerpta Theodoti there quoted.

402. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 35, pp. 295, 296, Cruice: Ὁ δὲ
Ἰησοῦς, ὁ καινὸς ἄνθρωπος, ἀπὸ Πνεύματος Ἁγίου [καὶ τοῦ
Ὑψίστου], τουτέστι τῆς Σοφίας καὶ τοῦ Δημιουργοῦ, ἵνα τὴν
μὲν πλάσιν καὶ κατασκευὴν τοῦ σώματος αὐτοῦ ὁ Δημιουργὸς
καταρτίσῃ, τὴν δὲ οὐσίαν αὐτοῦ τὸ Πνεῦμα παράσχῃ τὸ Ἅγιον,
καὶ γένηται Λόγος ἐπουράνιος ἀπὸ τῆς Ὀγδοάδος γεννηθεὶς
διὰ Μαρίας. “But Jesus, the new man, [has come into being]
by the Holy Spirit and by the Highest, that is by Sophia and
the Demiurge, so that the Demiurge might put together the
mould and constitution of His body and that the Holy Spirit
might provide its substance; and that He might become the
Heavenly Logos ... when born of Mary.” According to this, the
body of Jesus was a “psychic” or animal one; yet Hippolytus
says immediately afterwards (p. 296, Cruice), that it was on
this that there was a division between the Italic and the
Oriental Schools of Valentinians, the former with Heracleon
and Ptolemy saying that the body of Jesus was an animal
one, the Holy Spirit coming on Him as a dove at His baptism,
while the Orientals with Axionicus and Bardesanes
maintained that the body of the Saviour was pneumatic or
spiritual, “the Holy Spirit or Sophia and the power of the
Highest or Demiurgic art having come upon Mary, in order
 that what was given to Mary might be put into form.”
Apparently Valentinus was willing to call the God of the Jews
Ὕψιστος or “Highest,” which M. Cumont thinks was his name
in Asia Minor.

403. With the exception of that of St John, since the part of the
Pistis Sophia which it is suggested is by Valentinus does not
quote it. His followers, however, knew of it, as in the Excerpta
Theodoti the opening verse τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ Λόγος καὶ ὁ
Λόγος ἦν παρὰ τὸν Θεὸν, καὶ Θεὸς ἦν ὁ λόγος is quoted with
the comments of οἱ ἀπὸ τοῦ Οὐαλεντίνου on it. Cf. Amélineau,
Gnost. Ég. p. 209, where the passage is given in n. 4.

404. Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 1, § 13, pp. 60-62, Harvey: Εἰσὶ δὲ οἱ

λέγοντες... Ἔπαθε δὲ λοιπὸν κατ’ αὐτοὺς ὁ ψυχικὸς Χριστός,
καὶ ὁ ἐκ τῆς οἰκονομίας κατεσκευασμένος μυστηριωδῶς, ἵν’
ἐπιδείξῃ [δι’] αὐτοῦ ἡ μήτηρ τοῦ ἄνω Χριστοῦ, ἐκείνου τοῦ
ἐπεκταθέντος τῷ Σταυρῷ, καὶ μορφώσαντος τὴν Ἀχαμὼθ
μόρφωσιν τὴν κατ’ οὐσίαν· πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα τύπους ἐκείνων
εἶναι λέγουσι. “And there are some” (probably the Anatolic or
Oriental School is meant) “who say.... And further the animal
Christ, He who had been mysteriously formed by
dispensation, suffered so that the Mother might show forth
through Him the type of the Christ on high, of him who is
extended by Stauros, and gave shape to Achamoth as
regards substance: for they say that all things here are the
types of others there.”

405. Tertullian, adv. Valentinianos, c. IV.

406. That is, not a martyr, but one who had suffered for the faith
without losing his life.

407. Irenaeus, Bk III. c. 4, § 1, vol. II. p. 17, Harvey; Eusebius, Hist.

Eccl. Bk IV. c. 11. Cf. Amélineau, Gnost. Ég. p. 170.

408. Tertullian, de Praescpt. c. XXX. Amélineau, Gnost. Ég. p. 175,

objects to this.
409. Amélineau, Gnost. Ég. p. 172, n. 1; ibid. p. 175.

410. Epiphanius, Pan., Haer. XXXI. c. 2.

411. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 35, p. 296, Cruice.

412. Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 1, § 2, p. 13, Harvey.

413. See n. 2, p. 116 supra.

414. Irenaeus, Prooem. p. 4, Harvey.

415. Clem. Alex. Strom. Bk IV. c. 9.

416. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 38, p. 302, Cruice. So Irenaeus,

Bk I. c. 5, § 2, p. 101, Harvey. This appears to be hyperbole
rather than dualism.

417. Amélineau, Gnost. Ég. p. 189.

418. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 35, p. 296, Cruice.

419. Albîrûnî, Chronology of Ancient Nations, ed. Sachau, 1879,

pp. 27, 189.

420. De Faye, Intro. etc. p. 105, n. 1; Tertullian, de Carne Christi, c.

XVI.

421. See Hort, Bardaisan, in Dict. Christian Biog.

422. Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. Bk IV. c. 30, says that Bar Daisan was
first a Valentinian and afterwards recanted, “but did not
entirely wipe away the filth of his old heresy.”

423. Rather a suspect name for a hymn writer.

424. Ephrem Syrus’ own date is given as 370 A.D., in Dict. Christian
Biog. s.h.n.
425. See n. 3, p. 117 supra.

426. Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 5, § 1, p. 98, Harvey.

427. See n. 2, p. 118 supra.

428. This may have been due either to their Egyptian extraction, or
to the necessity of putting the matter in a way that would be
intelligible to their Egyptian disciples. Cf. Naville, Old Egyptian
Faith, 1909, where he says that the Egyptian way of
expressing abstract ideas is by metaphors. Their ancestors,
the Egyptians of the early Dynasties, when they wanted to
describe how gods of both sexes came forth from one single
male deity, did so by means of a very coarse image. See
Budge, Papyrus of Nesi-Amsu, Archaeologia, vol. LII. (1890),
pp. 440, 441. Cf. same author, Hieratic Papyri in B.M.

429. Courdaveaux, R.H.R. Jan.-Fev. 1892, p. 293 and n. 7. Mgr

Duchesne, op. cit. pp. 244, 245, agrees that Clement looked
upon the Son as a creature only. Nor does there seem much
difference between Valentinus’ view of the relation between
the Demiurge and the Unknown Father, and Clement’s
remarks about the Son whom he calls timeless and
unbegotten and says that it is from Him that we must learn the
“remote cause the Father of the Universe”: Strom. Bk VII. c. 1.
Cf. Justin Martyr, c. Trypho. c. 56.

430. R.H.R. Jan.-Fev. 1891, p. 27. Tertullian’s own heresy was of

course Montanism. Harnack, Hist. of Dogma, Eng. ed., II. pp.
257, 258, says indeed that Hippolytus’ own views of the Trinity
coincide with those of Valentinus and are a relic of polytheism.

431. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 29, pp. 280, 281, Cruice.

432. 2 John iv. 16. So Ἀγάπη “Love” is made the summit of the
universe in the Ophite Diagram. See Chap. VIII supra.

433. Neander, Ch. Hist. vol. II. p. 90.

434. Heracleon, quoted by Origen in Commentaries on St John, Bk
X. c. 19.

435. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk VI. c. 36, pp. 297, 298, Cruice.

436. Ibid. loc. cit. p. 298, Cruice.

437. Clem. Alex. Strom. Bk II. c. 20.

438. Amélineau, Gnost. Ég. p. 230; Neander, Ch. Hist. vol. II. p. 94.

439. Neander, op. et loc. cit. p. 150 and note, says Clement of
Alexandria declares that while Marcion wished to found a
Church, the other Gnostics endeavoured to found schools
(διατριβαί) only. Clem. Alex. Strom. Bk VII. c. 15, seems to be
the passage referred to; but in the present state of the text it
may be doubted whether it will bear the construction Neander
puts upon it.

440. Irenaeus, Bk I. Prooem. p. 4, Harvey.

441. Cf. Renan, L’Église Chrétienne, p. 165. The manner in which

the Valentinians tried to make converts to their doctrines
within the Church is described by Irenaeus, Bk III. c. 15, § 2,
pp. 78, 80, Harvey, and Tertullian, adv. Valentinianos, c. 1.

442. Renan, L’Église Chrétienne, pp. 152, 153, for references.

443. Tertullian, de Pudicitia, and Pseudo Cyprian, de Glor. Martyr.

passim.

444. See Chap. VII, n. 1, p. 8 supra.

445. Tertullian, Scorpiace, c. 1.

446. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, Bury’s ed. vol. II. p. 13. Cf. what
Irenaeus, Βk I. c. 1, § 8, p. 36, Harvey, says as to the high
price charged by the Valentinians for their teaching.
447. Hippolytus, op. cit. Bk IV. c. 4, §§ 1-15.

448. Irenaeus, Bk I. cc. 7-8 passim, pp. 114-156, Harvey.

449. Thus he says that the Dove signifies Alpha and Omega, the
first and the last, because Α and Ω, like περιστερά “dove,”
have the numerical value of 801.

450. A similar miracle is performed by the risen Jesus in the Bruce

Papyrus. See Chap. X infra.

451. Verse:

a.

Φῶς πατρικὸν ποθέουσα, σύναιμε, σύνευνε, σοφή

μου,
λούτροις χρεισαμένη Χ(ρειστο)ῦ μύρον ἄφθιτον, ἁγνὸν,
Αἰώνων ἔσπευσας ἀθρ[ῆ]σαι θεῖα πρόσωπα,
βουλῆς τῆς μεγάλης μέγαν ἄγγελον, υἱὸν ἀληθῆ,
[εἰς ν]υμφῶνα μολοῦσα καὶ εἰς [κόλπ]ους ἀνόρουσα[?]
[Αἰώνων πα]τρικοὺς κ[αὶ]....

b.

Οὐκ ἔσχεν κοινὸν βιότου [τ]έλος ἥδε θανοῦσα·

κάτθανε καὶ ζώει καὶ ὁρᾷ φάος ἄφθιτον ὄντως·
ζώει μὲν ζωοῖσι, θανὲν δὲ θανοῦσιν ἀληθῶς.
γαῖα, τί θαυμάζεις νέκυος γένος; ὴ πεφόβηται;

(Boeckh’s) C. I. G. 9595a, t. I. and p. 594.

“Longing for the light of the Father, partner of my blood,

partner of my bed, O my wise one!
Anointed at the font with the incorruptible and pure
myrrh of Christ,
Thou hast hastened to behold the divine faces of the
Aeons, [and]
 The Great Angel of the Great Council, the true Son.
Thou hast gone to the nuptial couch and hast hurried
to the fatherly bosoms of the Aeons
And....
Though dying, she has not suffered the common end of
life,
She is dead, and yet lives and actually beholds the
light incorruptible,
To the living she is alive, and dead only to those really
dead.
O Earth, why dost thou wonder at this new kind of
shade? or dost thou fear it?”

This was engraved on a cippus of white marble found about

three miles from Rome in the Via Latina and is now in the
Kircher Museum. Renan’s translation is given in Marc Aurèle,
p. 147. That the lady’s name was Flavia seems evident from
the acrostic contained in the first verse. She must also have
been a pneumatic or spiritual from her husband’s confident
expectation that she would be raised to the Heavenly
Jerusalem and by his assertion of her deathlessness. Hence it
may be inferred that Valentinus’ disciples even when of the
highest spiritual rank were allowed to marry. Cf. Clem. Alex.
Strom. Bk III. c. 17. The name “Angel of the Great Council” is
applied to Christ by Justin Martyr (c. Tryph. c. 126) who says
that He is so called by Ezekiel. The passage does not appear
in the Canon.

452. Matter, Hist. du Gnosticisme, t. II. p. 126, quoting St Jerome.

453. Epiphanius, Haer. XXXIII. c. 3, pp. 401-413, Oehler. Cf. “the

Elect Lady” to whom 2 John is addressed.

454. It should be remembered that Valentinus had been dead

some 50 years when Irenaeus and Hippolytus wrote.

455. Amélineau, Gnost. Ég. Chap. V., pp. 281-320 passim.

456. Julian, Ep. 43, tells Hecebolius that the Arians of Edessa,
“puffed up by their riches,” have maltreated the Valentinians,
and that he has therefore ordered the confiscation of the
estates and treasure of the Church of Edessa. It is doubtful
whether the edict can have been enforced before the
emperor’s death abrogated it.

457. We get at a sort of minimum date for its persistence from the
career of St Ambrose, who had been a Valentinian in his
youth (see Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. Bk VI. c. 18), and was made
bishop of Milan in 374 A.D., he being then 34 years old. The
sect therefore had adherents in Italy about 360 A.D.

458. It may be news to some that an attempt has lately been made
to revive in Paris the heresy of Valentinus. See the
Contemporary Review for May, 1897, or Jules Bois’ Les Petits
Religions de Paris, where a full account of the services and
hymns of “L’Église Gnostique” is given. Its founder, Jules
Doinel, was reconverted to Catholicism some time before his
death. Its present head is M. Fabre des Essarts.

459. The chapter on Marcion and his doctrines should perhaps in

strict chronological order follow on here, as Marcion’s
teaching was either contemporary with, or at most, but a few
years later than, that of Valentinus. Cf. Salmon in Dict.
Christian Biog. s.v. Marcion, Valentinus. But the earliest
documents in the Pistis Sophia are, as will be seen, possibly
by Valentinus himself, and, as all of them are closely
connected with his doctrine, it seemed a pity to postpone their
consideration.
460. W. E. Crum, Catalogue of the Coptic MS. in the Brit. Mus.,
1905, p. 173, n. 2, says that it was bought at the sale of
Askew’s effects for £10. 10s. 0d., and that Askew himself
bought it from a bookseller.

461. H. Hyvernat, Album de Paléographie Copte, Paris, 1888.

462. Matter, Hist. du Gnost. t. II. pp. 39-43, 347-348, and t. III. pp.
368-371.

463. See the present writer’s article “Some Heretic Gospels” in the
Scottish Review for July, 1893, where the MSS. treated of in
this chapter and their divisions are described in detail.
Schmidt, Koptisch-gnostische Schriften, Bd I. p. 14, speaks of
this “Codex Askewianus” as “eine Miszellenhandschrift.”

464. Except where otherwise specified, subsequent references

here to Pistis Sophia (in Italics) are to the first 253 pages of
the Coptic MS. only.

465. Cf. the ἐσώτερον τοῦ καταπετάσματος “within the veil” of Heb.
vi. 19. For other instances of its use in this sense see Crum,
Cat. of the Coptic MSS. in the Brit. Mus. p. 255, n. 1; and
Clem. Alex. Strom. Bk V. c. 6. For the dove, Mr F. C.
Conybeare, in a paper on the subject read before the Society
of Historical Theology in Dec. 1892 (see Academy of 3rd Dec.
1892), said that the dove was “the recognised symbol of the
Holy Spirit or Logos in the allegorizing theology of the
Alexandrine Jews at the beginning of the 1st century A.D.,” and
quoted several passages from Philo in support. Cf. Origen,
cont. Cels. Bk I. c. 31. But it was also the emblem, perhaps
the totem-animal, of the great Asiatic goddess who, under the
name of Astarte or Aphrodite, was worshipped as the Mater
viventium or “Mother of all Living,” with whose worship the
serpent was also connected. It was doubtless to this that the
text “Be ye wise as serpents, harmless as doves” refers. Both
serpents and doves figure largely in the Mycenaean and
 Cretan worship of the goddess. See Ronald Burrows,
Discoveries in Crete, 1907, pp. 137, 138, and Index for
references. In later Greek symbolism the dove was sacred to
the infernal Aphrodite or Persephone whose name of
Φερρεφάττα or Φερσεφάττα has been rendered “she who
bears the dove.” See de Chanot, “Statues Iconiques de
Chypre” in Gazette Archéologique, 1878, p. 109.

466. Pistis Sophia, p. 152, Copt. This metaphor is first met with in
Philo, Quaest. in Genesim, Bk I. c. 53, who declares that the
“coats of skin” of Gen. iii, 21 are the natural bodies with which
the souls of the protoplasts were clothed. It was a favourite
figure of speech with the Alexandrian Jewish writers. So in the
Ascensio Isaiae, c. IV. 16, 17: “But the saints will come with
the Lord with their garments which are now stored up on high
in the seventh heaven: with the Lord will they come, whose
spirits are clothed.... And afterwards they will turn themselves
upward in their garments, and their body will be left in this
world.” Cf. Charles, Ascension of Isaiah, pp. 34, 35, and
Eschatology (Jowett Lectures), pp. 399 sqq., where he says
that this was also the teaching of St Paul.

467. The word Σωτήρ, which here as elsewhere in the book

appears without any Coptic equivalent, evidently had a
peculiar signification to the Valentinian Gnostics. Irenaeus, Bk
I. c. 1, § 1, p. 12, Harvey, says that it was the name they gave
to Jesus oὐδὲ γὰρ κύριον ὀνομάζειν αὐτὸν θέλουσι “for they
do not choose to call Him Lord.” In the later part of the book,
the document called Mέρoς τευχῶν Σωτῆρος (p. 253, Copt.)
says that “he is saviour and ὰχώρητος (i.e. not to be confined
in space), who finds the words of the mysteries and the words
of the Third Receptacle which is within (i.e. the inmost of the
three) and excelleth them all.” From which it would appear
that the chief qualification of a saviour in the eyes of the later
Valentinians was that he was not restricted to his special
place in the universe, but could visit at will the worlds below
him. We seem therefore to be already getting near the
 Manichaean idea of Burkhans (messengers or Buddhas) who
are sent into the world for its salvation. Cf. Chapter XIII infra.

468. So that Judas Iscariot received a super-excellent soul as well

as the other eleven, unless we are to suppose that his
successor and substitute Matthias was one of those chosen
from the beginning. It is curious that neither in this nor in any
other Valentinian document is there any allusion to the
treason of Judas. The phrase “Archons of the aeons” means,
as will be seen later, the rulers of the twelve signs of the
Zodiac.

469. The “Sphere,” here as elsewhere in the book, means the

sphere of the visible firmament, which is below that of
Heimarmene or Destiny.

470. Τhis παρθένος τοῦ φωτός or Virgin of Light appears here, I

think, for the first time in any Gnostic document, although she
may have been known to the Valentinians. See Irenaeus, Bk
II. c. 47, § 2, p. 368, Harvey. She is, perhaps, a lower
analogue of Sophia Without, and is represented as seated in
or near the material sun which is said to give its light in its
“true form” only in her τόπος or place, which is 10,000 times
more luminous than that of the Great Propator or Forefather
mentioned later (Pistis Sophia, p. 194, Copt.). Her function
seems to be the “judging” of the souls of the dead, which does
not apparently involve any weighing of evidence, but merely
the examination of them to see what “mysteries” they have
received in previous incarnations, which will determine the
bodies in which they are reincarnated or their translation to
higher spheres (ibid. pp. 239, 292). She also places in the
soul a power which returns to her, according to the Μέρος
τευχῶν Σωτῆρος, on the death of its possessor (ibid. p. 284,
Copt.), thereby discharging the functions assigned in the last
book of Plato’s Republic to Lachesis. She is also on the same
authority (i.e. the Μ. τ. Σ.) one of the rulers of the disk of the
sun and of that of the moon (ibid. pp. 340-341, Copt.), and her
 place is one of the “places of the Middle” and is opposite to
the kingdom of Adamas, which is called the “head of the
aeons” (ibid. p. 236, Copt.). She reappears in Manichaeism
and it is said in the Acta Archelai that at the destruction of the
world she will pass into “the ship” of the moon along with
Jesus and other powers where she will remain until the whole
earth is burnt up (c. XIII. p. 21 of Hegemonius, Acta Archelai,
Beeson’s ed., Leipzig, 1906, p. 21). In the Turfan texts (F. W.
K. Müller, Handschriften-Reste in Estrangelo Schrift aus
Turfan, III. Teil, Berlin, 1904, p. 77) appears a fragment of a
prayer in which is invoked yîšô kanîgrôšanâ which Dr Müller
translates Ἰησοῦς παρθένος τοῦ φωτός, “Jesus, Virgin of
Light”; but it is possible that there is some mistake in the
reading.

471. Barbelo is a name very frequently met with in the earlier

heresiologists. Irenaeus, Bk I. c. 26, §§ 1, 2, pp. 221-226,
Harvey, declares that there was a sect of Simonians called
Barbeliotae “or Naassenes” who suppose “a certain
indestructible (the Latin version says ‘never-ageing’) Aeon in
a living virgin spirit whom they call Barbelo (masc.),” and
gives an account of a string of other aeons issuing not from,
but at the prayer of, this Barbelo, which is far from clear in the
present state of the text. The sect appears, from what can be
made out of his description, to have resembled the Ophites, of
which it may have been a branch. Hippolytus, however, says
nothing of them, and the account of Epiphanius (Haer. XXV.
and XXVI., Vol. II, pt 1, pp. 160, 184), Oehler, is untrustworthy,
inasmuch as he assigns the worship of Barbelo to two sects,
one of which he calls Nicolaitans and the other Gnostics
simply. To both of them he attributes after his manner
unimaginably filthy rites, and it is plain from his making
Barbelo the mother of Jaldabaoth and giving her a seat in the
eighth heaven that he confuses her wilfully or otherwise with
the Sophia of the Ophites. Her place in the system of the
Pistis Sophia will be described in the text. The name is said
by Harvey to be derived from the Syriac Barba elo, the Deity