Ebook Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice 6Th Edition William Stallings Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice 6Th Edition William Stallings Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice 6Th Edition William Stallings Test Bank Full Chapter PDF
TRUE OR FALSE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. Triple DES makes use of __________ stages of the DES algorithm, using a total of
two or three distinct keys.
A. nine B. six
C. twelve D. three
A. IEEE B. ISO
C. NIST D. ITIL
4. The _________ and _________ block cipher modes of operation are used for
authentication.
5. __________ modes of operation have been standardized by NIST for use with
symmetric block ciphers such as DES and AES.
A. Three B. Five
C. Nine D. Seven
6. The output of the encryption function is fed back to the shift register in
Output Feedback mode, whereas in ___________ the ciphertext unit is fed back
to the shift register.
7. The simplest form of multiple encryption has __________ encryption stages and
__________ keys.
8. The __________ algorithm will work against any block encryption cipher and
does not depend on any particular property of DES.
9. The __________ method is ideal for a short amount of data and is the
appropriate mode to use if you want to transmit a DES or AES key securely.
11. “Each block of plaintext is XORed with an encrypted counter. The counter is
incremented for each subsequent block", is a description of ___________ mode.
12. The __________ mode operates on full blocks of plaintext and ciphertext, as
opposed to an s-bit subset.
A. CBC B. ECB
C. OFB D. CFB
A. CBC B. CTR
C. ECB D. CFB
A. OFB B. S-AES
C. 3DES D. XTS-AES
15. Both __________ produce output that is independent of both the plaintext and
the ciphertext. This makes them natural candidates for stream ciphers that
encrypt plaintext by XOR one full block at a time.
SHORT ANSWER
2. The most significant characteristic of __________ is that if the same b-bit block
of plaintext appears more than once in the message, it always produces the
same ciphertext.
4. Five modes of operation have been standardized by NIST for use with
symmetric block ciphers such as DES and AES: electronic codebook mode,
cipher block chaining mode, cipher feedback mode, __________, and counter
mode.
6. "The input to the encryption algorithm is the XOR of the next 64 bits of
plaintext and the preceding 64 bits of ciphertext" is a description of __________
mode.
11. The _________ must be a data block that is unique to each execution of the
encryption operation and may be a counter, a timestamp, or a message
number.
Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice, 6th Edition, by William
Stallings
12. A __________ cipher can operate in real time and eliminates the need to pad a
message to be an integral number of blocks.
14. The plaintext of a sector or data unit is organized in to blocks of 128 bits. For
encryption and decryption, each block is treated independently. The only
exception occurs when the last block has less than 128 bits. In that case the
last two blocks are encrypted/decrypted using a ___________ technique instead
of padding.
15. The __________ standard describes a method of encryption for data stored in
sector-based devices where the threat model includes possible access to
stored data by the adversary. Some characteristics of this standard include:
the ciphertext is freely available for an attacker, the data layout is not
changed on the storage medium and in transit, and the same plaintext is
encrypted to different ciphertexts at different locations.
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in Europe and N. America, while several species of Palaemon occur
in lakes, streams, and estuaries of the tropical Old and New World.
The expeditions of Moore and Cunnington to Lake Tanganyika
brought back an exceedingly rich collection of Prawns, comprising
twelve species, all of which are peculiar to the lake,[173] and this is all
the more surprising since Lakes Nyasa and Victoria Nyanza are only
known to contain one species, Caridina nilotica, which ranges all
over Africa and into Queensland and New Caledonia. The
Tanganyika species, however, all belong to purely fresh-water
genera, and do not afford any suggestion that they are part of a relict
marine fauna. It would appear that they have been differentiated in
the lake itself during a long period of isolation.
Two groups of Brachyura, viz. the Thelphusidae and the
Sesarminae (a sub-family of the Grapsidae), are fresh-water.
Thelphusa fluviatilis is an inhabitant of North Africa, and penetrates
into the temperate regions of the Mediterranean, and is said to be
exceedingly common in the Alban Lake near Rome. Both these
families have representatives on land, e.g. Potamocarcinus in
Central and South America, and certain species of Sesarma, and the
closely related Gecarcinidae of the West Indies.
The remaining families to be dealt with are the two Crayfish
families—the Astacidae and the Parastacidae—which live in rapidly
moving rivers and streams, and occasionally in lakes. A few species
of both families have taken to a subterranean mode of life, and
excavate burrows in the earth, e.g. the Tasmanian Crayfish, Engaeus
fossor. The distribution of the Crayfishes has long engaged the
attention of naturalists. It was first seriously studied by Huxley,[174]
and has subsequently been followed up, especially in North America,
by Faxon[175] and Ortmann,[176] but our knowledge of the South
American and Australian forms is still very incomplete. The
Astacidae inhabit the northern temperate hemisphere, the
Parastacidae the southern temperate hemisphere, the tropical belt
being practically destitute of Crayfishes. Of the Astacidae the genus
Astacus (Potamobius), including the common Crayfishes of Europe,
occurs in Europe and in North America west of the Rockies. The
genus Cambaroides, which in certain respects approaches
Cambarus, is found in Japan and Eastern Asia. The very large genus
Cambarus, on the other hand, only occurs in North America east of
the Rockies, so that Cambaroides occupies a very isolated position.
The occurrence of a Cambarus, C. stygius, in the caves of Carniola,
has been recorded by Joseph, so that it would appear that this genus
had a much wider range formerly than now.
Of the southern temperate Parastacidae, Australia and Tasmania
have the genera Astacopsis and Engaeus; New Zealand has
Paranephrops, South America Parastacus, and Madagascar
Astacoides. The last named genus is rather isolated in its characters,
possessing a truncated rostrum and a highly modified branchial
system, but it agrees with all the other Parastacine genera, and
differs from the Astacidae in the absence of sexual appendages on
the first abdominal segment, and in the absence of a distinct lamina
on the podobranchiae. The largest crayfish in the world is Astacopsis
franklinii, found in quite small streams on the north and west coast
of Tasmania. Specimens have been caught weighing eight or nine
pounds, and rivalling the European Lobster in size. Crayfishes
appear to be entirely absent from Africa.
It seems reasonable to suppose that the two families of Crayfishes
characteristic respectively of the northern and southern hemispheres
have been independently derived from marine ancestors, which have
subsequently become extinct. Their complete absence in the tropics
is striking, and Huxley drew attention to the fact that it is exactly in
those regions where the Crayfishes are absent that the other large
fresh-water Malacostraca are particularly well developed, and vice
versa. Thus the large fresh-water Prawns are typically circumtropical
in distribution, while the South African rivers abound with River-
crabs, which, in general, are found wherever Crayfishes do not occur.
A few of the more interesting features in connection with the
distribution of fresh-water Crustacea have now been touched upon.
With regard to the origin of this fauna, we can see that a number of
the species are comparatively recent immigrants from the sea,
working their way up the estuaries of rivers, a proceeding which can
be observed to be taking place to-day in a district like the Broads of
Norfolk. Others, again, but these are few, appear to be true relict
marine animals left stranded in arms of the sea that have been cut off
from the main ocean, and have been gradually converted into fresh-
water lakes and seas. Such are, perhaps, Mysis relicta and the rich
Gammarid fauna of Lake Baikal, a lake that, in the presence of Seals,
Sponges, and other marine forms, has clearly retained some of the
characters of the ocean from which it was derived. The majority of
the fresh-water species, however, have probably been evolved in situ,
and their origin from marine ancestors is lost in an obscure past. The
Crustacean fauna of the Caspian Sea[177] shows us in an interesting
manner the effects of isolation and changes in salinity, etc., on the
inhabitants of a basin which once formed part of the ocean. The
waters of the Caspian Sea are not fresh, but they are on the average
about one-third as salt as that of the open ocean. The Crustacea,
described by Sars, belong to undoubtedly marine groups, e.g. the
Mysidae, Cumacea, and Amphipoda Crevettina, but the remarkable
feature of these Caspian Crustacea is the great variety of peculiar
species representing marine genera which are very poorly
represented in the sea, thus indicating that the variety of the fauna is
not due to a great variety of species having been shut up in the
Caspian Sea to begin with, but rather that, after the separation from
the sea, the isolated species began to vary and branch out in the most
luxuriant way—whether from lack of competition or owing to the
changing conditions of salinity it is difficult to say. As an example,
the Cumacea of the Caspian Sea are ten in number, all belonging to
peculiar genera related to Pseudocuma, except one species which is
included in that genus. These Caspian forms make up the Family
Pseudocumidae, which contains in addition only two marine forms
of the genus Pseudocuma (see p. 121). A very similar condition is
found in the numerous Amphipods of the Caspian Sea. Considering
the enormous changes that must have taken place in the distribution
of land and water even during Tertiary times, it is astonishing that
the fresh waters of the world do not contain more species in common
with the ocean, but it must be considered that the limited area and
comparatively uniform conditions of fresh-water lakes and streams
would only permit a limited number of these forms to survive which
could most easily adapt themselves to the changed conditions. And
these would in all probability be the littoral species that were in the
habit of passing up into the brackish waters of estuaries and lagoons,
so that the uniform and limited nature of the fresh-water fauna can
be accounted for to a certain extent by this hypothesis.
We have seen in dealing with the marine Crustacea of the littoral
zone that the chief condition determining their distribution is
temperature, and that the world may be divided into three chief
areas of distribution for these animals, viz. the north temperate
hemisphere, the tropics, and the south temperate hemisphere. It
seems that the same division holds good for fresh-water Crustacea.
We have already seen that the Crayfishes follow this rule, being
practically absent from the tropics, and represented in the two
temperate hemispheres by two distinct families, the Astacidae in the
north and the Parastacidae in the south. Characteristic of the tropical
belt are the absence of Crayfishes and the great development of
Prawns and River-crabs. In the case of Entomostraca the great
majority of the genera are cosmopolitan, especially those which live
in small bodies of water liable to dry up, because these forms always
have special means of dissemination in the shape of resting eggs
which can be transported in a dry state by water-birds and other
agencies to great distances; but those genera which inhabit large
lakes are more confined in their distribution. The Copepod genus
Diaptomus, characteristic of lake-plankton, ranges all over the
northern hemisphere and into the tropics, but it is almost entirely
replaced in the southern hemisphere by the related but distinct
genus Boeckella,[178] which occurs in temperate South America, New
Zealand, and southern Australia, and was found by the author to be
the chief inhabitant in the highland lakes and tarns of Tasmania,
Diaptomus being entirely absent. Of the Cladocera there are a
number of pelagic genera (e.g. Leptodora, Holopedium,
Bythotrephes) entirely confined to the lakes of the northern
hemisphere. The distribution of Bosmina is interesting. This genus is
distributed all over the north temperate hemisphere in lakes and
ponds of considerable size, not liable to desiccation; in the New
World it passes right through the tropics into Patagonia,[179] the chain
of the Andes doubtless permitting its migration. In the tropics of the
Old World it is unknown, but it turns up again, as the author recently
found, as a common constituent in the plankton of the Tasmanian
lakes. There is another instance of a group of Crustacea,
characteristic of the north temperate hemisphere, being entirely
absent from the tropics, at any rate of the Old World, but
reappearing in the temperate regions of Australasia. The commonest
fresh-water Amphipods in this region belong to the genus
Neoniphargus, intermediate in its characters between the northern
Niphargus and Gammarus, but grading almost completely into the
latter. Both Niphargus and Gammarus are absolutely unknown from
the tropics, but whether, like Bosmina, they occur in the Andes and
temperate South America is not known; it seems, however, probable
that they have reached Southern Australia by way of South America
rather than through the tropics of Asia and Australia, where there is
no range of mountains to permit the migration of a group of animals
apparently dependent on a temperate climate. The other common
fresh-water Amphipod in temperate Australia and New Zealand is
Chiltonia, whose nearest ally is Hyalella from Lake Titicaca on the
Andes, and temperate South America.
The Anaspidacea and Phreatoicidae, which are so characteristic of
temperate Australia, and are generally of an Alpine habit, have never
been found in South America, but the Anaspidacea are represented
by numerous marine forms in the Permian and Carboniferous strata
of the northern hemisphere, so that it is probable that this group
reached the southern hemisphere from the north through America.
The distribution of the fresh-water Crustacea, therefore, in the
temperate southern hemisphere affords strong evidence in favour of
the view that the chief land-masses of this hemisphere, which are at
present separated by such vast stretches of deep ocean, were at no
very remote epoch connected in such a way as to permit of an
intermixture of the temperate fauna of New Zealand, Australia, and
South America. While this connexion existed, a certain number of
forms characteristic of the northern hemisphere, which had worked
through the tropics by means of the Andes, were enabled to reach
temperate Australia and New Zealand. The existence of a coast-line
connecting the various isolated parts of the southern hemisphere
would, of course, also account for the community which exists
between their littoral marine fauna. It is impossible to enter here
into the nature of this land-connexion which is becoming more and
more a necessary hypothesis for the student of geographical
distribution, whatever group of animals he may choose, but it may be
remarked that the connexion was probably by means of rays of land
passing up from an Antarctic continent to join the southernmost
projections of Tierra del Fuego, Tasmania, and New Zealand.
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