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College Accounting 21st Edition Heintz
Test Bank
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Chapter 10—Accounting for Sales and Cash Receipts
TRUE/FALSE
1. To encourage customers who purchase merchandise on account to pay promptly, a cash discount is
usually offered.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

OBJ: LO: 10-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Communication STA: AICPA BB-Industry
TOP: ACBSP: APC-12-Receivables Reporting KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge
NOT: 1 min.
2. A sales ticket is a document created as evidence of a sale in a retail business.

NOT: 1 min.
3. Selling goods on account is not common practice at the retail level of the distribution process.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy

NOT: 1 min.
4. Merchandise returned by the customer for a refund is called a sales return.

NOT: 1 min.
5. A credit memo states the amount of a sales allowance or return.

NOT: 1 min.
6. The sales account is debited for the selling price of merchandise sold during the period.

OBJ: LO: 10-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Communication STA: AICPA FN-Measurement
NOT: 1 min.
7. Sales Returns and Allowances is credited for the selling price, including sales tax, of any merchandise
returned by customers.

NOT: 1 min.
8. If the amount of sales returns and allowances is small in proportion to gross sales, a weakness in the
merchandising operations is indicated and the trouble should be determined and corrected.

NOT: 1 min.
9. Gross sales less sales returns and allowances and sales discounts equal net sales.

NOT: 1 min.
10. The amounts for sales returns and allowances, sales discounts, and net sales added together equal gross
sales.

NOT: 1 min.
11. When a business uses a subsidiary accounts receivable ledger, there is no need to keep an accounts
receivable account in the general ledger.

TOP: ACBSP: APC-18-Special Journals KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge
NOT: 1 min.
12. The accounts receivable ledger is simply a detailed listing of the same information that is summarized
in Accounts Receivable in the general ledger.

NOT: 1 min.
13. A common approach to keeping a record of each customer's account receivable is to use a subsidiary
accounts receivable ledger.

NOT: 1 min.
14. After the posting of the accounts receivable ledger and the general ledger is completed, the total of the
accounts receivable ledger balances should equal the Accounts Receivable balance in the general
ledger.
NOT: 1 min.
15. After all posting to the general ledger is completed, the accounts receivable, sales tax payable, and
sales accounts in the general ledger are up to date.

NOT: 1 min.
16. To verify that the sum of the accounts receivable ledger balances equals the Accounts Receivable
balance, a schedule of accounts receivable is prepared.

NOT: 1 min.
17. If any merchandise has been returned, the sales discount is calculated on the gross sales amount.

NOT: 1 min.
18. A wholesale business allows customers to enter the store, select the merchandise they want, and bring
it to a sales clerk.

NOT: 1 min.
19. Merchandise returned by a customer for a refund is called a sales discount.

NOT: 1 min.
20. Reductions in the price of merchandise granted by the seller because of defects or other problems with
the merchandise are called merchandise sales.

NOT: 1 min.
21. The sales account is a revenue account.

NOT: 1 min.
22. The sales tax payable account is a revenue account that is credited for the amount of tax imposed on
sales.

NOT: 1 min.
23. While sales returns and allowances can be debited directly to the sales account, it is better to debit a
separate sales returns and allowances account.

NOT: 1 min.
24. To a seller, cash discounts are considered the same as sales discounts.

NOT: 1 min.
25. Sales Tax Payable is an asset account.

NOT: 1 min.
26. For the merchant, bank credit card sales are nothing like cash sales.

NOT: 1 min.
27. Sales made on account normally lead to cash receipts.

NOT: 1 min.
28. To verify that the sum of the accounts receivable ledger balances equals the Accounts Receivable
balance, a schedule of accounts payable is prepared.
NOT: 1 min.
29. If the schedule of accounts receivable total and the Accounts Receivable balance total do not
agree, a correcting entry is made to balance the two totals.

NOT: 1 min.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A business that purchases clothing, furniture, computers, or other products to sell to customers is a
a. retail business.
b. not-for-profit business.
c. wholesale business.
d. service business
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
NOT: 1 min.
2. Copies of a sales invoice are used to do all of the following EXCEPT

a. ship the merchandise.
b. bill the customer.
c. record the sale.
d. record the receipt of merchandise.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
NOT: 1 min.
3. If the seller permits merchandise to be returned or an allowance to be made, it is customary for the
seller to issue a(n)
a. debit memorandum.
b. return memorandum.
c. credit memorandum.
d. allowance memorandum.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
NOT: 1 min.
4. The account in which the revenue earned from the sale of merchandise is entered is
a. Capital.
b. Sales.
c. Cash.
d. Inventory.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
NOT: 1 min.
5. Merchandise is sold on account for $90, and the sale is subject to a retail sales tax of $5.40. The
sales account should be credited for
a. $84.60.
b. $90.00.
c. $95.40.
d. $93.60.
OBJ: LO: 10-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic STA: AICPA FN-Measurement
NOT: 1 min.
6. Which of the following accounts is NOT used to account for merchandise sales transactions?
a. Sales
b. Sales Tax Payable
c. Sales Returns and Allowances
d. Accounts Payable
NOT: 1 min.
7. A customer returns merchandise that was delivered in poor condition and that does not meet
specification. The account that the seller would debit for the amount of the return is
a. Sales Returns and Allowances.
b. Purchase Returns and Allowances.
c. Sales.
d. Purchases.
NOT: 1 min.
8. A credit memorandum for $156 (sale price of merchandise $150; sales tax of $6) was issued to a
customer for goods returned that had been purchased on account. To enter this transaction properly,
a. Sales would be debited for $6.
b. Sales would be debited for $150.
c. Sales would be debited for $156.
d. Sales would not be debited.
NOT: 1 min.
9. After posting is completed in the accounts receivable ledger and the general ledger, the total of the
accounts receivable ledger balances should equal the
a. accounts payable account balance.
b. accounts receivable account balance.
c. cash account balance.
d. net income amount.
NOT: 1 min.
10. A schedule of accounts receivable is prepared to

a. verify that the sum of the accounts receivable ledger balances equals the Accounts
Receivable balance.
b. send to all customers at the end of the month.
c. prove that the general ledger and accounts receivable ledger were posted at the same time.
d. keep track of all the company's customers.
NOT: 1 min.
11. A summary accounts receivable account is called a(n)

a. controlling account.
b. balance account.
c. master account.
d. lead account.
NOT: 1 min.
12. The source document of a sales transaction is called a

a. sales ticket.
b. sales return.
c. purchase order.
d. purchase receipt.
NOT: 1 min.
13. Merchandise returned by the customer for a refund is called a

a. sales return.
b. sales allowance.
c. credit memo.
d. debit memo.
NOT: 1 min.
14. To enter a cash sale, the journal entry includes

a. debiting Sales, debiting Sales Tax Payable, and crediting Cash.
b. debiting Sales Tax Payable, debiting Cash, and crediting Sales.
c. debiting Sales, debiting Cash, and crediting Sales Tax Payable.
d. debiting Cash, crediting Sales, and crediting Sales Tax Payable.
NOT: 1 min.
15. Merchandise is sold on account for $90, and the sale is subject to a retail sales tax of $5.40. The
amount that should be added to Accounts Receivable would be
a. $5.40.
b. $94.60.
c. $93.60.
d. $95.40.
NOT: 1 min.
16. The account that would be credited for the amount of tax collected and paid on sales would be
a. Sales.
b. Sales Tax Payable.
c. Cash.
d. Accounts Payable.
NOT: 1 min.
17. A credit memorandum for $156 (sales price of merchandise, $150; sales tax $6) was issued to a
customer for goods returned that had been purchased on account. To enter this transaction properly,
a. Accounts Receivable would be credited for $6.
b. Accounts Receivable would be credited for $150.
c. Accounts Receivable would be credited for $156.
d. Accounts Receivable would not be credited.
NOT: 1 min.
18. Total sales less the sales price of any goods returned by customers, less any reduction in price given to
customers, less cash discounts allowed by the seller, is called
a. cost of goods sold.
b. gross margin.
c. net sales.
d. gross profit.
NOT: 1 min.
19. A common approach to keeping a record of each customer's accounts receivable is to use a
a. sales journal.
b. subsidiary accounts receivable ledger.
c. controlling account.
d. general journal.
NOT: 1 min.
20. For the merchant, bank credit card sales are treated in a manner similar to
a. sales on account.
b. cash sales.
c. installment sales.
d. layaway sales.
NOT: 1 min.
21. A list showing the amount due from each customer as of a specified date is known as a
a. trial balance.
b. schedule of accounts payable.
c. schedule of accounts receivable.
d. work sheet.
NOT: 1 min.
22. A schedule of accounts receivable is prepared from the

a. list of customer accounts in the accounts receivable ledger.
b. general journal.
c. sales journal.
d. general ledger.
NOT: 1 min.
23. A schedule of accounts receivable is normally prepared

a. following each transaction.
b. daily.
c. weekly.
d. monthly.
NOT: 1 min.
PROBLEM
1. Bernice Ruel operates Leather Unlimited, a leather shop that sells luggage, handbags, business cases,
and other leather goods. During the month of March, the following transactions occurred. The
applicable sales tax rate is 6%.
Mar. 2 Sold merchandise on account to Emma Sommers, $250.00, plus sales tax.
9 Sold merchandise on account to Shelly Feinstein, $470.00, plus sales tax.
12 Emma Sommers returned $40.00 worth of merchandise purchased on March 2 for
credit.
18 Sold merchandise on account to Maureen Hodge, $110.00, plus sales tax.
19 Sold merchandise on account to Frank MacDonald, $165.00, plus sales tax.
22 Received payment from Emma Sommers on account.
26 Maureen Hodge was given an allowance of $30.00 when she reported damage in
the merchandise purchased on March 18.
28 Sold merchandise on account to Emma Sommers, $500.00, plus sales tax.
29 Sold merchandise on account to Shelly Feinstein, $230.00, plus sales tax.
31 Received payment from Maureen Hodge on account.
31 Cash sales for the month were $2,600, plus sales tax.
Required:
1. Enter the above transactions in the general journal.
2. Post the entries from the journal to the general ledger and subsidiary ledgers provided.
3. Prepare a schedule of accounts receivable as of March 31, 20--.
GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1

Post
Date Description Ref. Debit Credit
GENERAL LEDGER
Account Cash Account No. 101
Post Balance
Date Item Ref. Debit Credit Debit Credit
Account Accounts Receivable Account No. 122

Post Balance
Account Sales Tax Payable Account No. 231

Post Balance
Account Sales Account No. 401
Post Balance
Account Sales Returns and Allowances Account No. 401.1

Post Balance
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE LEDGER

Account Shelly Feinstein
Post
Date Item Ref. Debit Credit Balance
Account Maureen Hodge

Post
Account Frank MacDonald

Post
Account Emma Sommers

Post
ANS:
Post
Mar. 2 Accounts Receivable/Emma 122/ 265.00
Sommers
Sales 401 250.00
Sales Tax Payable 231 15.00
9 Accounts Receivable/Shelly 122/ 498.20

Feinstein
Sales 401 470.00
12 Sales Returns and Allowances 401.1 40.00

Accounts Receivable/Emma 122/ 42.40
Sommers
18 Accounts Receivable/Maureen 122/ 116.60

Hodge
Sales 401 110.00
19 Accounts Receivable/Frank 122/ 174.90

MacDonald
Sales 401 165.00
22 Cash 101 222.60

Accounts Receivable/Emma 122/
Sommers 222.60

Accounts Receivable/Maureen 122/
Hodge 31.80
28 Accounts Receivable/Emma 122/

Sommers 530.00
Sales 401 500.00
29 Accounts Receivable/Shelly 122/

Feinstein 243.80
Sales 401 230.00
31 Cash 101 84.80

Accounts Receivable/Maureen 122/ 84.80
Hodge
31 Cash 101 2,756.00

Sales 401 2,600.00
GENERAL LEDGER
Post Balance
Mar. 22 J1 222.60 222.60
31 J1 84.80 307.40
31 J1 2,756.00 3,063.40

Post Balance
Mar. 2 J1 265.00 265.00
9 J1 498.20 763.20
12 J1 42.40 720.80
18 J1 116.60 837.40
19 J1 174.90 1,012.30
22 J1 222.60 789.70
26 J1 31.80 757.90
28 J1 530.00 1,287.90
29 J1 243.80 1,531.70
31 J1 84.80 1,446.90

Post Balance
Mar. 2 J1 15.00 15.00
9 J1 28.20 43.20
12 J1 2.40 40.80
18 J1 6.60 47.40
19 J1 9.90 57.30
26 J1 1.80 55.50
28 J1 30.00 85.50
29 J1 13.80 99.30
31 J1 156.00 255.30

Post Balance
Mar. 2 J1 250.00 250.00
9 J1 470.00 720.00
18 J1 110.00 830.00
19 J1 165.00 995.00
28 J1 500.00 1,495.00
29 J1 230.00 1,725.00
31 J1 2,600.00 4,325.00
Post Balance
Mar. 12 J1 40.00 40.00
26 J1 30.00 70.00

Account Shelly Feinstein
Post
Mar. 9 J1 498.20 498.20
29 J1 243.80 742.00
Account Maureen Hodge

Post
Mar. 18 J1 116.60 116.60
26 J1 31.80 84.80
31 84.80 0.00
Account Frank MacDonald

Post
Mar. 19 J1 174.90 174.90
Account Emma Sommers

Post
Mar. 2 J1 265.00 265.00
12 J1 42.40 222.60
22 J1 222.60 0.00
28 J1 530.00 530.00
Leather Unlimited
Schedule of Accounts Receivable
March 31, 20--
Shelly Feinstein $ 742.00
Frank MacDonald 174.90
Emma Sommers 530.00
Total $1,446.90
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging

OBJ: LO: 10-1 | LO: 10-2 | LO: 10-3 | LO: 10-4 NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic
STA: AICPA FN-Measurement TOP: ACBSP: APC-12-Receivables Reporting
KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension NOT: 30 min.
2. From the following data, compute net sales.
Sales $537,000
Sales returns and allowances 6,315
Sales discounts 715
ANS:
Sales $537,000
Less:
Sales returns and allowances $6,315
Sales discounts 715 7,030
Net sales $529,970
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy OBJ: LO: 10-2

NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic STA: AICPA FN-Measurement
TOP: ACBSP: APC-12-Receivables Reporting KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension
NOT: 2 min.
3. The accounts receivable account in the general ledger has a balance of $11,280. The accounts
receivable ledger has the following account balances:
A. Broccoli $3,242
B. Reilly 1,610
C. Greenspan 4,723
J. Fuentez ?
Determine how much J. Fuentez owes.
ANS:
$11,280 − ($3,242 + $1,610 + $4,723) = $1,705
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy OBJ: LO: 10-3 | LO: 10-4

TOP: ACBSP: APC-18-Special Journals KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension
NOT: 2 min.
4. From the accounts receivable ledger, prepare a schedule of accounts receivable for Jenn's Country
Store as of March 31, 20--.

Account Brandon Connors
Post
Mar. 1 J1 23,652.00 23,652.00
10 J2 23,652.00 0.00
14 J2 12,317.00 12,317.00
Account Collin Deluca

Post
Mar. 10 J2 1,401.00 1,401.00
15 J2 2,263.00 3,664.00
Account Meghan Deutsch
Post
Mar. 9 J1 89.00 89.00
19 J2 2,568.00 2,657.00
Account Carmen Perez

Post
Mar. 4 J1 3,501.00 3,501.00
14 J2 3,501.00 0.00
15 J2 219.00 219.00
29 J3 2,366.00 2,585.00
Account Ashley Smyth

Post
Mar. 4 J1 1,139.00 1,139.00
8 J1 1,423.00 2,562.00
14 J2 1,139.00 1,423.00
Account Miles Weitz

Post
Mar. 15 J2 6,189.00 6,189.00
22 J3 6,189.00 0.00
ANS:
Jenn's Country Store

March 31, 20--
Brandon Connors $12,317
Collin Deluca 3,664
Meghan Deutsch 2,657
Carmen Perez 2,585
Ashley Smyth 1,423
Total $22,646

NOT: 3 min.
5. From the following data, compute net sales.
Sales $727,500
Sales returns and allowances 6,421
Sales discounts 434
ANS:
Sales $727,500
Less:
Sales returns and allowances $6,421
Sales discounts 434 6,855
Net sales $720,645

NOT: 3 min.
6. During the month of September, the following transactions occurred. The applicable sales tax rate is
6%. Enter the transactions in the general journal.
Sept. 2 Sold merchandise on account to Sam Larson, $1,400, plus sales tax.
7 Sold merchandise on account to David Mitchell, $1,900, plus sales tax.
12 Issued credit memorandum to Sam Larson for $689, including sales tax of $39.
22 Sold merchandise on account to Matt Feustal, $500, plus sales tax.
28 Sold merchandise on account to Ana Cardona, $850, plus sales tax.

Post
ANS:

Post
Sept. 2 Accounts Receivable/Sam Larson 1,484.00
Sales 1,400.00
Sales Tax Payable 84.00
7 Accounts Receivable/David 2,014.00

Mitchell
Sales 1,900.00
12 Sales Returns and Allowances 650.00

Accounts Receivable/Sam 689.00
Larson
22 Accounts Receivable/Matt Feustal 530.00

Sales 500.00
28 Accounts Receivable/Ana Cardona 901.00

Sales 850.00

NOT: 3 min.
7. From the following general journal transactions, post to the general ledger and the accounts receivable
ledger provided. Once posted, prepare a schedule of accounts receivable and compute the net sales for
the month.

Post
Jan. 2 Accounts Receivable/L. Miller 1,040.00
Sales 1,000.00
7 Accounts Receivable/P. Peterson 520.00

Sales 500.00
10 Accounts Receivable/B. Brown 208.00

Sales 200.00
10 Cash 1,030.00
Sales Discounts 10.00
Accounts Receivable/L. 1,040.00
Miller
15 Accounts Receivable/P. 624.00

Peterson
Sales 600.00
19 Cash 515.00
Sales Discounts 5.00
Accounts Receivable/P. 520.00
Peterson
22 Accounts Receivable/D. 728.00

Jorgenson
Sales 700.00
23 Sales Returns and Allowances 100.00

Accounts Receivable/D. 104.00
Jorgenson
25 Cash 2,184.00
Sales 2,100.00
GENERAL LEDGER
Post Balance

Post Balance
Post Balance

Post Balance

Post Balance
Account Sales Discounts Account No. 401.2

Post Balance

Account B. Brown
Post
Account D. Jorgenson
Post
Account L. Miller
Post
Account P. Peterson
Post
ANS:

Post
Jan. 2 Accounts Receivable/L. Miller 122/ 1,040.00
Sales 401 1,000.00
7 Accounts Receivable/P. Peterson 122/ 520.00

Sales 401 500.00
10 Accounts Receivable/B. Brown 122/ 208.00

Sales 401 200.00
10 Cash 101 1,030.00

Sales Discounts 401.2 10.00
Accounts Receivable/L. Miller 122/ 1,040.00
15 Accounts Receivable/P. Peterson 122/ 624.00

Sales 401 600.00
19 Cash 101 515.00

Sales Discounts 401.2 5.00
Accounts Receivable/P. 122/ 520.00
Peterson
22 Accounts Receivable/D. Jorgenson 122/ 728.00

Sales 401 700.00

Accounts Receivable/D. 122/ 104.00
Jorgenson
25 Cash 101 2,184.00

Sales 401 2,100.00
GENERAL LEDGER
Post Balance
Jan. 10 J1 1,030.00 1,030.00
19 J1 515.00 1,545.00
25 J1 2,184.00 3,729.00

Post Balance
Jan. 2 J1 1,040.00 1,040.00
7 J1 520.00 1,560.00
10 J1 208.00 1,768.00
10 J1 1,040.00 728.00
15 J1 624.00 1,352.00
19 J1 520.00 832.00
22 J1 728.00 1,560.00
23 J1 104.00 1,456.00

Post Balance
Jan. 2 J1 40.00 40.00
7 J1 20.00 60.00
10 J1 8.00 68.00
15 J1 24.00 92.00
22 J1 28.00 120.00
23 J1 4.00 116.00
25 J1 84.00 200.00

Post Balance
Jan. 2 J1 1,000.00 1,000.00
7 J1 500.00 1,500.00
10 J1 200.00 1,700.00
15 J1 600.00 2,300.00
22 J1 700.00 3,000.00
25 J1 2,100.00 5,100.00

Post Balance
Jan. 23 J1 100.00 100.00
Account Sales Discounts Account No. 401.2
Post Balance
Jan. 10 J1 10.00 10.00
19 J1 5.00 15.00

Account B. Brown
Post
Jan. 10 J1 208.00 208.00
Account D. Jorgenson
Post
Jan. 22 J1 728.00 728.00
23 J1 104.00 624.00
Account L. Miller
Post
Jan. 2 J1 1,040.00 1,040.00
10 J1 1,040.00 0.00
Account P. Peterson
Post
Jan. 7 J1 520.00 520.00
15 J1 624.00 1,144.00
19 J1 520.00 624.00

January 31, 20--
B. Brown $ 208
D. Jorgenson 624
P. Peterson 624
Total $1,456
Sales $5,100
Less:
Sales returns and allowances $100
Sales discounts 15 115
Net Sales $4,985
PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging

OBJ: LO: 10-1 | LO: 10-2 | LO: 10-3 | LO: 10-4 NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic
STA: AICPA FN-Measurement TOP: ACBSP: APC-12-Receivables Reporting
KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension NOT: 15 min.
8. From the accounts receivable ledger, prepare a schedule of accounts receivable for Robinson's Auto
Supply Center as of May 31, 20--.

Account Sal Buchemi
Post
May 9 J1 89.00 89.00
19 J2 215.00 304.00
Account Grace Carlton

Post
May 10 J2 11,401.00 11,401.00
15 J2 2,263.00 13,664.00
Account Pat Heins

Post
May 15 J2 5,278.00 5,278.00
22 J3 5,278.00 0.00
Account Falana Moore

Post
May 4 J1 1,139.00 1,139.00
8 J1 423.00 1,562.00
14 J2 1,139.00 423.00
Account Peggy Nelson

Post
May 1 J1 23,652.00 23,652.00
10 J2 23,652.00 0.00
14 J2 13,236.00 13,236.00
Account Will Sache

Post
May 4 J1 3,501.00 3,501.00
14 J2 3,501.00 0.00
15 J2 1,219.00 1,219.00
29 J3 2,366.00 3,585.00
ANS:
Robinson's Auto Supply Center

May 31, 20--
Sal Buchemi $ 304
Grace Carlton 13,664
Falana Moore 423
Peggy Nelson 13,236
Will Sache 3,585
Total $31,212

NOT: 2 min.
9. The accounts receivable account in the general ledger has a balance of $10,848. The accounts
receivable ledger has the following account balances:
V. Giancola $3,126
A. Nodell 1,893
H. O'Brien 2,412
C. Chan ?
Determine how much C. Chan owes.
ANS:
$10,848 − ($3,126 + $1,893 + $2,412) = $3,417

NOT: 2 min.
COMPLETION
1. A(n) ____________________ is a document that is generated to bill the customer who made the
purchase.
ANS: sales invoice

NAT: BUSPROG: Communication STA: AICPA FN-Measurement
NOT: 1 min.
2. The document created as evidence of a sale in a retail business is a(n) ____________________.
ANS: sales ticket

NOT: 1 min.
3. To the seller, a cash discount is also considered a(n) ____________________.
ANS: sales discount

NOT: 1 min.
4. Net sales is equal to gross sales less ____________________ and ____________________.
ANS:
sales returns and allowances, sales discounts
sales discounts, sales returns and allowances

NOT: 1 min.
5. A(n) ____________________ purchases merchandise and sells that merchandise to its customers.
ANS: merchandising business

NOT: 1 min.
6. Reductions in the price of merchandise, known as a(n) ____________________, are granted by the
seller because of defects or other problems with the merchandise.
ANS: sales allowance

NOT: 1 min.
7. A(n) ____________________ is a special ledger containing an individual account receivable for each
customer.
ANS: accounts receivable ledger

NOT: 1 min.
8. A document that is issued when credit is given for merchandise returned or for an allowance is called
a(n) ____________________.
ANS: credit memo
NOT: 1 min.
9. A(n) ____________________ is given to encourage prompt payment by customers who buy

merchandise on account.
ANS: cash discount

NOT: 1 min.
10. The alphabetical or numerical listing of customer accounts and balances, known as a(n)
____________________, is usually prepared at the end of the month.
ANS: schedule of accounts receivable

NOT: 1 min.
11. A(n) ____________________ is merchandise returned by a customer for a refund.
ANS: sales return

NOT: 1 min.
12. A summary account, called a(n) ____________________, is maintained in the general ledger for a
subsidiary ledger.
ANS: controlling account

NOT: 1 min.
MATCHING
Match the terms with the definitions.

a. accounts receivable ledger
b. cash discounts
c. controlling account
d. credit memo
e. merchandising business
f. sale
g. sales allowances
h. sales discounts
i. sales invoice
j. sales return
k. sales ticket
l. schedule of accounts receivable
1. A summary account maintained in the general ledger for a subsidiary ledger (for example, the accounts
receivable ledger).
2. Merchandise returned by a customer for a refund.
3. A transfer of merchandise from one business or individual to another in exchange for cash or a
promise to pay cash.
4. Discounts to encourage prompt payment by customers who buy merchandise on account.
5. The seller's term for cash discounts.
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sexual ethics
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Title: Sexual ethics
Author: Auguste Forel
Author of introduction, etc.: C. W. Saleeby
Translator: Ashley Dukes
Release date: October 18, 2023 [eBook #71898]
Language: English
Original publication: United Kingdom: The New Age Press, 1908
Credits: Produced by Tim Lindell, Donald Cummings, and the Online

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SEXUAL

ETHICS ***
SEXUAL ETHICS
SEXUAL ETHICS
BY
AUGUST FOREL, M.D., PH.D., LL.D.

FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF PSYCHIATRY AT
AND DIRECTOR OF
THE INSANE ASYLUM IN ZURICH (SWITZERLAND)
WITH INTRODUCTION
BY
Dr. C. W. SALEEBY, F.R.S. Edin.
LONDON
THE NEW AGE PRESS
140 FLEET STREET
1908
Translated from the German by Ashley Dukes
INTRODUCTION
By Dr. C. W. SALEEBY, F.R.S. Edin.
T here is something absurd, as such, in a request for an

introduction by any one to the work of one of the greatest of
living thinkers, and something still more absurd in the fact that
Professor Forel should, at this date, need an introduction to any
intelligent audience in any civilised country, as it seems he does to
English readers; but if compliance with that request is at all likely to
increase, even by one, the number of his readers, it is a duty to
comply with it.
Not to consider his treatises on philosophy and psychology, nor his
long series of original and important researches on the senses and
lives of the social insects, Professor Forel has already given to the
world a volume entitled Die Sexuelle Frage—this has now been
published in English[A]—which is by far the best work on the sex
question in any language, and has actually received on the
Continent something like the recognition which is its due. The gist of
its teaching is to be found in this little treatise on Sexual Ethics, and
the reader who may find himself or herself unconvinced, or even
repelled, by the brief and dogmatic theses of the following pages,
may be earnestly counselled to read the larger work. Here, and in
that, Professor Forel deals—always from the loftiest moral
standpoint, the interests of human life at its highest—with the
question which must remain fundamental for man so long as he is
mortal, and with which the statesmen of the future will primarily
concern themselves, realising as they will, and as the “blind mouths”
called statesmen to-day cannot, that there is no wealth but life, that
the culture of the racial life is the vital industry of any people, and
must so remain so long as three times in every century the only
wealth of nations is reduced to dust and raised again from helpless
infancy. Professor Forel sees this question from the only standpoint
that is worthy of it. The sexual question is concerned with nothing
less than the life of this world to come. It is for this reason that every
productive sexual union should be a sacrament; it involves nothing
less than the creation of a human life—the most tremendous act of
which man or woman can be capable. It is the no less than sacred
cause of Eugenics or Race-Culture that gives the sexual life its
meaning and the dignity which it may rightly claim, and it is just
because the Swiss thinker sees this and never loses sight of it that
his work is so immeasurably raised above the ordinary discussions
of marriage, prostitution, venereal disease, and the like. His claim for
posterity on the ground of our debt to the past may be amplified by
the reflection that, in serving the racial life, and in making its welfare
the criterion of our sexual ethics, we are serving human beings as
real as we are ourselves, and tens or hundreds for units whom we
can serve to-day. There is always an interval—nine months at least
—and no one expects babies or politicians to associate cause and
effect over such abysses of time; but there are others who are
learning to think in generations, and Professor Forel will yet add to
their number.
[A] The Sexual Question. Rebman, Ltd.
In his criticisms of alcohol and the abuse of capital, Professor
Forel opposes himself to the most powerful of vested interests. Well,
if you invest your interests in any other bank than that of the laws of
life, you or your heirs will find that theirs is but a rotten concern. The
history of organic evolution is proof enough that the higher life and
the things which buttress it, “sagging but pertinacious,” will always
win through in the long run. As a direct enemy of human life, and
notably through its influence upon the sexual instinct, alcohol is
certainly doomed. If life is the only wealth, the manufacture of illth is
a process too cannibal to be permitted for ever.
Professor Forel speaks of subduing the sexual instinct. I would
rather speak of transmuting it. The direct method of attack is often
futile, always necessitous of effort, but it is possible for us to
transmute our sex-energy into higher forms in our individual lives,
thus justifying the evolutionary and psychological contention that it is
the source of the higher activities of man, of moral indignation and of
the “restless energy” which has changed the surface of the earth. As
directly interfering with this transmutation, the extent of which
probably constitutes the essential difference between civilised and
savage man, alcohol is the more to be condemned.
In what Professor Forel has to say regarding prostitution and the
ideal of marriage, he will win assent from all except the profligate
and those medical men who, in hideous alliance with the protozoon
of syphilis and the coccus of gonorrhœa, defend prostitution and
even acclaim it as the necessary complement to marriage. If there is
a stronger phrase than most damnable of lies to apply to such
teaching, here is certainly the time for its employment. On this
subject of prostitution, Professor Forel has said the last word in a
masterly chapter of Die Sexuelle Frage. In his praise of monogamy,
he is only echoing the stern verdict of the ages—delivered a
thousand æons before any existing religion was born or thought of,
and likely to outlast a whole wilderness of their dogmas. The
essence of marriage I would define as common parental care of
offspring, and its survival-value as consisting in the addition of the
father’s to the mother’s care. In the absence of parenthood, a sexual
association between man and woman is on the same plane as any
other human association; it means neither more nor less, and must
be judged as they are judged. It is when the life of the world to come
is involved that new questions arise—questions as momentous as is
the difference between the production of human life at its best and of
a child rotten with syphilis, or permanently blinded to the light as it
opens its eyes for the first time, or doomed to intelligence less than a
dog’s.
I, for one, have no shadow of doubt that the ideal of sexual ethics
will some day be realised, that pre-eminently preventable—because
contagious—diseases like syphilis and gonorrhœa will be made an
end of, that prostitution will disappear with its economic cause, that
we shall make parenthood the privilege of the worthy alone, and thus
create on earth a better heaven than ever theologians dreamed of in
the sky. “There are many events in the womb of Time which will be
delivered.” Individuals are mortal, and churches, and creeds, but Life
is not. Already the gap between moss or microbe and man is no
small one, and the time to come is very nearly “unending long.”
Uranium and radium will see to that.
C. W. SALEEBY.
SEXUAL ETHICS
T he two conceptions of morality and sexual life are frequently

confounded and expressed by the same term in the popular
usages of speech. The word “moral” is commonly used to mean
sexually pure, that is to say, continent; while the word “immoral”
suggests the idea of sexual incontinence and debauch. This is a
misuse of words, and rests upon a confusion of ideas, for sexuality
has in itself nothing to do with morality. It points, however, to the
undoubted fact that the sexual impulse, since it has other human
beings as its object, easily leads to moral conflicts within the breast
of the individual.
It will be convenient to discuss our subject under the two heads: I.
Of ethics in general; and II. Of sexual ethics in particular.
I. Ethics
Ethics is the science of morals. Morals may be said to consist of
two very distinct factors, which we will attempt to analyse:—
1. An instinctive sense, the conscience, sense of duty, or ethical
impulse, which says to us: “This shalt thou do, and that shalt thou
leave undone.” A person in whom it is highly developed experiences
satisfaction if he obeys the “voice of conscience,” and remorse if he
fails to do so.
2. The second factor of morals includes the objects of conscience,
that is, the things which conscience commands or forbids.
The great philosopher Kant founded upon the instinct of
conscience his Categorical Imperative, and held the further
investigation of its causes to be unnecessary. If the conscience says
“Thou shalt,” one must simply act accordingly. This is, in Kant’s
opinion, the absolute moral law, which bids or forbids an action
independently of any other consideration.
The further they progress, however, the more do reason and
science rebel against the conception of the Categorical Imperative.
Kant, great as he was, was not infallible. The imperative of the
conscience is in itself no more categorical and absolute than that of
the sexual impulse, of fear, of maternal love, or of other emotions
and instincts.
In the first place daily observation shows us the existence of
people born conscienceless, in whom the sense of duty is lacking,
who are aware of no “Thou shalt,” and in whose eyes other
individuals are merely welcome objects for plunder or inconvenient
hindrances. For these “ethically defective” persons there can be no
categorical imperative, because they have no conception of duty.
The ethical sense may exist in varying degrees of intensity. In
some persons the conscience is weak, in others strong; and there
are cases in which it is developed to an exaggerated and morbid
extent. People of this type suffer pangs of conscience over the
merest trifle, reproach themselves for “sins” which they have never
committed, or which are no sins at all, and make themselves and
others miserable. How can all this be reconciled with the absolute
moral law as stated by Kant?
The theory of the Categorical Imperative becomes even more
absurd when we consider the actions to which men are guided by
their consciences. The same habit—the drinking of wine, for instance
—may be for one man a matter of duty (for a Christian at the
Eucharist or for an officer at the toast of the King); for another (the
Mohammedan) it may be forbidden as a deadly sin. Murder, which is
certainly almost universally prohibited by conscience, is a “duty” in
time of war, and even for certain persons in the duel. Such instances
could be multiplied indefinitely.
We will presently state the profounder reasons which prove Kant’s
error; but we must first mention another source of pretended ethical
commandments. The religions exhibit a remarkable medley of
various products of human mystical phantasy and human emotions
which have crystallised and formed themselves into legends and
dogmas, and these latter have become interwoven with human
morals in such a fashion that they seem at first inextricable.
The instinct of fear and the lust for power, the hypertrophy of the
Ego and the ethical sentiments have here intermingled in a thousand
different ways. More especially we may mention the fear of the
unknown, of darker powers, and of death; the expansion of the
beloved Ego, which becomes idealised in the conception of
godhead, and then immortalised; the feelings of sympathy, antipathy
and duty towards other individuals, and so forth. The mysterious
powers which move the universe are then conceived as
anthropomorphic (personal) gods, or as one such God.
The next stage is the attribution of godlike qualities to man, which
flatters his vanity considerably, and gives him a sense of satisfaction.
As a result of this habit of thought, and assisted by the
hallucinations of highly imaginative, hysterical, or insane individuals,
there have developed the various conceptions of a direct intercourse
between the Godhead and man. Hypnotism and psychiatry, in the
respective cases of the sane and the insane, teach us how
extraordinarily sensitive the human brain is to such impressions.
In this way the legendary revelations, according to which God has
manifested himself directly and personally to certain individuals, and
dictated to them commandments for the guidance of Humanity, have
resulted.
In this, and in no other way, has come into existence the social
tyranny of religious dogmas. Certain men have made God in their
own image, and have, in the course of centuries, imposed their own
handiwork upon whole nations, mainly by means of the organising
ability of their more ambitious successors. Even to-day such
prophets frequently arise, both within and without the walls of lunatic
asylums. Each one declares that he alone possesses the true
revelation.
The divine injunctions vary considerably according to the different
religions, and are often mutually contradictory. Among them are
commandments relating to the Godhead which have nothing to do
with natural moral law, and yet are amalgamated with it. Some of
these are from the human point of view frankly immoral. Many, on
the other hand, represent the precepts of a more or less suitable
moral code, which varies according to the personal views of the
founder of the religion.
The Koran ordains polygamy and forbids the use of wine, while
modern Christianity allows the latter and ordains monogamy. Both
Moses and Mohammed, however, regard woman as subordinate to
man, and as his private property; a view which contradicts a higher
and at the same time a more natural moral law.
Mental science has now the hardihood to maintain, Kant and the
religious dogmas notwithstanding, that the moral law is completely
accessible to its investigations; that true human ethics can be
founded upon human nature alone; that the dogmas and
commandments of pretended revelation serve only to check a
progressively higher development of morals; and that the dogma
which holds out promises of heaven or threats of hell in the hereafter
is in its effect actually immoral, inasmuch as it seeks to regulate the
moral conduct of men by purely selfish motives—by the aid of a bill
of exchange upon the future life, so to speak.
In order to understand natural human ethics we must consider its

natural source, that is to say, the origin of the sense of duty or social
conscience.
The sense of duty is, as an inclination, inborn, and therefore
hereditary. It can indeed be developed or dulled by education, but it
cannot be acquired; and only diseases of the brain can destroy it
where it once clearly exists. What is actually inculcated or acquired,
as the case may be, is not the conscience, but the object towards
which it is directed, as is the case with the feeling of shame or
modesty. Just as the European woman is ashamed to exhibit her
bare legs, but not her face, while with the Turkish woman the reverse
holds true, so the objects of the conscience, according to acquired
local customs, can be absolutely opposed to one another, or at least
very different in their nature. They have, however, for the most part
certain features in common, which are suited to the requirements of
human nature. The reason for this we shall see below.
From what does conscience, or the sense of duty, arise? First of

all from a conflict between two groups of instinctive emotions allied
with instinctive impulses: (1) the group of so-called egoistic feelings
and impulses, directed towards self-preservation and self-
gratification; and (2) the group of sympathetic or altruistic impulses
directed towards the preservation and well-being of others.
If I feel sympathy or love for a person, an animal, or an object, I
suffer personally and feel displeasure as soon as the object of my
sympathy suffers or is endangered. Hence the words compassion
and sympathy (suffering with). I therefore seek to help the object of
my sympathy, to save him even at the risk of personal injury; and
thence the conflict arises. If my egotism triumphs I do not come to
his aid, or at most only do so if I risk nothing thereby. If, on the other
hand, my sense of sympathy is victorious, I sacrifice myself.
In the former instance I experience a feeling of dissatisfaction, the
feeling of neglected duty and of remorse; in the latter I have the
pleasurable sensation of duty fulfilled. And yet the nature of the
object matters little. Only the intensity of the sympathy, together with
the individual development of the conscience, determine the intensity
of the sense of duty in any given case. An insane person can feel the
most vehement sense of duty or remorse without any real object, or
as the result of entirely perverted conceptions.
As every living creature, particularly if it possesses a separate
nervous system, has the instinct of self-preservation, the conscience
therefore results directly from the conflict between this instinct and
the secondary emotions of altruistic sympathy. These latter are of
later origin, and have for the most part been evolved from the
attraction between the sexes (sexual love), or from the relationship
of parents to the offspring dependent upon them (parental love).
The first feelings of duty and of sympathy in the animal kingdom
are therefore confined to the family, and adapted to the preservation
of the species. They are also exclusive, and may only persist for a
short time (as in the case of cats), but frequently they are of lifelong
duration. The conjugal fidelity of certain apes and parrots is
exemplary.
But the necessity of protection against common foes brought
about in the case of many animals a ripening of the sense of
sympathy, and it became extended to whole groups, so that here
and there free communities (swallows, buffaloes, monkeys) have
resulted. Finally certain species have developed the senses of
sympathy and duty to such an extent that they have led to a
complete anarchistic Socialism, as is the case among wasps, bees,
and ants. Here the social sense has so far overcome both egotism
and altruism limited to a few individuals that it wholly dominates
them. The individual devotes his whole energy and labour to the
communal existence, and even sacrifices his life for this object. He
never, however, sacrifices his life for another single member of the
community, unless the latter is of primary importance for the
maintenance of the species. One worker-bee does not immolate
itself for another, but does so without hesitation for the queen and
the hive. It will even empty the whole contents of its stomach into the
queen bee’s mouth and starve in order to save her. The altruism of
the ants and the bees knows nothing of family affection or sexual
love; it is confined absolutely to the hive or nest. Different beehives
or ants’ nests are either inimical or indifferent to one another.
Nearer to man stand the higher mammals. Every one is aware of
the sentiments of sympathy and duty in the dog, for instance. In man
himself these affections are pre-eminently domestic, as may be seen
in the love of mother and child, husband and wife, father and son,
and in all the obligations thus contracted. But they also have a
considerable tendency to extend to other intimate objects or persons
with whom the individual frequently comes into contact—to friends,
animals, etc.
We can also observe this inclination among bees and ants, where
strangers are received into the hive or nest after a short period of
familiarisation. But among mankind the tendency always maintains a
strongly individual character. The result is on the one hand a
grouping into communities, such as castes, tribes, and nations; and
on the other a host of individual friendships and enmities.
This fundamentally individual character of the human sense of
sympathy rests primarily upon the fact that our nearest ancestors in
the animal world, the parents of the existing anthropoid apes, were
domestic and solitary, while our primeval ancestors lived in
numberless tiny communities, inimical to one another.
In this way there appeared among mankind instinctive and
exclusive impulses of sympathy and of duty, combined with intensely
selfish predatory desires. The extraordinary complexity of the human
brain is responsible for the strange many-sidedness of character
which resulted. For example, crime and heroism developed side by
side; child murder, parricide, rapine and robbery, slavery, war, and in
particular the vilest subjugation of woman as an article of commerce
or a beast of burden—these represent the fruits of egotism and its
attendant cunning and meanness. On the other hand we see self-
sacrifice, valour, heroic martyrdom, patriotism, sense of justice,
asceticism, pity for the weak, and persistent labour for the family and
the State, resulting as the fruits of the instinct of sympathy and the
social sense.
The primitive sense of duty, which arose from direct assistance
rendered to the object of sympathy, is now being enlarged by a
higher racial and individual development, and is, indeed, resolving
itself into a universal inclination to subdue egoistic instincts and
passions.
If from a sense of duty I do something which is wearisome or
dangerous, it is for the most part no longer out of direct sympathy
with the particular object. The primeval impulse (which led to conflict)
is becoming independent, and is taking the form of a higher and
secondary instinct, tending towards the suppression of baser desires
and weaknesses. And yet it is necessary, in order to prevent the
degeneration of this instinct, that the objects towards which it is
directed shall be ever more adequately and better suited to the
social welfare of the community.
From the above brief sketch, which is based upon the theory of
evolution and the researches of science, it is clear as the day that
moral laws can only be relative. They were always relative to the
family, to the tribe, to the fatherland; they must become relative to
mankind. The racial (that is, inherited and instinctive) social sense in
man is unfortunately very variable in individual cases. In the average
it is extremely weak and chiefly directed towards a few individuals.
Moreover, as the result of centuries of bad habits and ancient
prejudices, its objects are falsely or unsuitably taught in process of
educating children. Instead of the child’s sense of duty being
directed to the necessity of labour and social sacrifice for mankind as
a whole and posterity in particular, it is directed towards false codes
of honour, local patriotism, family exclusiveness, private property,
pretended divine commandments, and so forth.
The Earth is small, and human intercourse becomes more
extensive every year; the union of all civilised peoples into a single
great civilised community is inevitable. Ethics must, therefore, as far
as reason permits, be directed towards this object. We require

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2. A sales ticket is a document created as evidence of a sale in a retail business.

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21. The sales account is a revenue account.

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25. Sales Tax Payable is an asset account.

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27. Sales made on account normally lead to cash receipts.

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2. Copies of a sales invoice are used to do all of the following EXCEPT

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GENERAL JOURNAL Page 1

Account Accounts Receivable Account No. 122

Account Sales Tax Payable Account No. 231

Account Sales Returns and Allowances Account No. 401.1

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE LEDGER

Account Maureen Hodge

Account Frank MacDonald

Account Emma Sommers

9 Accounts Receivable/Shelly 122/ 498.20

12 Sales Returns and Allowances 401.1 40.00

18 Accounts Receivable/Maureen 122/ 116.60

19 Accounts Receivable/Frank 122/ 174.90

22 Cash 101 222.60

26 Sales Returns and Allowances 401.1 30.00

28 Accounts Receivable/Emma 122/