183

ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education 3(2) (2023) 183-192

ASEAN Journal of Science and

Engineering Education
Journal homepage: http://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/AJSEE/

Literature Review for Civil Engineering Practice and

Technology Innovation in Civil Engineering and
Educational Sustainability
Akinbuluma Ayodeji Theophilus

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Ondo State University of Science and
Technology, Nigeria
*Correspondence: E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACTS ARTICLE INFO

Article History:
Innovation is very imperative for the educational development Submitted/Received 02 Jul 2022
of any nation. This article assessed the nexus between First revised 04 Aug 2022
Accepted 18 Aug 2022
Technology Innovation in Civil Engineering and Educational First available online 19 Aug 2022
Sustainability. This study examined the Education of Nigerian Publication date 01 Sep 2023
____________________
civil Engineers in Nigeria as well as investigated factors Keyword:
challenging technological innovation in Civil Engineering Civil engineering,
Education. Literature was reviewed and conceptualized. It was Education sustainability,
Technology innovation.
discovered that the level of innovation and technology
integration in Civil Engineering Education in Nigeria is low.
Factors posing challenges to innovation in Nigeria include
institutional framework; human capital; research/innovation
infrastructure; and sophisticated business community. This
article recommended that the Government should evolve
policies that would address the challenges of technological
innovations Innovation. Government should provide adequate
modern research facilities that would drive research in civil
engineering at universities and in other tertiary institutions in
Nigeria. Modern research facilities should be established and
human capital developed. The study concluded that if science
and technology are well taught and adequate facilities are
provided for the study of civil Engineering and other
Engineering related studies healthy and prosperous Nigeria is
inevitable.

© 2022 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

 Theophilus, Literature Review for Civil Engineering Practice and Technology … | 184

1. INTRODUCTION

The impact of educational development on the natural environment has been a cause of
increasing concern in recent years. An important outcome of these deliberations about the
environment is sustainable development in Education as a result of innovation, which aims to
reconcile economic growth and environmental protection. Engineering has been implicated
in sustainability crises, including climate change, pollution, and resource depletion.
Sustainable engineering arose as a strategy to deliver positive engineering solutions and
systems to benefit the environment, economy, and society. Guiding it is a sustainability
worldview which also necessitates sustainability education (Karlberg, & Bezzina, 2022). As the
upshot of international declarations, sustainability education aims to induce in individuals the
cognitive orientation needed for an increasingly complex and unpredictable world. The UN
Decade of Education for Sustainable Development enhanced global efforts to mainstream
sustainability education into various higher education institutions (Huckle, & Wals 2015). In
2004, the engineering education community issued the Barcelona Declaration, actively
embracing sustainability education. The Declaration has since underpinned sustainable
engineering education worldwide. Knowledge of sustainability is now a learning outcome of
engineering programs defined by various accreditation bodies including the Engineering
Council, UK, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, USA, and the Council
for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN).
The classification of Africa as a third world, or an underdeveloped continent, despite its
rich, human, and material resources highlights the fact that there is a fundamental problem
with the harnessing and utilization of the human and material resources in the continent. The
Global Innovation Index (GII) 2014 surveyed 143 economies around the world, using 81
indicators to gauge both their innovation capabilities and measurable results. Mauritius,
which tops the African countries in the ranking, came at the 40th position, followed by South
Africa at 53rd and Tunisia at the 78th position. Nigeria was placed at the 110th position. The
foregoing GII ranking has shown that in a global and dynamic world, the economies that can
remain flexible, adaptive, and innovative will reap the benefits of world trade through
educational sustainability. This is because the global competitiveness of any economy
depends on its science, technology, and innovation (STI) capabilities. In all ramifications of
economic development, technology-dependent economies surpass economies dependent on
their natural resources. However, there remain challenges to the diffusion of technology in
Nigeria (Alhannom, & Mushabeb, 2021).
First, the law does not encourage technological innovation. Its capability to protect
prospective innovators remains in doubt. Furthermore, Nigeria lacks the human capital to
man effectively its sectors. Moreover, research facilities in the country are either inadequate
or outdated. There are no effective policies to serve as incentives to arouse local innovators
and attract foreign investors. The Nigerian technological environment is discouraging.
Modern infrastructures are also required to encourage foreign direct investment (FDI). Being
a signatory to several sustainability-related treaties and resolutions such as Agenda 21, United
Nations for Sustainable Development (UNDESD), and United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development, Nigeria has endorsed sustainability education. Since the colonial
era, however, Nigeria has engineered many infrastructures such as crude oil refineries, the
Ajaokuta steel plant, roads, railways, and many residential and office buildings. Nigerian
Education has produced engineers who administer these projects. Nevertheless, Nigerian
engineering education has not been assessed for its sustainability content. Hence this study
assessed the nexus between Technology innovation in Civil engineering and Civil Engineering

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.xxxx
p- ISSN 2775-6793 e- ISSN 2775-6815
185 | ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education, Volume 3 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 183-192

education Sustainability in Nigeria. The study highlights Civil engineering practice in Nigeria,
Technology Innovation in civil engineering before discussing the education of Nigerian
engineers. Nigerian sustainability experience and efforts including sustainability education
initiatives are considered.
2. METHODS

This paper is a literature survey for understanding technology innovation in civil

engineering in Nigeria. This paper adopted several data from international journals, which
data was then analyzed and concluded.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Education of Nigerian Civil Engineers
The origin of engineering education can be traced from two different distinct roots. First is
the trade apprenticeship education where the trainees of the local trade program study to
advance their practical and theoretical knowledge of their various trades. The second root
can be traced through the college or university that recognizes natural science which serves
as a key point for specialization in an application in engineering (Steenwinckel et al. 2021).
Durodolu, & Onaade (2018) described engineering as “a three-legged stool” that relies on
science, mathematics, and techné. The author referred to the word techné as the creative
abilities that distinguish an engineer from a scientist; to design, make, conceive and bring to
fruition. It is important to recognize that engineering is more than simply understanding the
rudiments of science; it is a vocational subject that depends on a sound understanding of
scientific principles as well as appropriate mathematics facilities, the modeling language, and
vital communication. To keep America’s knowledge and technology-driven economy, it
categorizes engineering education as an important national resource. The current
technological innovations in the world came as a result of the trained personnel in the field
of engineering and technology (Ramírez-Montoya, 2021).
The future of any nation does not only depend on its enormous natural resources
possessed but the specialized engineering skills, competence, and the ability of its populace
to harness and utilize the resources. Engineering is the bedrock of economic, social, and
technological development of any nation because of its connection to all aspects of human
activity (AlNuaimi et al., 2021). The quality of engineering graduates from universities and
polytechnics in Nigeria has been a major concern for the industries over the years. The
industries mostly complain of inadequate skills required especially in the current cutting-edge
technology, having low practical know-how, and lack of confidence. Going by the quality of
training acquired by the graduates of tertiary institutions in Nigeria in the area of engineering
education, most of them are engaged in several re-training by the industries to build their
skills for the fact that they are considered to be unemployed at the first intake level (Laleye,
2022).
The technological and industrial development of any nation depends on its ability to
develop its citizens towards human resources, especially in the area of science and
engineering. Due to poor infrastructural facilities haunting Nigerian tertiary institutions,
coupled with the number of graduates from different institutions of higher learning that failed
to transform the economic fortune of the country towards industrialization, the nation is far
from experiencing technological advancements and economic growth (Uchenu et al. 2019)
attributed the obstacle to national development and growth to lack of viable engineering
education and training. The condition in Nigeria can be described as poor due to the inability
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.xxxx
p- ISSN 2775-6793 e- ISSN 2775-6815
 Theophilus, Literature Review for Civil Engineering Practice and Technology … | 186

of our leaders to make provisions that are necessary for national development after the
independence, according to Meka (2022), valuable changes that could bring positive changes
in terms of improving the living standards of the citizens, brings about an employment
opportunity, poverty reduction, and many other things are the quests for national
development.
3.2. Civil engineering practice in Nigeria
Engineering is a general term used to describe the ability to think and utilize sciences-based
theories in solving one problem or the other to improve the living standard of the creatures.
Engineering discipline is of various branches and meant for different purposes, for example,
“Civil Engineering” is that branch of Engineering that deals with the design, construction, and
maintenance of infrastructural facilities for the betterment of all (Álvarez et al. 2021). These
infrastructures may include Building structures, hydraulic structures, Highways, Dams,
Tunnels, Railways, Towers, Bridges, etc. Civil engineering is a big profession that involves a
range of different sub-disciplines or specializations. These include; construction engineering,
structural engineering, water resources engineering, geotechnical engineering,
transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, environmental engineering,
materials engineering, coastal engineering, architectural engineering, and surveying. Civil
engineers do not only have that social responsibility to properly maintain and adapt
structures that we depend on in our daily life, but they are also involved in making sure the
infrastructures are adapted to meet natural disasters, population growth, and climate change
challenges. They have the responsibility to find and implement solutions to complex
problems. However, these engineers face many challenges in executing their duties or
carrying on their responsibilities effectively. Due to the pivotal role, civil engineering plays in
the development and improvement of societies. Foster et al. (2022) described its endeavors
as complex and diverse undertakings that tackle nonstandard challenges. One of the major
challenges faced in civil engineering in developing countries is sustainability in construction
(Alshboul et al. 2022). Ziervogel (2022) stated that enough attention has not been given to
sustainable construction in Africa. Stanitsas and Kirytopoulos (2021), affirmed that the use of
the term sustainable construction was to describe the role of the construction industry in the
attainment of sustainability.
Ding (2008) asserted that the perspective of developing countries was not captured when
the certain framework for sustainable construction was designed and therefore, the
framework might not be appropriate to apply to the case of the developing nations. The direct
application of experience gathered from the developed world to developing nations like the
African countries has not worked out as the priorities and national circumstances of the
African nations are not the same as those of the developed countries. Therefore, the
definition of sustainable development and construction within the African context needs to
be redefined as advised by Haniff and Galloway (2022). Wang et al. (2021) affirmed that the
concept of sustainable development is still an evolving one that depends on how its
implementation is carried out on the development of both regional and local approaches and
solutions. Due to the difference in definition, approaches, and solutions between the
developed and developing nations, there is a need for the creation of an international agenda
for sustainable building that recognizes these local and regional differences (ibid). Hallin et al.
(2021) argued that there must be a proper understanding of the social, political, and
economic atmosphere and the developmental issues of a particular place before talking about
sustainable construction in that area.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.xxxx
p- ISSN 2775-6793 e- ISSN 2775-6815
187 | ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education, Volume 3 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 183-192

The author further advocates that when all the issues raised are better understood,
sustainable construction then becomes an integral part of sustainable development. Adebayo
cited the wars, conflicts, and pandemic diseases as examples of practical issues that have put
the issue of sustainable construction into the debate when it is brought to the table for
discussion and makes the issue of sustainable construction in Africa be seen differently from
the way it is seen in the developed world. As part of the recognition of the local and regional
differences, Díaz-López et al. (2022) advise that there is a need to organize many regional
sustainable building conferences with the development of regional sustainable action plans
for sustainable building and sustainable construction in Africa at the fore. The author further
reiterated that “The key issue is the establishment of a solid knowledge foundation for Africa
that will equip the public, professionals, development agencies, and governments with
accurate and relevant knowledge generated within the framework of the continent’s social
needs, its cultures, and its biophysical environment to guide their decisions and actions
towards establishing a sustainable built environment.”
3.3. Technology Innovation in Civil Engineering
The technological innovation of civil engineering construction is involved with the benefit
achievements and the brand creation of engineering construction companies and is also
closely related to the improvement of people’s living conditions (Hu, 2016). As civil
engineering is the principal part of engineering construction, the construction parties of civil
engineering must make technological innovations based on the changing and developing
society, and use new technologies and new methods to make the construction of projects.
The section of this study analyzes several means of technological innovation in civil
engineering construction, purposed to promote the practical development of civil
engineering through helpful discussion and exploration. Traditionally, the construction
industry is known to have a passive reaction to emerging technology.
In recent years, the technology available to increase productivity has seen rapid adoption
and advancement. The recent development in the computational tools and hardware has
correspondingly enhanced the construction methodology also to keep pace with the
developments in design developments. For example, the development in concrete technology
has led to the use of automated batching plants, temperature-controlled transit mixers, and
placer booms. Identically, Project management, Estimation, and Building Information
Modelling technologies are now commonly found in construction. The need for efficiency in
managing the construction process and emerging technologies is the result of the best
opportunities to improve the construction process through better integration and efficiency
(Laato, 2022).
The growth of new technologies in the construction industry is expected to have an impact
on the way construction is performed in the future. With any new methodologies, there are
expected to be changes in the composition of the workforce. In the recent past, emerging
technology in the construction industry has focused on communication and collaboration, as
the benefits to the construction process by improvement in these areas are obvious. Two
types of technology have dominated in these areas, building information modeling (BIM),
which has established a solid reputation for collaboration, and cloud computing, which has
emerged more recently as a solution for collaboration (García de Soto et al. 2022).
The BIM tool provides extensive information (Vanjari & Kulkarni, 2022). Specifically, it is
about the nature and magnitude of work, documentation, specification, design, planning, and
scheduling of construction resources, workmanship, quality, safety, energy analysis, and life

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.xxxx
p- ISSN 2775-6793 e- ISSN 2775-6815
 Theophilus, Literature Review for Civil Engineering Practice and Technology … | 188

cycle costing. In the past, few decades, there has been growing interest in the construction
sector using BIM due to many benefits & effective utilizations of resources during the design,
planning & construction of new buildings. The BIM is mainly focused on developing different
models by adding time, cost, and energy analysis to existing 3D models. It has the potential
to increase the efficiency of the project, minimize waste and increase sustainability across
construction projects. Although, studies in the past reported the application of BIM mostly in
building construction; however, limited studies have been reported in infrastructure.
Technology has considerable influence in the field of civil engineering and plays important
role in the management of construction Industries Ogunnusi et al. (2022). From the planning
to the implementation and controlling, technology innovation helps on every stage of the
construction and its management, by enhancing Work-ability with the advancement in the
methodology. Many researchers have presented new ideas for supporting construction
management using IT. With every new construction technology, the working process
enhances and gives a new methodology of construction. The main use of information
technology is to automate and integrate the functions of construction projects aiming for
increased productivity. Technology innovation has a decisive impact on every stage of
construction management such as planning, scheduling, implementation, controlling, and
monitoring. It also helps the decision maker to avoid/overcome the delays and wastage of
time, material, and assets by providing real-time data.
The Building Information Model is primarily a three-dimensional digital representation of
a building and its intrinsic characteristics. It is made of intelligent building components,
including data attributes and parametric rules for each object. BIM provides consistent and
coordinated views and representations of the digital model including reliable data for each
view. This saves a lot of the designer’s time since each view is coordinated through the built-
in intelligence of the model. Building Information Modelling is the process and practice of
virtual design and construction throughout its lifecycle. It is a platform to share knowledge
and communication between project participants. CAD is no longer just about drafting.
Autodesk BIM solutions allow to explore and evaluate a project’s constructability before it’s
built, improve cost reliability, visualize construction processes through 4D simulation and
clash detection, increase coordination between stakeholders throughout the design and
construction process, and better predict, manage and communicate project outcomes.
3.4. Civil Engineering education Sustainability in Nigeria
The Nigerian tertiary institutions are faced with enormous challenges in terms of the
general conduct of engineering education programs which failed to equip students with the
necessary skills to cope with the challenges of the world of work and modern-day society.
Also, the world itself currently faces energy, environmental and economic crisis as a result of
unhealthy human practices on natural resources and the environment, the demand for more
efficient buildings, homes, transportation, consumer products, and alternative renewable
energy that will positively affect the society has remained the yearnings of many nations.
Having seen this, the UN constituted 2005-2014 as the Decade for Education for Sustainable
Development (DESD).
The Agenda 21 of the UNDESD emphasizes the link that must be constructed between
academia as well as the needs of the community and also to enact sustainability in higher
education to positively affect society as well as the biosphere (Sanusi & Khelghat‐Doost,
2008). Four main objectives were identified by UNESCO that will do this plan of which the
second speaks straight to education, which is "Rethinking as well as Revisiting education from
nursery school to university to include a clear aim of future and current societies on the

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.xxxx
p- ISSN 2775-6793 e- ISSN 2775-6815
189 | ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education, Volume 3 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 183-192

development of knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values in connection with sustainability”.

This implies that; the objectives and contents of existing curricula from Nursery education to
University education should be reviewed and developed to integrate the interdisciplinary
understanding of social, economic, and environmental sustainability; and also, to recommend
and make mandatory the methods of teaching, learning, and assessment of sustainability
programs. In other to achieve this great feat, education and higher education, in particular,
were earmarked by the united nations as the most convenient and appropriate avenue for
advancing this training and creation of awareness about sustainability. Engineering Education
is being taught in Nigeria at the University level as well as the Polytechnics level. The National
Universities Commission (NUC) is the government umbrella group that oversees the
administration of Higher Education in Nigeria. NUC is the administrative body of universities
listed 152 universities as accredited degree-granting institutions in the site of its report as of
2017.
In addition to Universities, National Board for Technical Education (NBTE), the federal
government body which oversees Polytechnics in Nigeria, recognized 107 polytechnics in
Nigeria as of 2017. Engineering Education in Nigeria is acquired over 5 years in universities
and 2 years in Polytechnics. In the first and second year of studies, engineering education
learners are usually taught Chemical and Physical Science subjects that are ordinarily
accompanied by one or perhaps two Social Science subjects like the use of English. Learners
are progressively subjected to the core of the chosen disciplines of theirs within the three
years and inside the 3years of research of core engineering, students are required to go
through a mandatory Industrial Work Experience Scheme serving as an avenue to come across
the actual world of work of the engineering program. Engineering students then undertake a
research project either collectively or individually under the supervision of an academic in the
last session of their program of theirs. A Bachelor of Engineering is given to the engineering
graduates upon effective completion of the program.
Various research findings have revealed that the lack of adoption and implementation of
sustainability policies, strategies, and programs in the industries and educational curriculum
are the major factors responsible for poor infrastructural development, and ecological and
economic challenges looming in Nigeria today (Warfvinge et al., 2022). Having been
recognized as the lifeblood of socioeconomic progress in any nation, engineering is seen as
the solution to the challenges of sustainability. Engineering communities all over the world
have invented sustainable engineering as a concept that will help them leave the conventional
Engineering practice. The question regarding the extent to which the sustainability worldview
has been embraced by the Nigerian Engineering community remains unanswered. This study
is an effort to respond to the question about the knowledge of sustainability among the
members of the Nigerian Engineering community and how can sustainability education be
incorporated into Engineering Education Program in Nigeria.
4. CONCLUSION

Technology-dependent Education surpasses theoretical dependence on natural resources.

Therefore, education that can remain flexible, adaptive, and innovative will reap the benefits
of technology. This is because the global competitiveness of any Education depends on its
science, technology, and innovation capabilities. Based on various literature reviewed in this
study which revealed that Nigeria is currently lagging technologically, hence if science and
technology are well taught and adequate facilities are provided for the study of civil
Engineering and other Engineering related study healthy and prosperous Nigeria is inevitable.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.xxxx
p- ISSN 2775-6793 e- ISSN 2775-6815
 Theophilus, Literature Review for Civil Engineering Practice and Technology … | 190

This study recommended that; Government should evolve policies that would address the
challenges of technological innovations Innovation. Government should provide adequate
modern research facilities that would drive research in civil engineering at universities and in
other tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Modern research facilities should be established and
human capital developed.
5. AUTHORS’ NOTE

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this
article. The authors confirmed that the paper was free of plagiarism.
6. REFERENCES

Alhannom, E., and Mushabeb, G. (2021). Economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions: the
environmental kuznets curve hypothesis In Yemen. Iraqi Journal For Economic
Sciences, 19(68), 42-58.
AlNuaimi, B. K., Khan, M., and Ajmal, M. M. (2021). The role of big data analytics capabilities
in greening e-procurement: A higher order PLS-SEM analysis. Technological Forecasting
and Social Change, 169, 120808.
Alshboul, O., Shehadeh, A., Almasabha, G., and Almuflih, A. S. (2022). Extreme Gradient
Boosting-Based Machine Learning Approach for Green Building Cost
Prediction. Sustainability, 14(11), 6651.
Álvarez, I., Etxeberria, P., Alberdi, E., Pérez-Acebo, H., Eguia, I., and García, M. J. (2021).
Sustainable civil engineering: Incorporating sustainable development goals in higher
education curricula. Sustainability, 13(16), 8967.
Díaz-López, C., Serrano-Jiménez, A., Verichev, K., and Barrios-Padura, Á. (2022). Passive
cooling strategies to optimise sustainability and environmental ergonomics in
Mediterranean schools based on a critical review. Building and Environment, 221,
109297.
Ding, G. K. (2008). Sustainable construction—The role of environmental assessment
tools. Journal of Environmental Management, 86(3), 451-464.
Durodolu, O. O., and Onaade, O. J. (2018). Informetric growth analysis of engineering
research in Nigerian Universities: 2007-2016 survey. Journal of Applied Information
Science and Technology, 11, 33-43.
Foster, R. I., Park, J. K., Lee, K., and Seo, B. K. (2022). UK civil nuclear decommissioning, a
blueprint for korea's nuclear decommissioning future?: Part II-UK's progress and
implications for Korea. Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology
(JNFCWT), 20(1), 65-98.
García de Soto, B., Agustí-Juan, I., Joss, S., and Hunhevicz, J. (2022). Implications of
construction 4.0 to the workforce and organizational structures. International Journal of
Construction Management, 22(2), 205-217.
Hallin, A., Karrbom‐Gustavsson, T., and Dobers, P. (2021). Transition towards and of
sustainability—Understanding sustainability as performative. Business Strategy and the
Environment, 30(4), 1948-1957.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.xxxx
p- ISSN 2775-6793 e- ISSN 2775-6815
191 | ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering Education, Volume 3 Issue 2, September 2023 Hal 183-192

Haniff, A. P., and Galloway, L. (2022). Modeling strategic alignment in project

networks. International Journal of Project Management, 40(5), 517-530.
Hu, L. (2016). Analysis on technological innovation of civil engineering
construction. Engineering, 8(05), 287.
Huckle, J., and Wals, A. E. (2015). The UN decade of education for sustainable development:
business as usual in the end. Environmental Education Research, 21(3), 491-505.
Karlberg, M., and Bezzina, C. (2022). The professional development needs of beginning and
experienced teachers in four municipalities in Sweden. Professional Development in
Education, 48(4), 624-641.
Laato, S., Mäntymäki, M., Islam, A. K. M., Hyrynsalmi, S., and Birkstedt, T. (2022). Trends and
Trajectories in the Software Industry: implications for the future of work. Information
Systems Frontiers, 24(2), 1-16.
Laleye, A. M. (2022). Practical and Technological skills: An inevitable social engineering tool
for sustainable development. European Journal of Education and Pedagogy, 3(2), 171-
177.
Meka, J. S. (2022). The sustainable development goals and ambedkar. Journal of Positive
School Psychology, 6(6), 1026-1040.
Ogunnusi, M., Hamma-Adama, M., Salman, H., and Kouider, T. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic:
the effects and prospects in the construction industry. International Journal of Real
Estate Studies, 14(Special Issue 2), 120-128.
Ramírez-Montoya, M. S., Loaiza-Aguirre, M. I., Zúñiga-Ojeda, A., and Portuguez-Castro, M.
(2021). Characterization of the Teaching Profile within the Framework of Education
4.0. Future Internet, 13(4), 1-17.
Sanusi, Z. A., and Khelghat‐Doost, H. (2008). Regional Centre of Expertise as transformational
platform for sustainability: A case study of Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Penang. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 9(4), 487-497.
Stanitsas, M., and Kirytopoulos, K. (2021). Investigating the significance of sustainability
indicators for promoting sustainable construction project
management. International Journal of Construction Management, 21, 1-26.
Steenwinckel, B., De Paepe, D., Hautte, S. V., Heyvaert, P., Bentefrit, M., Moens, P., and
Ongenae, F. (2021). FLAGS: A methodology for adaptive anomaly detection and root
cause analysis on sensor data streams by fusing expert knowledge with machine
learning. Future Generation Computer Systems, 116, 30-48.
Uchenu, C. A., Okeke-Okonkwo, C. I., and Ifi, C. C. (2019). Improving business education
programs through effective school-industry collaboration for nation building. Nigerian
Journal of Business Education (NIGJBED), 6(1), 158-171.
Vanjari, P.B. and Kulkarni, S.S. (2022). Building information modeling (BIM) as tool to develop
solution for bridge rehabilitation. ASEAN Journal of Science and Engineering, 2(1), 77-90

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.xxxx
p- ISSN 2775-6793 e- ISSN 2775-6815
 Theophilus, Literature Review for Civil Engineering Practice and Technology … | 192

Wang, X. C., Jiang, P., Yang, L., Van Fan, Y., Klemeš, J. J., and Wang, Y. (2021). Extended water
energy nexus contribution to environmentally-related sustainable development
goals. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 150, 111485.
Warfvinge, P., Löfgreen, J., Andersson, K., Roxå, T., and Åkerman, C. (2022). The rapid
transition from campus to online teaching–how are students’ perception of learning
experiences affected?. European Journal of Engineering Education, 47(2), 211-229.
Ziervogel, G., Enqvist, J., Metelerkamp, L., and van Breda, J. (2022). Supporting transformative
climate adaptation: community-level capacity building and knowledge co-creation in
South Africa. Climate Policy, 22(5), 607-622.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/xxxx.xxxx
p- ISSN 2775-6793 e- ISSN 2775-6815