PHILOSOPHY -emphasized the importance of the adoption of a land

ethic - giving importance to land as an entity that should

The Human Person in Their Environment be given due respect and love
- “An action is right, and therefore, moral, when it has the
Approaches to Environmental Ethics tendency to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of
Environmental Ethics the
- also known as environmental philosophy. - biotic community; and wrong when it does the opposite
- the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral which is destruction.”
relationship of human beings to, and also the value and Bryan Norton
moral status of, the environment and its non-human - in his article, entitled, Environmental Problems and
contents. Future Generations, sees the analysis of environmental
- also include the process of attributing moral consideration problems as belonging to three generations:
not only to human beings but to non-humans as well. ▪ 1st generation- dealt with wisely using our
- its primary task is the outlining or defining of one’s moral resources together with the protection of natural
obligations in the face of the worsening environmental monuments or protected areas
concerns ▪ 2nd generation- dealt with the destruction of
natural environments and pollution
What are the entities that should be given moral consideration or
▪ 3rd generation- trying to deal with the possibility
value?
of cataclysms or catastrophes brought about by
Intrinsic Value
ozone depletion, acid rain, and the greenhouse
- something is claimed to have intrinsic value if it has
effect
inherent worth in itself, meaning to say, it is worth
pursuing as an end-in-itself because it is valuable or Environmental Value System
good for its own sake - refers to how a person sees and values environmental
Instrumental Value concerns
- something is claimed to have instrumental value if it is Anthropocentrism
considered as a means towards achieving a certain end, Panthocentrism Biocentrism
thus its worth depends on whether it was successful in Ecocentrism Technocentrism
bringing about the particular purpose or end that is
Different levels of attribution of moral consideration
supposed to serve.
Anthropocentrism (humans)
- it is a means to an end.
- traditional anthropocentric views would consider human
The Human Person in their Environment beings as the center of moral consideration (puts human
Aldo Leopold needs and interests to be of highest value and
an American conservationist and forester by profession. importance)
- published an article entitled “A Sand Country Almanac” - Judeo-Christian tradition: human beings were given
(1949). “dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of
 the air and every living thing that moves upon the earth” - Thus, instead of dominion over nature, we are mere
(Genesis 1:26-29) stewards responsible for keeping the balance and
- the earth and its natural resources were looked at as an beauty in nature.
instrument for human beings to explore and conquer, - This weak version of anthropocentrism or reformist
and to make use of, for their benefits anthropocentric environmental philosophy argues that
- Plato and Aristotle: they gave importance to the unique the root causes of environmental crises stem from
capacity of persons as rational beings. person’s ignorance, shortsightedness, and greed.
- Protagoras – also claimed that human being is the - environmental crises stem from person’s ignorance,
measure of all things. shortsightedness, and greed could be addressed
- This rationality is the key to being moral, thus, the by:
recognition that only human beings are moral due to their ➢ emphasizing our moral obligation to future
special ability towards self-consciousness and generations;
deliberation ➢ the promotion of prudential and frugal use and
equitable allocation of natural resources, and;
Barbara Mckinnon ➢ promoting stewardship of nature.
- author of the book entitled, Ethics: Theory and ➢ enactment and enforcement of new legislation,
Contemporary Issues (1995) and;
- claims that human centered anthropocentric perspective would ➢ adoption of new policies and tax measures for
have to support broad environmentalism for it to be viable, the conservation and preservation of the
- ” Our own good requires that we have due and wise environment
regard for animals and the environment.” Panthocentrism (non-humans/higher forms of animals)
- This good need not be defined narrowly in terms of the - would argue that there are two reasons why animals
satisfaction of individual human interests of limited source. should have moral consideration:
- Aesthetic and health interests may be included. ➢ Animals are sentient being and they could feel
- This may also include, "a good dose of altruism or concern for pain.
others and for future generations” (known as enlightened or ➢ Animals are morally considerable because they
prudential anthropocentrism) possess inherent or intrinsic value.
- We have a duty not to cause or inflict pain to animals:
Prudential Anthropocentrismi - “even if animals cannot possess rights like human
- it recognizes duties towards the environment are taken beings since they lack self-consciousness, we are still
or emanate from our duties to its human inhabitants bound by this duty in the same manner that we should
- could pave the way for more environmentally give due respect to non-human beings, especially so for
conscientious protection and preservation of the animals who could feel pain like vertebrates and
environment, coinciding with the virtues of prudence, mammals.
altruism, and responsibility towards the environment
Peter Singer - a life-centered theory
- an Australian philosopher who wrote an article entitled, Animal
Paul Taylor
Liberation
- in his article entitled, “The Ethics of Respect for Nature,” all
- he espoused that the real of being morally considerable must
living things should be considered as- “teleological centers
be extended to higher forms of animals or intelligent
of life”
animals like dogs and chimpanzees, who are sentient and
- “teleological centers of life-” each and every living organism
therefore, have the capacity to feel pain, and thus, suffering.
has its own telos, or goal or purpose to fulfill in this world
- He claims, “To give preference to the life of a being, simply
because that being is a member of our species would put us in
the same position as racists who give preference to those who
are members of their race”
- Animals are morally considerable because they possess
inherent or intrinsic value. Kenneth Goodpaster
- Animals are considered as end in themselves and should not - in his article entitled, “On Being Morally
be regarded only as means to human being’s usually selfish Considerable,” proposes that being sentient is just a
end. means of attaining a
- Animals are sentient being and they could feel pain. living organism’s goal which is being alive or having life
- He argues that “All arguments to prove man’s superiority
cannot shatter the fact that: in suffering the animals are our Ecocentrism (holistic entities/communities-land ethic)
equals- should be freed from harm and infliction of pain - is based on the principle that the natural world has
- Human beings therefore, should not cause sentient animals to inherent value
suffer. - regards ecosystems as holistic entities that should be
given moral consideration: a holistic regard for the
Tom Regan biotic community or ecological systems
- a proponent of animal rights who wrote an article entitled, ▪ Land Ethic- focuses on human responsibility
“The Case for Animal Rights” towards the natural world: HUMAN BEINGS
- proposed that animal rights should be accorded to higher forms must be nature-centered (putting so much
of animals, especially mammals premium on the rights of the nature as
compared to the rights of humanity)
Biocentrism (living organisms) ▪ Deep Ecology- inquires about a person’s set of
- is the view that not only humans and animals, but also values and lifestyles that cause serious
plants should be morally considerable environmental problems
- gives due consideration to the preservation of biodiversity
Aldo Leopold
with its plants and animals
- his land ethics gives importance, not on individual moral
- advocating environmental protection for all living
consideration, but a holistic regard for the biotic community or
organisms including animal rights
ecological systems
 - He claims that, “a thing is right when it tends to preserve the about, in the end, is seeing outside your own sector of
integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is selfinterest, of class interest.
wrong when it tends to do otherwise.” - He assumes the equal baseline or intrinsic value of all living
- claims that “obligations have no meaning without conscience, organisms, accepting that each has a good or purpose to fulfill
and the problem we face is the extension of the social on its own.
conscience from people to land” - He recognizes the role of ecosystems in supporting and
preserving, thus, providing an environment for these individual
J. Baird Callicott
plants and animals (with their baseline or intrinsic value) to
- in his article entitled, “The Conceptual Foundations of the flourish.
Land Ethic,” proposed that the land ethic morality is the
- He calls this systematic value, “The system is value-able, able
next stage of man’s ethical evolutionary development
to produce values. Human evaluators are among its products.
- he sees Homo Sapiens as but a plain member and citizen of But when we value we must not forget our communal bonds.
the biotic community Sometimes we need to evaluate (appraise the worth of) what
- it is the preservation of the integrity, stability, and beauty we ourselves may not value (personally prefer).”
of the biotic community as a whole that matters
- he insists further that “A specie is what it is because it has
adapted to a niche in the ecosystem. The whole, the system
itself, thus literally and quite straightforwardly shapes and Technocentrism (Science and Technology)
forms its component parts.” - stresses that environmental problems can be solved
- “Man’s evolutionary moral development is moving towards through science and technology, and holds that technology
seeing things less individualistically, but rather, more is a key ingredient in improving the standard of living
holistically as human beings become more enlightened
towards altruistic feelings of benevolence, sympathy, and Human Persons are Oriented Toward their Impending Death
loyalty. Traditional Definition
Holmes Rolston, III
Death
- in his article entitled, “Challenges in Environmental Ethics,”
- simply equated to the stopping of heartbeat and breathing
emphasized the need for an ecological conscience for
environmental ethics to take a foothold. - cardio-pulmonary based definition
▪ medical basis of death which is centered on
- “The system is a value transformer where form and being,
breathing and heartbeat
process and reality, fact and value are inseparably joined.
▪ 2 things that prompted medical experts to review
Intrinsic and instrumental values should shuttle back and
the definition of death:
forth.”
➢ the advent of life extending machine
- argues that “environmental ethics is not a muddle; it is an
➢ the practice of organ transplant
invitation to moral development”
- neurological based definition
- All ethics seeks an appropriate respect for life, but respect for
▪ medical basis of death which is centered on the
human life is only a subset of respect for all life. What ethics is
brain
 ▪ Christianity believes in the existence of heaven, hell,
Legal-Medical Definition (sec. 2, p. (j): Organ Donation Act of 1991 and purgatory.
or Rep. Act 7170) ➢ DEATH is a judgment day.
- which states that death is “the irreversible cessation of ▪ Christians believe that after death, the soul will either
circulatory and respiratory functions or the irreversible go to heaven or to hell, depending on the judgment
cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the anchored on how the person lived her/his life on earth.
brain stem.” ▪ For Christians, one must live her. His earthly life
- A person shall be medically and legally dead if either: meaningfully in preparation for an eternal life which is
▪ In the opinion of the attending physician, based on considered a gift from God.
the acceptable standards of medical practice, there ▪ Christians are encouraged to live by the teachings of
is an absence of natural respiratory and cardiac Jesus and of the Bible in order to enter the kingdom of
functions and attempts at resuscitation would not heaven.
be successful in restoring those functions. (death ▪ Though Christian beliefs vary from one denomination
shall be deemed to have occurred at the time those to the other, all of them believe in Jesus Christ as their
functions ceased) savior who died on the cross to save humankind from
▪ In the opinion of the consulting physician, their sins and grant them salvation.
concurred in by the attending physician, that on the ▪ DEATH is tantamount to the end of suffering and the
basis of acceptable standards of medical practice, finding of eternal peace in the hands of Creator.
there is an irreversible cessation of all brain ▪ believes that before one dies, she/he must have done
functions, and considering the absence of such good deeds and must have lived by the examples
functions, further attempts at resuscitation or given in the scriptures of the Bible in order for him to
continued supportive maintenance would not be be with the Creator in heaven.
successful in restoring such natural functions. ▪ Protestant Christians do not subscribe to the idea of
(death shell be deemed to have occurred at the purgatory while Catholics do.
time when these conditions first appeared) ▪ Islam subscribes to the concept of heaven (or
Important Points paradise) and hell- the soul will be directed either to
- Only physicians can declare if someone is already dead. heaven or earth depending on their faith.
- The physician must have done everything to preserve the life - Buddhist Perspective
of the patient, which is consistent with the physicians’ ▪ Buddhism claims death as a natural process, and it is
professional oath. important for a person to be aware of it – DEATH is not
the end of life, but simply the corruption of the body that
Religious Definition one inhabits in this world.
▪ In Buddhism, it is believed that the spirit lives on after the
- Death- as a transition- a shift from the earthly life to the life
body dies and will seek another body to have a new life.
after (earthly) death
▪ Buddhism adheres to the concept of reincarnation and
- Christian Perspective
transmigration of the spirit (a concept where a living
being is reborn to a different physical body after death)
 ▪ Buddhists believe that rebirth is a result of karma or the ➢ Asura- a spiritual realm characterized by strife and
accumulation of all actions of the person-whether good or never-ending fight because of jealousy and
bad- during his/her lifetime on earth. competition;
▪ According to the Buddhist belief, a person can be reborn ➢ Hungry ghosts or spirits- also a spiritual realm
in one of the six realms or worlds: characterized by dissatisfaction and discontent, and
➢ Heaven- a world of peace and long-lasting happiness; where those who craved and desired excessively in
➢ Humans- a world where human beings thrive; their past lives are reborn;
➢ Animals- a realm similar to humans, except that ▪ HINDU SCRIPTURES: BODY is composed of five those who were reborn
in this state are inferior to elements: air, fire, water, and earth (earthly elements) human beings and are always hunted by the
latter. and ether (the higher realm)
Those who are reincarnated in this world were ▪ bodies are cremated and not buried- elements are those who have
committed so many evil acts and returned to their rightful places (earthly elements);
have slaughtered and abused animals in their past returns to its own sphere, together with the soul to
life; and continue its journey in the afterlife (ether)
➢ Hell- which is considered as the world of eternal ▪ According to Hindu scriptures, heaven is never the suffering and pain.
Those who are reincarnated in solution to the problem of death, but the liberation of the realm of hell were those people who
have the soul from all the hindrances provided by the committed the gravest crimes and have a huge material world.
deal of negative karma in their past lives. ▪ The best way to reach God or attain oneness with God
- Hindu Perspective is through discipline and devotion.
▪ Hinduism also adheres to the concept of rebirth of ▪ What a person thinks or remembers before she/ he reincarnation with a
firm claim that the soul is both dies is very important for it is believed that she/he will
immortal and imperishable. be able to achieve it. It is therefore recommended for a
▪ Death is a journey that begins when life has already person to discipline and train her/ his mind in such a taught the soul the lesson it
needs to learn, and karma way that she/ he would leave this world remembering has reached a certain level of intensity. (soul
leaves God. the body while the physical body is corrupted). - Existential Perspective
▪ DEATH is not an end in itself, but part of the natural ▪ DEATH- is the transition from being to non-being- the process in the
existence of the soul as one separate termination of all the possibilities that we have as entity. It serves as a transition period for the
soul to temporal beings gather its strength, and come back to life again and ▪ DEATH brings meaning to life for it reminds
us of the continue its journey. POSSIBILITY that tomorrow, we may no longer be.
▪ Hindus believe that reincarnation happens to liberate ▪ The existentialists are against the idea of the afterlife the soul from all
mistakes, desires, inconsistencies, as the central aspect of death primarily because it
and sins. takes away the focus of the person to what is actual
▪ Until such time, the cycle of rebirth continues which and concrete- to human existence. results to eternal oneness with the Creator,
which is ▪ “To be-to exist” (to have all possibilities) / “not to be-not
the very purpose of the soul’s journey. to exist” (to loose all the possibilities)
 ▪ Since Hinduism also has a strong adherence to the law Conclusion of karma, it is imperative for people to live a virtuous -
DEATH is not something to fear about, but is something to prepare for. life in order for their souls not to be reborn as beings - BIRTH
eventually leads to death.

considered of lower levels than humans. - Since death is a natural phenomenon and a natural human condition, it is important
for someone to prepare herself/ himself for her/ his impending

▪ act of suicide- chief and highest immoral act death.

UCSP - matrilineal societies, tracing kinship from the female

Kinship Ties and Social Networks parent’s side
Bilateral system. In this case, people consider both the
Social Institutions the established patterns of beliefs, behaviors and father’s and mother’s sides as their relatives
relationships that organize social life.
Cultural universal is a common pattern or feature present among
Kinship by Marriage
societies, which may differ in form and
dynamics.

Kinship by blood

Family
- the basic unit of society
- t is defined by Kingsley Davis as a group of people related by
consanguinity that maintains close relationship to each other

A family of orientation is the type of family that one is born into and
grows up with, usually as a child of two parents.
Family of procreation, which is the type of family that one creates
through marriage, adoption, and
other legal processes, usually as one of the parents

Tracing Family Lineage

Unilineal System- exclusive identification to only one of the

parent’s lineages
- In patrilineal societies, children only recognize the
father’s side as members of their family.
 Endogamy- these groups prohibit their members to
marry outside their circle.
Exogamy- the practice of marrying someone from a different
social group
Polygamy is the practice of having more than one marital
partner.
- Polygyny- the practice of having more than one wife
- Polyandry- the tradition of females having multiple
husbands.
Monogamy- is the practice of having only one partner. This
practice is supported by the Philippine Constitution. The Sharia
law is a set of rules and regulations based on the Islamic faith.

Post-Marital Residence Rules

If the couple’s place of residence is near the ancestral house of
the groom, the system is called a patrilocal residence.
If they join the household of the bride or live near the bride’s
relatives, it is called a matrilocal residence.
When the couple has the freedom to choose where to live, the
practice is called ambilocal residence.
There are also instances when the couple does not consider
the distance of their home to the relatives of both parties. This
is called neolocal residence.

Kinship by Ritual
Fictive kinship- a kinship based on social agreements such
as friendship instead of adoption, blood (consanguinity), or
marriage (affinity) that creates a relationship “ ...
Compadrazgo is the Spanish term for “co-parenthood,” which
is actualized by the godparents after being part of rituals or
ceremonies, like baptism, weddings, and religious
confirmation.

Family and the Household

A household- group of people sharing a common house.
 Nuclear family- when parents and their children occupy
a single house.
Extended family- includes other relatives in the house, such as
grandparents, aunts, and uncles Cohabitation is the act of sharing a household
by unmarried couples. Transnational family- type of family where one
or more of its members live in different nations.
Single-parent- families only have one parent taking responsibility for their children
Reconstituted family or a type of family where at least one of the parents
has children from a previous relationship
▪ Legal separation allows the couple to stay in different
households, while their marriage is still considered as valid.
▪ Annulment nullifies the wedding, which means the marriage was never
valid due to certain grounds. This allows the couples to marry again.

▪ Divorce is the legal termination of marriage, which means that the marriage
was valid, but the couple have decided to formally separate.

Politics of Kinship
If the father has the final decision in the family, the family is described
as a patriarchal household.
If the mother’s decision has a greater impact, the household is a
matriarchal one.
If the parents have equal power, then an egalitarian household exists

Politics Among Family Members Political dynasties, or families hat hold political power
for generations.
In vertical political dynasties, politicians from the same family hold different
positions in the government at the same time. In horizontal political
dynasties, members of the same family hold the same position over time.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 processing the raw data in preparation for conclusions

Lesson 2: Summarizing Quantitative Data and interpretations.

Summarizing data Forms of Data Summary

- one of the major steps to be done before data analysis Textual summary
and interpretation. It involves organizing and - summarizing through combining narrative forms and
figures that support the data presented.
 - The data gathered shows that based on 154 enrolled Data Validation. This involves rechecking all the data encoded
participants, 49 or 32% of the total population consists and processed to validate and correct errors.
of students from STEM strand with the highest number Data Presentation. The researcher summarizes the data
of enrolled participants. through the use of the different forms of data summaries in
Tabular summary quantitative research.
- makes use of tables consisting of rows and columns with
headings and subheadings that represent the different Tip: Revisit the research questions when creating a summary of
variables represented by figures. data, whether in textual, tabular, or graphical forms. Check whether
the said summary can be used as a guide to answering the research
questions.

Characteristics of a well-constructed summary

It is based on the use of appropriate, structured, and
standardized research instruments.
It is structured and organized.
Graphical summary
It is aligned with the research questions.
- makes use of visual tools such as graphs, charts, or figures
which makes relationships of variables be easily identified. Lesson 3: Tabular and Graphical Presentation of Quantitative Data

Methods of Data Presentation

- Tabular presentations and graphical presentations are
both visual in nature and can be supported by a narrative
explanation.
- Tabular presentations may be in the form of raw data
tables and analytic tables.
Constructing a summary of quantitative data - Raw data tables serve as records of information and are
Data Preparation. The researcher collates all the raw data usually constructed in the process of summarizing data.
gathered. It primarily involves the process of aligning the data - Analytical tables are constructed during or after the
with the research questions of the research. analysis of raw data. These tables are used for the narrative
Data Coding. Data coding is the process of transforming the interpretation of the results.
Tabular and graphical presentation will only be effective if the data are organized and
collected data into numerical form which are commonly accurate.
encountered in using surveys and interviews.
- Graphical presentations may show patterns, shapes, and
Data Processing and Encoding. The researcher may use
relationships between the data and the variables.
different computer software, specifically statistical software, to
encode and process data with a large scale of samples.
Forms of Graphical Presentations
Pie Chart
- Each division is used to represent the parts of a whole
equal to 100%. It is usually used in presenting nominal
types of data.

Frequency Polygon
- Presents trends and patterns in data. It is almost the
same with histograms; however, frequency polygons
Bar Chart make use of midpoints to represent values and
- Typically used to compare values and levels of data. It is frequencies connected by lines.
usually used for nominal and ordinal types of data.

Tip: Identify the types of variables of the data to be presented (i.e., nominal,
ordinal, interval, ratio) in order to choose the appropriate graphical
Histogram presentation that will best visualize your quantitative data.
- Represents the distribution of data given a certain range.
It is mostly used for interval and ratio types of data. Levels of Measurement
Nominal variables
- no quantitative or numerical equivalent
- pie charts and bar charts

Ordinal variables
- can be ranked and be put into order
 - bar charts Differences of Folk, National, and Ethnic Dances
Interval variables - Lopez (2006) also indicated that dance should meet the
- can be ranked and be put into order following criteria to be considered as a Philippine folk dance:
- quantifies the distance ➢ It is conventional.
- histograms and frequency polygons ➢ It is expressive.
Ratio variables ➢ The simple, fundamental rhythm dominates folk dance
- can be ranked and be put into order and defines a movement pattern.
- quantifies the distance ➢ It has unknown choreographers or was created
- has absolute zero point through communal efforts.
- histograms and frequency polygons ➢ Dance plays an essential role in the life of folk people.
- The term folk dance is interchangeably used with national
PE & HEALTH P.E and ethnic dance. Traditional dances of a particular country
Dance as Cultural Expression are folk dances, but national dances are also traditional folk
"Dance is an art that deals with human body motions." dances with a national dimension. They are recognized and
— James K. Feibleman commonly danced in a given country, often with many regional
Philippine Folk Dance variations.
- Folk dances are dances associated with and performed by a - Filipino dances like cariñosa, kuratsa, and pandanggo, which
particular community or tribe. They are the cultural, traditional, are common all through the region, are examples of national
or recreational dance styles that have developed and been folk dances. For instance, the islands of Luzon and Visayas
passed down through generations in a given country. have varying versions of the pandanggo. Though it may seem
- Folk dances are all connected with a specific community's strange, dancers from a locality may also have various ways
way of life, such as customs, ceremonies, and work. of executing it.
Majority of these dances are linked with religious traditions,
stemming from passions, superstitions, festivals, birth
ceremonies, courtship, marriage, death, war, and a plethora of
other topics shared by people all over the world.
- "Folk dancing has become a clear manifestation of passions,
particularly relevant thoughts, or the recreation of customs and
activities that constitute a significant part of their culture and
pattern of everyday life." - Duggan, Schlottmann, and
Rutledge (1948)
- According to Lopez (2006), Philippine folk dance is defined as
a traditional means of expression that employs bodily actions
of redundant patterns linked to definite features of rhythmic
beats or music.

The following are examples of pandanggo dances:

- pandanggo Ilocano Types of Folk Dances
- pandanggo Visayan - Tribal dances from the Cordilleras – from the Cordilleras,
- pandanggo Dumagueteño they include non-Christian dances
- pandanggo Ivatan - Lowland Christian dances – dances with Hispanic and
- pandanggo Rinconada European influences like the ones for the Tagalog, Ilokano,
- pandanggo sa ilaw Pampangueño, Pangasinense, Bisaya, and Bicolano
- Muslim dances – dances in the Southern Philippine Islands
like Mindanao and Sulu that are influenced by the Arab and
- On the other hand, ethnic dances or ethnological dances Indo-Malayan cultures
imitate nature and life and have maintained close links to
religious rituals and customs of communities. There are three Philippine folk dances, apart from their classifications, may also
distinct categories of ethnic dances: ceremony, life cycle, be categorized under the following:
and work. - life cycle dances – dances that act as a rite and celebrate
- In the Philippines, prominent ethnic dances can be found in milestones in life like birth to maturity; from courtship to
Northern Luzon, where the dances of Ifugaos originated, in marriage; from life to demise; The dances that show life cycles
Southern Mindanao in the T'boli tribe, and in Palawan's are the following: courtship dances, wedding dances, and
Tagbanua tribe. funeral dances.
- ritual dances – dances that are part of ritual ceremonies - festival dances – dances that are performed in honor of
➢ Examples: dugso (Bukidnon) and pagdiwata something sacred or secular, usually a patron saint, and are
(Palawan) also related to recurring occasions of particular importance
- life cycle dances – dance forms related to day-to-day life, such as harvest season that includes festivities
such as weddings, courtship, birthing, or funeral - occupational dances – dances that show people's livelihood
➢ Examples: binasuan (Pangasinan) and daling-daling activities; One example is a dance called palay, where
(Muslim courtship dance from Sulu) dancers depict various phases in rice production including
- occupational dances – dances that are related to the daily planting, harvesting, threshing, rubbing, blowing, and
work and lifestyle in the community winnowing (Aquino 1979). It is performed mainly in
ricegrowing regions in the country.
➢ Examples: mag-asik (Cotabato) and mananagat
(Cebu) - ritual and ceremonial dances – dances that are performed
- Every national and ethnic dance will fall under folk dances, but as part of the customs of a particular community of people;
ceremonies may include, but are not limited to appeasing the
not ll folk dances are called national and ethnic dances.
gods, preparing for war, celebrating victories, and others
- The Philippines has plenty and diverse folk dances coming
- game dances – dances that are derived from local folk
from the northern to the southern part of the country.
games; One example of this dance is the pukol dance of Aklan
- Some of these dances are influenced by Western culture
and Capiz in Panay; The word pukol means “to strike or bump
because of the conquest of the Spaniards and Americans in
against each other” (Aquino 1979). The game is usually
our country. Our neighboring Asian countries, Indonesia,
associated with bathing in a sea or river.
Malaysia, and China have also influenced our dances.
 - joke and trickster dances – dances that include jokes or Pandanggo sa Sambalilo. The dance shows a girl teasing a
tricks performed by a dancer on another dancer or a group of male friend by playing with his hat, pushing him when he is
dancers; Their goal is to make the person “physically or about to succeed in getting back his hat and putting on his hat
mentally indignity or uncomfortable” (Lopez 2006). An from the floor.
example of this is a dance from the Tagalog region, the
- mimetic or drama dances – dances that imitate creatures, subjects of
animals, objects, or other people; The dancers become characters in the
dance and tell stories through their movements. An example of it is the
Surigao dance, Itik-Itik, that imitates the movements of a duck.
- war dances – dances expressing feud and enmity, in which two male
dancers engage in physical combat (Lopez 2006); Maglalatik from Biñan,
Laguna is an example of this dance. It represents a war between
Muslims from the southern Philippines and Christian Filipinos from the
lowlands over the latik. The dance showed that the Muslims prevailed,
and the Christians tried to reconcile with the Muslim Moros and convert
them to Christianity (Aquino 1979).
- social amenities dances – dances that expressed social graces,
entertainment, and gift offerings to friends; These social ballroom dances
are all "Filipinized" Western dances that show the fellowship and
merriment among those members (Lopez 2006). Examples include
minuete yano (Iriga), habanera botoleña (Zambales) dances, and Alay
By (Tagalog regions). For example, minuete yano will be performed on
special occasions by high-level members of the society honoring
government officials and church dignitaries (Aquino, 1979).
The Fundamental Folk Dance Steps
- Check your pulse rate before doing the activity to identify your resting
heart rate.
- Perform a short warm-up exercise to prepare your body for the activity.
- Always check your pulse rate while doing the activity to monitor your
progress.
- Do cooldown exercises to return your pulse rate to its resting rate.
- Drink water to avoid dehydration. - Perform with caution.
Characteristics of various Folk Dance steps Lesson 2: Modern Dance
Modern dance
- a term that refers to contemporary dance, a dance form where
dancers can freely express themselves through movement.
- Modern dance choreography is highly interpretive and focuses on
emotions and history, often without adhering to any dance rules. It can
be thought of as a break from the confining nature of classical ballet,
which adheres to strict rules in dancing (Horwitz 1979).
- involves more tilting, spinning, and bending on a horizontal plane,
utilizing more of the torso rather than a vertical plane, and
incorporating new variations of tilting, twisting, and bending
movements. The feet are always pointed or flexed, never turned out.
- Ballet mainly emphasizes humanity's beauty and etheric virtues, while
modern dance portrays actual human situations.
 Characteristics of Modern Dance
Technique
- While some would regard modern dance as merely an interpretational dance, the teaching of a contemporary dancer uses a
technical approach. This dance will use

the body as an instrument and let the dancer know how The Origins of Modern Dance
to control and use it. - In America and Germany, modern dance has evolved
- It also shows basic dance skills to ensure an effective independently.
and precise movement. Many modern dance - In Germany, it is regarded as an expressive dance, or in their
techniques were developed by modern dance language, Ausdruckstanz (aus-druk-stants). A community of
choreographers, but the main aim of each technique is pioneering dancers began practicing this dance format during
"to advance an instrument, which is the human body, the start of the 20th century and adapted a new step that
that is capable of expressing any aspects of human suited the tempo and pulse of the era. This dance is different
behavior" (Horwitz 1979). from ballet.
- Famous techniques in modern dance: ▪ Graham - The pioneers of expressive dance were Isadora Duncan,
technique Ruth St. Denis, and Ted Shawn. They all studied ballet, but
▪ Humphrey-Weidman technique did not find it enough for their movement styles and
▪ Limón technique temperaments (Minton 1984). They found ballet confined and
▪ Cunningham technique eventually dismissed it (Anderson 1986)
▪ Hawkins technique - Isadora Duncan's dance style comes from the center of the
▪ Horton technique body and provides the impulse for motion. She called it the
▪ Nikolais or Louis technique solar plexus or emotional center. Her dance looked “natural
Improvisation and free-flowing that it looked like it was created on the spot”
- This corresponds to the natural motion of dancers in (Minton 1984). She wanted to replicate ancient Greek classical
response to the choreographer's recommendations. values in her dance. She placed less emphasis on dramatic
Different images, thoughts, emotions, or other impact and concentrated on pure motion and the use of the
stimulating events may lead to improvisation. Modern body.
dance gives the dancer a great deal of freedom. - Ruth St. Denis formed a dance where she depicted an
Choreography Egyptian goddess. It also showed impressions of the styles of
- Modern dance gives flexibility to choreography. This ethnic dance. She married Ted Shawn and they both formed
type of dance form reflects much of its creators' the traveling dance group Denishawn who toured all over the
personal and emotional perceptions. United States. In comparison to other founders of modern
- The purpose and style of dance choreography are not dance, St. Denis and Shawn did more than just introduce
confined to specific areas or subject matters, allowing contemporary dance to Americans.
choreographers to select themes and styles by - They set up schools and educated many young dance artists
themselves and according to their requirements who became imperative figures in modern dance. Doris
(Minton 1984).
 Humphrey, Charles Weidman, and Martha Graham were some of covering distance, shifting direction, gaining
the students of these influential teachers. momentum for another movement, or gaining
- Martha Graham was one of the first students who left Denishawn. height.
After some time, she became a soloist and famous choreographer
and founded the Martha Graham Dance Company. She formulated
her style of movement based on her expressional needs. The
concept that was based on contraction and release in the torso
extended the basic breathing process (Reynolds 1979). For over
70 years, she has performed, choreographed, and chose the term
'contemporary dance' rather than 'modern dance.'
- Several prominent individuals played a significant part in the PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT
development of modern dance. Some of them are Mary Wigman,
Charles Weidman, Erick Hawkins, Merce Cunningham, Agnes de Lesson 1: Family Systems and Structures
Mille, José Limón, and Lester Horton. Each of them formed with
their dance groups, which remain until today. Family
- It is traditionally known to be the basic unit of society
The Basic Modern Dance Skills and a primary agent of socialization. The family has
- According to Hays (1981), modern dancing is based on simple always been influential in your development. Family is
locomotor and non-locomotor skills. The implementation and the primary setting where you learn how to
integration of meaning to the movement transform it into dance communicate and relate with other people.
moves.
- The primary modern dance skills are as follows: Basic Functions of Family
▪ dance walk – the alternate transfer of weight from one Successful families are functional families. The family performs
foot to the other in an even rhythmic pattern through functions in order for the society to survive.
the dance. This dance skill helps maintain the body The family exists to fulfill its function to reproduce which is
weight and prepare it for the next step. There are necessary to maintain the population of the society.
several directions to which walks are done in the It is also responsible for socialization and education of its
dance: members by transmitting the necessary knowledge, skills,
➢ forward values, traditions, and beliefs, among others, from one
➢ backward generation to another.
➢ sideward (grapevine action) Each member of the family is provided with an identity and
▪ run – Similar to the walk, it is characterized by the corresponding social roles.
alternate transfer of weight from one foot to the other in The economic support function of the family is fulfilled
an even rhythmic pattern, but faster. A smooth run can through provision of basic needs like food, shelter and
take place using toes reaching forward, with the ball of protection to its members.
the foot hitting the floor first, followed by the heel to
withstand the impact. Its uses in dance include
 Since the family is the child’s first social environment, it is on hierarchy and lineage, but also important
expected to provide caring ang nurturing interaction by giving information on the family’s medical history,
emotional support. psychological health and relationship status through
symbols.
Kinds of Family Structure
Traditional Structure (Berns 1997, 94) Purpose of Genogram
- Nuclear Family- composed of a father, a mother, and
the child/children When making a genogram, it is understood that there is a goal for
greater understanding of one’s roots. It is a process wherein
- Extended Family- includes the grandparents and/or
results bring light to different aspects of an individual’s life.
relatives of the nuclear family
Emerging Structure (Steinmetz and Stein 1998, 103-114)
Tracking of Patterns. Genograms reveal different patterns
- Single Parent- can occur through death, that may have long been in play in a family’s history. From
separation/divorce, or adoption without marriage simple traits like inclination towards sports or music to
- Blended Families- also referred to as stepfamilies patterns in substance or drug abuse.
where both parents bring children from a previous
Tracking of Medical History. Genograms can help in
marriage
evaluating the health risks that a family or individual faces.
- Homosexual/Lesbian Families- occur when two Knowing pre-existing conditions or an individual’s
homosexuals living together raise child/children from predisposition to certain diseases can help one better
previous relationships or through adoption prepare.
- Cohabitation- involves an unmarried male and female Understanding Emotional Relationship. Genograms can
living together raising child/children of their own or also reveal the quality of relationships that family members
through adoption were or are in. It helps to identify support networks,
resources, and possible conflicts that may affect marital or
Healthy families exhibit the following key characteristics: sibling or familiar relationships.
➢ The family members display love and appreciation for one Family and Individual Therapy. Genograms are used as a
another starting point of therapists in assessing the status of a
➢ They have open and honest communication family or an individual in the middle of an issue. Because a
➢ They have unity and respect for individual differences therapist can assess family dynamics and issues through
➢ They have clear and well-defined values and standards this visual, it helps in the solution-making part of the
➢ They have effective stress-coping strategies therapy process.

Lesson 2: Tracing One’s Root 1 and 2 Genogram’s Implications on the Family

Genogram Genograms are helpful in understanding both individuals and

families. A well-researched and well-crafted genogram may have
- A genogram is a very detailed and elaborate visual positive lasting effects on a person and his family if analyzed with
representation of a family tree. It maps out not just details openness and acceptance.
 Better Relationships. Seeing a genogram and realizing how - If divorced or annulled, draw the solid line
all are interconnected in the family may bring about a more underneath but with 2 slanted lines the middle
united and more cohesive bond among its members. Nature - If separated, draw the solid line underneath them
of Families. Analyzing one’s genogram can lead to a more but with 1 slanted line only.
forgiving and more accepting attitude towards one’s family. - If widowed, draw the solid line with an X in the
middle.
How to Make Genogram - If couple is cohabitating (living together but not
married), draw a dashed line instead to connect the
➢ Decide on the goal of the genogram. ➢
two, with a small house in the middle
Research very well.
*Note: The male should always be on the left.
Reminders for Designing
Female is always on the right.
➢ Make a legend.
Birth Order
➢ Always start with your immediate family.
➢ Put significant details only. Under the family connection line of parents, attach
➢ State complete and accurate information on 3 generations. children’s gender symbols with the correct line.

- Draw a solid line if child by natural means.

- Draw a dashed line if child is adopted.
Rules and Symbols - If identical twins, connect the two gender symbols
together with a solid line and connect the two
Gender gender symbols to the family connection line.
- If twins are not identical, no need to connect the
- To symbolize a male person, a square is used. gender symbols together-just draw line from both
- To symbolize a female person, a circle is used. gender symbols and connect together at the family
- For lesbian, put inverted triangle inside circle. - For connection line.
gay, put inverted triangle inside square. - If child is still unborn, meaning mother is still
pregnant with him/her, a triangle takes the place of
Family Connection the square or circle. -If child is dead due to
miscarriage or abortion, write M or A respectively.
Connect the two gender symbols with any of the following
rules in mind: *Note: In drawing oldest to youngest children, start from left to
right.
- For married couples, draw a solid line underneath to
connect them.
 Life Status *Note: You may customize your symbols according to your
preference as long as it is not in conflict with other existing
- Draw an X inside gender symbol if person is already symbols.
dead.
- You may choose to write age of death inside the Strengthening Family Ties
gender box with X
Importance of Strong Family Ties
Quality of Emotional Relationship
It has always been said that the family is very important when it
To illustrate the quality of the relationship between two people, comes to the development of an individual. However, studies show
draw any of the following lines between the gender symbols: that the quality of relationships among family members is far more
important than its mere presence in a person’s life.
- Two solid lines: very close
- Dashed line: distant relationship (meaning not close, Physical Support. Families with strong ties are able to help
minimal contact) out its members in times of need whether in the form of
- Zigzag line: hostile or in conflict (not in good terms at financial resources or other tangible means of support.
One can easily find help from one’s family when healthy
all)
relationship exists.
- One zigzag line with arrow: physical abuse
Emotional Support. Strong family tie is important because
- One zigzag line (that looks like the zigzag line of a
they provide emotional support to an individual. Aside from
hostile relationship): emotional abuse - Two
love, guidance and protection; emotional support from the
zigzag lines with one arrow: sexual abuse
family also helps in developing confidence and self-esteem
in its members.
*Note: Arrows are pointed towards the victim.
Development of Social Skills. As a primary agent of
Medical Condition socialization, families teach its members how to relate with
other people outside their own unit. In the family, one
- Genograms are useful in illustrating the medical history learns how to cooperate with others; how to solve conflicts
of a family. Individuals creating genograms are free to together and how to behave in different situations.
use colors or symbols to depict specific diseases. Just
make sure to note your symbols in the legend. Filipino Family Challenges

All families from all over the world encounter trying times. In the
Specific Traits Philippines, however, there are certain challenges that Filipino
families face more than other groups.
- If you would like to cite specific traits of individuals in Abuse. The act of inflicting pain towards someone purposely
your family, you are free to do so. Again, just include and repeatedly over time. In the Philippine household,
symbolisms made in the legend. abuse and violence come in many forms – physical,
psychological, sexual and nowadays, online. This is now
 one of the challenges faced by families which definitely affect - Use “I” messages to address how you feel instead of
the quality of relationships and family ties. Not only women in putting the blame on someone else. Have the goal of
the home are subjected to this kind of act but also the children. attacking the issue and not each other.
Poverty and Parent Absenteeism. Recent surveys say that - Deal with the issue at hand or one issue at a time.
more and more Filipinos consider themselves poor as - Clarify the meaning of statements said instead of
compared to the previous years. Poverty is on the rise. assuming and building it up in one’s head.
Because of this, families find themselves in a situation that - Empathize and understand one another when in an
leaves them no option but to do what it takes to survive. argument.
Negative Influence of Media. Media, although many times a - Remember that no matter how angry you are, the goal is
source of overflowing information, may also prove to cause to find a solution or to compromise to the problem.
difficulty and stress in family ties. When not supervised
properly, children and families may focus on the negative Spent Time Together. Make time for family. In today’s busy
values being promoted online (on television, movies and on world, it is definitely a challenge to prioritize the family.
print). However, quality time is needed to recharge, renew and build
new memories together. It will be the foundation of a strong
Tips to Strengthening Family Ties
family in times of difficulty.
With all the challenges and changes that families face today, there is a
- Try to stay away from social media and gadgets. -
need to commit and prioritize family relationships. Here are a few
Learn to focus on each other.
ways to strengthen family ties.
- Listen to each other’s stories and enjoy each other’s
Communicate effectively. Listening is a big part of company.
communicating positively.
Share and cooperate. Sharing is not limited to material
resources within the families. This process of sharing and
- Give someone your full attention when it is someone’s turn
cooperating makes everyone in the family involved and builds
to talk.
relationships as well.
- Talk to a family member with respect and avoid judging and
criticizing harshly.
- Share responsibilities at home like chores and other tasks
- Be open and honest with their feelings without insulting or
- Cooperate in coming up with rules at home
putting another person down.
- Show love and affection, praise and apologies through Connect to the bigger community. Strong families also get their
meaningful words. strength from the bigger community outside their own unit.

Fight Fairly. Even the strongest of families fight which is a - Being involved in activities in the village, church or
normal occurrence in any household. The key though is to fight school
fairly.