Arplan3 Module 2
Arplan3 Module 2
Arplan3 Module 2
C.A. DOXIADIS
• Constantinos Apostolos Doxiadis
• Born to Greek parents in 1913 in Bulgaria
• His father was a Minister of Social Affairs during the time of the Asia Minor crisis in 1922
• Spent most of his life in Athens
• He graduated from the Technical University of Athens as Architect-Engineer in 1935
• He received his Doctorate Degree from the Berlin-Charlottenburg University in 1936
• He was awarded Honorary Degrees by 12 universities for his work and contributions in
ekistics
• Swarthmore College
• University of Pittsburgh
• University of Michigan
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
C.A. DOXIADIS
• He served as Undersecretary and Director General of the Ministry for Housing and
Reconstruction for Greece between 1945 and 1948
• He also served as Minister Coordinator of the Greek Recovery Program and
Undersecretary, Ministry of Coordination from 1948 to 1951
• He founded Doxiadis Associates, an international consulting firm for architecture,
planning and development, headquartered in Athens, Greece
• He founded the Athens Technological Organization (originally
• the Athens Technological Institute) in 1958
• consisted of distinguished members of Athenian and Greek society.
• to help Greece to proceed from a developing country to a more advanced level
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
C.A. DOXIADIS
• His doctoral thesis Raumordnung im Griechischen Staedtebau was published as a
book in 1937, later translated into English as Architectural Space in Ancient Greece,
1972.
• Architecture in Transition (1963), he addresses the role of the architect in a world of
confusion and rapid change.
• Ekistics in 1968
• Anthropopolis in 1974 (summary of a symposium on the City for Human Development)
• Ecumenopolis in 1975
• Building Entopia in 1975
• Action for Human Settlements in 1976, published after his death
• He died in June 28, 1975
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
EKISTICS
• the science of human settlements
• derived from the Greek verb oikõ,
meaning “settling down,”
• denotes the existence of an
overall science of human
settlements conditioned by man
and influenced by economic,
social, political administrative,
and technical sciences as well as
the disciplines related to the arts
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
EKISTICS
• Critical conditions common to all cities:
• There is an unprecedented increase in population due to improved living conditions,
accompanied by a migration to urban settlements. The result is growth of urban
settlements at a tremendous scale.
• We experience multiple impacts of machines in our lives. These impacts lead to higher
productivity and new possibilities, but also bring unprecedented problems to the structure
of cities and society, of resource use and environmental degradation.
• There is a gradual socialization in the patterns of living, which allows the whole population
to participate more and more in the city, its facilities and resources.
• In the modern city, growth and change over time is a dominant feature, which must take
precedence in all planning considerations
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
EKISTIC ELEMENTS
• Anthropos – the individual human being
• Society – deals with people and their interaction with population trends, group
behavior, social customs, occupation, income, and government
• Nature – represents the ecosystem within which man and society operate and
cities and settlements are placed (carrying capacity)
• Shells –the generic term for all buildings and
structures
• Networks for transportation, communication
and utilities support the settlements and tie
them together with their organization and
structure
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
EKISTIC UNITS
Doxiadis proposed 15 levels of settlement
size or 15 ekistic units
EKISTIC UNITS
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
EKISTIC GRID
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
ANTHROPOCOSMOS
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
CONCEPTS OF EKISTICS
• Dynapolis is a term meaning dynamic city or dynamic polis, recognizing
the fact that contemporary city is a dynamic and not a static entity
• Ecumenopolis is a key concept of ekistics. As the largest unit of the ekistic
logarithmic scale it is the inevitable city of the future, which will cover the
entire earth as a continuous system forming a universal settlement
• The human community is the settlement unit designed at a human scale,
providing a stable spatial and functional unit to satisfy the needs and
aspirations of our daily life
• The functional classification of space postulates the complete allocation of
land for human settlements consisting of the area of urban settlement, of
cultivated areas and natural areas.
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
IDEAL SOLUTIONS
• We have to guide our cities.
• We must define how much land we shall allocate for everything in its
place.
• We must immediately designate common corridors
• We must create human communities
• We must get rid of towers
• We must create new administrative systems
ARPLAN 3
PLANNING 3 : INTRODUCTION TO URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING
LOCATION THEORIES
• Land Use Theory
• By J. H. von Thunen and William Alonso
• Objectives:
• Thunen: Optimal agricultural land uses based on transport costs to market
• Alonso: Optimal distances of residential and commercial land uses from CBD
• Assumptions:
• Thunen: Central market with given prices, given production methods + costs
for any crop independent of location (uniform technologies + no scale
economies) Linear transport cost/distance functions
• Alonso: Mono-centric city
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
LOCATION THEORIES
• Land Use Theory
• Supply and Demand: Dispersed
and Localized
• Major Analytical Tools:
• Rent functions
• Margin of cultivation
• Alonso: Bid rent (price)
function
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
LOCATION THEORIES
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
LOCATION THEORIES
• Industrial Location Theory
• By Weber, Smith, Isard and Moses
• Objectives:
• Weber: Transport-cost minimizing location
• Smith: Profit maximization
• Moses: Optimal combination of inputs & optimal level of production at optimal
location (allowing for scale (dis-)economies and substitutability at any one
level of production)
• Assumptions:
• Weber: Given linear production function (no substitution & no economies of scale)
prices at markets are given
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
LOCATION THEORIES
• Industrial Location Theory
• Supply and Demand: Localized and
Localized
• Major Analytical Tools:
• Weber: Material Index (MI),
"isotims" (Spatial isocost lines)
Isodapane surfaces, Critical
isodapane
• Smith: Space cost curves, Space
revenue curves, "Spatial margins
of profitability“
• Predoehl/Moses: Principle of
substitution, Isoquants & spatial
isocost/outlay lines
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
LOCATION THEORIES
• Central Place Theory
• By Walter Christaller and Lösch
• Objective: Optimal market areas
• Assumptions:
• Christaller: Uniform spatial distribution of households
• Households have homogeneous demand functions
• Transport costs can be allocated to individual goods (i.e.no multi-function trips)
• Supply and Demand: Localized and Dispersed
• Major Analytical Tools:
• Hierarchical principles
• Threshold range (=spatial break-even point)
• Range of a good
• Spatial demand curve ("cone")
•
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
LOCATION THEORIES
ARPLAN 3
PLANNING 3 : INTRODUCTION TO URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING
Implications:
• More services are needed, hence, more structures providing these services should
be built.
• May result to informal settlements and employment.
• Environmental concerns.
Theory:
A relationship exists between a country’s wealth and it’s urban
environment
ECONOMIC THEORIES
• Modernization Theory
• Stages of Economic Growth
• World Economic System
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
ECONOMIC THEORIES
Modernization Theory by M. Weber et. al. (1900 to 1980)
• a theory used to explain the process of modernization within societies
• looks at the internal factors of a country while assuming that, with assistance,
"traditional" countries can be brought to development in the same manner more
developed countries have
• attempts to identify the social variables which contribute to social progress and
development of societies, and seeks to explain the process of social evolution.
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
ECONOMIC THEORIES
Stages of Growth Development Model by Walt Rostow (1960)
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
ECONOMIC THEORIES
Stages of Growth Development Model by Walt Rostow (1960)
Traditional society
• characterized by subsistence agriculture or hunting & gathering; almost wholly
a "primary" sector economy
• limited technology;
• A static or 'rigid' society: lack of class or individual economic mobility, with
stability prioritized and change seen negatively
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
ECONOMIC THEORIES
Stages of Growth Development Model by Walt Rostow (1960)
Pre-conditions to "take-off"
• external demand for raw materials initiates economic change;
• development of more productive, commercial agriculture & cash crops not
consumed by producers and/or largely exported
• widespread and enhanced investment in changes to the physical environment
to expand production (i.e. irrigation, canals, ports)
• increasing spread of technology & advances in existing technologies
• changing social structure, with previous social equilibrium now in flux
• individual social mobility begins
• development of national identity and shared economic interests
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
ECONOMIC THEORIES
Stages of Growth Development Model by Walt Rostow (1960)
Take off
• manufacturing begins to rationalize and scale increases in a few leading industries,
as goods are made both for export and domestic consumption
• the "secondary" (goods-producing) sector expands and ratio of secondary vs.
primary sectors in the economy shifts quickly towards secondary
• textiles & apparel are usually the first "take-off" industry, as happened in Great
Britain's classic "Industrial Revolution"
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
ECONOMIC THEORIES
Stages of Growth Development Model by Walt Rostow (1960)
Drive to maturity
• diversification of the industrial base; multiple industries expand & new ones take
root quickly
• manufacturing shifts from investment-driven (capital goods) towards consumer
durables & domestic consumption
• rapid development of transportation infrastructure
• large-scale investment in social infrastructure (schools, universities, hospitals, etc.)
CONCEPTS & THEORIES
ECONOMIC THEORIES
Stages of Growth Development Model by Walt Rostow (1960)
ECONOMIC THEORIES
World Economic System Model by Immanuel Wallerstein (1974)