Arihant 41 Years Maths Coderguru - in
Arihant 41 Years Maths Coderguru - in
Arihant 41 Years Maths Coderguru - in
in
41 Years’
CHAPTERWISE TOPICWISE
SOLVED PAPERS
2019-1979
IITJ EE
coderguru.in
(JEE Main & Advanced)
Mathematics
Amit M Agarwal
© Author
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No part of this publication may be re-produced, stored in a retrieval system or distributed
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Arihant or its editors or authors or illustrators don’t take any responsibility for the absolute
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ISBN : 978-93-13196-97-6
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5. Binomial Theorem
6. Probability
97-126
127-159
8. Functions 160-175
24. Vectors
25. 3D Geometrycoderguru.in
26. Miscellaneous
519-548
549-572
573-598
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Binomial theorem for a positive integral index,
Quadratic Equations
general term and middle term, properties of
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals,
Binomial coefficients and simple applications.
Representation of complex numbers in the form
a+ib and their representation in a plane, Argand UNIT VII Sequences and Series
diagram, algebra of complex numbers, modulus Arithmetic and Geometric progressions,
and argument (or amplitude) of a complex insertion of arithmetic, geometric means
number, square root of a complex number, between two given numbers. Relation between
triangle inequality, Quadratic equations in real AM and GM Sum upto n terms of special series:
and complex number system and their ∑ n, ∑ n2, ∑n3. Arithmetico - Geometric
solutions. Relation between roots and co- progression.
efficients, nature of roots, formation of quadratic
equations with given roots. UNIT VIII Limit, Continuity and
UNIT III Matrices and Determinants Differentiability
Real valued functions, algebra of functions,
Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices,
polynomials, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic
determinants and matrices of order two and
and exponential functions, inverse functions.
three. Properties of determinants, evaluation of
Graphs of simple functions. Limits, continuity
deter-minants, area of triangles using
and differenti-ability. Differentiation of the sum,
determinants. Adjoint and evaluation of inverse
difference, product and quotient of two
of a square matrix using determinants and
functions. Differentiation of trigonometric,
elementary transformations, Test of
inverse trigonometric, logarithmic,
consistency and solution of simultaneous linear
exponential, composite and implicit functions;
equations in two or three variables using
derivatives of order upto two. Rolle's and
determinants and matrices.
Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems. Applications
UNIT IV Permutations and of derivatives: Rate of change of quantities,
Combinations monotonic - increasing and decreasing
Fundamental principle of counting, permutation functions, Maxima and minima of functions of
as an arrangement and combination as one variable, tangents and normals.
UNIT IX Integral Calculus form of the equation of a circle, its radius and
Integral as an anti - derivative. Fundamental centre, equation of a circle when the end points
integrals involving algebraic, trigonometric, of a diameter are given, points of intersection of
exponential and logarithmic functions. a line and a circle with the centre at the origin
Integration by substitution, by parts and by and condition for a line to be tangent to a circle,
partial fractions. Integration using equation of the tangent. Sections of cones,
trigonometric identities. Evaluation of simple equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse
integrals of the type and hyperbola) in standard forms, condition for
y=mx + c to be a tangent and point (s) of
dx , dx , dx , dx , tangency.
x2 ± a2 x2 ± a2 a2 – x2 a2 – x2
dx , dx , (px + q) dx , UNIT XII Three Dimensional Geometry
2
ax + bx + c 2
ax + bx + c 2
ax + bx + c Coordinates of a point in space, distance
between two points, section formula, direction
(px + q) dx ratios and direction cosines, angle between two
,
a 2 ± x 2 dx and x 2 – a 2 dx
ax 2 + bx + c intersecting lines. Skew lines, the shortest
distance between them and its equation.
Integral as limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem Equations of a line and a plane in different
of Calculus. Properties of definite integrals. forms, intersection of a line and a plane,
Evaluation of definite integrals, determining
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coplanar lines.
areas of the regions bounded by simple curves
in standard form. UNIT XIII Vector Algebra
Vectors and scalars, addition of vectors,
UNIT X Differential Equations components of a vector in two dimensions and
Ordinary differential equations, their order and three dimensional space, scalar and vector
degree. Formation of differential equations. products, scalar and vector triple product.
Solution of differential equations by the method
of separation of variables, solution of UNIT XIV Statistics and Probability
homogeneous and linear differential equations Measures of Dispersion: Calculation of mean,
of the type dy + p(x)y = q(x) median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data.
dx
Calculation of standard deviation, variance and
UNIT XI Coordinate Geometry mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped
Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a data.
plane, distance formula, section formula, locus Probability: Probability of an event, addition
and its equation, translation of axes, slope of a and multiplication theorems of probability,
line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts Baye's theorem, probability distribution of a
of a line on the coordinate axes. random variate, Bernoulli trials and Binomial
Straight lines distribution.
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection
of lines, angles between two lines, conditions UNIT XV Trigonometry
for concurrence of three lines, distance of a Trigonometrical identities and equations.
point from a line, equations of internal and Trigonometrical functions. Inverse
external bisectors of angles between two trigonometrical functions and their
lines, coordinates of centroid, orthocentre and properties. Heights and Distances.
circumcentre of a triangle, equation of family of
UNIT XVI Mathematical Reasoning
lines passing through the point of intersection
Statements, logical operations And, or, implies,
of two lines.
implied by, if and only if. Understanding of
Circles, Conic sections tautology, contradiction, converse and contra
Standard form of equation of a circle, general positive.
JEE ADVANCED
Algebra
Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties
of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of unity, geometric
interpretations.
Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations between roots and coefficients, formation of
quadratic equations with given roots, symmetric functions of roots.
Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums
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of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes
of the first n natural numbers.
Trigonometry
Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs, addition and subtraction formulae, formulae
involving multiple and sub-multiple angles, general solution of trigonometric equations.
Relations between sides and angles of a triangle, sine rule, cosine rule, half-angle formula and the
area of a triangle, inverse trigonometric functions (principal value only).
Analytical Geometry
Two Dimensions Cartesian oordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of
origin.
Equation of a straight line in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line.
Lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle
between two lines, concurrency of lines, centroid, orthocentre, incentre and circumcentre of a
triangle.
Equation of a circle in various forms, equations of tangent, normal and chord.
Parametric equations of a circle, intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, equation of
a circle through the points of intersection of two circles and those of a circle and a straight line.
Equations of a parabola, ellipse and hyperbola in standard form, their foci, directrices and
eccentricity, parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal.
Locus Problems
Three Dimensions Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space,
equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane.
Differential Calculus
Real valued functions of a real variable, into, onto and one-to-one functions, sum, difference,
product and quotient of two functions, composite functions, absolute value, polynomial,
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rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.
Limit and continuity of a function, limit and continuity of the sum, difference, product and
quotient of two functions, l'Hospital rule of evaluation of limits of functions.
Even and odd functions, inverse of a function, continuity of composite functions, intermediate
value property of continuous functions.
Derivative of a function, derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions,
chain rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential
and logarithmic functions.
Derivatives of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, geometrical interpretation of the
derivative, tangents and normals, increasing and decreasing functions, maximum and minimum
values of a function, applications of Rolle's Theorem and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem.
Integral Calculus
Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions,
definite integrals and their properties, application of the Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Calculus.
Integration by parts, integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions, application
of definite integrals to the determination of areas involving simple curves.
Formation of ordinary differential equations, solution of homogeneous differential equations,
variables separable method, linear first order differential equations.
Vectors
Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, scalar products, dot and cross products, scalar triple
products and their geometrical interpretations.
1
Complex Numbers
Topic 1 Complex Number in Iota Form
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 2 + 3i sin θ
6. A value of θ for which is purely imaginary, is
2z − n 1 − 2i sin θ (2016 Main)
1 Let z ∈ C with Im (z ) = 10 and it satisfies = 2i − 1
3
2z + n π π −1 1
(a) (b) (c) sin −1 (d) sin
for some natural number n, then (2019 Main, 12 April II) 3 6 4 3
(a) n = 20 and Re(z ) = − 10 (b) n = 40 and Re(z ) = 10 6 i –3 i 1
(c) n = 40 and Re(z ) = − 10 (d) n = 20 and Re(z ) = 10 7. If 4 3i –1 = x + iy, then (1998, 2M)
α + i 20 3 i
2 All the points in the set S = : α ∈ R (i = −1 ) lie
α − i
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(a) x = 3, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 1 (c) x = 0, y = 3 (d) x = 0, y = 0
on a (2019 Main, 9 April I) 13
(a) circle whose radius is 2. 8. The value of sum ∑ (i n + i n + 1 ), where i = −1, equals
(b) straight line whose slope is −1. n =1
(1998, 2M)
(c) circle whose radius is 1. (a) i (b) i − 1 (c) − i (d) 0
n
(d) straight line whose slope is 1. 1 + i
5 + 3z 9. The smallest positive integer n for which = 1, is
3 Let z ∈ C be such that|z|< 1. If ω = , then 1 − i
5(1 − z ) (a) 8 (b) 16 (1980, 2M)
(2019 Main, 9 April II) (c) 12 (d) None of these
(a) 4 Im(ω) > 5 (b) 5 Re (ω) > 1
(c) 5 Im (ω) < 1 (d) 5 Re(ω) > 4 Objective Question II
3
x + iy (One or more than one correct option)
4 Let −2 − i =
1
(i = −1 ), where x and y are real
3 27 10. Let a , b, x and y be real numbers such that a − b = 1 and
numbers, then y − x equals (2019 Main, 11 Jan I) y ≠ 0. If the complex number z = x + iy satisfies
(a) 91 (b) 85 (c) – 85 (d) – 91 az + b
Im = y, then which of the following is(are)
π 3 + 2i sin θ z+1
5. Let A = θ ∈ − , π : is purely imaginary
2 1 − 2i sin θ possible value(s) of x? (2017 Adv.)
3π 5π 2π
(a) (b) (c) π (d) (c) 1 + 1 + y 2
(d) − 1 + 1 − y2
4 6 3
3 Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers satisfying| z1 | = 9 12. If w = α + iβ, where β ≠ 0 and z ≠ 1, satisfies the
and | z2 − 3 − 4i | = 4. Then, the minimum value of w − wz
condition that is purely real, then the set of
| z1 − z2|is (2019 Main, 12 Jan II) 1−z
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 0 values of z is (2006, 3M)
z −α (a)| z | = 1, z ≠ 2 (b)| z | = 1 and z ≠ 1
4 If (α ∈ R) is a purely imaginary number and
z+α (c) z = z (d) None of these
|z| = 2, then a value of α is (2019 Main, 12 Jan I) z −1
13. If|z| = 1 and w = (where, z ≠ − 1), then Re (w) is
(a) 2 (b)
1
(c) 1 (d) 2 z+1 (2003, 1M)
2 1 1 1 2
(a) 0 (b) (c) ⋅ (d)
5 Let z be a complex number such that | z | + z = 3 + i |z + 1|2 z +
1 |z + 1
| 2
|z + 1|2
(where i = − 1).
14. For all complex numbers z1 , z2 satisfying |z1| = 12 and
Then,| z |is equal to (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
|z2 − 3 − 4i| = 5, the minimum value of|z1 − z2|is
34 5 41 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 0 (b) 2 (2002, 1M)
3 3 4 4
(c) 7 (d) 17
6. A complex number z is said to be unimodular, if z ≠ 1. 15. If z1 , z2 and z3 are complex numbers such that
z1 – 2z2
If z1 and z2 are complex numbers such that is 1 1 1
2 – z1z2 |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = + + = 1, then |z1 + z2 + z3|is
1
z z 2 z3
unimodular and z2 is not unimodular.
(a) equal to 1 (b) less than 1 (2000, 2M)
Then, the point z 1 lies on a (2015 Main)
(c) greater than 3 (d) equal to 3
(a) straight line parallel to X-axis
16. For positive integers n1 , n2 the value of expression
(b) straight line parallel toY -axis
(1 + i )n 1 + (1 + i3 )n1 + (1 + i5 )n 2 + (1 + i7 )n 2 , here
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(c) circle of radius 2
i = −1 is a real number, if and only if (1996, 2M)
(d) circle of radius 2
(a) n1 = n2 + 1 (b) n1 = n2 − 1
7. If z is a complex number such that |z| ≥ 2, then the (c) n1 = n2 (d) n1 > 0, n2 > 0
1 17. The sin x + i cos 2x
minimum value of z + complex numbers and
2 (2014 Main) cos x − i sin 2x are conjugate to each other, for
(a) is equal to 5/2 (a) x = nπ (b) x = 0 (1988, 2M)
(b) lies in the interval (1, 2) (c) x = (n + 1/2) π (d) no value of x
(c) is strictly greater than 5/2 18. The points z1 , z2, z3 and z4 in the complex plane are the
(d) is strictly greater than 3/2 but less than 5/2 vertices of a parallelogram taken in order, if and only if
8. Let complex numbers α and 1 /α lies on circles (a) z1 + z4 = z2 + z3 (b) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4 (1983, 1M)
(x − x0 )2 + ( y − y0 )2 = r 2 and (x − x0 )2 + ( y − y0 )2 = 4r 2, (c) z1 + z2 = z3 + z4 (d) None of these
respectively. 19. If z = x + iy and w = (1 − iz ) / (z − i ), then |w| = 1 implies
If z0 = x0 + iy0 satisfies the equation 2|z0|2 = r 2 + 2, then
that, in the complex plane (1983, 1M)
|α |is equal to (2013 Adv.)
1 1 1 1 (a) z lies on the imaginary axis (b) z lies on the real axis
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) z lies on the unit circle (d) None of these
2 2 7 3
9. Let z be a complex number such that the imaginary part 20. The inequality |z − 4| < |z − 2| represents the region
of z is non-zero and a = z + z + 1 is real. Then, a cannot
2 given by (1982, 2M)
take the value (2012) (a) Re (z ) ≥ 0 (b) Re (z ) < 0
1 1 3 (c) Re (z ) > 0 (d) None of these
(a) − 1 (b) (c) (d)
5 5
3 2 4 3 i 3 i
10. Let z = x + iy be a complex number where, x and y are 21. If z = + + − , then
2 2 2 2 (1982, 2M)
integers. Then, the area of the rectangle whose vertices
are the root of the equation zz3 + zz3 = 350, is (2009)
(a) Re (z ) = 0 (b) Im (z ) = 0
(c) Re (z ) > 0, Im (z ) > 0 (d) Re (z ) > 0, Im (z ) < 0
(a) 48 (b) 32 (c) 40 (d) 80
z 22. The complex numbers z = x + iy which satisfy the
11. If|z|= 1 and z ≠ ± 1, then all the values of lie on z − 5i
1 − z2 equation = 1, lie on
(a) a line not passing through the origin (2007, 3M) z + 5i (1981, 2M)
(b)|z|= 2 (a) the X-axis
(c) the X-axis (b) the straight line y = 5
(d) the Y-axis (c) a circle passing through the origin
(d) None of the above
Complex Numbers 3
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complex numbers w1 = a + ic and w2 = b + id satisfies | z − i| z|| = | z + i | z|| is eccentricity 4/5
(a)|w1| = 1 (b)|w2| = 1 (1985, 2M) contained in or equal to
(c) Re (w1 w2 ) = 0 (d) None of these B. The set of points z satisfying q. the set of points z
| z + 4| + | z − 4| = 0 is satisfying Im ( z) = 0
Passage Based Problems contained in or equal to
C. If| w| = 2 , then the set of r. the set of points z
Read the following passages and answer the questions 1
points z = w − is contained satisfying|Im( z) |≤ 1
that follow. w
Passage I in or equal to
Let A, B, C be three sets of complex number as defined D. If| w| = 1, then the set of points s. the set of points
below 1
z = w + is contained in or satisfying|Re( z)|≤ 2
t.
A = { z : lm (z ) ≥ 1} w the set of points z
B = { z :|z − 2 − i| = 3} equal to satisfying| z| ≤ 3
C = { z : Re((1 − i )z ) = 2 } (2008, 12M)
26. min|1 − 3i − z|is equal to Fill in the Blanks
z ∈s
2− 3 2+ 3 32. If α , β, γ are the cube roots of p, p < 0, then for any x, y
(a) (b) xα + yβ + zγ
2 2 and z then = ... .
3− 3 3+ 3 xβ + yγ + zα (1990, 2M)
(c) (d)
2 2 33. For any two complex numbers z1 , z2 and any real
27. Area of S is equal to numbers a and b,|az1 − bz2|2+ |bz1 + az2|2 = K .
10 π 20 π 16 π 32 π (1988, 2M)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 x x
sin 2 + cos 2 − i tan (x)
28. Let z be any point in A ∩ B ∩ C and let w be any point 34. If the expression
x
satisfying|w − 2 − i| < 3. Then,|z | − |w| + 3 lies between 1 + 2 i sin 2
(a) − 6 and 3 (b) − 3 and 6
is real, then the set of all possible values of x is… .
(c) − 6 and 6 (d) − 3 and 9 (1987, 2M)
4 Complex Numbers
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40. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that 48. If z is any complex number satisfying | z − 3 − 2i | ≤ 2,
1 − z1z2 then the maximum value of|2z − 6 + 5i |is …… (2011)
|z1| < 1 < |z2|, then prove that < 1. (2003, 2M)
z1 − z2
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5 5
3 i 3 i π
1. Let z = + + − . If R(z ) and I (z ) 5. If 0 < α < is a fixed angle. If P = (cos θ ,sin θ ) and
2 2 2 2 2
Q = {cos(α − θ ),sin(α − θ )}, then Q is obtained from P by
respectively denote the real and imaginary parts of z,
(2002, 2M)
then (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
(a) R (z ) > 0 and I (z ) > 0 (b) I (z ) = 0 (a) clockwise rotation around origin through an angle α
(c) R (z ) < 0 and I (z ) > 0 (d) R (z ) = − 3 (b) anti-clockwise rotation around origin through an angleα
(c) reflection in the line through origin with slope tan α
2. A particle P starts from the point z0 = 1 + 2 i, where α
(d) reflection in the line through origin with slope tan
i = −1. It moves first horizontally away from origin by 2
5 units and then vertically away from origin by 3 units
6. The complex numbers z1 , z2 and z3 satisfying
to reach a point z1. From z1 the particle moves 2 units
z1 − z3 1 − i 3
in the direction of the vector i$ + $j and then it moves = are the vertices of a triangle which is
π z2 − z3 2 (2001, 1M)
through an angle in anti-clockwise direction on a
2 (a) of area zero
circle with centre at origin, to reach a point z2. The point (b) right angled isosceles
z2 is given by (2008, 3M) (c) equilateral
(a) 6 + 7i (b) −7 + 6i (c) 7 + 6i (d) − 6 + 7i (d) obtuse angled isosceles
(d) the Y-axis for a = 0, b ≠ 0 13. Let bz + bz = c, b ≠ 0, be a line in the complex plane,
where b is the complex conjugate of b. If a point z1 is the
3+i reflection of the point z2 through the line, then show
8. Let W = and P = {W n: n = 1, 2, 3,... }.
2 that c = z1b + z2b. (1997C, 5M)
1
14. Let z1 and z2 be the roots of the equation z 2 + pz + q = 0,
Further H 1 = z ∈ C : Re (z ) >
2
where the coefficients p and q may be complex numbers.
−1 Let A and B represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If
and H 2 = z ∈ C : Re (z ) < , where C is the set of all
2 ∠ AOB = α ≠ 0 and OA = OB, where O is the origin prove
complex numbers. If z1 ∈ P ∩ H 1, z2 ∈ P ∩ H 2 and O α
that p2 = 4q cos 2 .
represents the origin, then ∠ z1Oz2 is equal to 2 (1997, 5M)
(2013 JEE Adv.)
π 15. Complex numbers z1 , z2, z3 are the vertices A , B, C
(a)
2 respectively of an isosceles right angled triangle with
π right angle at C. Show that
(b)
6 (z1 − z2)2 = 2(z1 − z3 ) (z3 − z2). (1986, 2 1 M)
2
2π
(c)
3 16. Show that the area of the triangle on the argand
5π diagram formed by the complex number z , iz and z + iz
(d) 1
6 is |z|2.
2 (1986, 2 1 M)
2
Fill in the Blanks 17. Prove that the complex numbers z1 , z2 and the origin
9. Suppose z1 , z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral form an equilateral triangle only if z12 + z22 − z1z2 = 0.
triangle inscribed in the circle |z| = 2. If z1 = 1 + i 3, (1983, 2M)
then z2 = K, z3 = … .
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(1994, 2M)
18. Let the complex numbers z1 , z2 and z3 be the vertices of
an equilateral triangle. Let z0 be the circumcentre of the
10. ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect triangle. Then, prove that z12 + z22 + z32 = 3z02. (1981, 4M)
at the point M and satisfy BD = 2 AC. If the points D and
M represent the complex numbers 1 + i and 2 − i
respectively, then A represents the complex number
Integer Answer Type Question
kπ kπ
…or… (1993, 2M)
19. For any integer k, let α k = cos + i sin , where
7 7
11. If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that
the points z1 = a + i , z2 = 1 + bi and z3 = 0 form an i = −1. The value of the expression
equilateral triangle, then a = K and b = K . (1990, 2M) 12
∑|α k + 1 − α k|
k =1
Analytical & Descriptive Questions 3
is
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equal to (1999, 2M)
(1988, 1M)
(a) 1 − i 3 (b) −1 + i 3 (c) i 3 (d) −i 3
10. If ω is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 + ω − ω ) 27
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
is equal to (1998, 2M)
17. Let a complex number α , α ≠ 1, be a root of the equation
(a) 128 ω (b) −128 ω (c) 128 ω2 (d) −128 ω2
z p + q − z p − zq + 1 = 0
11. If ω (≠ 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + ω )7 = A + Bω,
then A and B are respectively where, p and q are distinct primes. Show that either
(1995, 2M)
1 + α + α 2 + ... + α p − 1 = 0
(a) 0, 1 (b) 1, 1
or 1 + α + α 2 + ... + α q − 1 = 0
(c) 1, 0 (d) –1, 1
6 but not both together. (2002, 5M)
2 πk 2 πk
12. The value of ∑ sin 7
– i cos
7
is (1998, 2M)
18. If 1, a1 , a 2, ... , a n − 1 are the n roots of unity, then show
k =1
(2011)
8 Complex Numbers
Answers
Topic 1 1 cot (θ / 2 )
46. A + iB = −i 48. 5
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) θ 1 + 3 cos2 (θ / 2 )
2 1 + 3 cos2
5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (b) 2
9. (d) 10. (b, d) Topic 3
Topic 2 1. (*) 2. (c) 3. (a)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b)
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 8. (a, b, d) 9. (a, c, d) 10. A → q ; B → p
9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (b) Topic 4
13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (d) 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a)
17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c, d)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (a, c, d) 24. (a,d) i 3i
9. z 2 = − 2, z 3 = 1 − i 3 10. 3 − or 1 −
25. (a, b, c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (d) 2 2
29. (c) 30. (b) 11. a = b = 2 ± 3
31. A → q, r ; B → p; C → p, s, t ; D → q, r, s, t 32. ω 2
12. z 2 = − 3 i , z 3 = (1 − 3 ) + i and z 4 = (1 + 3 ) − i
33. (a + b )(| z1| + | z 2| )
2 2 2 2
19. (4)
−1
34. x = 2nπ + 2α , α = tan k, where k ∈(1, 2 ) or x = 2nπ Topic 5
35. False 36. True 37. True 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (a)
α − k 2β k (α − β )
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4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b)
38. Centre = , Radius =
1 − k2 1 −k
2
7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
3 i 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (1)
42. z = i , ± – 2
n (n + 1 )
2 2 15. −n 16. True 21. (3)
2
45. (x = 3 and y = −1)
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(rationalising the denominator) ⇒ −3 i 4 −1 −1 = x + i y
3 − 4 sin 2 θ + 8i sin θ 20 i i
=
1 + 4 sin 2 θ ⇒ x + iy = 0 [Q C 2 and C3 are identical]
[Q a 2 − b2 = (a + b)(a − b) and i 2 = − 1] ⇒ x = 0, y = 0
3 − 4 sin θ 8 sin θ
2
13 13 13
= + i
1 + 4 sin 2 θ 1 + 4 sin 2 θ 8. ∑ (i n + i n + 1 ) = ∑ i n (1 + i ) = (1 + i ) ∑ in
n=1 n=1 n =1
As z is purely imaginary, so real part of z = 0 i − (1 − i13 )
3 − 4 sin 2 θ = (1 + i ) (i + i 2 + i3 + K + i13 ) = (1 + i )
∴ = 0 ⇒ 3 − 4 sin 2 θ = 0 1−i
1 + 4 sin 2 θ i (1 − i )
3 3 = (1 + i ) = (1 + i ) i = i − 1
⇒ sin 2 θ = ⇒ sin θ = ± 1−i
4 2
Y Alternate Solution
1 y=sin θ Since, sum of any four consecutive powers of iota is zero.
√3/2 13
∴ ∑ (i n + i n + 1 ) = (i + i 2 + K + i13 )
–π/2 –π/3 n=1
X′ π X
O π/3 2π/3 + (i 2 + i3 + K + i14 ) = i + i 2 = i − 1
n n
1 + i 1 + i 1 + i
–√3/2 9. Since, =1 ⇒ × =1
−1 1 − i 1 − i 1 + i
Y′ n
2i
⇒ =1
π π 2π 2
⇒ θ ∈ − , ,
3 3 3 ⇒ in = 1
2π The smallest positive integer n for which i n = 1 is 4.
Sum of values of θ = .
3 ∴ n =4
2 + 3i sin θ az + b ax + b + aiy (ax + b + aiy)((x + 1) − iy)
6. Let z = is purely imaginary. Then, we have 10. = =
1 − 2i sin θ z+1 (x + 1) + iy (x + 1)2 + y2
Re(z ) = 0
az + b − (ax + b) y + ay(x + 1)
2 + 3i sin θ ∴ Im =
Now, consider z = z+1 (x + 1)2 + y2
1 − 2i sin θ
10 Complex Numbers
(a − b) y z −α
⇒ =y 4. Since, the complex number (α ∈ R) is purely
(x + 1)2 + y2 z+α
Q a − b =1 imaginary number, therefore
z −α z −α
∴ (x + 1) + y2 = 1
2
+ =0 [Qα ∈ R]
z+α z+α
∴ x = − 1 ± 1 − y2
⇒ zz − αz + αz − α 2 + zz − αz + αz − α 2 = 0
2 2
⇒ 2 z − 2 α2 = 0 [Qzz = z ]
Topic 2 Conjugate and Modulus of 2
Complex Number ⇒ α2 = z =4 [| z | = 2 given]
1. Let the complex number z = x + iy ⇒ α=±2
Also given,| z − i | = | z − 1| 5. We have,|z | + z = 3 + i
⇒| x + iy − i | = | x + iy − 1| Let z = x + iy
⇒ x + ( y − 1) = (x − 1) + y
2 2 2 2 ∴ x2 + y2 + x + iy = 3 + i
slope 1. 4
⇒ 6x = 8 ⇒ x =
(1 + i ) 2 3
2. The given complex number z = 4
a−i ∴ z= +i
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(1 − 1 + 2i ) (a + i ) 3
= [Q i 2 = − 1]
a2 + 1 ⇒ |z | =
16
+1=
25
⇒ |z | =
5
2i (a + i ) −2 + 2ai 9 9 3
= = …(i)
a2 + 1 a2 + 1 6. PLAN If z is unimodular, then| z| = 1. Also, use property of modulus
i.e. z z =| z|2
Q z = 2 /5 [given]
Given, z2 is not unimodular i.e.|z2|≠ 1
4 + 4a 2 2 2 2 z − 2 z2
⇒ = ⇒ = and 1 is unimodular.
(a 2 + 1)2 5 1+ a 2 5 2 − z1z2
4 2 z1 − 2z2
⇒ = ⇒ a 2 + 1 = 10 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ |z1 − 2z2|2 =|2 − z1z2|2
1 + a2 5 2 − z1z2
⇒ a2 = 9 ⇒ a = 3 [Qa > 0] ⇒ (z1 − 2z2)(z1 − 2z2) = (2 − z1z2) (2 − z1z2) [zz = |z|2 ]
–2 + 6i ⇒ |z1| +4|z2| −2z1z2 − 2z1z2
2 2
∴ z= [From Eq. (i)]
10 = 4+|z1|2|z2|2−2z1z2 − 2z1z2 ⇒ (|z2|2−1)(|z1|2−4) = 0
−2 + 6 i 1 3 1 3 Q |z2|≠ 1
So, z = = − + i ⇒ z = − − i
10 5 5 5 5 ∴ |z1|= 2
Let z1 = x + iy ⇒ x2 + y2 = (2)2
[Qif z = x + iy, then z = x − iy] ∴ Point z1 lies on a circle of radius 2.
3. Clearly|z1|= 9, represents a circle having centre C1 (0, 0) 7. |z| ≥ 2 is the region on or outside circle whose centre is
and radius r1 = 9. (0, 0) and radius is 2.
and |z2 − 3 − 4i|= 4 represents a circle having centre 1
Minimum z + is distance of z, which lie on circle
C 2(3, 4) and radius r2 = 4. 2
The minimum value of |z1 − z2| is equals to minimum | z | = 2 from (−1 / 2, 0).
distance between circles|z1|= 9 and|z2 − 3 − 4i|= 4. 1 1
∴ Minimum z + = Distance of − , 0 from (−2, 0)
2 2
QC1C 2 = (3 − 0)2 + (4 − 0)2 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
2 2
and|r1 − r2|=|9 − 4|= 5 ⇒ C1C 2 =|r1 − r2| 1 3 −1 3
= −2 + + 0 = = + 2 + 0 =
∴ Circles touches each other internally. 2 2 2 2
Hence, |z1 − z2|min = 0
Complex Numbers 11
Y − r 2
⇒ (|α|2 − 1) ⋅ = r 2(1 − 4|α|2 )
2
⇒ |α|2 − 1 = − 2 + 8|α|2
X′ D A X ⇒ 7|α|2 = 1
(–2,0) 1 , (0,0) (2,0)
(—
– ) ∴ |α| = 1 / 7
2 0
9. PLAN If ax + bx + c = 0 has roots α, β, then
2
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
α, β =
Y′ 2a
1 For roots to be real b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0.
Geometrically Min z + = AD
2 Description of Situation As imaginary part of
1 z = x + iy is non-zero.
Hence, minimum value of z + lies in the interval
(1, 2). 2 ⇒ y ≠0
Method I Let z = x + iy
8. PLAN Intersection of circles, the basic concept is to solve the
∴ a = (x + iy)2 + (x + iy) + 1
equations simultaneously and using properties of modulus of ⇒ (x2 − y2 + x + 1 − a ) + i (2xy + y) = 0
complex numbers.
⇒ (x2 − y2 + x + 1 − a ) + iy (2x + 1) = 0, …(i)
Formula used |z|2 = z ⋅ z
It is purely real, if y (2x + 1) = 0
and |z1 − z2|2 = (z1 − z2) (z1 − z2)
but imaginary part of z, i.e. y is non-zero.
= |z1|2 − z1z2 − z2z1 + |z2|2
⇒ 2x + 1 = 0 or x = − 1 / 2
Here, (x − x0 )2 + ( y − y0 )2 = r 2
1 1
− y2 − + 1 − a = 0
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From Eq. (i),
and (x − x0 )2 + ( y − y0 )2 = 4r 2 can be written as, 4 2
|z − z0|2 = r 2 and |z − z0|2 = 4r 2 3 3
⇒ a = − y2 + ⇒ a<
1 4 4
Since, α and lies on first and second respectively.
α Method II Here, z 2 + z + (1 − a ) = 0
2
1 − 1 ± 1 − 4 (1 − a )
∴ |α − z0|2 = r 2 and − z0 = 4 r 2 ∴ z=
α 2 ×1
⇒ (α − z0 ) (α − z0 ) = r 2 − 1 ± 4a − 3
⇒ z=
⇒ |α|2 − z0α − z0α + |z0|2 = r 2 …(i) 2
3
1
2 For z do not have real roots, 4 a − 3 < 0 ⇒ a<
and − z0 = 4 r 2 4
α
10. Since, zz (z 2 + z 2) = 350
1 1 ⇒ 2 (x + y2) (x2 − y2) = 350
2
⇒ − z0 − z0 = 4 r
2
α α
⇒ (x2 + y2) (x2 − y2) = 175
1 z z Since, x, y ∈ I, the only possible case which gives
⇒ − 0 − 0 + |z0|2 = 4r 2
|α|2 α α integral solution, is
Since, |α|2 = α ⋅ α x2 + y2 = 25 ... (i)
1 z ⋅α z x2 − y2 = 7 ... (ii)
⇒ − 0 − 0 ⋅ α + |z0|2 = 4r 2
|α|2 |α|2 |α|2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
⇒ 1 − z0α − z0α + |α|2|z0|2 = 4r 2|α|2 …(ii) x2 = 16, y2 = 9 ⇒ x = ± 4, y = ± 3
On subtracting Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ Area of rectangle = 8 × 6 = 48
(|α| − 1) + |z0| (1 − |α| ) = r (1 − 4|α| )
2 2 2 2 2 11. Let z = cos θ + i sin θ
z cos θ + i sin θ
⇒ (|α| − 1) (1 − |z0| ) = r (1 − 4|α| )
2 2 2 2
⇒ =
1 − z 2 1 − (cos 2 θ + i sin 2 θ )
r 2 + 2 cos θ + i sin θ
⇒ (|α|2 − 1) 1 − = r 2(1 − 4|α|2 ) =
2 2 sin 2 θ − 2i sin θ cos θ
r2 + 2 cos θ + i sin θ i
Given, |z0|2 = = =
2 − 2i sin θ (cos θ + i sin θ ) 2 sin θ
z
Hence, lies on the imaginary axis i.e. Y-axis.
1 − z2
12 Complex Numbers
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⇒ Re (w) = 0
⇒ x = π / 4 and x = π / 8 which is not possible at same
14. We know, |z1 − z2| = |z1 − (z2 − 3 − 4i ) − (3 + 4i )| time.
≥ |z1| − |z2 − 3 − 4i | − |3 + 4i| Hence, no solution exists.
≥ 12 − 5 − 5 [using|z1 − z2| ≥ |z1| − |z2|] 18. Since, z1 , z2, z3 , z4 are the vertices of parallelogram.
∴ |z1 − z2| ≥ 2
D(z4) C(z3)
Alternate Solution
Clearly from the figure|z1 − z2|is minimum when z1 , z2
lie along the diameter.
Y
B
A Z1 A(z1) B(z2)
,4
) Z2
(3
C1 ∴ Mid-point of AC = mid-point of BD
X′
12
X z1 + z3 z2 + z4
C2 ⇒ =
2 2
⇒ z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
1 − iz
Y′ 19. Since,|w| = 1 ⇒ = 1
z−i
∴ |z1 − z2| ≥ C 2B − C 2A ≥ 12 − 10 = 2
⇒ |z − i| = |1 − iz|
15. Given, |z1| = |z2| = |z3| = 1 ⇒ |z − i | = |z + i | [Q |1 − iz | = | − i || z + i | = | z + i |]
Now, |z1| = 1 ∴It is a perpendicular bisector of (0, 1) and (0, − 1)
⇒ |z1|2 = 1 ⇒ z1z1 = 1 i.e. X-axis. Thus, z lies on the real axis.
Similarly, z2z2 = 1, z3 z3 = 1 20. Given,|z − 4| < |z − 2|
1 + 1 + 1
= 1 Since, |z − z1| > |z − z2| represents the region on right
Again now,
z1 z2 z3 side of perpendicular bisector of z1 and z2.
∴ |z − 2| > |z − 4|
⇒ | z1 + z2 + z3 |= 1 ⇒ |z1 + z2 + z3|= 1
⇒ Re (z ) > 3 and Im (z ) ∈ R
⇒ |z1 + z2 + z3| = 1
Complex Numbers 13
Y
It is false.
(c) If elements of set L represents line, then this line
and given circle intersect at maximum two point.
X′ X Hence, it is true.
O (2, 0) (3, 0) (4, 0)
(d) In this case locus of z is a line, so L has infinite
elements. Hence, it is true.
Y′ 24. Given,|z1| = |z2|
5 5
3 i 3 i z1 + z2 z1 − z2 z1z1 − z1z2 + z2z1 − z2 z2
21. Given, z = + + − Now, × =
2 2 2 2 z1 − z2 z1 − z2 |z1 − z2|2
−1 + i 3 −1 − i 3 |z1|2 + (z2 z1 − z1 z2) − |z2|2
Q ω = and ω 2 = =
2 2 |z1 − z2|2
3+i −1 + i 3 z2z1 − z1z2
Now, = −i = − iω = [Q|z1|2 = |z2|2 ]
2 2 |z1 − z2|2
3−i −1 − i 3
and =i = iω 2
2 2 As, we know z − z = 2i Im (z )
∴ z = (− iω )5 + (iω 2)5 = − iω 2 + iω
∴ z2z1 − z1z2 = 2i Im (z2z1 )
= i(ω − ω 2) = i (i 3 ) = − 3
z1 + z2 2i Im (z2 z1 )
⇒ Re(z ) < 0 and lm (z ) = 0 ∴ =
z1 − z2 |z1 − z2|2
Alternate Solution
We know that, z + z = 2 Re(z ) which is purely imaginary or zero.
5 5
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3 i 3 i 25. Since, z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id
If z= + + − , then
2 2 2 2
⇒ |z1| = a + b = 1 and |z2|2 = c2 + d 2 = 1
2 2 2
…(i)
z is purely real. i.e. Im (z ) = 0
[Q|z1|=|z2| = 1]
z − 5i
Also, Re (z1z2) = 0 ⇒ ac + bd = 0
22. Given, = 1 ⇒ |z − 5i| = |z + 5i|
z + 5i a d
⇒ =− =λ [say]…(ii)
[Q if|z − z1| = |z − z2|, then it is a perpendicular b c
bisector of z1 and z2 ] From Eqs. (i) and (ii), b2λ2 + b2 = c2 + λ2c2
Y ⇒ b2 = c2 and a 2 = d 2
(0, 5) Also, given w1 = a + ic and w2 = b + id
O Now, |w1| = a 2 + c2 = a 2 + b2 = 1
X′ X
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Y
ω 2 (xω + yω 2 + z )
P ω 2 (x + yω + zω 2)
= = ω2
(0,√2) x + yω + zω 2
(2,1)
y=1
33. |az1 − bz2|2 + |bz1 + az2|2
X′ X
(√2,0) = [a 2|z1|2 + b2|z2|2 − 2ab Re (z1z2)]
+ [b2|z1|2 + a 2|z2|2 + 2ab Re (z1z2)]
= (a 2 + b2) (|z1|2 + |z2|2 )
Y′
x x
Clearly, there is only one point of intersection of the line sin + cos − i tan x
2 2
x + y = 2 and circle x2 + y2 − 4x − 2 y = 4. 34. ∈R
x
1 + 2 i sin
31. A. Let z = x + iy 2
⇒ we get y x + y =0
2 2 x x x
sin + cos − i tan x 1 − 2i sin
2 2 2
⇒ y=0 =
x
⇒ Im (z ) = 0 1 + 4 sin 2
2
B. We have Since, it is real, so imaginary part will be zero.
2ae = 8, 2a = 10 x x x
∴ −2 sin sin + cos − tan x = 0
⇒ 10e = 8 2 2 2
4 x x x x x
⇒ e= ⇒ 2 sin sin + cos cos x + 2 sin cos = 0
5 2 2 2 2 2
16 x x x
⇒ b2 = 25 1 − = 9 x 2x 2 x
25 ⇒ sin sin + cos cos − sin + cos = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
x2 y2
∴ + =1 ∴ sin
x
=0
25 9 2
C. Let w = 2 (cos θ + i sin θ ) ⇒ x = 2 nπ ... (i)
1
∴ z = 2 (cos θ + i sin θ ) − x x 2x 2 x x
2 (cos θ + i sin θ ) or sin + cos cos − sin + cos = 0
2 2 2 2 2
Complex Numbers 15
x
On dividing by cos3 , we get + (|α|2 − k2|β|2 ) = 0
2 (α − k β )
2
(α − β k ) 2
|α|2 − k2|β|2
⇒ |z|2 − z − z + = 0 …(i)
x 2 x 2 x (1 − k2) (1 − k2) (1 − k2)
tan + 1 1 − tan + 1 + tan = 0
2 2 2
On comparing with equation of circle,
⇒ tan3
x x
− tan − 2 = 0 |z|2 + az + az + b = 0
2 2 whose centre is (− a ) and radius = |a|2 − b
x
Let tan = t α − k2β
2 ∴ Centre for Eq. (i) =
1 − k2
and f (t ) = t3 − t − 2
α − k2β α − k2β αα − k2ββ
Then, f (1) = − 2 < 0 and radius = −
and f (2) = 4 > 0 1 − k2 1 − k2 1 − k2
Thus, f (t ) changes sign from negative to positive in the k(α − β )
=
1−k
interval (1, 2). 2
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⇒ 2z2 = z1 + z3 2|z|(1 − |z| ) n
i.e. points are collinear, thus do not lie on circle. Hence, ⇒ >1 [using sum of n terms of GP]
1 − |z|
it is a false statement.
⇒ 2|z| − 2|z|n + 1 > 1 − |z|
36. Since, z1 , z2, z3 are vertices of equilateral triangle and
⇒ 3|z| > 1 + 2|z|n + 1
|z1| = |z2| = |z3| 1 2
⇒ z1 , z2, z3 lie on a circle with centre at origin. ⇒ |z| > + |z|n + 1
3 3
⇒ Circumcentre = Centroid ⇒
1
|z| > , which contradicts …(ii)
z + z2 + z3 3
⇒ 0= 1
3 ∴ There exists no complex number z such that
∴ z1 + z2 + z3 = 0 n
|z| < 1 / 3 and ∑ a rz r = 1
37. Let z = x + iy ⇒ 1 ∩ z gives 1 ∩ x + iy r =1
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1 1 When, y = − 1 / 2 , x2 − y2 + y = 0
⇒ reiφ − eiθ = reiθ − eiφ
r r 1 1 3
1 iφ 1 iθ ⇒ x2 − − = 0 ⇒ x2 =
⇒ r + e = r + e 4 2 4
r r 3
⇒ eiφ = eiθ ⇒ φ = θ ⇒ x=±
2
1
Therefore, z = reiθ and w = eiθ Therefore, z = 0 + i 0 , 0 + i ; ±
3 i
−
r 2 2
1 3 i
⇒ zw = reiθ . e−iθ = 1 ⇒ z = i, ± − [Q z ≠ 0]
r 2 2
NOTE ‘If and only if ’ means we have to prove the relation in 43. Given, iz3 + z 2 − z + i = 0
both directions.
Conversely ⇒ iz3 − i 2z 2 − z + i = 0 [Q i 2 = − 1]
Assuming that z = w or z w = 1 ⇒ iz (z − i ) − 1(z − i ) = 0
2
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5 5
Thus, z1Rz2 and z2Rz3 ⇒ z1Rz3 . [transitive] ⇒ z −3 + i ≥ or|2z − 6 + 5 i| ≥ 5
2 2
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
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= π − θ − (− θ ) = π ⇒ cos (arg z1 − arg z2) = 1
Alternate Solution ⇒ arg (z1 ) − arg (z2) = 0
− z
Reason arg (− z ) − arg z = arg = arg (− 1) = π 7. Since a , b, c and u , v, w are the vertices of two triangles.
z
Also, c = (1 − r ) a + rb
z
and also arg z − arg (− z ) = arg = arg (− 1) = π and w = (1 − r ) u + rv …(i)
− z
a u 1
4. Given, |z + iw| = |z − iw |= 2 Consider b v 1
c w 1
⇒ |z − (− iw)| = |z − (iw )| = 2
Applying R3 → R3 – {(1 − r ) R1 + rR2}
⇒ |z − (− iw)| = |z − (− iw )| a u 1
∴ z lies on the perpendicular bisector of the line joining = b v 1
− iw and − iw. Since, − iw is the mirror image of − iw in c − (1 − r ) a − rb w − (1 − r ) u − rv 1 − (1 − r ) − r
the X-axis, the locus of z is the X-axis.
a u 1
Let z = x + iy and y = 0. = b v 1 = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
Now, |z | ≤ 1 ⇒ x2 + 02 ≤ 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 1.
0 0 0
∴ z may take values given in option (c).
8. (a) Let z = − 1 − i and arg(z) = θ
Alternate Solution
|z + i w| ≤ |z| + |iw|= |z| + |w| Now, tan θ = = − 1 = 1
im (z )
Re(z ) −1
≤1 +1 =2
π
∴ |z + iw| ≤ 2 ⇒ θ=
4
⇒ |z + i w| = 2 holds when
Since, x < 0, y < 0
arg z − arg i w = 0 π 3π
∴ arg (z ) = − π − = −
⇒ arg
z
=0 4 4
iw
(b) We have, f (t ) = arg (−1 + it )
z π − tan −1 t , t ≥ 0
⇒ is purely real.
iw arg (−1 + it ) = −1
z − (π + tan t ), t < 0
⇒ is purely imaginary. This function is discontinuous at t = 0.
w
Complex Numbers 19
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D(z)
B(z2) = r12 cos 2 θ1 + r22 cos 2 θ 2 − 2r1r2 cos θ1 cos θ 2
+ r12 sin 2 θ1 + r22 sin 2 θ 2 − 2r1r2 sin θ1 sin θ 2
= r12(cos 2 θ1 + sin 2 θ1 ) + r22(cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2)
A(z1)
−2r1r2(cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2)
∴(a), (b), (d) are false statement.
(1 − t ) z1 + t z2 = r12 + r22 − 2r1r2 cos (θ1 − θ 2)
9. Given, z = = (r1 − r2)2 + 2r1r2[1 − cos (θ1 − θ 2)]
(1 − t ) + t
A P B θ − θ 2
= (r1 − r2)2 + 4r1r2 sin 2 1
z1 z z2 2
t : (1 - t)
2
θ − θ 2
Clearly, z divides z1 and z2 in the ratio of t : (1 − t ), ≤ |r1 − r2|2 + 4sin 1 [Q r1 , r2 ≤ 1]
0 < t <1 2
⇒ AP + BP = AB i.e. |z − z1|+ |z − z2|=|z1 − z2| and |sin θ| ≤ |θ|, ∀ θ ∈ R 2
θ − θ 2
⇒ Option (a) is true. Therefore, |z − w |2 ≤ |r1 − r2|2 + 4 1
and arg (z − z1 ) = arg (z2 − z ) 2
= arg (z2 − z1 ) ≤ |r1 − r2|2 + |θ1 − θ 2|2
⇒ Option (b) is false and option (d) is true. ⇒ |z − w|2 ≤ (|z| − |w|)2 + (arg z − arg w)2
Also, arg (z − z1 ) = arg (z2 − z1 ) Alternate Solution
z − z1 |z − w|2 = |z|2 + |w|2 − 2|z||w|cos (arg z − arg w)
⇒ arg =0
z2 − z1 = |z|2 + |w|2 − 2|z||w| + 2|z||w|
z − z1
∴ is purely real. − 2|z||w|cos (arg z − arg w)
z2 − z1
arg z − arg w
z − z1 z − z1 = (|z| − |w|) + 2|z||w|⋅ 2 sin 2
2
…(i)
⇒ = 2
z2 − z1 z2 − z1 2
arg z − arg w
z − z1 z − z1 ∴ |z − w|2 ≤ (|z| − |w|)2 + 4 ⋅ 1⋅ 1
or =0 2
z2 − z1 z2 − z1
[Q sin θ ≤ θ ]
Option (c) is correct.
⇒ |z − w| ≤ (|z| − |w|) + (arg z − arg w)
2 2 2
20 Complex Numbers
O
(7, y) 4. Since, |PQ | = |PS | = |PR| = 2
6 (4, 6) A B (10, 6) ∴ Shaded part represents the external part of circle
z1 z2
having centre (−1, 0) and radius 2.
As we know equation of circle having centre z0 and
X radius r, is|z − z0| = r
D (7, 0) (10, 0)
(4, 0)
∴ |z − (−1 + 0i )| > 2
⇒ |z + 1| > 2
⇒ Equation of circle is| z − (7 + 9i )| = 3 2 Also, argument of z + 1 with respect to positive direction
of X-axis is π/4.
Topic 4 Rotation of a Complex Number π
5 5 ∴ arg (z + 1) ≤ …(i)
3 i 3 i 4
1. Given, z = + + −
2 2 2 2 and argument of z + 1 in anticlockwise direction is −π /4.
Q Euler’s form of ∴ − π / 4 ≤ arg (z + 1) …(ii)
coderguru.in
3 i π π i( π / 6 )
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
+ = cos + i sin =e |arg (z + 1)|≤ π / 4
2 2 6 6
3 i −π π 5. In the Argand plane, P is represented by e i0 and Q is
and − = cos + i sin − = e−iπ / 6 represented by e i( α − θ )
2 2 6 6
5π 5π Now, rotation about a line with angle α is given by
−i
So, z = (eiπ / 6 )5 + (e−iπ / 6 )5 = e 6 + e 6
i
e θ → e (α − θ ). Therefore, Q is obtained from P by reflection
in the line making an angle α /2.
5π 5π 5π 5π
= cos + i sin + cos − i sin
6 6 6 6 z1 − z3 1 − i 3 (1 − i 3 )(1 + i 3 ) z2
6. = =
[Q eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ] z2 − z3 2 2 (1 + i 3 )
5π
= 2 cos 1 − i 23
6 =
π 2 (1 + i 3 ) π/3
∴ I (z ) = 0 and R(z ) = −2 cos = − 3 <0 4 z3 z1
6 =
5π π π 2 (1 + i 3 )
Q cos 6 = cos π − 6 = − cos 6 =
2
(1 + i 3 )
2. Imaginary axis z2 − z3 1 + i 3 π π
⇒ = = cos + i sin
z1 − z3 2 3 3
z
2 − z3 z − z π
z2 z'2 (7,6) ⇒ = 1 and arg 2 3
=
1
z − z3 z1 − z3 3
) 1
,2 Hence, the triangle is an equilateral.
(1
90° z 0 3 1 Alternate Solution
(6,2)
5 z1 − z3 1 − i 3
Real axis ∴ =
z2 − z3 2
z2 − z3 2 1 +i 3 π π
z2′ = (6 + 2 cos 45° , 5 + 2 sin 45° ) = (7, 6) = 7 + 6i ⇒ = = = cos + i sin
By rotation about (0, 0), z1 − z3 1 − i 3 2 3 3
iπ z2 − z3 π z2 − z3
z2
= ei π/ 2 ⇒ z2 = z2′ e 2 ⇒ arg = and also =1
z2′ z1 − z3 3 z1 − z3
π π Therefore, triangle is equilateral.
= (7 + 6i ) cos + i sin = (7 + 6i ) (i ) = − 6 + 7i
2 2
Complex Numbers 21
1 a − ibt 5π 5π cos 7π
7. Here, x + iy = × ∴ z2 = cos π + i sin π , cos + i sin ,
a + ibt a − ibt 6 6 6
a − ibt 7π
∴ x + iy = 2 + i sin
a + b2t 2 6
− 3 i − 3 i
Let a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 ⇒ z2 = − 1 , + , −
a − bt 2 2 2 2
∴ x= 2 and y = 2 2π 5π
a +bt 2 2
a + b2t 2 Thus, ∠z1Oz2 = , ,π
3 6
y − bt ay
⇒ = ⇒t = 9. z1 = 1 + i 3 = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) [let]
x a bx
a ⇒ r cos θ = 1, r sin θ = 3
On putting x = 2 , we get
a + b2t 2 ⇒ r = 2 and θ = π /3
So, z1 = 2 (cos π / 3 + sin π / 3)
a 2 y2
x a 2 + b2 ⋅ 2 2 = a ⇒ a 2(x2 + y2) = ax Since, |z2| = |z3| = 2 [given]
bx
Y-axis
x
or x2 + y2 − =0 … (i)
a
2 z1
1 1
x − + y =
2
or
2a 4a 2 z2
P (2, 0)
∴Option (a) is correct. X-axis
P (–1, 0) O
For a ≠ 0 and b = 0,
1 1
x + iy = ⇒ x = , y = 0
a a
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z3
⇒ z lies on X-axis.
Now, the triangle z1 , z2 and z3 being an equilateral and
∴ Option (c) is correct.
the sides z1z2 and z1z3 make an angle 2π / 3 at the centre.
1 1
For a = 0 and b ≠ 0, x + iy = ⇒ x = 0, y = − π 2π
ibt bt Therefore, ∠POz2 = + =π
3 3
⇒ z lies on Y-axis. π 2π 2π 5π
and ∠POz3 = + + =
∴ Option (d) is correct. 3 3 3 3
8. PLAN It is the simple representation of points on Argand plane and Therefore, z2 = 2 (cos π + i sin π ) = 2 (− 1 + 0) = − 2
to find the angle between the points. 5π 5π 1 3
π π nπ
n
nπ and z3 = 2 cos + i sin =2 − i =1 − i 3
Here, P = W = cos + i sin = cos
n
+ i sin 3 3 2 2
6 6 6 6
1
H 1 = z ∈ C : Re(z ) > Alternate Solution
2 Whenever vertices of an equilateral triangle having
nπ centroid is given its vertices are of the form z , zω , zω 2.
∴ P ∩ H 1 represents those points for which cos is + ve.
6 ∴ If one of the vertex is z1 = 1 + i 3 , then other two
Hence, it belongs to I or IV quadrant. vertices are (z1ω ), (z1ω 2).
π π 11π 11π (−1 + i 3 ) (−1 − i 3 )
⇒ z1 = P ∩ H 1 = cos + i sin or cos + i sin ⇒ (1 + i 3 ) , (1 + i 3 )
6 6 6 6 2 2
− (1 + 3) (1 + i 2( 3 )2 + 2i 3 )
∴ z1 =
3 i
+ or
3 i
− …(i) ⇒ ,−
2 2 2 2 2 2
(−2 + 2i 3 )
Similarly, z2 = P ∩ H 2 i.e. those points for which ⇒ −2 , − =1 − i 3
2
nπ
cos <0 ∴ z2 = − 2 and z3 = 1 − i 3
6
–√3 , 1
10. Given, D = (1 + i ), M = (2 − i )
—– — Z2 √3 , 1
Z1 —–
2 2 — and diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other.
2 2
Let B ≡ (a + ib), therefore
(–1, 0) Z2
a+1 b+1
O = 2, = −1
–√3 , –1 Z √3 –1 2 2
Z1 —– , —
—– — 2
2 2 2 2 ⇒ a + 1 = 4, b + 1 = − 2 ⇒ a = 3, b = − 3
⇒ B ≡ (3 − 3i )
22 Complex Numbers
A D (1+i ) 1 1
⇒ z3 = (2 − i ) ± i (2i − 1) = (2 − i ) ± (−2 − i )
2 2
M (4 − 2i − 2 − i ) 4 − 2i + 2 + i 3 i
= , = 1 − i, 3 −
(2−i ) 2 2 2 2
3 i
∴ A is either 1 − i or 3 − .
2 2
B C
⇒ x − 2y = 4 4 ± 16 − 4
⇒ a= =2 ± 3
⇒ x = 2y + 4 …(i) 2
5 5 If a + b = 1, 2 = a (1 − a ) + 1 ⇒ a − a + 1 = 0
2
Again, AM = ⇒ AM 2 =
1 ± 1 −4
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2 4
5 ⇒a= , but a and b ∈ R
⇒ (x − 2)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 2
4 ∴ Only solution when a=b
⇒ (2 y + 2) + ( y + 1) =
2 2 5
[from Eq. (i)] ⇒ a = b =2± 3
4 ⇒ a = b =2− 3 [Q a , b ∈ (0, 1)]
5 12. Here, centre of circle is (1, 0) is also the mid-point of
⇒ 5 y2 + 10 y + 5 =
4 diagonals of square
⇒ 20 y2 + 40 y + 15 = 0 Y
⇒ 4 y2 + 8 y + 3 = 0
⇒ (2 y + 1) (2 y + 3) = 0 z3
⇒ 2 y + 1 = 0,2 y + 3 = 0 z1(2, 3)
1 3
⇒ y=− , y=−
2 2 (1, 0)
X
On putting these values in Eq. (i), we get O z
0
1 3
x = 2 − + 4, x = 2 − + 4
2 2 z2 z4
⇒ x = 3, x = 1
i 3i
Therefore, A is either 3 − or 1 − .
2 2 z1 + z2
⇒ = z0
Alternate Solution 2
Since, M is the centre of rhombus. ⇒ z2 = − 3 i [where, z0 = 1 + 0 i ]
∴ By rotating D about M through an angle of ± π /2 , we z3 − 1
get possible position of A. and = e± iπ/ 2
z1 − 1
C B
π π
⇒ z3 = 1 + (1 + 3i ) ⋅ cos ± i sin [Q z1 = 2 + 3i ]
2 2
= 1 ± i (1 + 3i ) = (1 + 3 ) ± i = (1 − 3 ) + i
M
(2– i) z2 and z4 = (1 + 3 ) − i
D z1(1+i ) A (z3) 13. Let Q be z2 and its reflection be the point P (z1 ) in the
given line. If O (z ) be any point on the given line then by
z3 − (2 − i ) 1 z3 − (2 − i ) 1 definition OR is right bisector of QP.
⇒ = (± i ) ⇒ = (± i )
−1 + 2 i 2 −1 + 2 i 2 ∴ OP = OQ or |z − z1| = |z − z2|
Complex Numbers 23
z + iz
= b, 1 = b, 1 1 =c …(i) iz
λ λ λ
z − z2 z − z2 A
∴ z1b + z2b = z1 1 + z2 1 z
λ λ X′
O
X
zz − z2z2
= 1 =c [from Eq. (i)]
λ
Y′
14. Since, z1 + z2 = − p and z1z2 = q B (z2)
1 1 1
z1 |z1| Area of ∆ OAB = OA × OB = |z ||iz | = |z |2
Now, = (cos α + i sin α ) 2 2 2
z2 |z2|
z1 cos α + i sin α
⇒ = A (z1) 17. Since, z1 , z2 and origin form an equilateral triangle.
z2 1 O
[Q|z1|=|z2|] Q if z1 , z2, z3 from an equilateral triangle, then
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3 z1
z1 + z2 cos α + i sin α + 1
= ⇒ z12 + z22 + 02 = z1z2 + z2 ⋅ 0 + 0 ⋅ z1
z1 − z2 cos α + i sin α − 1
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2 cos 2(α /2) + 2i sin (α /2) cos (α /2) ⇒ z12 + z22 = z1z2
=
−2 sin 2(α /2) + 2i sin (α /2) cos (α /2) ⇒ z12 + z22 − z1z2 = 0
2 cos (α /2) [cos (α /2) + i sin (α /2)] 18. Since, z1 , z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral
=
2i sin (α /2)[cos (α /2) + i sin (α /2)] triangle.
cot (α /2) −p z + z2 + z3
= = − i cot α /2 ⇒ = − i cot (α /2) ∴ Circumcentre (z0 ) = Centroid 1 ...(i)
i z1 − z2 3
p2 Also, for equilateral triangle
On squaring both sides, we get = − cot2(α /2)
(z1 − z2)2 z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3 z1 ... (ii)
2 On squaring Eq. (i), we get
p
⇒ = − cot2(α /2)
(z1 + z2)2 − 4z1z2 9z02 = z12 + z22 + z32 + 2 (z1z2 + z2z3 + z3 z1 )
p2 ⇒ 9z02 = z12 + z22 + z32 + 2 (z12 + z22 + z32 ) [from Eq. (ii)]
⇒ = − cot2(α /2)
p − 4q
2
⇒ 3z02 = z12 + z22 + z32
⇒ p2 = − p2 cot2(α /2) + 4q cot2(α /2) kπ kπ
⇒ p (1 + cot α /2) = 4q cot2(α /2)
2 2 19. Given, α k = cos + i sin
7 7
⇒ p2 cosec2(α /2) = 4q cot2(α /2)
2 kπ 2 kπ
⇒ p2 = 4q cos 2 α /2 = cos + i sin
14 14
15. Since, triangle is a right angled isosceles triangle. ∴ α k are vertices of regular polygon having 14 sides.
∴ Rotating z2 about z3 in anti-clockwise direction
Let the side length of regular polygon be a.
through an angle of π / 2 , we get
z2 − z 3 | z 2 − z 3 | iπ / 2 A (z1) ∴ α k + 1 − α k = length of a side of the regular polygon
= e
z1 − z3 | z1 − z 3 | =a …(i)
where,|z2 − z3|= |z1 − z3| and α 4k−1 − α 4k− 2 = length of a side of the regular
⇒ (z2 − z3 ) = i (z1 − z3 ) B (z3) C (z2) polygon
=a …(ii)
12
On squaring both sides, we get
(z2 − z3 ) = − (z1 − z3 )
2 2 ∑ αk+1 −αk
k =1 12 (a )
∴ = =4
⇒ z22 + z32 − 2z2z3 = − z12 − z32 + 2z1z3 3
3 (a )
⇒ z12 + z22 − 2z1z2 = 2z1z3 + 2z2z3 − 2z32 − 2z1z2 ∑ α 4k−1 − α 4k− 2
k =1
24 Complex Numbers
coderguru.in
= ei( π / 2 + θ − θ ) = e i ( π / 2) = i µ =1 µ =1 µ =1
1 1 1 11. (1 + ω )7 = (1 + ω ) (1 + ω )6
7. Let ∆ = 1 −1 − ω ω 2
2
= (1 + ω ) (−ω 2)6 = 1 + ω
1 ω2 ω ⇒ A + Bω = 1 + ω
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 ; R3 → R3 − R1 ⇒ A = 1, B = 1
6
1 1 1 2 kπ 2 kπ
= 0 −2 − ω 2
ω −1
2 12. ∑ sin 7
− i cos
7
k =1
0 ω −1
2 ω −1 6
2 kπ 2 kπ
= (−2 − ω )(ω − 1) − (ω − 1)
2 2 2 = ∑ − i cos 7
+ i sin
7
k =1
= − 2ω + 2 − ω3 + ω 2 − (ω 4 − 2ω 2 + 1)
6 i2kπ
= 3 ω 2 − 3 ω = 3ω (ω − 1) [Q ω 4 = ω ] = − i ∑ e 7 = − i { ei2π / 7 + e i4 π / 7 + e i6π /7
z π k = 1
8. Since, arg 1 = + e i8π / 7 + e i10π / 7 + e i12π / 7 }
z2 2
z1 π π (1− ei12 π / 7 )
⇒ = cos + i sin = i = − i ei 2 π / 7
z2 2 2 1− ei 2 π / 7
z1n
∴ = (i )n ⇒ i n = 1 [Q|z2| = |z1| = 1] ei2π / 7 − ei14π / 7
z2n = −i i2π / 7 [Q e i14π /7= 1]
1−e
⇒ n = 4k
e i2π / 7 − 1
Alternate Solution = −i i2π / 7
=i
z π
B (z2)
1 − e
Since, arg 2 =
z1 2 13. (P) PLAN e iθ⋅ e iα
=e i( θ + α )
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π
z2 z2 i 2 π 2 kπ 2π
i ( k + j)
∴ = e 2 Given zk = e
i
10 ⇒ zk ⋅ z j = e 10
z1 z1 O A (z1)
z2 zk is 10th root of unity.
⇒ =i [Q|z1| = |z2| = 1]
z1 ⇒ zk will also be 10th root of unity.
z2
n
Taking, z j as zk, we have zk ⋅ z j = 1 (True)
⇒ =i
n
z1 e iθ
(Q) PLAN = e i( θ − α )
e iα i
2kπ
−
2π π
∴ z1 and z2 are nth roots of unity. z = zk / z1 = e 10
10
=e
i
5
( k − 1)
z1n = z2n = 1 π
n
z2 For k = 2; z = e
i
5 which is in the given set (False)
⇒ =1
z1
(R) PLAN
⇒ in = 1 (i)1 − cos 2 θ = 2 sin2 θ
⇒ n = 4k, where k is an integer. (ii)sin 2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ and
9. We know that, 5 −1
(i)cos 36° =
1 3 4
ω=− + i
2 2 5 + 1| 1 − z1 || 1 − z2 | K | 1 − z9 |
(ii)cos 108° =
334 365 4 10
1 i 3 1 i 3
∴ 4 + 5 − + + 3 − + 2 πk 2 πk
NOTE | 1 − zk | = 1 − cos − i sin
2 2 2 2 10 10
= 4 + 5 ω334 + 3 ω365 πk πk πk πk
= 2 sin sin − i cos = 2 sin
10 10 10 10
= 4 + 5 ⋅ (ω3 )111 ⋅ ω + 3 ⋅ (ω3 )121 ⋅ ω 2
Now, required product is
= 4 + 5 ω + 3 ω2 [Q ω3 = 1] π 2π 3π 8π 9π
29 sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin K sin ⋅ sin
= 1 + 3 + 2 ω + 3 ω + 3 ω2 10 10 10 10 10
= 1 + 2 ω + 3 (1 + ω + ω 2) = 1 + 2 ω + 3 × 0 10
2
[Q 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0] π 2π 3π 4π 5π
29 sin sin sin sin sin
= 1 + (−1 + 3i ) = 3i 10 10 10 10 10
=
10. (1 + ω − ω 2)7 = (− ω 2 − ω 2)7 [Q 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0] 10
2
π π 2π 2π
= (−2ω 2)7 = (−2)7ω14= − 128 ω 2 29 sin cos ⋅ sin cos ⋅1
10 10 10 10
=
10
26 Complex Numbers
z p + q − z p − zq + 1 = 0
2
1 π 1 2π 17. Given, …(i)
29 sin ⋅ sin
2 5 2 5 ⇒ (z − 1)(z − 1) = 0
p q
=
10 Since, α is root of Eq. (i), either α p − 1 = 0 or α q − 1 = 0
25 (sin 36°⋅ sin 72° )2
= αp −1 αq − 1
10 ⇒ Either = 0 or =0 [as α ≠ 1]
α −1 α −1
25
= 2 (2 sin 36° sin 72° )2 ⇒ Either 1 + α + α 2 + ... + α p − 1 = 0
2 × 10
or 1 + α + K + αq −1 = 0
22
= (cos 36° − cos 108° )2 But α p − 1 = 0 and α q − 1 = 0 cannot occur
5
2 simultaneously as p and q are distinct primes, so
2 2 5 − 1 5 + 1 22 5 neither p divides q nor q divides p, which is the
= + = ⋅ =1
5 4 4 5 4 requirement for 1 = α p = α q.
(S) Sum of nth roots of unity = 0 18. Since, 1, a1 , a 2, ... , a n − 1 are nth roots of unity.
1 + α + α + α + K+ α =0
2 3 9 ⇒ (xn − 1) = (x − 1) (x − a1 ) (x − a 2) .... (x − a n − 1 )
9 xn − 1
⇒ = (x − a1 ) (x − a 2) ..... (x − a n − 1 )
1+ ∑ αk = 0 x−1
k =1
9
⇒ xn − 1 + xn − 2 + ..... + x2 + x + 1
2 kπ 2 kπ = (x − a1 ) (x − a 2) ..... (x − a n − 1 )
1+ ∑ cos
10
+ i sin
10
=0
xn − 1
k =1 n −1
9 Q x − 1 = x + xn− 2 + ... + x + 1
2 kπ
1+ ∑ cos
10
=0
On putting x = 1 , we get 1 + 1 + ... n times
k =1
9
2 kπ = (1 − a1 ) (1 − a 2) ..... (1 − a n − 1 )
1− ∑ =2
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So, cos ⇒ (1 − a1 ) (1 − a 2)... (1 − a n − 1 ) = n
k =1
10
(P) → (i), (Q) → (ii), (R) → (iii), (S) → (iv) 19. Since, n is not a multiple of 3, but odd integers and
1 ω ω 2 x3 + x2 + x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, ω , ω 2
14. Let A = ω ω2 1 Now, when x = 0
ω 2
1 ω ⇒ (x + 1)n − xn − 1 = 1 − 0 − 1 = 0
∴ x = 0 is root of (x + 1)n − xn − 1
0 0 0
Again, when x = ω
Now, A = 0 0 0 and Tr ( A ) = 0, A = 0
2
⇒ (x + 1)n − xn − 1 = (1 + ω )n − ω n − 1= −ω 2n − ω n − 1 = 0
0 0 0 [as n is not a multiple of 3 and odd]
A3 = 0 Similarly, x = ω 2 is root of {( x + 1)n − xn − 1 }
z+1 ω ω2 Hence, x = 0, ω , ω 2 are the roots of (x + 1)n − xn − 1
⇒ ω z + ω2 1 = [ A + zl] = 0 Thus, x3 + x2 + x divides (x + 1)n − xn − 1 .
ω 2
1 z+ω 20. Since, α, β are the complex cube roots of unity.
⇒ z =0 3 ∴ We take α = ω and β = ω 2.
⇒ z = 0, the number of z satisfying the given equation Now, xyz = (a + b)(aα + bβ )(aβ + bα )
is 1. = (a + b)[a 2αβ + ab(α 2 + β 2) + b2αβ ]
15. Here, Tr = (r − 1) (r − ω ) (r − ω ) ] = (r − 1)2 3
= (a + b)[a 2(ω ⋅ ω 2) + ab(ω 2 + ω 4 ) + b2(ω ⋅ ω 2)]
n
n (n + 1)
2
= (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b2) [Q1 + ω + ω 2 = 0 and ω3 = 1]
∴ Sn = ∑ (r3 − 1)= 2
−n
= a3 + b3
r =1 2π
i
16. Since, cube root of unity are 1, ω , ω 2 given by 21. Priniting error = e 3
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(sin θ + 8)12 (sin θ + 8)12 of k is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
212
212 (a) 100 (b) 144
(c) (d) (c) −81 (d) −300
(sin θ − 4)12
(sin θ − 8)6
9. If 5, 5r , 5r 2 are the lengths of the sides of a triangle, then
2. Let p, q ∈R. If 2 − 3 is a root of the quadratic equation,
r cannot be equal to (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
x2 + px + q = 0, then (2019 Main, 9 April I) 5 7 3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) q 2 − 4 p − 16 = 0 4 4 2 4
(b) p2 − 4q − 12 = 0 10. The value of λ such that sum of the squares of the roots
(c) p2 − 4q + 12 = 0 of the quadratic equation, x2 + (3 − λ )x + 2 = λ has the
(d) q 2 + 4 p + 14 = 0 least value is (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
4 15
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) 2
3. If m is chosen in the quadratic equation 9 8
(m2 + 1)x2 − 3x + (m2 + 1)2 = 0 such that the sum of its
roots is greatest, then the absolute difference of the
11. The number of all possible positive integral values of α
for which the roots of the quadratic equation,
cubes of its roots is (2019 Main, 9 April II)
6x2 − 11x + α = 0 are rational numbers is
(a) 10 5 (b) 8 5 (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
(c) 8 3 (d) 4 3 (a) 5 (b) 2
4. If α and β are the roots of the equation x2 − 2x + 2 = 0, (c) 4 (d) 3
n
α 12. Let α and β be two roots of the equation x2 + 2x + 2 = 0,
then the least value of n for which = 1 is
β then α 15 + β15 is equal to (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
(a) 2 (b) 5 (2019 Main, 8 April I) (a) 256 t(b) 512
(c) 4 (d) 3 (c) −256 (d) −512
5. The number of integral values of m for which the 13. Let S = { x ∈ R : x ≥ 0 and 2| x − 3| + x ( x − 6) + 6 = 0 .
equation (1 + m2)x2 − 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0, has no Then, S (2018 Main)
real root is (2019 Main, 8 April II) (a) is an empty set
(a) 3 (b) infinitely many (b) contains exactly one element
(c) 1 (d) 2 (c) contains exactly two elements
6. The number of integral values of m for which the (d) contains exactly four elements
quadratic expression, (1 + 2m) x2 − 2(1 + 3m) 14. If α , β ∈C are the distinct roots of the equation
x + 4(1 + m), x ∈ R, is always positive, is x2 − x + 1 = 0, then α 101 + β107 is equal to (2018 Main)
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
(a) −1 (b) 0
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 7 (d) 3
(c) 1 (d) 2
28 Theory of Equations
15. For a positive integer n, if the quadratic equation, 24. If a , b, c are the sides of a triangle ABC such that
x(x + 1) + (x + 1) (x + 2) + ... + (x + n − 1) (x + n ) = 10n x2 − 2 (a + b + c) x + 3λ (ab + bc + ca ) = 0 has real roots,
has two consecutive integral solutions, then n is then (2006, 3M)
equal to
(c) λ ∈ , (d) λ ∈ ,
(2017 Main) 4 5 4 5 1 5
(a) λ < (b) λ >
(a) 12 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11 3 3 3 3 3 3
16. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the equation 25. If one root is square of the other root of the equation
2
+ 4 x − 60
(x2 − 5x + 5)x = 1 is (2016 Main) x2 + px + q = 0, then the relation between p and q is
(a) 3 (b) − 4 (c) 6 (d) 5 (a) p3 − q(3 p − 1) + q2 = 0 (2004, 1M)
π π (b) p3 − q(3 p + 1) + q2 = 0
17. Let − < θ < − . Suppose α 1 and β1 are the roots of the (c) p3 + q(3 p − 1) + q2 = 0
6 12
equation x2 − 2x secθ + 1 = 0 , and α 2 and β 2 are the roots (d) p3 + q(3 p + 1) + q2 = 0
of the equation x2 + 2x tan θ − 1 = 0. If α 1 > β1 and 26. The set of all real numbers x for which x2 − |x + 2| + x > 0
α 2 > β 2, then α 1 + β 2 equals (2016 Adv.) is (2002, 1M)
(a) 2(secθ − tan θ) (b) 2secθ (a) (− ∞ , − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ) (b) (− ∞ , − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞ )
(c) −2tanθ (d) 0 (c) (− ∞ , − 1) ∪ (1, ∞ ) (d) ( 2 , ∞ )
18. Let α and β be the roots of equation x2 − 6x − 2 = 0. If 27. The number of solutions of log 4 (x − 1) = log 2(x − 3) is
a − 2a 8
a n = α − β , for n ≥ 1, then the value of 10
n n
is (a) 3 (b) 1 (2001, 2M)
2a 9 (c) 2 (d) 0
(a) 6 (b) – 6 (2015 Main) 28. For the equation 3x2 + px + 3 = 0, p > 0, if one of the root
(c) 3 (d) – 3 is square of the other, then p is equal to (2000, 1M)
19. In the quadratic equation p(x) = 0 with real coefficients (a) 1 /3 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2 /3
has purely imaginary roots. Then, the equation 29. If α and β (α < β) are the roots of the equation
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p[ p(x)] = 0 has (2014 Adv.)
x2 + bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then (2000, 1M)
(a) only purely imaginary roots
(a) 0 < α < β (b) α < 0 < β < |α|
(b) all real roots
(c) two real and two purely imaginary roots (c) α < β < 0 (d) α < 0 < |α|< β
(d) neither real nor purely imaginary roots 30. The equation x + 1 − x − 1 = 4x − 1 has (1997C, 2M)
20. Let α and β be the roots of equation px2 + qx + r = 0, (a) no solution
1 1 (b) one solution
p ≠ 0. If p, q and r are in AP and + = 4, then the
α β (c) two solutions
value of|α − β|is (2014 Main) (d) more than two solutions
3 5
61 2 17 34 2 13 (log 2 x )2 + log 2 x −
(a) (b) (c) (d) 31. The equation x 4 4 = 2 has (1989; 2M)
9 9 9 9
(a) atleast one real solution
21. Let α and β be the roots of x2 − 6x − 2 = 0, with α > β. If (b) exactly three real solutions
a10 − 2a 8
a n = α n − β n for n ≥ 1 , then the value of is (c) exactly one irrational solution
2a 9 (d) complex roots
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (2011) 32. If α and β are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 and α 4 , β 4are
22. Let p and q be real numbers such that p ≠ 0, p ≠ q and 3
the roots of x2 − rx + s = 0, then the equation
p ≠ − q. If α and β are non-zero complex numbers
3
x2 − 4qx + 2q2 − r = 0 has always (1989, 2M)
satisfying α + β = − p and α 3 + β3 = q, then a quadratic (a) two real roots
α β (b) two positive roots
equation having and as its roots is (2010)
β α (c) two negative roots
(a) ( p3 + q) x2 − ( p3 + 2q) x + ( p3 + q) = 0 (d) one positive and one negative root
(b) ( p3 + q) x2 − ( p3 − 2q) x + ( p3 + q) = 0 2 2
( p3 − q) x2 − (5 p3 − 2q) x + ( p3 − q) = 0
33. The equation x − =1 − has
(c) x−1 x−1 (1984, 2M)
(d) ( p3 − q) x2 − (5 p3 + 2q) x + ( p3 − q) = 0
(a) no root (b) one root
23. Let α, β be the roots of the equation x2 − px + r = 0 and (c) two equal roots (d) infinitely many roots
α (x − a )(x − b)
, 2 β be the roots of the equation x2 − qx + r = 0 . Then, 34. For real x, the function will assume all real
2 (x − c)
the value of r is (2007, 3M)
2 2 values provided (1984, 3M)
(a) ( p − q) (2q − p ) (b) (q − p ) (2 p − q) (a) a > b > c (b) a < b < c
9 9
2 2 (c) a > c < b (d) a ≤ c ≤ b
(c) (q − 2 p ) (2q − p ) (d) (2 p − q) (2q − p )
9 9
Theory of Equations 29
35. The number of real solutions of the equation Analytical & Descriptive Questions
|x|2−3|x| + 2 = 0 is (1982, 1M)
(a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2 45. If x2 − 10ax − 11b = 0 have roots c and d. x2 − 10cx − 11d = 0
have roots a and b, then find a + b + c + d. (2006, 6M)
36. Both the roots of the equation
(x − b) (x − c) + (x − a ) (x − c) + (x − a ) (x − b) = 0 46. If α , β are the roots of ax + bx + c = 0, (a ≠ 0) and
2
coderguru.in
51. For a ≤ 0, determine all real roots of the equation
Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I x2 − 2a|x − a|− 3a 2 = 0 (1986, 5M)
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false 2
−3 2
−3
52. Solve for x : (5 + 2 6 )x + (5 − 2 6 )x = 10 (1985, 5M)
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
38. Let a , b, c, p, q be the real numbers. Suppose α , β are the 53. If one root of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 is 2
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Then the roots of the equation (x − α ) (x − β ) + c = 0 are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. Express the
(a) a , c (b) b , c (c) a , b (d) a + c, b + c (1992, 2M) roots of a3 x2 + abcx + c3 = 0 in terms of α , β. (2001, 4M)
= 0, c ≠ 5. Let S be the set of all integral values of c for 6. If b > a, then the equation (x − a ) (x − b) − 1 = 0 has
which one root of the equation lies in the interval (0, 2) (a) both roots in (a , b) (2000, 1M)
and its other root lies in the interval (2, 3). Then, the (b) both roots in ( − ∞ , a )
number of elements in S is (2019 Main, 10 Jan I) (c) both roots in (b, + ∞ )
(a) 11 (b) 10 (d) one root in (−∞ , a ) and the other in (b, ∞ )
(c) 12 (d) 18 7. If the roots of the equation x2 − 2ax + a 2 + a − 3 = 0 are
3. If both the roots of the quadratic equation real and less than 3, then (1999, 2M)
x2 − mx + 4 = 0 are real and distinct and they lie in the (a) a < 2 (b) 2 ≤ a ≤ 3 (c) 3 < a ≤ 4 (d) a> 4
interval [1, 5] then m lies in the interval
(2019 Main, 9 Jan II) 8. Let f (x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for
(a) (4, 5) (b) (−5, − 4) all real values of x.If g (x) = f (x) + f ′ (x) + f ′ ′ (x), then for
(c) (5, 6) (d) (3, 4) any real x (1990, 2M)
(a) g (x) < 0 (b) g (x) > 0 (c) g (x) = 0 (d) g (x) ≥ 0
Theory of Equations 31
Analytical & Descriptive Questions 11. Find all real values of x which satisfy x2 − 3x + 2 > 0 and
x2 − 2x − 4 ≤ 0. (1983, 2M)
9. If x2 + (a − b)x + (1 − a − b) = 0 where a , b ∈ R, then find
the values of a for which equation has unequal real roots Integer Answer Type Question
for all values of b. (2003, 4M)
12. The smallest value of k, for which both the roots of the
10. Let a , b, c be real. If ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two real roots α equation x2 − 8kx + 16 (k2 − k + 1) = 0 are real, distinct
and β, where α < − 1 and β > 1, then show that and have values atleast 4, is …… . (2009)
1 + + < 0
c b
a a (1995, 5M)
coderguru.in
(2015 Adv.)
(a) – , –
1
(b) – , 0 (c) 0,
3. The sum of the solutions of the equation 1 1 1 1 , 1
(d)
2 5 5 5 5 2
| x − 2| + x ( x − 4) + 2 = 0 (x > 0) is equal to
(2019 Main, 8 April I) 10. Let a ∈ R and f : R → R be given by f (x) = x5 − 5x + a.
(a) 9 (b) 12 Then,
(c) 4 (d) 10 (a) f (x) has three real roots, if a > 4
4. The real number k for which the equation, (b) f (x) has only one real root, if a > 4
2x3 + 3x + k = 0 has two distinct real roots in [0, 1] (c) f (x) has three real roots, if a < − 4
(2013 Main) (d) f (x) has three real roots, if −4 < a < 4
(a) lies between 1 and 2 (b) lies between 2 and 3
(c) lies between − 1and 0 (d) does not exist Passage Based Problems
5. Let a , b, c be real numbers, a ≠ 0. If α is a root of Read the following passage and answer the questions.
a 2x2 + bx + c = 0, β is the root of a 2x2 − bx − c = 0 and Passage I
0 < α < β, then the equation a 2x2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 has a root
γ that always satisfies (1989, 2M) Consider the polynomial f ( x ) = 1 + 2x + 3x 2+ 4x3 . Let s be
α+β β the sum of all distinct real roots of f ( x ) and let t =| s|.
(a) γ = (b) γ = α +
2 2 (2010)
(c) γ = α (d) α < γ < β 11. The real numbers s lies in the interval
6. If a + b + c = 0, then the quadratic equation (a) − , 0
1
(b) − 11, − (c) − , −
3 3 1
(d) 0,
1
3ax + 2bx + c = 0 has
2
(1983, 1M) 4 4 4 2 4
(a) at least one root in (0, 1) 12. The area bounded by the curve y = f (x) and the lines
(b) one root in (2, 3) and the other in (−2, − 1) x = 0, y = 0 and x = t , lies in the interval
(c) imaginary roots
(a) , 3 (b) , (d) 0,
3 21 11 21
(c) (9, 10)
(d) None of the above 4 64 16 64
7. The largest interval for which 13. The function f ′ (x) is
x12 − x9 + x4 − x + 1 > 0 is
(a) increasing in − t, − and decreasing in − , t
(1982, 2M) 1 1
(a) −4 < x ≤ 0 (b) 0 < x < 1 4 4
(c) −100 < x < 100 (d) −∞ < x < ∞
(b) decreasing in − t, − and increasing in − , t
1 1
8. Let a , b, c be non-zero real numbers such that 4 4
1 (c) increasing in (−t , t )
∫0 (1 + cos x)(ax2 + bx + c)dx
8
(1981, 2M)
(d) decreasing in (−t , t )
2
= ∫ (1 + cos 8 x)(ax2 + bx + c)dx
0
32 Theory of Equations
Passage II 16. For k > 0, the set of all values of k for which kex − x = 0
If a continuous function f defined on the real line R, has two distinct roots, is
(a) 0, (b) , 1
assumes positive and negative values in R, then the 1 1
equation f ( x ) = 0 has a root in R. For example, if it is e e
known that a continuous function f on R is positive at some (c) , ∞
1
(d) (0, 1)
point and its minimum values is negative, then the e
equation f ( x ) = 0 has a root in R. Consider f ( x ) = kex − x for
all real x where k is real constant. (2007, 4M) True/False
14. The line y = x meets y = ke for k ≤ 0 at
x 17. If a < b < c < d, then the roots of the equation (x − a )
(a) no point (b) one point (x − c) + 2 (x − b) (x − d ) = 0 are real and distinct.
(c) two points (d) more than two points (1984, 1M)
Answers
Topic 1
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c)
Topic 2
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d)
9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (c) 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (–1)
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13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 5. False
17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (d) Topic 3
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (a) 1. (c) 2. x = α 2β, αβ 2
25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c)
Topic 4
29. (b) 30. (a) 31. (b) 32. (a)
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a)
33. (a) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (c)
37. (b) 38. (b) 39. 4 40. k = 2
5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b)
9. a > 1 11. x ∈ [1 − 5, 1 ) ∪ [1 + 5, 2 ) 12. k = 2
41. ( −4, 7 ) 42. –5050 43. True 44. False
45. 1210 48. y ∈ { −1 } ∪ [1, ∞ ) Topic 5
2 1 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d)
49. x ∈ ( −2, − 1 ) ∪ − , − 50. −4 and ( − 1 − 3 )
3 2 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b)
51. x = {a (1 − 2 ), a ( 6 − 1 )} 52. ±2, ± 2 9. (a,d) 10. (b, d) 11. (c) 12. (a)
54. (q − s ) 2 − rqp − rsp + sp 2 + qr 2 55. x = a −1/2 or a − 4 /3 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (a)
1
56. q − p
2 2
57. (d) 58. (d) 17. True 18. x = cos cos−1 p
3
Hints & Solutions
Topic 1 Quadratic Equations ⇒ (x − 1)2 = − 1
1. Given quadratic equation is ⇒ x−1 = ± i [where i = −1]
π ⇒ x = (1 + i ) or (1 − i )
x2 + x sin θ − 2 sin θ = 0, θ ∈ 0,
2 Clearly, if α = 1 + i, then β = 1 − i
n
and its roots are α and β. α
According to the question = 1
So, sum of roots = α + β = − sin θ β
n
and product of roots = αβ = − 2 sin θ 1 + i
⇒ =1
⇒ αβ = 2(α + β ) …(i) 1 − i
α 12 + β12 n
Now, the given expression is −12 (1 + i )(1 + i )
(α + β −12)(α − β)24 ⇒ =1 [by rationalization]
(1 − i )(1 + i )
α +β12 12
α +β 12 12
n
= = 12 1 + i 2 + 2i 2i
n
1 1 24 β + α 12 ⇒ =1⇒ =1⇒ i =1
n
12 + 12 (α − β) 12 12 (α − β)24 1 − i2 2
α β α β
So, minimum value of n is 4. [Q i 4 = 1]
12 12
αβ αβ
= 2
= Key Idea
(α − β ) (α + β ) 2
− 4αβ 5.
(i) First convert the given equation in quadratic equation.
12 (ii) Use, Discriminant, D = b 2 − 4 ac < 0
2(α + β)
= [from Eq. (i)]
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(α + β ) 2
− 8 (α + β) Given quadratic equation is
2
12
2
12
(1 + m2)x2 − 2(1 + 3m)x + (1 + 8m) = 0 …(i)
= = [Q α + β = − sin θ] Now, discriminant
(α + β ) − 8 − sin θ − 8
D = [−2(1 + 3m)]2 − 4(1 + m2)(1 + 8m)
212
= = 4 [(1 + 3m)2 − (1 + m2)(1 + 8m)]
(sin θ + 8)12
= 4 [1 + 9m2 + 6m − (1 + 8m + m2 + 8m3 )]
2. Given quadratic equation is x2 + px + q = 0, where = 4 [−8m3 + 8m2 − 2m]
p, q ∈R having one root 2 − 3 , then other root is 2 + 3 = − 8m(4m2 − 4m + 1) = − 8m(2m − 1)2
(conjugate of 2 − 3 ) [Q irrational roots of a quadratic
equation always occurs in pairs] According to the question there is no solution of the
quadratic Eq. (i), then
So, sum of roots = − p = 4 ⇒ p = −4
and product of roots = q = 4 − 3 ⇒ q = 1 D <0
Now, from options p2 − 4q − 12 = 16 − 4 − 12 = 0 ∴ −8m(2m − 1)2 < 0 ⇒ m > 0
So, there are infinitely many values of ‘m’ for which,
3. Given quadratic equation is
there is no solution of the given quadratic equation.
(m2 + 1)x2 − 3x + (m2 + 1)2 = 0 …(i)
6. The quadratic expression
Let the roots of quadratic Eq. (i) are α and β, so ax2 + bx + c, x ∈ R is always positive,
3
α+β= 2 and αβ = m2 + 1 if a > 0 and D < 0.
m +1
So, the quadratic expression
According to the question, the sum of roots is greatest (1 + 2m) x2 − 2 (1 + 3m)x + 4(1 + m), x ∈ R will be
and it is possible only when ‘‘(m2 + 1) is minimum’’ and
‘‘minimum value of m2 + 1 = 1, when m = 0’’. always positive, if 1 + 2m > 0 …(i)
∴α + β = 3 and αβ = 1, as m = 0 and D = 4(1 + 3m)2 − 4(2m + 1) 4(1 + m) < 0 …(ii)
Now, the absolute difference of the cubes of roots From inequality Eq. (i), we get
= |α 3 − β3| 1
m>− …(iii)
= |α − β||α 2 + β 2 + αβ| 2
= (α + β )2 − 4αβ |(α + β )2 − αβ| From inequality Eq. (ii), we get
1 + 9m2 + 6m − 4 (2m2 + 3m + 1) < 0
= 9 − 4 |9 − 1|= 8 5
⇒ m2 − 6m − 3 < 0
4. Given, α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation, ⇒ [m − (3 + 12 )][m − (3 − 12 )] < 0
x2 − 2x + 2 = 0 6 ± 36 + 12
[Q m2 − 6m − 3 = 0 ⇒ m = = 3 ± 12]
⇒ (x − 1)2 + 1 = 0 2
34 Theory of Equations
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⇒ r − r + 1 >0
2
81x2 + kx + 256 = 0 2 2
1 1 1
Let one root be α, then other is α 3 . ⇒ r2 − 2 ⋅ r + + 1 − > 0
2 2 2
k 256
Now, α + α 3 = − and α ⋅ α 3 = 2
81 81 1 3
⇒ r − + > 0
b 2 4
[Q for ax2 + bx + c = 0, sum of roots = −
a ⇒ r ∈R … (iii)
c
and product of roots = ] From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
a
−1 + 5 1 + 5
4
4
4 r ∈ ,
⇒ α4 = ⇒α = ± 2 2
3 3
∴ k = − 81 (α + α 3 )
= − 81 α (1 + α 2) –∞ –1– √ 5 ∞
1– √ 5 –1+ √ 5 1+ √ 5
4 16
= − 81 ± 1 + = ± 300 2 2 2 2
3 9
7
and is the only value that does not satisfy.
9. Let a = 5, b = 5r and c = 5r 2 4
We know that, in a triangle sum of 2 sides is always 10. Given quadratic equation is
greater than the third side. x2 + (3 − λ )x + 2 = λ
∴ a + b > c; b + c > a and c + a > b x2 + (3 − λ )x + (2 − λ ) = 0 … (i)
Now, a+ b>c Let Eq. (i) has roots α and β, then α + β = λ − 3 and
⇒ 5 + 5r > 5r 2 ⇒ 5r 2 − 5r − 5 < 0 αβ = 2 − λ
⇒ r − r −1 <0
2 b
[Q For ax2 + bx + c = 0, sum of roots = −
1 − 5 1 + 5 a
⇒ r − r − <0 c
and product of roots = ]
2 2 a
[Q roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are given by Now, α 2 + β 2 = (α + β )2 − 2αβ
− b ± b2 − 4ac = (λ − 3)2 − 2(2 − λ )
x= and r 2 − r − 1 = 0 = λ2 − 6λ + 9 − 4 + 2λ
2a
= λ2 − 4λ + 5 = (λ2 − 4λ + 4) +1
1± 1+4 1± 5
⇒r = = ] = (λ − 2)2 + 1
2 2
Clearly, a + β 2 will be least when λ = 2.
2
Theory of Equations 35
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∴ Let α = − ω and β = − ω 2
Let α = − 1 + i and β = − 1 − i.
⇒ α 101 + β107 = (− ω )101 + (− ω 2)107 = − (ω101 + ω 214 )
Then, α 15 + β15 = (−1 + i )15 + (− 1 − i )15 = − (ω 2 + ω ) [Q ω3 = 1]
= − [(1 − i )15 + (1 + i )15 ] = − (−1) [Q1 + ω + ω 2 = 0]
=1
i
15 15
1 i 1
= − 2 − + 2 +
2 2 2 2 15. Given quadratic equation is
x(x + 1) + (x + 1)(x + 2) + ... + (x + n − 1) (x + n ) =10n
π π
15
2 cos − i sin ⇒ (x2 + x2 + ... + x2) + [(1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n − 1)]x
4 + [(1 ⋅ 2 + 2 ⋅ 3 + ... + (n − 1)n ] = 10n
= − 4
15
π π n (n 2 − 1)
+ 2 cos + i sin ⇒ nx + n x +
2 2
− 10n = 0
4 4 3
n −1
2
15π 15π 15π 15π ⇒ x2 + nx + − 10 = 0
= − ( 2 )15 cos − i sin + cos + i sin 3
4 4 4 4
⇒ 3x2 + 3nx + n 2 − 31 = 0
[using De’ Moivre’s theorem
Let α and β be the roots.
(cos θ ± i sin θ )n = cos nθ ± i sin nθ, n ∈ Z ]
Since, α and β are consecutive.
15π 1
= − ( 2 )15 2 cos = − ( 2 )15 2 × ∴ |α − β| = 1 ⇒ (α − β )2 = 1
4 2
Again, (α − β ) = (α + β ) − 4αβ
2 2
15π π π 1
− 3n
2
n 2 − 31
Q cos 4 = cos 4π − 4 = cos 4 = 2 ⇒ 1= − 4
3 3
= − ( 2 )16 = − 28 = − 256. 4
⇒ 1 = n 2 − (n 2 − 31) ⇒ 3 = 3n 2 − 4n 2 + 124
Alternate Method 3
α 15 + β15 = (−1 + i )15 + (−1 − i )15 ⇒ n 2 = 121 ⇒ n = ± 11
= − [(1 − i )15 + (1 + i )15 ] ∴ n = 11 [Qn > 0]
(1 − i )16 (1 + i )16 16. Given, (x2 − 5x + 5)x
2
+ 4 x − 60
=1
=− +
1−i 1 + i
Clearly, this is possible when
[(1 − i )2]8 [(1 + i )2]8 I. x2 + 4x − 60 = 0 and x2 − 5x + 5 ≠ 0
=− +
1−i 1 + i or
II. x2 − 5x + 5 = 1
36 Theory of Equations
or Now, consider
III. x2 − 5x + 5 = − 1 and x2 + 4x − 60 = Even integer. a10 − 2a 8 α 10 − β10 − 2(α 8 − β 8 )
=
Case I When x2 + 4x − 60 = 0 2a 9 2(α 9 − α 9 )
⇒ x2 + 10x − 6x − 60 = 0
α 8 (α 2 − 2) − β 8 (β 2 − 2)
⇒ x(x + 10) − 6(x + 10) = 0 =
2(α 9 − β 9 )
⇒ (x + 10) (x − 6) = 0
⇒ x = − 10or x = 6 α 8 ⋅ 6 α − β 86 β 6 α 9 − 6 β 9 6
= = = =3
Note that, for these two values of x, x2 − 5x + 5 ≠ 0 2(α 9 − β 9 ) 2(α 9 − 6 β 9 ) 2
Case II When x2 − 5x + 5 = 1 Q α and β are the roots of
⇒ x2 − 5x + 4 = 0 x2 − 6x − 2 = 0 or x2 = 6x + 2
⇒ x2 − 4x − x + 4 = 0 ⇒ α2 = 6 α + 2 ⇒ α2 − 2 = 6 α
and β = 6 β + 2 ⇒ β − 2 = 6 β
2 2
⇒ x(x − 4) − 1 (x − 4) = 0
⇒ (x − 4) (x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 4or x = 1 Alternate Solution
Case III When x2 − 5x + 5 = − 1 Since, α and β are the roots of the equation
⇒ x2 − 5x + 6 = 0 x2 − 6x − 2 = 0.
⇒ x − 2x − 3x + 6 = 0
2
or x2 = 6x + 2
⇒ x(x − 2) − 3(x − 2) = 0
∴ α 2 = 6α + 2
⇒ (x − 2) (x − 3) = 0
⇒ α 10 = 6 α 9 + 2 α 8 ...(i)
⇒ x = 2 or x = 3
Similarly, β 10
=6β + 2β
9 8
…(ii)
Now, when x = 2, x2 + 4x − 60 = 4 + 8 − 60 = − 48, which is
an even integer. On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
When x = 3, x2 + 4x − 60 = 9 + 12 − 60 = − 39, which is not α 10 − β10 = 6(α 9 − β 9 ) + 2(α 8 − β 8 ) (Q a n = α n − β n)
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an even integer. ⇒ a10 = 6a 9 + 2a 8
Thus, in this case, we get x = 2. a − 2a 8
⇒ a10 − 2a 8 = 6a 9 ⇒ 10 =3
2a 9
Hence, the sum of all real values of
x = − 10 + 6 + 4 + 1 + 2 = 3 19. If quadratic equation has purely imaginary roots, then
coefficient of x must be equal to zero.
17. Here, x − 2x secθ + 1 = 0 has roots α 1 and β1.
2
Let p(x) = ax2 + b with a, b of same sign and a , b ∈ R.
2 sec θ ± 4 sec2 θ − 4
∴ α 1 , β1 = Then, p[ p(x)] = a (ax2 + b)2 + b
2 ×1
p(x) has imaginary roots say ix.
2 sec θ ± 2|tan θ|
= Then, also ax2 + b ∈ R and (ax2 + b)2 > 0
2
π π ∴ a (ax2 + b)2 + b ≠ 0, ∀ x
Since, θ ∈ − ,− ,
6 12 Thus, p [ p(x)] ≠ 0, ∀ x
2 sec θ m 2 tan θ
i.e. θ ∈ IV quadrant = 20. PLAN If ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has roots α and β, then α + β = − b / a
2 c
∴ α 1 = sec θ − tan θ and β1 = sec θ + tan θ [as α 1 > β1] and α β = . Find the values of α + β and αβ and then put
a
and x2 + 2x tan θ − 1 = 0 has roots α 2 and β 2 . in (α − β )2 = (α + β )2 − 4αβ to get required value.
−2 tan θ ± 4 tan 2 θ + 4 Given, α and β are roots of px2 + qx + r = 0, p ≠ 0.
i.e. α 2, β 2 =
2 −q r
∴ α+β= , αβ = …(i)
∴ α 2 = − tan θ + sec θ p p
and β 2 = − tan θ − sec θ [as α 2 > β 2] Since, p, q and r are in AP.
Thus, α 1 + β 2 = −2 tan θ ∴ 2q = p + r ...(ii)
18. Given, α and β are the roots of the equation 1 1 α+β
Also, + =4 ⇒ =4
x2 − 6x − 2 = 0. α β αβ
∴ a n = α n − β n for n ≥ 1 −q 4r
⇒ α + β = 4 αβ ⇒ = [from Eq. (i)]
p p
a10 = α 10 − β10
⇒ q = − 4r
a 8 = α 8 − β8
On putting the value of q in Eq. (ii), we get
a 9 = α 9 − β9
⇒ 2 (−4r ) = p + r ⇒ p = − 9r
Theory of Equations 37
−q 4r 4r 4 ⇒ b2 + c2 − a 2< 2bc
Now, α+β= = = =−
p p −9 r 9 Similarly, c2+ a 2 − b2 < 2ca
r r 1 a 2 + b2 − c2 < 2ab
and αβ = = = and
p −9 r −9
⇒ a 2 + b2 + c2 < 2 (ab + bc + ca )
16 4 16 + 36
∴ (α − β )2 = (α + β )2 − 4 αβ = + = a 2 + b2 + c2
81 9 81 ⇒ <2 …(ii)
52 ab + bc + ca
⇒ (α − β ) =
2
81 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 4
⇒ |α − β| = 13 3λ − 2 < 2 ⇒ λ<
9 3
a10 − 2a 8 (α 10 − β10 ) − 2 (α 8 − β 8 ) 25. Let the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 be α and α 2.
21. =
2a 9 2 (α 9 − β 9 ) ⇒ α + α2 = − p and α 3 = q
α (α − 2) − β (β − 2)
8 2 8 2
⇒ α (α + 1) = − p
=
2(α 9 − β 9 ) ⇒ α 3 {α 3 + 1 + 3α (α + 1)} = − p3 [cubing both sides]
Qα is root of x − 6 x − 2 = 0 ⇒ α − 2 = 6α
2 2
⇒ q (q + 1 − 3 p) = − p 3
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Given, α + β = − p and α 3 + β3 = q
⇒ x ∈ [−2, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , ∞ ) …(ii)
⇒ (α + β ) (α 2 − αβ + β 2) = q
Case II When x + 2 < 0
−q
∴ α 2 + β 2 − αβ = ...(i) ∴ x2 + x + 2 + x > 0
p
and (α + β )2 = p2 ⇒ x2 + 2x + 2 > 0
⇒ ( p + q) x − ( p − 2q) x + ( p + q) = 0
3 2 3 3 27. Given, log 4 (x − 1) = log 2(x − 3) = log 41/ 2 (x − 3)
23. The equation x − px + r = 0 has roots α, β and the
2
⇒ log 4 (x − 1) = 2 log 4 (x − 3)
α ⇒ log 4 (x − 1) = log 4 (x − 3)2
equation x − qx + r = 0 has roots , 2 β .
2
2
⇒ (x − 3)2 = x − 1
⇒ r = αβ and α + β = p,
⇒ x2 + 9 − 6x = x − 1
α 2q − p 2 (2 p − q)
and + 2β = q ⇒ β = and α = ⇒ x − 7x + 10 = 0
2
2 3 3
2 ⇒ (x − 2)(x − 5) = 0
⇒ αβ = r = (2q − p) (2 p − q) ⇒ x = 2, or x = 5
9
⇒ x = 5 [Q x = 2 makes log (x − 3) undefined].
24. Since, roots are real, therefore D ≥ 0
Hence, one solution exists.
⇒ 4 (a + b + c)2 − 12λ (ab + bc + ca ) ≥ 0
28. Let α , α 2 be the roots of 3x2 + px + 3 = 0
⇒ (a + b + c)2 ≥ 3λ (ab + bc + ca )
Now, S = α + α 2 = − p /3,
⇒ a 2 + b2 + c2 ≥ (ab + bc + ca ) (3λ − 2)
a 2 + b2+ c2 P = α3 = 1
⇒ 3λ − 2 ≤ …(i) ⇒ α = 1, ω , ω 2
ab + bc + ca
Now, α + α 2 = − p/3
b2 + c2 − a 2
Also, cos A = <1 ⇒ ω + ω 2 = − p/3
2bc
38 Theory of Equations
⇒ − 1 = − p/3 x2 − (a + b)x + ab
34. Let y =
⇒ p=3 x−c
⇒ yx − cy = x2 − (a + b)x + ab
29. Given, c<0 < b
⇒ x2 − (a + b + y)x + (ab + cy) = 0
Since, α + β = −b …(i)
For real roots, D ≥ 0
and αβ = c …(ii)
⇒ (a + b + y)2 − 4(ab + cy) ≥ 0
From Eq. (ii), c < 0 ⇒ α β < 0
⇒ (a + b)2 + y2 + 2(a + b) y − 4ab − 4cy ≥ 0
⇒ Either α is –ve, β is −ve or α is + ve, β is – ve.
⇒ y2 + 2(a + b − 2c) y + (a − b)2 ≥ 0
From Eq. (i), b > 0 ⇒ − b < 0 ⇒ α + β < 0 ⇒ the sum is
negative. which is true for all real values of y.
⇒ Modulus of negative quantity is > modulus of positive ∴ D ≤0
quantity but α < β is given. 4 (a + b − 2c) − 4 (a − b)2 ≤ 0
2
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5
⇒ 4x = 5 ⇒ x =
4 Hence, four real solutions exist.
But it does not satisfy the given equation. 36. (x − a ) (x − b) + (x − b) (x − c) + (x − c) (x − a ) = 0
Hence, no solution exists. ⇒ 3x2 − 2 (a + b + c) x + (ab + bc + ca ) = 0
3
(log 2 x )2 + log 2 x −
5 Now, discriminant = 4 (a + b + c)2 − 12 (ab + bc + ca )
31. Given, x 4 4 = 2 = 4 { a 2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca }
3 5 = 2 {(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a )2}
⇒ (log 2 x)2 + log 2 x − = log x 2
4 4 which is always positive.
3 5 1 Hence, both roots are real.
⇒ (log 2 x)2 + log 2 x − =
4 4 2 log 2 x
37. Since, a , b, c > 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0
⇒ 3(log 2 x) + 4(log 2 x) − 5(log 2 x) − 2 = 0
3 2
−b b2 − 4ac
Put log 2 x = y ⇒ x= ±
∴ 3 y3 + 4 y2 − 5 y − 2 = 0 2a 2a
⇒ ( y − 1) ( y + 2) (3 y + 1) = 0 Case I When b2 − 4ac > 0
⇒ y = 1, −2 , −1 / 3 b2 − 4ac
−b
⇒ log 2 x = 1, − 2, − 1 / 3 ⇒ x= −
1 1 2a 2a
⇒ x = 2, 1/3 ,
2 4 −b b2 − 4ac
and + both roots, are negative.
32. Since, α , β are the roots of x + px + q = 0 and α , β are
2 4 4 2a 2a
the roots of x2 − rx + s = 0. Case II When b2 − 4ac = 0
⇒ α + β = − p ; α β = q; α 4 + β 4 = r and α 4β 4 = s −b
⇒ x= , i.e. both roots are equal and negative
Let roots of x2 − 4qx + (2q2 − r ) = 0 be α ′ and β′ 2a
Now, α ′ β ′ = (2q2 − r ) = 2 (αβ )2 − (α 4 + β 4 ) Case III When b2 − 4ac < 0
= − (α 4 + β 4 − 2α 2β 2) = − (α 2 − β 2)2 < 0 −b 4ac − b2
⇒ x= ±i
⇒ Roots are real and of opposite sign. 2a 2a
2 2 have negative real part.
33. Given, x − =1 − ⇒ x=1
x−1 x−1 ∴ From above discussion, both roots have negative real
But at x = 1, the given equation is not defined. parts.
Hence, no solution exist.
Theory of Equations 39
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2
= − (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 100)
1 100
Since, pa ≠ b ⇒ α + ≠α +β =− (1 + 100) = −50(101) = −5050
β 2
⇒ β 2 ≠ 1, β ≠ { −1, 0, 1}, which is correct. 43. P (x) ⋅ Q (x) = (ax2 + bx + c) (−ax2 + bx + c)
Similarly, if c ≠ qa
Now, D1 = b2 − 4ac and D2 = b2 + 4ac
α 1
⇒ a ≠ a α β ⇒ α β − ≠ 0 Clearly, D1 + D2 = 2b2 ≥ 0
β β
∴ Atleast one of D1 and D2 is (+ ve). Hence, atleast two
1
⇒ α ≠ 0 and β − ≠0 real roots.
β
Hence, statement is true.
⇒ β ≠ { −1 , 0 , 1 }
44. Given, 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
Statement II is true.
Here, D = (3)2 − 4 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 = 1 which is a perfect square.
Both Statement I and Statement II are true. But
Statement II does not explain Statement I. ∴ Roots are rational.
Hence, statement is false.
39. Given,|x − 2|2 + |x − 2| − 2 = 0
45. Here, a + b = 10c and c + d = 10a
Case I When x ≥ 2
⇒ (x − 2)2 + (x − 2) − 2 = 0 ⇒ (a − c) + (b − d ) = 10 (c − a )
⇒ x + 4 − 4x + x − 2 − 2 = 0
2 ⇒ (b − d ) = 11 (c − a ) …(i)
⇒ x − 3x = 0
2 Since, ‘c’ is the root of x2 − 10ax − 11b = 0
⇒ x (x − 3) = 0 ⇒ c2 − 10ac − 11b = 0 …(ii)
⇒ (x − 2) − x + 2 − 2 = 0
2 (c2 − a 2) = 11 (b − d ) …(iv)
⇒ x − 4x − (x − 4) = 0
2 ⇒ c + a = 121
⇒ x(x − 4) − 1 (x − 4) = 0 ∴ a + b + c + d = 10c + 10a
⇒ (x − 1) (x − 4) = 0 = 10 (c + a ) = 1210
40 Theory of Equations
b c − (3x + 2)
46. Since, α + β = − , αβ = ⇒ > 0 ; using number line rule
a a (2x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 2)
B C
and α+δ+β+δ=− , (α + δ ) (β + δ ) = – + – + –
A A
–2 –1 – 2 – 1
Now, α − β = (α + δ ) − (β + δ ) 3 2
⇒ (α − β )2 = [(α + δ ) − (β + δ )]2 2 1
∴ x ∈ (−2, − 1) ∪ − , −
⇒ (α + β ) − 4αβ = (α + δ + β + δ ) − 4(α + δ ) (β + δ )
2 2 3 2
2 2
b 4c B 4C 50. Given,| x2 + 4x + 3|+ 2x + 5 = 0
⇒ − − = − −
a a A A Case I x2 + 4x + 3 > 0 ⇒ (x < − 3 or x > − 1)
2
b 4c B 4C 2
∴ x + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0
2
⇒ − = 2−
a2 a A A ⇒ x2 + 6x + 8 = 0 ⇒ (x + 4) (x + 2) = 0
b2 − 4ac B2 − 4 AC ⇒ x = − 4, − 2 [but x < − 3 or x > − 1]
⇒ =
a2 A2 ∴ x = − 4 is the only solution. …(i)
47. Suppose f (x) = Ax2 + Bx + C is an integer, whenever x Case II x2 + 4x + 3 < 0 ⇒ (−3 < x < − 1)
is an integer. ∴ − x2 − 4x − 3 + 2x + 5 = 0
∴ f (0), f (1), f (−1) are integers. ⇒ x2 + 2x − 2 = 0 ⇒ (x + 1)2 = 3
⇒ | x + 1| = 3
⇒ C , A + B + C , A − B + C are integers.
⇒ C , A + B, A − B are integers. ⇒ x = − 1 − 3, −1 + 3 [but x ∈ (−3, − 1)]
⇒ C , A + B, ( A + B) − ( A − B) = 2 A are integers. ∴ x = − 1 − 3 is the only solution. …(ii)
Conversely, suppose 2 A , A + B and C are integers. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x = − 4 and (−1 − 3) are the only solutions.
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Let n be any integer. We have,
n (n − 1) 51. Here, a ≤0
f (n ) = An 2 + Bn + C = 2 A + ( A + B) n + C
2 Given, x2 − 2 a | x − a | − 3 a 2 = 0
Since, n is an integer, n (n − 1) / 2 is an integer. Also, Case I When x ≥ a
2 A , A + B and C are integers. ⇒ x2 − 2a (x − a ) − 3a 2 = 0
We get f (n ) is an integer for all integer n. ⇒ x2 − 2ax − a 2 = 0
y −1 y −1
48. Given, 2 |y|
− |2 − 1| = 2 +1 ⇒ x = a ± 2a
Case I When y ∈ (−∞ , 0] [as a (1 + 2 ) < a and a (1 − 2 ) > a]
∴ 2 −y
+ (2 y −1
− 1) = 2 y −1
+1 ∴ Neglecting x = a (1 + 2 ) as x ≥ a
⇒ 2−y = 2 ⇒ x = a (1 − 2 ) …(i)
⇒ y = − 1 ∈ (−∞ , 0] …(i) Case II When x < a ⇒ x2 + 2a (x − a ) − 3a 2 = 0
Case II When y ∈(0, 1] ⇒ x2 + 2 ax − 5a 2 = 0 ⇒ x = − a ± 6a
∴ 2y + (2y − 1 − 1) = 2y − 1 + 1 [as a ( 6 − 1) < a and a (−1 − 6 ) > a]
⇒ 2 =2
y ∴ Neglecting x = a (−1 − 6 ) ⇒ x = a ( 6 − 1) ...(ii)
⇒ y = 1 ∈ (0, 1] …(ii) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Case III When y ∈ (1, ∞ ) x = { a (1 − 2 ), a ( 6 − 1)}
y −1 y −1 x 2 −3 2
−3
∴ 2 −2
y
+ 1 =2 +1 52. Given, (5 + 2 6 ) + (5 − 2 6 )x = 10 …(i)
y −1
⇒ 2 − 2 ⋅2
y
=0 2
−3 2
−3 1
Put y = (5 + 2 6 )x ⇒ (5 − 2 6 )x =
⇒ 2y − 2y = 0 true for all y > 1 …(iii) y
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get 1
From Eq. (i), y + = 10
y ∈{ −1} ∪ [1, ∞ ). y
2x 1 ⇒ y2 − 10 y + 1 = 0 ⇒ y=5±2 6
49. Given, >
2x2 + 5x + 2 x + 1 ⇒ (5 + 2 6 ) x 2 −3
=5 + 2 6
2x 1
⇒ − >0
2
−3
or (5 + 2 6 )x =5 −2 6
(2x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1)
2x (x + 1) − (2x + 1) (x + 2) ⇒ x −3 =1
2
or x − 3 = −1
2
⇒ >0
(2x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 1) ⇒ x = ± 2 or x = ± 2
⇒ x = ± 2, ± 2
Theory of Equations 41
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2
Now, (α − γ )(α − δ )(β − γ )(β − δ )
⇒ p+ q =8
= [α 2 − (γ + δ ) α + γδ ][β 2 − (γ + δ ) β + γδ ]
⇒ p= q =4
= (α 2 + rα + s)(β 2 + rβ + s)
∴ p + 2q = 12
= (αβ )2 + r (α + β )αβ + s(α 2 + β 2) + αβr 2 + rs(α + β ) + s2
= q2 − rqp + s( p2 − 2q) + qr 2 − rsp + s2 Topic 2 Common Roots
= (q − s) − rqp − rsp + sp + qr
2 2 2
1 Given α, β and γ are three consecutive terms of a
55. The given equation can be rewritten as non-constant GP.
2 1 3 Let α = α, β = αr , γ = αr 2, { r ≠ 0, 1}
+ + = 0 [Q b = a 2x, given] and given quadratic equation is
log a x log a ax log a a 2x
αx2 + 2 βx + γ = 0 …(i)
2 1 3
⇒ + + =0 On putting the values of α,β, γ in Eq. (i), we get
log a x 1 + log a x 2 + log a x αx2 + 2αrx + αr 2 = 0
2 1 3 ⇒ x2 + 2rx + r 2 = 0
⇒ + + = 0, where t = log a x
t 1+ t 2+ t ⇒ (x + r )2 = 0
⇒ 2 (1 + t ) (2 + t ) + 3 t (1 + t ) + t (2 + t ) = 0 ⇒ x=−r
⇒ 6 t 2 + 11 t + 4 = 0 Q The quadratic equations αx2 + 2 βx + γ = 0 and
x2 + x − 1 = 0 have a common root, so x = − r must be root
⇒ (2 t + 1) (3 t + 4) = 0 of equation x2 + x −1 = 0, so
1 4
⇒ t=− or − r2 − r − 1 = 0 …(ii)
2 3 Now, α (β + γ ) = α (αr + αr 2)
1 4
∴ log a x = − or log a x = − = α 2 (r + r 2)
2 3
From the options,
⇒ x = a −1/ 2 βγ = αr ⋅ αr 2 = α 2r3 = α 2 (r + r 2)
−4/3
or x =a [Q r 2 − r − 1 = 0 ⇒ r3 = r + r 2]
∴ α (β + γ ) = βγ
56. Since, α + β = − p, αβ = 1 and γ + δ = − q, γδ = 1
2. Given equations are x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 …(i)
Now, (α − γ )(β − γ )(α + δ )(β + δ )
and ax + bx + c = 0
2
…(ii)
= {αβ − γ (α + β ) + γ 2}{αβ + δ (α + β ) + δ 2}
Since, Eq. (i) has imaginary roots, so Eq. (ii) will also
= {1 − γ (− p) + γ 2}{1 + δ ( − p) + δ 2} have both roots same as Eq. (i).
42 Theory of Equations
Thus,
a b c
= = ⇒ x = α β α , α β β are the roots
1 2 3 ⇒ x = α 2β , αβ 2 are the roots
Hence, a : b : c is 1 : 2 : 3. Divide the Eq. (i) by a3 , we get
3. If a1x + b1x + c1 = 0
2
b c c
3
x2 + ⋅ ⋅ x+ =0
and a 2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 a a a
have a common real root, then ⇒ x2 − (α + β ) ⋅ (αβ ) x + (αβ )3 = 0
⇒ (a1c2 − a 2c1 ) = (b1c2 − b2c1 ) (a1b2 − a 2b1 )
2
⇒ x2 − α 2βx − αβ 2 x + (αβ )3 = 0
x + bx − 1 = 0
2
⇒ x (x − α 2β ) − αβ 2 (x − α 2β ) = 0
∴ have a common root.
x2 + x + b = 0 ⇒ (x − α 2β )(x − αβ 2) = 0
⇒ (1 + b)2 = (b2 + 1) (1 − b) ⇒ x = α 2β , αβ 2 which is the required answer.
⇒ b2 + 2b + 1 = b2 − b3 + 1 − b Alternate Solution
⇒ b + 3b = 0
3 Since, a3 x2 + abcx + c3 = 0
∴ b (b2 + 3) = 0 − abc ± (abc)2 − 4 . a3 ⋅ c3
⇒ x=
⇒ b = 0, ± 3 i 2 a3
4. Given equations are x2 + ax + b = 0 and − (b/a )(c/a ) ± (b/a )2(c/a )2 − 4(c/a )3
⇒ x=
x2 + bx + a = 0 have common root 2
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∴ x = 1 is the common root. 2
⇒ 1 + a + b =0 (α + β ) ± (α − β )2
⇒ a + b = −1 ⇒ x = αβ
2
5. Since, (x − r ) is a factor of the polynomial
(α + β ) ± (α − β )
⇒ x = αβ
f (x) = a nx + a n − 1xn − 1 + ... + a 0
n
2
Then, x = r is root of f ′ (x) = 0 repeated (m − 1) times. α + β + α − β α + β − α + β
⇒ x = αβ ,
Hence, statement is false. 2 2
2α 2β
Topic 3 Transformation of Roots ⇒ x = αβ ,
2 2
1. Given, α , β are the roots of (x − a )(x − b) − c = 0 ⇒ x = α 2 β , α β 2 which is the required answer.
⇒ (x − a )(x − b) − c = (x − α ) (x − β )
⇒ (x − a )(x − b) = (x − α )(x − β ) + c Topic 4 Graph of Quadratic Expression
⇒ a , b are the roots of equation (x − α )(x − β ) + c = 0 1. Given parabola is y2 = 4x,
2. Since, ax2 + bx + c = 0 has roots α and β. Since, X lies on the parabola, so let the coordinates of X
be (t 2, 2t ). Thus, the coordinates of the vertices of the
⇒ α + β = − b /a triangle PXQ are P (4,–4), X (t 2,2t ) and Q (9, 6).
and αβ = c / a Y
Now, a3 x2 + abcx + c3 = 0 …(i) Q(9,6)
y2=4x
X (t 2,2t)
2
On dividing the equation by c , we get
a3 2 abcx c3
x + 2 + 2 =0 X′ X
c2 c c O
2
ax ax
⇒ a + b + c=0
c c
P(4,–4)
ax
⇒ = α , β are the roots Y′
c
4 −4 1
c c 1
⇒ x = α , β are the roots ∴Area of ∆PXQ = t 2 2t 1
a a 2
9 6 1
Theory of Equations 43
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Or From the values of m obtained in (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we
get m ∈ (4, 5).
O 2 3 –∞ ∞
–4 2 4 5 29/5
5. As we know, ax2 + bx + c > 0 for all x ∈ R, iff ∴ g (x) = f (x) + f ′ (x) + f ′ ′ (x)
a > 0 and D < 0. ⇒ g (x) = ax2 + bx + c + 2ax + b + 2a
Given equation is x2 + 2ax + (10 − 3a ) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ g (x) = ax2 + x (b + 2a ) + (c + b + 2a )
Now, D <0 whose discriminant
⇒ 4a − 4(10 − 3a ) < 0
2 = (b + 2a )2 − 4a (c + b + 2a )
⇒ 4(a 2 + 3a − 10) < 0 = b2 + 4a 2 + 4ab − 4ac − 4ab − 8a 2
⇒ (a + 5)(a − 2) < 0 ⇒ a ∈ (−5, 2) = b2 − 4a 2 − 4ac = (b2 − 4ac) − 4a 2 < 0 [from Eq. (i)]
∴ g (x) > 0 ∀ x, as a > 0 and discriminant < 0.
Thus, g (x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R.
y = (x – a)(x – b) –1
9. Given,
6. x2 + (a − b) x + (1 − a − b) = 0 has real and unequal roots.
α a b β
⇒ D >0
1
⇒ (a − b) − 4(1) (1 − a − b) > 0
2
coderguru.in
⇒ <3 ⇒ 16 − 16a + 4a 2 − 4a 2 − 16a + 16 < 0
2 ⇒ −32a + 32 < 0 ⇒ a >1
2a
⇒ <3 10. Y
2 a<0
⇒ a <3 …(i) y = ax2 + bx + c
Again, product, P = αβ
⇒ P <9 ⇒ αβ < 9 –1 1
X
⇒ a2 + a − 3 < 9 α 0 β Y
⇒ a + a − 12 < 0
2
a>0
⇒ (a − 3) (a + 4) < 0
⇒ −4 < a < 3 …(ii) y = ax2 + bx + c
α β 3
Again, D = B − 4 AC ≥ 0
2
α β
X
–1 0 1
⇒ (−2a ) − 4 ⋅ 1 (a + a − 3) ≥ 0
2 2
⇒ 4a 2 − 4a 2 − 4a + 12 ≥ 0
⇒ −4a + 12 ≥ 0 ⇒ a ≤ 3 …(iii)
Again, a f (3) > 0
⇒ 1 [(3)2 − 2a (3) + a 2 + a − 3] > 0 From figure, it is clear that, if a > 0, then f (−1) < 0 and
⇒ 9 − 6a + a + a − 3 > 0
2 f (1) < 0 and if a < 0, f (−1) > 0 and f (1) > 0. In both
cases, af (−1) < 0 and af (1) < 0.
⇒ a 2 − 5a + 6 > 0
⇒ a (a − b + c) < 0 and a (a + b + c) < 0
⇒ (a − 2) (a − 3) > 0
On dividing by a 2, we get
∴ a ∈ (−∞ , 2) ∪ (3, ∞ ) …(iv)
b c b c
From Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get 1 − + < 0 and 1+ + <0
a a a a
a ∈ (−4, 2). On combining both, we get
NOTE There is correction in answer a < 2 should be −4 < a < 2 . b c
1 ± + <0
8. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c > 0, ∀ x ∈ R a a
b c
⇒ a >0 ⇒ 1 + + < 0
and b2 − 4ac < 0 …(i) a a
Theory of Equations 45
coderguru.in
then 5 + 2x − 1 = 2x (2x − 2) 4. Let f (x) = 2x3 + 3x + k
Put 2x = t, then On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
5 + t − 1 = t 2 − 2t ⇒ t 2 − 3t − 4 = 0 f ′ (x) = 6x2 + 3 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
⇒ t − 4t + t − 4 = 0 ⇒ t (t − 4) + 1(t − 4) = 0
2
⇒ f (x) is strictly increasing function.
⇒ t = 4 or − 1 ⇒ t = 4 (Q t = 2x > 0)
⇒ f (x) = 0 has only one real root, so two roots are not
⇒ 2 =4⇒x=2 >0
x
possible.
⇒ x = 2 is the solution.
5. Since, α is a root of a 2x2 + bx + c = 0
Case II
⇒ a 2α 2 + bα + c = 0 ... (i)
If 2x − 1 < 0 ⇒ x < 0 ,
and β is a root of a 2x2 − bx − c = 0
then 5 + 1 − 2x = 2x (2x − 2)
Put 2x = y, then 6 − y = y2 − 2 y ⇒ a 2β 2 − bβ − c = 0 ... (ii)
⇒ y2 − y − 6 = 0 ⇒ y2 − 3 y + 2 y − 6 = 0 Let f (x) = a 2x2 + 2bx + 2c
⇒ ( y + 2) ( y − 3) = 0 ⇒ y = 3 or − 2 ∴ f (α ) = a 2α 2 + 2bα + 2c
⇒ y = 3(as y = 2x > 0) ⇒ 2x = 3 = a 2α 2 − 2a 2α 2 = − a 2α 2
⇒ x = log 2 3 > 0 [from Eq. (i)]
So, x = log 2 3 is not a solution. and f (β ) = α 2β 2 + 2bβ + 2c
Therefore, number of real roots is one. = a 2β 2 + 2a 2β 2 = 3a 2β 2 [from Eq. (ii)]
2. Given, inequality is ⇒ f (α ) f (β ) < 0
sin 2 x − 2sin x + 5 1 f (x) must have a root lying in the open interval (α , β ).
2 ⋅ ≤1
4 sin 2 y ∴ α < γ <β
⇒2
(sin x − 1 )2 + 4
⋅2 −2sin 2 y
≤1 6. Let f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d …(i)
(sin x − 1 )2 + 4 2 ∴ f (0) = d and f (1) = a + b + c + d = d
⇒2 ≤ 22sin y
[Q a + b + c = 0]
⇒ (sin x − 1)2 + 4 ≤ 2 sin 2 y ∴ f (0) = f (1)
[if a > 1 and a ≤ a ⇒ m ≤ n]
m n f is continuous in the closed interval [0, 1] and f is
derivable in the open interval (0, 1).
Q Range of (sin x − 1) + 4 is [2, 2 2 ] 2
Also, f (0) = f (1).
and range of 2 sin 2 y is [0, 2]. ∴ By Rolle’s theorem, f ′ (α ) = 0 for 0 < α < 1
46 Theory of Equations
Now, f ′ (x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ f ′ (α ) = 3aα 2 + 2bα + c = 0 1 −1 1 1
α ∈ − , ∪ ,
2 5 5 2
∴ Eq. (i) has exist atleast one root in the interval (0, 1).
10. PLAN
Thus, f ′ (x) must have root in the interval (0, 1) or
(i) Concepts of curve tracing are used in this question.
3ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 has root ∈ (0, 1).
(ii) Number of roots are taken out from the curve traced.
7. Given, x12 − x9 + x4 − x + 1 > 0 Let y = x5 − 5x
Here, three cases arises: (i) As x → ∞, y → ∞ and as x → − ∞, y → − ∞
Case I When x ≤ 0 ⇒ x12 > 0, − x9 > 0, x4 > 0, − x > 0 (ii) Also, at x = 0, y = 0, thus the curve passes through
the origin.
∴ x12 − x9 + x4 − x + 1 > 0, ∀ x ≤ 0 …(i)
dy
(iii) = 5x4 − 5 = 5 (x4 − 1) = 5 (x2 − 1) (x2 + 1)
Case II When 0 < x ≤ 1 dx
x9 < x4 and x < 1 ⇒ − x9 + x4 > 0 and 1 − x > 0 = 5 (x − 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1)
∴ x − x + x − x + 1 > 0, ∀ 0 < x ≤ 1
12 9 4
…(ii)
+ – +
Case III When x > 1 ⇒ x > x and x > x 12 9 4
–1 1
∴ x12 − x9 + x4 − x + 1 > 0, ∀ x > 1 …(iii) dy
From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), the above equation holds for Now, > 0 in (− ∞ , − 1) ∪ (1, ∞ ), thus f (x) is
dx
all x ∈ R. increasing in these intervals.
8. Consider, dy
Also, < 0 in (− 1, 1), thus decreasing in (− 1, 1).
1 dx
f (x) = ∫ (1 + cos 8 x)(ax2 + bx + c) dx
0 (iv) Also, at x = − 1, dy /dx changes its sign from + ve to
–ve.
coderguru.in
Obviously, f (x) is continuous and differentiable in the
interval [1, 2]. ∴ x = − 1 is point of local maxima.
Similarly, x = 1 is point of local minima.
Also, f (1) = f (2) [given]
Local maximum value, y = (− 1)5 − 5 (−1) = 4
∴ By Rolle’s theorem, there exist atleast one point Local minimum value, y = (1)5 − 5(1) = − 4
k ∈ (1, 2), such that f ′ (k) = 0.
(–1, 4)
Now, f ′ (x) = (1 + cos 8 x)(ax2 + bx + c)
f ′ (k) = 0
–1
⇒ (1 + cos k)(ak + bk + c) = 0
8 2
(1, – 4)
⇒ ak2 + bk + c = 0 [as (1 + cos 8 k) ≠ 0]
Now, let y = − a
∴ x = k is root of ax2 + bx + c = 0,
As evident from the graph, if − a ∈ (− 4, 4)
where k ∈ (1, 2) i.e. a ∈ (− 4, + 4)
9. Given, x1 and x2 are roots of αx2 − x + α = 0. Then, f (x) has three real roots and if − a > 4
1 or − a < − 4, then f (x) has one real root.
∴ x1 + x2 = and x1x2 = 1
α i.e. for a < − 4 or a > 4, f (x) has one real root.
Also, x1 − x2 < 1 11. Given, f (x) = 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 1
⇒ |x1 − x2|2 < 1 ⇒ (x1 − x2)2 < 1 f ′ (x) = 2 (6x2 + 3x + 1)
or (x1 + x2)2 − 4x1x2 < 1
1 1 ⇒ D = 9 − 24 < 0
⇒ − 4 < 1 or <5 Hence, f (x) = 0 has only one real root.
α2 α2
1 3 4
⇒ 5α 2 − 1 > 0 or ( 5 α − 1) ( 5 α + 1) > 0 f − = 1 −1 + − > 0
2 4 8
+ – +
3 6 27 108
f − = 1 − + −
–1/√5 1/√5
4 4 16 64
64 − 96 + 108 − 108
1 1 = <0
∴ α ∈ −∞ , − ∪ , ∞ …(i) 64
5 5
3 1
D >0 f (x) changes its sign in − , −
Also, 4 2
1 1
⇒ 1 − 4α > 0 or α ∈ − ,
2
…(ii) 3 1
2 2 Hence, f (x) = 0 has a root in − , − .
4 2
Theory of Equations 47
1/ 2 t 3/ 4
12. ∫0 f (x) dx < ∫ f (x) dx < ∫ f (x) dx 16. For two distinct roots, 1 + ln k < 0 (k > 0)
0 0
1
Now, ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ (1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 ) dx ln k < −1 ⇒ k<
e
= x + x2 + x3 + x4 1
Hence, k ∈ 0,
e
coderguru.in
2
= ( p + 1)( p − 1) = p2 − 1
S
–3 –1 1 3 Which is ≤ 0 , ∀ p ∈ [−1, 1].
4 2 2 4 1
∴ f (x) has atleast one root in ,1 .
2
14. Let y = x intersect the curve y = kex at exactly one point
when k ≤ 0 . Now, f ′ (x) = 12x2 − 3 = 3 (2x − 1) (2x + 1)
Y 3 1 1 1
= x − x + > 0 in ,1
4 2 2 2
coderguru.in
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 4 : 1 1 n −1
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
+ =
an − 1 + an a1 + a n
3. For any three positive real numbers a , b and c, if (1982, 2M)
9 (25a 2 + b2) + 25 (c2 − 3ac) = 15b (3a + c), then (2017 Main)
(a) b, c and a are in GP True/False
(b) b, c and a are in AP
6. n1 , n2, K , n p are p positive integers, whose sum is an
(c) a , b and c are in AP
even number, then the number of odd integers among
(d) a , b and c are in GP
them is odd. (1985, 1M)
4. If Tr is the r th term of an AP, for r = 1, 2, 3, .... . If for
1
some positive integers m and n, we have Tm = and Integer Answer Type Question
n
1 7. The sides of a right angled triangle are in arithmetic
Tn = , then Tmn equals
m (1998, 2M) progression. If the triangle has area 24, then what is the
length of its smallest side? (2017 Adv.)
6. The sum of all two digit positive numbers which when 14. Which one of the following is a correct statement ?
divided by 7 yield 2 or 5 as remainder is (a) Q1 , Q2 , Q3 ,... are in an AP with common difference 5
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I) (b) Q1 , Q2 , Q3 ,... are in an AP with common difference 6
(a) 1256 (b) 1465 (c) 1356 (d) 1365 (c) Q1 , Q2 , Q3 ,... are in an AP with common difference 11
30 (d) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = ...
7. Let a1 , a 2, ..... a30 be an AP, S = ∑ ai and
i =1
15 Fill in the Blanks
T= ∑ a( 2 i − 1). If a5 = 27 and S − 2T = 75, 15. Let p and q be the roots of the equation x2 − 2x + A = 0
i =1
and let r and s be the roots of the equation
then a10 is equal to (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
x2 − 18x + B = 0. If p < q < r < s are in arithmetic
(a) 42 (b) 57 progression, then A = … and B = … . (1997, 2M)
(c) 52 (d) 47
16. The sum of the first n terms of the series
8. Let bi > 1 for i = 1, 2, ... , 101 . Suppose log e b1 , log e b2, n (n + 1)2
... , log e b101 are in AP with the common difference log e 2 12 + 2 ⋅ 22 + 32 + 2 ⋅ 42 + 52 + 2 ⋅ 62 + K is , when
2
. Suppose a1 , a 2, ... , a101 are in AP, such that a1 = b1 and n is even. When n is odd, the sum is .... . (1988, 2M)
a51 = b51. If t = b1 + b2 + ... + b51 and
s = a1 + a 2 + ... + a51, then (2016 Adv.) 17. The sum of integers from 1 to 100 that are divisible by 2
(a) s > t and a101 > b101 (b) s > t and a101 < b101 or 5 is …… (1984, 2M)
(c) s < t and a101 > b101 (d) s < t and a101 < b101
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
9. If the sum of first n terms of an AP is cn 2, then the sum 18. The fourth power of the common difference of an
of squares of these n terms is (2009) arithmetic progression with integer entries is added to
n (4n 2 − 1) c2 n (4n 2 + 1) c2 the product of any four consecutive terms of it. Prove
(a) (b)
6 3 that resulting sum is the square of an integer.(2000, 4M)
coderguru.in
n (4n 2 − 1) c2 n (4n 2 + 1) c2 19. The real numbers x1 , x2, x3 satisfying the equation
(c) (d)
3 6
x3 − x2 + βx + γ = 0 are in AP. Find the intervals in
10. If the sum of the first 2n terms of the AP series 2,5,8,..., which β and γ lie. (1996, 3M)
is equal to the sum of the first n terms of the AP series
57, 59, 61,..., then n equals (2001, 1M)
20. The interior angles of a polygon are in arithmetic
progression. The smallest angle is 120° and the common
(a) 10 (b) 12 difference is 5°. Find the number of sides of the polygon.
(c) 11 (d) 13 (1980, 3M)
coderguru.in
(a) 36 (b) 28 (c) 32 (d) 24 a b c
a3 in (1985, 2M)
4. Let a1 , a 2, .... , a10 be a GP. If = 25, then
a1 (a) AP (b) GP
a9 (c) HP (d) None of these
equals (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
a5
13. The third term of a geometric progression is 4. The
(a) 53 (b) 2(52 ) (c) 4(52 ) (d) 54 product of the first five terms is (1982, 2M)
5. Let a , b and c be the 7th, 11th and 13th terms (a) 43 (b) 45
respectively of a non-constant AP. If these are also the (c) 44 (d) None of these
a
three consecutive terms of a GP, then is equal to
c Analytical & Descriptive Questions
(2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
14. Find three numbers a , b, c between 2 and 18 such that
7 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) 4 (d) (i) their sum is 25. (ii) the numbers 2, a , b are
13 2
consecutive terms of an AP. (iii) the numbers b, c, 18 are
6. If a , b and c be three distinct real numbers in GP and consecutive terms of a GP. (1983, 2M)
a + b + c = xb, then x cannot be (2019 Main, 9 Jan I) 15. Does there exist a geometric progression containing
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) −2 (d) −3 27,8 and 12 as three of its term? If it exists, then how
7. If the 2nd, 5th and 9th terms of a non-constant AP are many such progressions are possible? (1982, 2M)
in GP, then the common ratio of this GP is (2016 Main) 16. If the mth, nth and pth terms of an AP and GP are equal
8 4 7
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) and are x, y, z, then prove that xy − z ⋅ yz − x ⋅ z x − y = 1.
5 3 4 (1979, 3M)
coderguru.in
belongs to (2004, 1M)
a 2 ∈ , 1 ∪ (1, 3)
(a) x < − 10 (b) −10 < x < 0 (c) 0 < x < 10 (d) x > 10 3 (1986, 5M)
8. Consider an infinite geometric series with first term a
and common ratio r. If its sum is 4 and the second term Integer Answer Type Questions
is 3 /4, then (2000, 2M) 14. Let S k , where k = 1, 2, , K , 100, denotes the sum of the
(a) a = 4/7, r = 3/7 (b) a = 2, r = 3 /8 k −1
(c) a = 3/2, r = 1/2 (d) a = 3, r = 1/4 infinite geometric series whose first term is and
k!
1 3 7 15 1
9. Sum of the first n terms of the series + + + + ... the common ratio is . Then, the value of
2 4 8 16 k
is equal to (1988, 2M) 1002 100
Fill in the Blank 8. Let a and b be positive real numbers. If a , A1 , A2, b are
in arithmetic progression, a , G1 , G2, b are in geometric
6. If cos (x − y), cos x and cos (x + y)’ are in HP. Then progression and a , H 1 , H 2, B are in harmonic
y
cos x ⋅ sec = K . (1997C, 2M) progression, then show that
2 G1G2 A + A2 (2a + b)(a + 2b)
= 1 =
H 1H 2 H 1 + H 2 9ab (2002, 5M)
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
9. (i) The value of x + y + z is 15. If a , x, y, z , b are in AP
7. If a , b, c are in AP, a 2, b2, c2 are in HP, then prove that 1 1 1 5
while the value of + + is . If a , x, y, z , b are in
c x y z 3
either a = b = c or a , b, − form a GP.
2 (2003, 4M) HP, then find a and b.
(ii) If x, y, z are in HP, then show that
log (x + z ) + log (x + z − 2 y) = 2 log (x − z ). (1978, 3M)
coderguru.in
equal to (2019 Main, 10 April II)
(a) 7510 (b) 7820
(a) 620 (b) 660 (c) 1240 (d) 1860 (c) 7830 (d) 7520
3 × 13 5 × (13 + 23 ) 12
2. The sum of series +
12 12 + 22 8. Let a1 , a 2, a3 , …, a 49 be in AP such that ∑ a 4k + 1 = 416
k=0
7 × (13 + 23 + 33 )
+ + .......... + upto 10th term, is and a 9 + a 43 = 66. If a12 + a 22 + … + a17
2
= 140 m, then m
12 + 22 + 32 (2019 Main, 10 April I) is equal to (2018 Main)
(a) 680 (b) 600 (a) 66 (b) 68 (c) 34 (d) 33
(c) 660 (d) 620
9. Let A be the sum of the first 20 terms and B be the sum
3. The sum of the series 1 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 5 + 4 × 7 +... upto of the first 40 terms of the series
11th term is (2019 Main, 9 April II) 12 + 2 ⋅ 22 + 32 + 2 ⋅ 42 + 52 + 2 ⋅ 62 + …
(a) 915 (b) 946 (c) 916 (d) 945 If B − 2 A = 100λ, then λ is equal to (2018 Main)
4. If the sum of the first 15 terms of the series (a) 232 (b) 248 (c) 464 (d) 496
3 3 3 3
3 1 1 3 10. If the sum of the first ten terms of the series
+ 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + ...
3
4 2 4 4 3
2
2
2
1
2
4
2
16
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 4 + K, is
2
m, then
is equal to 225 k, then k is equal to 5 5 5 5 5
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II) m is equal to (2016 Main)
(a) 108 (b) 27 (c) 54 (d) 9 (a) 102 (b) 101 (c) 100 (d) 99
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k 5
5. Let S k = . If S12 + S 22 + ... + S10
2
= A, 11. If m is the AM of two distinct real numbers l and
k 12 n (l, n > 1) and G1 , G2 and G3 are three geometric means
then A is equal to (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
between l and n, then G14 + 2G24 + G34 equals (2015)
(a) 156 (b) 301
(a) 4l2mn (b) 4lm2n (c) lmn 2 (d) l2m2n 2
(c) 283 (d) 303
12. The sum of first 9 terms of the series
6. Let x, y be positive real numbers and m, n positive 13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
integers. The maximum value of the expression + + + ... is
1 1+3 1+3+5 (2015)
xm yn
is (a) 71 (b) 96 (c) 142 (d) 192
(1 + x ) (1 + y2n )
2m
(2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
π tan 2 α
(a)
1
(b) 1 13. If α ∈ 0, , then x2 + x + is always greater
2 x2 + x
2
1 m+ n than or equal to (2003, 2M)
(c) (d)
4 6mn (a) 2 tan α (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) sec2 α
Sequences and Series 53
14. If a1 , a 2,... , a n are positive real numbers whose product Objective Question II
is a fixed number c, then the minimum value of (One or more than one correct option)
a1 + a 2 + ... + a n − 1 + 2a n is (2002, 1M)
(a) n (2c)1/ n (b) (n + 1)c1/ n 23. For a positive integer n let
1 1 1 1
(c) 2nc1/ n (d) (n + 1) (2c)1/ n a (n ) = 1 + + + + ... + n , then
2 3 4 (2 ) − 1 (1999, 3M)
15. If a , b, c are positive real numbers such that
a + b + c + d = 2 , then M = (a + b) (c + d ) satisfies the (a) a (100) ≤ 100 (b) a (100) > 100
relation (2000, 2M) (c) a (200)≤ 100 (d) a (200) > 100
(a) 0 < M ≤ 1 (b) 1 ≤ M ≤ 2 24. If the first and the (2n − 1)th term of an AP, GP and HP
(c) 2 ≤ M ≤ 3 (d) 3 ≤ M ≤ 4 are equal and their nth terms are a , b and c
16. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation respectively, then (1988, 2M)
(a) a = b = c
(5 + 2 ) x2 − (4 + 5 ) x + 8 + 2 5 = 0 is (1999, 2M)
(b) a ≥ b ≥ c
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
(c) a + c = b
17. The product of n positive numbers is unity, then their (d) ac − b2 = 0
sum is (1991, 2M)
(a) a positive integer (b) divisible by n Fill in the Blanks
1
(c) equal to n + (d) never less than n
n 25. If x be is the arithmetic mean and y, z be two geometric
18. If a , b and c are distinct positive numbers, then the means between any two positive numbers, then
y3 + z3
expression (b + c − a ) (c + a − b) (a + b − c) − abc is = ...
(a) positive (b) negative (1991, 2M) xyz (1997C, 2M)
(c) non-positive (d) non-negative 26. If the harmonic mean and geometric mean of two
coderguru.in
19. If x1 , x2,... , xn are any real numbers and n is any positive positive numbers are in the ratio 4 : 5. Then, the two
integer, then (1982, 1M) numbers are in the ratio… . (1992, 2M)
2 2
n n n n
(a) n ∑ xi2 < ∑ xi (b) n ∑ xi2 ≥ ∑ xi True/False
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
2 27. If x and y are positive real numbers and m, n are any
n n
(c) n ∑ xi2 ≥ n ∑ xi (d) None of these xn ym 1
positive integers, then > .
i =1 i =1 (1 + x )(1 + y2m ) 4 (1989, 1M)
2n
Passage Based Problems 28. For 0 < a < x, the minimum value of function
log a x + log x a is 2.
Passage
Let A1 , G1 , H 1 denote the arithmetic, geometric and Analytical & Descriptive Questions
harmonic means, respectively, of two distinct positive
numbers. For n ≥ 2, let An − 1 and H n − 1 has arithmetic, 29. If a , b, c are positive real numbers, then prove that
geometric and harmonic means as An , Gn , H n , {(1 + a ) (1 + b) (1 + c)}7 > 77 a 4b4c4 (2004, 4M)
respectively. (2007, 8M)
30. Let a1 , a 2,.. be positive real numbers in geometric
20. Which one of the following statements is correct? progression. For each n, if An , Gn , H n are respectively,
(a) G1 > G2 > G3 > ... the arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic
(b) G1 < G2 < G3 < ... mean of a1 , a 2, .... , a n. Then, find an expression for the
(c) G1 = G2 = G3 = ... geometric mean of G1 , G2, ... , Gn in terms of
(d) G1 < G3 < G5 < ... and G2 > G4 > G6 >... A1 , A2, ... , An , H 1 , H 2, ... , H n. (2001, 5M)
21. Which of the following statements is correct? 31. If p is the first of the n arithmetic means between two
(a) A1 > A2 > A3 >... numbers and q be the first on n harmonic means
(b) A1 < A2 < A3 <... between the same numbers. Then, show that q does not
(c) A1 > A3 > A5 >... and A2 < A4 < A6 <... n + 1
2
(d) A1 < A3 < A5 <... and A2 > A4 > A6 >... lie between p and p. (1991, 4M)
n − 1
22. Which of the following statements is correct ?
(a) H1 > H 2 > H3 >... 32. If a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0, then prove that
(b) H1 < H 2 < H3 <... (a + b + c)
1 1 1
+ + ≥9 (1984, 2m)
(c) H1 > H3 > H5 >... and H 2 < H 4 < H 6 <... a b c
(d) H1 < H3 < H5 <... and H 2 > H 4 > H 6 >...
54 Sequences and Series
Answers
Topic 1 Topic 4
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b)
6. False 7. (6) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c)
Topic 2 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b, c, d)
1
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 11. (7) 12. (2n )(2n + 1 )( 4n + 1 ) – 1 14. (4)
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (b) 6
9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (a, d) 12. (b) Topic 5
13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (A = – 3 , B = 77) 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b)
n 2(n + 1 ) 5. (c) 6. ± 2 9.(i) a = 1, b = 9
16. 17. (3050)
2 12. 29
1 1
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19. β ∈ – ∞, and γ ∈ – , ∞ 20. (9) 21. (9) Topic 6
3 27 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b)
22. (5) 23. (9) 24. (0) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c)
9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (b)
Topic 3
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (a, d) 24. (a, b, d)
9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (a) 25. 2 26. 4:1 27. False 28. False
13. (b) 14. (a = 5 ) (b = 8 ) (c = 12 ) 15. Yes, infinite 34. (8)
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1 1 1 2d = − 24
Thus, + + ... +
a1 + a 2 a 2 + a3 a n −1 + a n ⇒ d = − 12
So, 2a = 44 [put d = −12 in Eq. (i)]
a 2 − a1 a3 − a 2 a n − a n −1
= + + ... + Now, S10 = 5[2a + 9d ]
d d d = 5[44 + 9(− 12)] = 5[44 − 108]
1 1 (a n − a1 ) (n − 1) = 5 × (− 64) = − 320
= ( a n − a1 ) = =
d d a n + a1 a n + a1 3. Given series is
1 1 1 1 2 1 99
6. Since, n1 , n2,... , n p are p positive integers, whose sum is − 3 + − 3 − 100 + − 3 − 100 + K ... + − 3 − 100
even and we know that, sum of any two odd integers is
even. [where, [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x]
∴Number of odd integers must be even. Now,
Hence, it is a false statement. 1 1 1 1 2 1 66
− 3 , − 3 − 100 , − 3 − 100 , …+ − 3 − 100
7. Let the sides are a − d , a and a + d. Then,
a (a − d ) = 48 all the term have value − 1
and a − 2ad + d 2 + a 2 = a 2 + 2ad + d 2
2 1 67 1 68 1 99
and − − , − − , …, − − all the term
⇒ a 2 = 4ad 3 100 3 100 3 100
⇒ a = 4d have value − 2.
Thus, a = 8, d = 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 66
So, − + − − + − − + ... + − −
Hence, a − d =6 3 3 100 3 100 3 100
= − 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 K 67 times.
Topic 2 Sum of n Terms of an AP = (− 1) × 67 = − 67
1. Let the common difference of given AP is ‘d’. 1 67 1 68 1 99
and − − + − 3 − 100 + K + − 3 − 100
Since, a1 + a7 + a16 = 40 3 100
∴ a1 + a1 + 6d + a1 + 15d = 40 [Q a n = a1 + (n − 1) d ] = − 2 − 2 − 2 − 2 K 33 times
⇒ 3a1 + 21d = 40 …(i) = (−2) × 33 = −66
56 Sequences and Series
1 1 1 1 2 1 99 On comparing corresponding term, we get
∴ − + − 3 − 100 + − 3 − 100 + K + − 3 − 100
3 d 7
d = A and a1 − = 50 − A
= (− 67) + (− 66) = − 133. 2 2
Alternate Solution A 7
Q [− x] = − [x] − 1, if x ∉Integer, ⇒ a1 − = 50 − A [Qd = A]
2 2
1 2 n − 1
and [x] + x + + x + + K + x + n = [nx], ⇒ a1 = 50 − 3 A
n n
n ∈N. So a50 = a1 + 49d
So given series = (50 − 3 A ) + 49 A [Q d = A]
1 1 1 1 2 − 1 99
− 3 + − 3 − 100 + − 3 − 100 + … K + 3 − 100 = 50 + 46 A
Therefore, (d , a50 ) = ( A , 50 + 46 A )
1 1 1
= − − 1 + − + − 1
3 100
3
6. Clearly, the two digit number which leaves remainder 2
when divided by 7 is of the form N = 7k + 2 [by Division
1 2 1 99 Algorithm]
+ − + − 1 + K + − + − 1
3 100 3 100
1 For, k = 2, N = 16
= (− 1) × 100 − × 100 = − 100 − 33 = − 133. k = 3, N = 23
3
4. Let first three terms of an AP as a − d, a, a + d. M M
So, 3a = 33 ⇒ a = 11
k = 13, N = 93
∴ 12 such numbers are possible and these numbers
[given sum of three terms = 33 forms an AP.
and product of terms = 1155] 12
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Now, S= [16 + 93] = 654
⇒ (11 − d )11(11 + d ) = 1155 [given] 2
⇒ 112 − d 2 = 105 n
QS n = ( a + l )
⇒ d 2 = 121 − 105 = 16 2
⇒ d = ±4 Similarly, the two digit number which leaves remainder
5 when divided by 7 is of the form N = 7k + 5
So the first three terms of the AP are either 7, 11, 15 or
For k = 1, N = 12
15, 11, 7.
k = 2, N = 19
So, the 11th term is either 7 + (10 × 4) = 47 M
or 15 + (10 × (−4)) = − 25. k = 13, N = 96
∴13 such numbers are possible and these numbers also
5 Key Idea Use the formula of sum of first n terms of AP, i.e forms an AP.
n 13
Sn = [2 a + ( n − 1) d ] Now, S′ = [12 + 96] = 702
2 2
n
QS n = ( a + l )
Given AP, is 2
a1 , a 2, a3 ,… having sum of first n-terms Total sum = S + S′ = 654 + 702 = 1356
n 7. We have, S = a1 + a 2 + … + a30
= [2a1 + (n − 1)d ]
2 = 15[2a1 + 29d ] …(i)
[where, d is the common difference of AP] (where d is the common difference)
n (n − 7) n
= 50n + A (given) Q S n = 2 [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
1 n−7 and T = a1 + a3 + … + a 29
⇒ [2a1 + (n − 1)d ] = 50 + A
2 2 15
= [2a1 + 14 × 2d )]
2
1 7 n
⇒ [2a1 + nd − d ] = 50 − A + A (Q common difference is 2d)
2 2 2
⇒ 2T = 15[2a1 + 28d ] …(ii)
d nd 7 n
⇒ a1 − + = 50 − A + A From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 2 2 2
S − 2T = 15d = 75 [QS − 2T = 75]
Sequences and Series 57
⇒ d =5 ⇒ 6n + 1 = 57 + n − 1 ⇒ 5n = 55
Now, a10 = a5 + 5d ∴ n = 11
= 27 + 25 = 52 11. PLAN Convert it into differences and use sum ofn terms of an AP,
n
8. If log b1 , log b2, ... , log b101 are in AP, with common i.e. S n = [2a + ( n − 1 )d ]
2
difference log e 2 , then b1 , b2, ... , b101 are in GP, with k( k + 1)
common ratio 2. 4n 2
∴ b1 = 20 b1 , b2 = 21 b1 , b3 = 22b1,…, b101 = 2100 b1 …(i) Now, Sn = ∑ (−1) ⋅ k2
k =1
Also, a1 , a 2, ... , a101 are in AP.
Given, a1 = b1 and a51 = b51 = − (1)2 − 22 + 32 + 42 − 52 − 62 + 72 + 82 + K
⇒ a1 + 50 D = 250 b1 = (32 − 12) + (42 − 22) + (72 − 52) + (82 − 62) + K
⇒ a1 + 50 D = 250 a1 [Q a1 = b1 ] …(ii) = 2{(4 + 6 + 12 + K ) + (6 + 14 + 22 + K )}
144424443 144424443
Now, t = b1 + b2 + K + b51 n terms n terms
(251 − 1) n n
⇒ t = b1 …(iii) = 2 {2 × 4 + (n − 1) 8} + {2 × 6 + (n − 1) 8}
2 −1 2 2
and s = a1 + a 2 + K + a51 = 2 [n (4 + 4n − 4) + n (6 + 4n − 4)]
51 = 2 [4n 2 + 4n 2 + 2n ] = 4n (4n + 1)
= (2a1 + 50 D ) …(iv)
2 Here, 1056 = 32 × 33, 1088 = 32 × 34,
∴ t = a1 (251 − 1) [Q a1 = b1 ] 1120 = 32 × 35, 1332 = 36 × 37
or t = 251 a1 − a1 < 251 a1 …(v) 1056 and 1332 are possible answers.
51
and s=
2
[a1 + (a1 + 50 D )] [from Eq. (ii)] r 1
12. Here, V r = [ 2r + (r − 1) ( 2r − 1)] = ( 2r3 − r 2 + r )
2 2
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51 1
= [a1 + 250 a1 ] ∴ ΣV r = [ 2 Σr − Σr + Σr ]
3 2
2 2
51 51 50
= a1 + 2 a1 1 n (n + 1) n (n + 1) ( 2n + 1) n (n + 1)
2
2 2 = 2 − +
∴ s > 251 a1 …(vi) 2 2 6 2
From Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get s > t n (n + 1)
⇒ = [ 3n (n + 1) − ( 2n + 1) + 3]
Also, a101 = a1 + 100 D and b101 = 2100 b1 12
250 a1 − a1 1
∴ a101 = a1 + 100 and b101 = 2100 a1 = n (n + 1) ( 3n 2 + n + 2)
50 12
⇒ a101 = a1 + 251 a1 − 2a1 = 251 a1 − a1 1 1
13. V r + 1 − V r = (r + 1)3 − r3 − [(r + 1)2 − r 2] +
⇒ a101 < 251 a1 and b101 > 251 a1 2 2
⇒ b101 > a101 = 3r 2 + 2r − 1
9. Let S n = cn 2 ∴ Tr = 3r 2 + 2r − 1 = (r + 1) ( 3r − 1)
which is a composite number.
S n − 1 = c (n − 1)2 = cn 2 + c − 2cn
∴ Tn = 2cn − c [Q Tn = S n − S n − 1 ] 14. Since, Tr = 3r 2 + 2r − 1
Tn2 = (2 cn − c)2 = 4c2n 2 + c2 − 4c2n and Tr + 1 = 3 (r + 1)2 + 2 (r + 1) − 1
4c2 ⋅ n (n + 1) (2n + 1) ∴ Qr = Tr+1 − Tr = 3 [ 2r + 1] + 2 [1]
∴ Sum = Σ Tn2 = + nc2 − 2c2n (n + 1)
6 ⇒ Qr = 6 r + 5
2 c n (n + 1) (2n + 1) + 3nc − 6c n (n + 1)
2 2 2
⇒ Qr+ 1 = 6(r + 1) + 5
=
3 Common difference = Qr+ 1 − Qr = 6
nc2(4n 2 + 6n + 2 + 3 − 6n − 6) nc2(4n 2 − 1)
= = 15. Given, p + q = 2, pq = A
3 3
and r + s = 18, rs = B
10. According to given condition,
and it is given that p, q, r , s are in an AP.
S 2n = S′n
2n n Therefore, let p = a − 3d , q = a − d , r = a + d
⇒ [2 × 2 + (2n − 1) × 3] = [2 × 57 + (n − 1) × 2]
2 2 and s = a + 3d
⇒
1
(4 + 6n − 3) = (114 + 2n − 2) Since, p<q<r<s
2
58 Sequences and Series
coderguru.in
(n − 1) (n )2 be solved. This trick is frequently asked in IIT examples.
= + n
2
[from Eq. (i)] 1
2 ⇒ −β ≥0 [Q d 2 ≥ 0]
3
n −1 (n + 1)
= n2 + 1 = n 2 1
2 2 ⇒ β≤ ⇒ β ∈ [− ∞ , 1 / 3]
3
∴ 12 + 2⋅ 22 + 32 + 2 ⋅ 42 + ... upto n terms, when n is odd From Eq. (iii), a (a 2 − d 2) = − γ
n 2 (n + 1) 1 1 2 1 1 2
= ⇒ − d = −γ ⇒ − d = −γ
2 3 9 27 3
17. Integers divisible by 2 are {2,4,6,8,10, ...,100}. 1 1 2 1
⇒ γ+ = d ⇒γ + ≥0
Integers divisible by 5 are {5,10,15, ...,100}. 27 3 27
Thus, sum of integers divisible by 2 ⇒ γ ≥ − 1 / 27
=
50
(2 + 100) = 50 × 51 = 2550 1
⇒ γ ∈ − , ∞
2 27
Sum of integers divisible by 5 Hence, β ∈ (− ∞ , 1 / 3] and γ ∈ [−1 / 27, ∞ )
20
= (5 + 100) = 10 × 105 = 1050 20. Since, angles of polygon are in an AP.
2
∴ Sum of all angles
Sum of integers divisible by 10 n
10 = (n − 2) × 180° = {2 (120° ) + (n − 1) 5° }
= (10 + 100) = 5 × 110 = 550 2
2 ⇒ 5n 2 − 125n + 720 = 0
∴ Sum of integers from 1 to 100 divisible by 2 or 5 ⇒ n 2 − 25n + 144 = 0
= 2550 + 1050 − 550 ⇒ (n − 9) (n − 16) = 0
= 2550 + 500 = 3050 ⇒ n = 9, 16
18. Let four consecutive terms of the AP are a − 3d , a − d , If n = 9, then largest angle = a + 8d = 160°
a + d , a + 3d, which are integers. Again, if n = 16, the n largest angle
Again, required product = a + 15d = 120° + 75 = 195°
P = (a − 3d )(a − d )(a + d )(a + 3d ) + (2d )4 which is not possible.
[by given condition] [since, any angle of polygon cannot be > 180°]
= (a 2 − 9d 2)(a 2 − d 2) + 16d 4 Hence, n = 9 [neglecting n = 16]
= a 4 − 10a 2d 2 + 9d 4 + 16d 4 = (a 2 − 5d 2)2
Sequences and Series 59
S7 6
21. Given, = and 130 < t7 < 140 Topic 3 Geometric Progression (GP)
S11 11
7 1.
[2a + 6d ] Key Idea Use nth term of AP i.e., an = a + ( n − 1) d , If a, A , b are in
2 6 7 (2a + 6d )
⇒ = ⇒ =6 AP, then 2A = a + b and nth term of G.P. i.e., an = ar n − 1.
11
[2a + 10d ] 11 (2a + 10d )
2 It is given that, the terms a , b, c are in GP with common
⇒ a = 9d …(i) 1
ratio r, where a ≠ 0 and 0 < r ≤ .
Also, 130 < t7 < 140 2
So, let, b = ar and c = ar 2
⇒ 130 < a + 6d < 140
⇒ 130 < 9d + 6d < 140 [from Eq. (i)] Now, the terms 3a, 7b and 15c are the first three terms
of an AP, then
⇒ 130 < 15d < 140
26 28 2( 7b) = 3a + 15 c
⇒ <d< [since, d is a natural number] ⇒ 14ar = 3a + 15ar 2 [as b = ar, c = ar 2]
3 3
⇒ 14r = 3 + 15r 2 [as a ≠ 0]
∴ d =9
⇒ 15r 2 − 14r + 3 = 0
22. Let number of removed cards be k and (k + 1). ⇒ 15r 2 − 5r − 9r + 3 = 0
n (n + 1)
∴ − k − (k + 1) = 1224 ⇒ 5r (3r − 1) − 3(3r − 1) = 0
2
⇒ (3r − 1) (5r − 3) = 0
⇒ n 2 + n − 4k = 2450 ⇒ n 2 + n − 2450 = 4k 1 3
⇒ r = or
⇒ (n + 50) (n − 49) = 4k 3 5
∴ n > 49 1 1
as, r ∈ 0, , so r =
Let n = 50 2 3
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∴ 100 = 4k Now, the common difference of AP = 7b − 3a
⇒ k = 25 7 2a
= 7ar − 3a = a − 3 = −
Now k − 20 = 5 3 3
23. Given, a1 = 3,m = 5n and a1 , a 2, …, is an AP. −2a
So, 4th term of AP = 3a + 3 =a
Sm S5 n 3
∴ = is independent of n.
Sn Sn
2. (b) Given, three distinct numbers a , b and c are in GP.
5n
[2 × 3 + (5n − 1) d ] ∴ b2 = ac …(i)
5 {(6 − d ) + 5n }
= 2 = , and the given quadratic equations
n
[2 × 3 + (n − 1) d ] (6 − d ) + n
ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 …(ii)
2
independent of n dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 …(iii)
If 6 − d =0 ⇒ d =6 For quadratic Eq. (ii),
∴ a 2 = a1 + d = 3 + 6 = 9 the discriminant D = ( 2b)2 − 4ac
S
or If d = 0, then m is independent of n. = 4(b2 − ac) = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
Sn ⇒ Quadratic Eq. (ii) have equal roots, and it is equal to
b
∴ a2 = 9 x = − , and it is given that quadratic Eqs. (ii) and (iii)
a
24. a k = 2a k − 1 − a k − 2 have a common root, so
2
⇒ a1 , a 2, . . . , a11 are in an AP. b b
d − + 2e − + f = 0
a12 + a 22 + . . . + a11
2
11a 2 + 35 × 11d 2 + 10ad a a
∴ = = 90
11 11 ⇒ db2 − 2eba + a 2f = 0
⇒ 225 + 35 d 2 + 150 d = 90 ⇒ d (ac) − 2eab + a 2f = 0 [Q b2 = ac]
9 ⇒ dc − 2eb + af = 0 [Q a ≠ 0]
⇒ 35 d 2 + 150 d + 135 = 0 ⇒ d = − 3, −
7 ⇒ 2eb = dc + af
27 e dc af
Given, a2 < ⇒ 2 = 2+ 2
2 b b b
9 [dividing each term by b2]
∴ d = − 3 and d ≠ −
7 e d f
⇒ 2 = + [Q b2 = ac]
a1 + a 2 + . . . + a11 11 b a c
⇒ = [ 30 − 10 × 3] = 0
11 2
60 Sequences and Series
So,
d e f 11th term = b = A + 10d
, , are in AP.
a b c 13th term = c = A + 12d
Alternate Solution Q a, b, c are also in GP
Given, three distinct numbers a , b and c are in GP. Let ∴ b2 = ac
a = a, b = ar, c = ar 2 are in GP, which satisfies ⇒ ( A + 10d )2 = ( A + 6d ) ( A + 12d )
ax2 + 2bx + c = 0
⇒ A 2 + 20 Ad + 100d 2 = A 2 + 18 Ad + 72d 2
∴ ax2 + 2(ar )x + ar 2 = 0
⇒ 2 Ad + 28d 2 = 0
⇒ x2 + 2rx + r 2 = 0 [Q a ≠ 0]
⇒ 2d ( A + 14d ) = 0
⇒ (x + r )2 = 0 ⇒ x = − r.
⇒ d = 0 or A + 14d = 0
According to the question, ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and
But d ≠0 [Q the series is non constant AP]
dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 have a common root.
⇒ A = − 14d
So, x = − r satisfies dx2 + 2ex + f = 0 ∴ a = A + 6d = − 14d + 6d = − 8d
∴ d (− r )2 + 2e(− r ) + f = 0 and c = A + 12d = − 14d + 12d = − 2d
⇒ dr 2 − 2er + f = 0 a − 8d
⇒ = =4
c c c − 2d
⇒ d − 2e + f = 0
a b
6. Let b = ar and c = ar 2, where r is the common ratio.
d 2e f
⇒ − + =0 Then, a + b + c = xb
a b c
d f 2e ⇒ a + ar + ar 2 = xar
⇒ + = [Q c ≠ 0]
a c b ⇒ 1 + r + r 2 = xr … (i) [Q a ≠ 0]
a 1 + r + r2 1
3. Let the three consecutive terms of a GP are , a and ar. ⇒ x= =1+r +
r r r
coderguru.in
Now, according to the question, we have 1
a We know that, r + ≥ 2 (for r > 0)
⋅ a ⋅ ar = 512 r
r 1
and r + ≤ − 2 (for r < 0) [using AM ≥ GM]
⇒ a3 = 512 r
⇒ a=8 … (i) 1
∴ 1+r + ≥ 3
Also, after adding 4 to first two terms, we get r
8 1
+ 4, 8 + 4, 8r are in AP or 1 + r + ≤ −1
r r
8 ⇒ x ≥ 3 or x ≤ −1
⇒ 2 (12) = + 4 + 8r
8r
⇒ x ∈ ( − ∞ ,−1] ∪ [3, ∞ )
2
⇒ 24 = + 8r + 4 ⇒ 20 = 4 + 2r Hence, x cannot be 2.
r r
2 Alternate Method
⇒ 5= + 2r ⇒ 2r 2 − 5r + 2 = 0
r From Eq. (i), we have
⇒ 2r 2 − 4r − r + 2 = 0 1 + r + r 2 = xr
⇒ 2r (r − 2) − 1(r − 2) = 0
⇒ r 2 + (1 − x )r + 1 = 0
⇒ (r − 2) (2r − 1) = 0
1 For real solution of r , D ≥ 0.
⇒ r = 2,
2 ⇒ (1 − x )2 − 4 ≥ 0
Thus, the terms are either 16, 8, 4 or 4, 8, 16. Hence, ⇒ x 2 − 2x − 3 ≥ 0
required sum = 28. ⇒ ( x − 3)( x + 1) ≥ 0
4. Let r be the common ratio of given GP, then we have the + – +
following sequence a1 , a 2 = a1r , a3 = a1r , ... , a10 = a1r
2 9 –1 3
Now, a3 = 25 a1 ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞ , − 1] ∪ [3, ∞ )
⇒ a1r 2 = 25 a1 ∴ x cannot be 2.
⇒ r 2 = 25 7. Let a be the first term and d be the common difference.
a a r8 Then, we have a + d, a + 4d, a + 8 d in GP,
Consider, 9 = 1 4 = r 4 = (25)2 = 54
a5 a1r i.e. (a + 4d ) 2 = (a + d ) (a + 8 d )
⇒ a + 16 d 2 + 8ad = a 2 + 8ad + ad + 8 d 2
2
5. Let A be the Ist term of AP and d be the common
difference. ⇒ 8 d 2 = ad
∴ 7th term = a = A + 6d ⇒ 8d = a [Q d ≠ 0]
[Q nth term = A + (n − 1)d]
Sequences and Series 61
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2 2
1 1 1 dx2 + 2ex + f = 0
Also, − D , , + D are in GP.
2 4 2 c c d 2e f
2 2 2 2 ⇒ d⋅ − 2e + f =0 ⇒ − + =0
1 1 1 1 1 a a a ac c
∴ = − D + D ⇒ = − D 2
4 2 2 16 4 2e d f
⇒ = + [Q b2 = ac]
1 1 1 1 b a c
⇒ − D2 = ± ⇒ D2 = ⇒ D=±
4 4 2 2 d e f
Hence, , , are in an AP.
1 1 a b c
∴ a= ±
2 2 13. Here, t3 = 4 ⇒ ar 2 = 4
1 1
So, out of the given values, a = − is the right ∴ Product of first five terms = a ⋅ ar ⋅ ar 2 ⋅ ar3 ⋅ ar 4
2 2
= a5 r10 = (a r 2)5 = 45
choice.
α + β =1 λ + δ = 4 14. If a , b, c ∈ (2, 18), then
10. and
αβ = p λ δ = q a + b + c = 25 ....(i)
Let r be the common ratio. Since, 2, a , b are in AP.
Since, α , β , γ and δ are in GP. ⇒ 2a = b + 2 .... (ii)
Therefore, β = αr, γ = αr 2 and b, c, 18 are in GP.
and δ = αr3 ⇒ c2 = 18b ... (iii)
Then, α + αr = 1 ⇒ α (1 + r ) = 1 …(i) From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii),
b+2
and αr 2 + αr3 = 4 ⇒ αr 2(1 + r ) = 4 …(ii) + b + 18b = 25
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), r 2 = 4 ⇒ r = ± 2
⇒ 3b + 2 + 6 2 b = 50
Now, α ⋅ αr = p and αr 2 ⋅ αr3 = q
⇒ 3b + 6 2 b − 48 = 0
On putting r = − 2, we get
⇒ b + 2 2 b − 16 = 0
α = − 1, p = − 2 and q = − 32
⇒ b + 4 2 b − 2 2 b − 16 = 0
2
Again putting r = 2, we get α = 1 / 3 and p = − ⇒ b ( b + 4 2) − 2 2 ( b + 4 2) = 0
9
⇒ ( b − 2 2) ( b + 4 2) = 0
Since, q and p are integers.
⇒ b = 8, a = 5
Therefore, we take p = − 2 and q = − 32.
and c = 12
62 Sequences and Series
coderguru.in
Then, x = a + (m − 1) d and x = brm−1 1− q
y = a + (n − 1)d and y = br n−1 − { 101C1q + 101C2q 2 + … +101 C101q101 } = α ⋅ T100
z = a + ( p − 1)d and z = br p−1 1
⇒ [( 2101 − 1) − ((1 + q )101 − 1)] = αT100
Now, x − y = (m − n )d, y − z = (n − p)d (1 − q )
and z − x = ( p − m)d
[Q nC 0 + nC1 + … + nC n = 2n]
Again now, xy − z ⋅ yz − x ⋅ z x − y 2 101
− ( q + 1) 101
27 (3 (1 − r ))3 a =
7
[(1 + 1 +…+ upto 20 terms)
⇒ = Q 3 = ⇒ a = 3 (1 − r )
19 1 − r3 1−r 9
27 27 (1 − r ) (1 + r 2 − 2r ) 1 1 1
⇒ = − + 2 + 3 + … + upto 20 terms
19 (1 − r ) (1 + r + r 2) 10 10 10
[Q (1 − r )3 = (1 − r ) (1 − r )2] 1 1
20
⇒ r + r + 1 = 19 (r − 2r + 1)
2 2 1 −
7 10 10
= 20 −
⇒ 18r 2 − 39r + 18 = 0
9 1
⇒ 6r 2 − 13r + 6 = 0 1−
⇒ (3r − 2) (2r − 3) = 0 10
2 3 20
∴ r = or r = (reject) [Q0 < r < 1]
3 2 Q ∑ = 20 and sum of n terms of
i =1
4. Let a , ar , ar 2 are in GP, where (r > 1). a (1 − r n )
GP, S n = when (r < 1 )
On multiplying middle term by 2, we have 1 − r
a , 2ar , ar 2 are in an AP.
7 1
20
⇒ 4ar = a + ar 2 1
= 20 − 1 −
10
⇒ r − 4r + 1 = 0 9 9
2
4 ± 16 − 4 179 1 20
⇒ r= =2 ± 3 7 1 7
2 = + = [179 + (10)− 20 ]
9 9 9 10 81
⇒ r =2 + 3 [since, AP is increasing]
5. Given, 7. We know that, the sum of infinite terms of GP is
k ⋅ 10 = 10 + 2 (11) (10) + 3(11) (10) + ... + 10(11)
9 9 1 8 2 7 9 a
, |r| < 1
S ∞ = 1 − r
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2 9
11 11 11 ∞ ,|r| ≥ 1
⇒ k = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 ...(i)
10 10 10
x
2 9 10 ∴ S∞ = =5 [|r| < 1]
11 11 11 11 11 1−r
k = 1 + 2 + ... + 9 + 10 …(ii)
10 10 10 10 10 x
or 1−r=
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get 5
11 11 11
2
11 11
9 10 5−x
k 1 − = 1 + + + ... + − 10 ⇒ r= exists only when|r| < 1.
10 10 10 10 10 5
5−x
11 10 i.e. −1 < <1
1 − 1 5
10 − 11 10 11
10
⇒ k = − 10 or −10 < − x < 0
10 11 10
− 1 ⇒ 0 < x < 10
10
3
a (r n − 1) 8. Since, sum = 4 and second term = .
Q In GP,sum of n terms = , when r > 1 4
r −1 It is given first term a and common ratio r.
11 10 11
10
a 3
⇒ − k = 10 10 − 10 − 10 ⇒ = 4, ar =
10 10
1−r 4
∴ k = 100 ⇒ r=
3
4a
6. Let S = 0.7 + 0.77 + 0.777 +…
a
7 77 777 ⇒ =4
= + + + … upto 20 terms 1−
3
10 102 103 4a
1 11 111 4a 2
=7 + + 3 + … upto 20 terms
10 10 2
10 ⇒ =4
4a − 3
79 99 999
= + + +… upto 20 terms ⇒ (a − 1) (a − 3) = 0
9 10 100 1000
⇒ a = 1 or 3
7 1 1 1
= 1 − + 1 − 2 + 1 − 3 When a = 1, r = 3 / 4
9 10 10 10
and when a = 3, r = 1 / 4
+…+ upto 20 terms]
64 Sequences and Series
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⇒ a n = 10 [ Q a1 = 10, given]
2
(1 + r 2)2 − r 2 1
2( n − 1) ⇒ =
1 (1 + r + r 2)2 a 2
⇒ a n2 = 100
2 (1 + r 2 − r ) 1
⇒ =
⇒
100
≤1 [Q a n2 ≤ 1, given] (1 + r 2 + r ) a 2
2n − 1 1
r+ +1
⇒ 100 ≤ 2n − 1 ⇒ a =
2 r
1
This is possible for n ≥ 8. r + −1
r
Hence, (b), (c), (d) are the correct answers. 1
Put r+ =y
11. Bn = 1 − An > An r
y+ 1
3
n
∴ = a2
1 − − y−1
4 1
1 3
⇒ An < ⇒ < ⇒ y + 1 = a 2y − a 2
2 4 3 2
1+ a2 + 1 1
4 ⇒ y= Q | y | = r + r > 2
n a2 − 1
3 1
⇒ − > −
4 6 a2 + 1
⇒ >2 [where , (a 2 − 1) ≠ 0]
Obviously, it is true for all even values of n. a2 −1
But for ⇒ |a 2 + 1| > 2|a 2 − 1|
3 1 ⇒ (a 2 + 1)2 − {2 (a 2 − 1)}2 > 0
n = 1, − <−
4 6
3
⇒ {(a 2 + 1) − 2 (a 2 − 1)}{(a 2 + 1) + 2 (a 2 − 1)} > 0
3 27 1
⇒ (− a 2 + 3) (3a 2 − 1) > 0
n = 3, − = − <−
4 64 6 1
5 ∴ < a2 < 3
3 243 1 3
n = 5, − = − <− 1
4 1024 6 ∴ a 2 ∈ , 1 ∪ (1, 3) [Q a 2 ≠ 1]
k −1 3
and for n = 7,
1
3
7
2187 1 14. We have, S k = k ! =
− = − >− 1−
1 (k − 1)!
4 12288 6 k
Hence, minimum odd natural number n0 = 7.
Sequences and Series 65
1 1 1 6 ×1
Now, (k2 − 3k + 1) S k = {(k − 2) (k − 1) − 1} × ⇒ = +
(k − 1)! h7 2 − 54
1 1
= − 1 1 1 18
(k − 3)! (k − 1)! ⇒ = − ⇒ h7 =
100
h7 2 9 7
2
1 1 100
⇒ ∑|(k2 − 3k + 1) S k|= 1 + 1 + 2 − + =4− ∴
7 18
a 4h7 = × =6
k =1
99 ! 98 ! 100 ! 3 7
100
1002 4. Let the common ratio of the GP be r. Then,
100 ! k∑
⇒ + |(k2 − 3k + 1) S k|= 4
=1
y = xr and z = xr 2
⇒ ln y = ln x + ln r and ln z = ln x + 2 ln r
Topic 5 Harmonic Progression (HP) Let A = 1 + ln x, D = ln r
1 1 1 1 1 1
1. PLAN nth term of HP, t n = Then, = , = =
a + ( n − 1) n 1 + ln x A 1 + ln y 1 + ln x + ln r A + D
Here, a1 = 5, a 20 = 25 for HP 1 1 1
and = =
1 1 1 + ln z 1 + ln x + 2 ln r A + 2D
∴ = 5 and = 25
a a + 19d 1 1 1
Therefore, , , are in HP.
1 1 1 1 4 1 + ln x 1 + ln y 1 + ln z
⇒ + 19d = ⇒ 19d = − =−
5 25 25 5 25
5. Let a1 = 1, a 2 = 2 , ⇒ a3 = 4 , a 4 = 8
−4
∴ d= ∴ b1 = 1, b2 = 3, b3 = 7, b4 = 15
19 × 25
Clearly, b1 , b2, b3 , b4 are not in HP.
Since, an < 0
1 Hence, Statement II is false.
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⇒ + (n − 1) d < 0
5 Statement I is already true.
⇒
1
−
4
(n − 1) < 0 ⇒ (n − 1) >
95 6. Since, cos (x − y), cos x and cos (x + y) are in HP.
5 19 × 25 4 2 cos (x − y) cos (x + y)
∴ cos x =
⇒ n >1 +
95
or n > 24.75 cos (x − y) + cos (x + y)
4
⇒ cos x (2 cos x ⋅ cos y) = 2 {cos 2 x − sin 2 y}
∴ Least positive value of n = 25
⇒ cos 2 x ⋅ cos y = cos 2 x − sin 2 y
2. Since, a , b, c, d are in AP. ⇒ cos x (1 − cos y) = sin 2 y
2
a b c d y y y
⇒ , , , are in AP. ⇒ cos 2 x ⋅ 2 sin 2 = 4 sin 2 ⋅ cos 2
abcd abcd abcd abcd 2 2 2
y
1 1 1 1 ⇒ cos 2 x ⋅ sec2 = 2
⇒ , , , are in AP. 2
bcd cda abd abc
y
⇒ bcd , cda , abd , abc are in HP. ∴ cos x ⋅ sec = ± 2
2
⇒ abc, abd , cda , bcd are in HP.
7. Since, a , b, c are in an AP.
3. Since, a1 , a 2, a3 , K , a10 are in AP. ∴ 2b = a + c
Now, a10 = a1 + 9d and a 2, b2, c2 are in HP.
⇒ 3 = 2 + 9d 2a 2c2 a + c
2
2a 2c2
⇒ b2 = ⇒ = 2 2
⇒ d = 1 / 9 and a 4 = a1 + 3d a 2 + c2 2 a +c
⇒ a 4 = 2 + 3(1 / 9) = 2 + 1 / 3 = 7 / 3 ⇒ (a 2 + c2)(a 2 + c2 + 2ac) = 8a 2c2
Also, h1 , h2, h3 , K , h10 are in HP. ⇒ (a 2 + c2) + 2ac(a 2 + c2) = 8a 2c2
1 1 1 1
⇒ , , ,K, are in AP. ⇒ (a + c ) + 2ac(a 2 + c2) + a 2c2 = 9a 2c2
2 2
h1 h2 h3 h10
⇒ (a 2 + c2 + ac)2 = 9a 2c2
Given, h1 = 2, h10 = 3
⇒ a 2 + c2 + ac = 3ac
1 1 1 1
∴ = + 9d1 ⇒ = + 9d1 ⇒ a 2 + b2 – 2ac = 0
h10 h1 3 2
1 ⇒ (a – c)2 = 0 ⇒ a = c
⇒ − = 9d1 and if a = c ⇒ b = c or a 2 + c2 + ac = – 3ac
6
⇒ d1 = −
1
and
1
=
1
+ 6d1 ⇒ a 2 + c2 + 2ac = –2ac
54 h7 h1 ⇒ (a + c)2 = –2ac
66 Sequences and Series
ac
⇒ 4b2 = –2ac ⇒ b2 = – Topic 6 Relation between AM, GM, HM
2
c and Some Special Series
Hence, are in GP.
a , b, –
2 1. Given series,
c 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
∴ Either a = b = c or a , b, − are in GP. S =1+ + + ... +
2 1+ 2 1+ 2+ 3
8. Since, a , A1 , A2, b are in AP. 13 + 23 + 33 + K + 153 1
− (1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15)
⇒ A1 + A2 = a + b 1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15 2
a , G1 , G2, b are in GP ⇒ G1G2 = ab = S1 − S 2 (let)
where,
and a , H 1 , H 2, b are in HP.
13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
3ab 3ab S1 = 1 + + +K+
⇒ H1 = , H2 = 1+ 2 1+ 2+ 3
2b + a b + 2a
13 + 23 + 33 + K + 153
1 1 1 1
∴ + = + 1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15
H1 H 2 a b 2
n( n + 1)
H 1 + H 2 A1 + A2 1 1
⇒ = = + …(i) 15
13 + 23 + K + n3 15
2
H 1H 2 G1G2 a b = ∑ = ∑
n =1 1 + 2 + K + n n =1
n ( n + 1)
G1G2 ab
Now, = 2
H 1H 2 3ab 3ab n + 1)
2
n ( n + 1) n
n ( n
2b + a b + 2a Q ∑ r3 = and ∑ r =
r = 1 2 r =1 2
(2a + b) (a + 2b)
= …(ii) 15
n( n + 1) 1 15
9ab = ∑ = ∑ (n 2 + n )
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From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get n =1 2 2 n =1
G1G2 A + A2 ( 2a + b) (a + 2b) 1 15 × 16 × 31 15 × 16
= 1 = = +
H 1H 2 H 1 + H 2 9ab 2 6 2
9. (i) Now, a + b = (a + x + y + z + b) − (x + y + z )
n n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
=
5
(a + b) − 15 Q ∑ r 2 =
2 r = 1 6
[since, a , x, y, z are in AP] 1
= [(5 × 8 × 31) + (15 × 8)]
5 2
∴ Sum = (a + b) ⇒ a + b = 10 …(i)
2 = (5 × 4 × 31) + (15 × 4)
1 1 1 1 1 = 620 + 60 = 680
Since, a , x, y, z , b are in HP, then , , , ,
are in AP. a x y z b 1
and S 2 = (1 + 2 + 3 + K + 15)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Now, + = + + + + − + + 1 15 × 16
a b a x y z b x y z = × = 60
2 2
5 1 1 5
= + − Therefore, S = S1 − S 2 = 680 − 60 = 620.
2 a b 3
a + b 10 9 × 10 2. Given series is
⇒ = ⇒ ab = [from Eq. (i)] 3 × 13 5 × (13 + 23 ) 7 × (13 + 23 + 33 )
ab 9 10 + + + ...
1 2
1 +2
2 2
12 + 22 + 33
⇒ ab = 9 …(ii)
So, nth term
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
(3 + (n − 1)2)(13 + 23 + 33 ... + n3 )
a = 1, b = 9 Tn =
12 + 22 + 32 + K + n 2
(ii) LHS = log (x + z ) + log (x + z − 2 y)
2
2 xz 2xz n (n + 1)
= log (x + z ) + log x + z − 2 Q y = x + z (2n + 1) ×
x + z 2
=
n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
(x − z )2
= log (x + z ) + log 6
(x + z )
n 3 n (n + 1) 2 n n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
= 2 log (x − z ) = RHS Q Σ r = and Σ r 2 =
r =1 2 r = 1 6
Sequences and Series 67
3n (n + 1) 3 2 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + k
So, Tn =
= (n + n ) 5. Since, S k =
2 2 k
k ( k + 1) k + 1
Now, sum of the given series upto n terms = =
3 2k 2
S n = ΣTn = [Σn 2 + Σn ] 2
2 k + 1 1
So, S 2k = = (k + 1)
2
… (i)
3 n (n + 1)(2n + 1) n (n + 1) 2 4
= +
2 6 2 5 10
Now, A = S 12 + S 22 + S 23 + ... S 10
2
= ∑ S 2k
3 10 × 11 × 21 10 × 11 12 k =1
∴ S10 = +
2 6 2 5 1 10
1
3
⇒
12
A=
4 ∑ (k + 1)2 = 4 [22 + 32 + 42 + ... 112]
k =1
= [(5 × 11 × 7) + (5 × 11)]
2 1 11 × (11 + 1) (2 × 11 + 1) 2
= −1
3 3 4 6
= × 55(7 + 1) = × 55 × 8 = 3 × 55 × 4
n ( n + 1) ( 2n + 1)
2 2 [Q ∑ n 2 = ]
6
= 12 × 55 = 660
1 11 × 12 × 23 1
= − 1 = [(22 × 23) − 1]
3. (b) Given series is 4 6 4
1 + (2 × 3) + (3 × 5) + (4 × 7) + …upto 1 1
= [506 − 1] = [505]
11 terms. 4 4
Now, the rth term of the series is a r = r (2r − 1) 5 505
⇒ A= ⇒ A = 303
∴Sum of first 11-terms is 12 4
11 11 11 11
xm yn
S11 = ∑ r (2r − 1) = ∑ (2r 2 − r ) = 2 ∑ r 2 − ∑ r 6. Consider,
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r =1 r =1 r =1 r =1 (1 + x )(1 + y2n )
2m
n n (n + 1)(2n + 1) n
n (n + 1) By using AM ≥ GM (because x , y ∈ R + ), we get
Q ∑ r 2 = and ∑ r =
r = 1 6 2 ( x m + x − m ) ≥ 2 and ( y n + y − n ) ≥ 2
r =1
1
11 × 12 × 23 11 × 12 [Q If x > 0, then x + ≥ 2]
= − x
2
3 ⇒ ( x m + x − m )( y n + y − n ) ≥ 4
= (11 × 4 × 23) − (11 × 6) = 11(92 − 6) = 11 × 86 = 946 1 1
⇒ m −m −n
≤
4. Given series is ( x + x )( y + y ) 4
n
3
3
1 1
3
3
3 3 1
∴ Maximum value = .
+ 1 + 2 + 3 + 3 + ...
3
4 2 4 4 4
3 3 3 3 7. General term of the given series is
3 6 9 12
Let S = + + + 3r (12 + 22 + K + r 2) 3r [r (r + 1) (2r + 1)]
4 4 4 4 Tr = =
15
3 2r + 1 6(2r + 1)
+ + … + upto 15 terms 1 3
4 = (r + r ) 2
3 2
3 15
1 15
= [13 + 23 + 33 + 43 + 53 + ... + 153 ] Now, required sum = ∑ Tr = ∑ (r3 + r 2)
4 2 r =1
3 2 r =1
3 15 × 16
= 1 n (n + 1) 2 n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
4 2 = +
2 2 6 n = 15
3 n ( n + 1)
2
Q1 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3 = , n ∈N 1 n (n + 1) n 2 + n 2n + 1
2 = +
2 2 2 3
n = 15
27 225 × 256
= × 1 n (n + 1) (3n 2 + 7n + 2)
64 4 =
2 2 6 n = 15
= 27 × 225
1 15 × 16 (3 × 225 + 105 + 2)
⇒ S = 27 × 225 = 225 k [given] = × × = 7820
2 2 6
⇒ k = 27.
68 Sequences and Series
2 2 2 2
8. We have, a1 , a 2, a3 , … a 49 are in AP. 8 12 16 24
12 = + + + 42 + + ... to 10 terms
5 5 5 5
∑ a4k + 1 = 416 and a9 + a43 = 66 1 2
k =0
= 2 (8 + 12 + 16 + 20 + 242 + ... to 10 terms)
2 2 2
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⇒ 7 × 4 × 5 × 34 = 140m
⇒ 140 × 34 = 140m ⇒ m = 34 Now, G14 + 2G24 + G34 = (lr )4 + 2(lr 2)4 + (lr3 )4
= l4 × r 4 (1 + 2r 4 + r 6 ) = l4 × r 4 (r 4 + 1)2
9. We have, 2
12 + 2⋅ 22 + 32 + 2⋅ 42 + 52 + 2⋅ 62 + … n n + l
= l4 × = ln × 4 m = 4lm n
2 2
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17. Since, product of n positive numbers is unity.
1 1
⇒ x1 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x3 ... xn = 1 ... (i) + K + n − 1 + ... + n − 1
2 2
x1 + x2 + ... + xn
Using AM ≥ GM, ≥ (x1 ⋅ x2 ... xn )1/ n 2 4 8 2n −1
n =1 + + + + K + n −1
2 4 8 2
⇒ x1 + x2 + ... + xn ≥ n (1)1/ n [from Eq. (i)]
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 = n
Hence, sum of n positive numbers is never less than n. 1444 424444 3
(n ) times
18. Since, AM > GM
Thus, a(100) ≤ 100
(b + c − a ) + (c + a − b)
∴ > (b + c − a )(c + a − b)1/ 2 Therefore, (a) is the answer.
2
1 1 1 1 1
⇒ c > [(b + c − a )(c + a − b)] 1/ 2
…(i) Again, a (n ) = 1 + + + + + K +
2 3 4 5 8
Similarly b > [(a + b − c)(b + c − a )] 1/ 2
…(ii)
1 1 1
and a > [(a + b − c)(c + a − b)]1/ 2 …(iii) + K + n −1 + K + n − n
2 +1 2 2
On multiplying Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
1 1 1 1 1 1
abc > (a + b − c)(b + c − a )(c + a − b) >1 + + + + + +K+
2 4 4 8 8 8
Hence, (a + b − c)(b + c − a )(c + a − b) − abc < 0
1 1 1
+ K + n + K + n − n
19. Since, x1 , x2 ,…, xn are positive real numbers. 2 2 2
∴ Using nth power mean inequality 1 2 4 2n − 1 1
2 =1 + + + +K+ n − n
x12 + x22 + ... + xn2 x + x2 + ... + xn 2 4 8 2 2
≥ 1
n n 1 1 1 1 1 1 n
= 1 + + + + K + − n = 1 − n +
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
n 2 n 2 n n n 14442444 3
⇒ ∑ xi ≥ ∑ xi ⇒ n ∑ xi2 ≥ ∑ xi n times
n i = 1 i = 1
i =1 i =1 1 200
Therefore, a (200) > 1 − 200 + > 100
20. Let a and b are two numbers. Then, 2 2
a+b 2ab Therefore, (d) is also the answer.
A1 = ; G1 = ab ; H 1 =
2 a+b
24. Since, first and (2n − 1)th terms are equal.
An − 1 + H n − 1
An = , Let first term be x and (2n − 1) th term be y,
2
whose middle term is tn.
70 Sequences and Series
x+ y 1
Thus, in arithmetic progression, tn = =a log a x +
2 log a x
28. Since, > 1, using AM > GM
In geometric progression, tn = xy = b 2
2xy Here, equality holds only when x = a which is not
In harmonic progression, tn = =c
x+ y possible. So, log a x + log x a is greater than 2.
⇒ b2 = ac and a > b > c [using AM > GM > HM] Hence, it is a false statement.
Here, equality holds (i. e. a = b = c) only if all terms are 29. Here, (1 + a )(1 + b)(1 + c)
same. Hence, options (a), (b) and (d) are correct.
= 1 + a + b + c + ab + bc + ca + abc …(i)
25. Let the two positive numbers be a and b.
a + b + c + ab + bc + ca + abc
a+b Since, ≥ (a b c )
4 4 4 1/7
∴ x= [since, x is AM between a and b] … (i) 7
2
a y z [using AM ≥ GM]
and = = [since, y, z are GM’s between a and b] ⇒ a + b + c + ab + bc + ca + abc ≥ 7(a 4b4c4 )1/7
y z b
y2 z2 ⇒ 1 + a + b + c + ca + abc > 7(a 4b4c4 )1/7 …(ii)
∴ a= and b = From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
z y
On substituting the values of a and b in Eq. (i), we get (1 + a )(1 + b)(1 + c) > 7(a 4b4c4 )1/7
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⇒ =2
xyz where, r is the common ratio of GP a1 , a 2, K , a n.
( n − 1 )n
26. Let the two positive numbers be ka and a , a > 0.
= [(a1 ⋅ a1. K n times ) (r 1/ 2
⋅r
3 /3
⋅r 6/ 4
Kr 2n
)]1/ n
Then, G = ka ⋅ a = k ⋅ a 1 3 n −1
+1+ + L+
and H =
2(ka )a
=
2ka = [a1n ⋅ r 2 2 2 ]1/ n
ka + a k + 1 1/ n
1 ( n − 1 )n n −1
Again,
H 4
= [given] = a1 r 2 2 = a1 r 4 …(i)
G 5
2ka
a1 + a 2 + ... + a n a1 (1 − r n )
k+1 4 2 k 4 Now, An = =
⇒ = ⇒ = n n (1 − r )
ka 5 k+1 5
n
⇒ 5 k = 2k + 2 and Hn =
1 1 1
⇒ 2k − 5 k + 2 = 0 + +K+
a1 a 2 an
5 ± 25 − 16 5 ± 3 1
⇒ k= = = 2, n
4 4 2 =
1 1 1
⇒ k = 4, 1 / 4. 1 + + K + n − 1
a1 r r
Hence, the required ratio is 4 : 1.
a1n (1 − r ) r n − 1
27. Using AM ≥ GM, =
1 − rn
1 + x2n
≥ 1 ⋅ x2n a1 (1 − r n ) a1n (1 − r )r n − 1
2 ∴ An ⋅ H n = × = a12r n − 1
n (1 − r ) (1 − r n )
1 + x2n
⇒ ≥ xn n n
2 ⇒ ∏ Ak H k = ∏ (a12r n − 1 )
x n
1 k =1 k =1
⇒ ≤
1+x 2n
2 = (a12 ⋅ a12 ⋅ a12K n times ) × r 0 ⋅ r1 ⋅ r 2K r n − 1
xn ⋅ ym 1 = a12n ⋅ r1 + 2 + K + ( n − 1)
∴ ≤ n ( n − 1) n −1
(1 + x ) (1 + y2m ) 4
2n
= a12nr 2 = [a1r 4 ]2 n
1/ 2 n ⇒ q < p or q > p
n n − 1
Gm = ∏ AkH k
k = 1 n + 1 2
Q p > p
⇒ Gm = ( A1 A2 K AnH 1H 2 K H n )1/ 2n n − 1
2
31. Let two numbers be a and b and A1 , A2, ... , An be n n + 1
Hence, q cannot lie between p and p.
arithmetic means between a and b. Then, n − 1
a , A1 , A2, ... , An , b are in AP with common difference
b−a 32. Since a , b, c > 0
d=
n+1 (a + b + c)
⇒ > (abc)1/3 …(i)
b−a 3
∴ p = A1 = a + d = a +
n+1 [using AM ≥ GM]
na + b 1 1 1
⇒ p= …(i) + + 1/3
n+1 a b c ≥ 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1
Also, …(ii)
3 a b c
Let H 1 , H 2, ... , H n be n harmonic means between a and
b. [using AM ≥ GM]
1 1 1 1 1 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
∴ , , , ... , , is an AP with common
a H1 H 2 Hn b 1 1 1
(a + b + c) + +
(a − b) a b c 1
difference, D = . ≥ (abc)1/3
(n + 1) ab 9 (abc)1/3
1 1 1 1 (a − b) 1 1 1
∴ = +D ⇒ = + ∴ (a + b + c) + + ≥ 9
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q a q a (n + 1) ab a b c
1 nb + a
⇒ = 33. Plan
q (n + 1) ab (i) If a, b, c are in GP, then they can be taken as a, ar, ar 2
( n + 1) ab where r, (r ≠ 0) is the common ratio.
⇒ q= ... (ii)
nb + a x + x2 + K + xn
(ii) Arithmetic mean of x1, x2, K , xn = 1
n
From Eq. (i),
Let a , b, c be a , ar , ar 2, where r ∈ N
b = (n + 1) p − na.
a+ b+ c
Putting it in Eq. (ii), we get Also, =b+2
3
q { n (n + 1) p − n 2a + a } = (n + 1) a {(n + 1) p − na }
⇒ a + ar + ar 2 = 3 (ar ) + 6
⇒ n (n + 1) a 2 − {(n + 1)2 p + (n 2 − 1)q}a
⇒ ar 2 − 2ar + a = 6
+ n (n + 1) pq = 0 6
⇒ (r − 1)2 =
⇒ na 2 − {(n + 1) p + (n − 1)q} a + npq = 0 a
Since, a is real, therefore Since, 6 /a must be perfect square and a ∈ N .
{(n + 1) p + (n − 1)q}2 − 4n 2pq > 0 So, a can be 6 only.
⇒ (n + 1) p + (n − 1) q + 2 (n − 1) pq − 4n pq > 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ r −1 = ± 1 ⇒ r =2
⇒ (n + 1)2 p2 + (n − 1)2q2 − 2 (n 2 + 1) pq > 0 a 2 + a − 14 36 + 6 − 14
and = =4
2 (n 2 + 1) n + 1
2 a+1 7
⇒ q2 − pq + p2 > 0
(n − 1) 2
n − 1 34. Using AM ≥ GM,
2 2 a −5 + a −4 + a −3 + a −3 + a −3 + 1 + a 8 + a10
n + 1 n + 1) 2
⇒ q − 1 +
2
pq + p >0 8
n − 1 n −1 1
≥ (a − 5 ⋅ a − 4 ⋅ a − 3 ⋅ a − 3 ⋅ a − 3 ⋅ 1 ⋅ a 8 ⋅ a10 ) 8
n + 1
2
⇒ (q − p) q − p > 0 ⇒ a −5 + a −4 + 3a −3 + 1 + a 8 + a10 ≥ 8 ⋅ 1
n − 1
Hence, minimum value is 8.
coderguru.in
(c) 360 (d) 288 the numbers 0, 1 , 2, 3 , 4 and 5, without repetition. The
2. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} total number of ways this can be done, is (1989, 2M)
are there, for which the sum of the diagonal entries of (a) 216 (b) 240
M T M is 5 ? (2017 Adv.) (c) 600 (d) 3125
(a) 198 (b) 162 (c) 126 (d) 135 9. Eight chairs are numbered 1 to 8. Two women and
3. The number of integers greater than 6000 that can be three men wish to occupy one chair each.
formed using the digits 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 without First the women choose the chairs from amongst the
repetition is (2015 Main) chairs marked 1 to 4 and then the men select the chairs
(a) 216 (b) 192 from amongst the remaining. The number of possible
(c) 120 (d) 72 arrangements is
(a) 6C3 × 4 C2 (b) 4 P2 × 4 P3 (1982, 2M)
4. The number of seven-digit integers, with sum of the
digits equal to 10 and formed by using the digits 1, 2 and (c) 4 C2 + 4 P3 (d) None of these
3 only, is (2009) 10. The different letters of an alphabet are given. Words
(a) 55 (b) 66 (c) 77 (d) 88 with five letters are formed from these given letters.
Then, the number of words which have at least one
5. How many different nine-digit numbers can be formed
letter repeated, is (1980, 2M)
from the number 22 33 55 888 by rearranging its digits
so that the odd digits occupy even positions? (2000, 2M) (a) 69760 (b) 30240
(c) 99748 (d) None
(a) 16 (b) 36
(c) 60 (d) 180
Analytical & Descriptive Question
6. An n-digit number is a positive number with exactly n
digits. Nine hundred distinct n-digit numbers are to be 11. Eighteen guests have to be seated half on each side of a
formed using only the three digits 2,5 and 7. The smallest long table. Four particular guests desire to sit on one
value of n for which this is possible, is (1998, 2M) particular side and three other on the other side.
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9 Determine the number of ways in which the sitting
arrangements can be made. (1991, 4M)
Permutations and Combinations 73
Column I Column II
A. The number of permutations containing the word p. 5!
ENDEA, is
B. The number of permutations in which the letter E q. 2 × 5!
occurs in the first and the last positions, is
C. The number of permutations in which none of the r. 7 × 5!
letters D, L, N occurs in the last five positions, is
D. The number of permutations in which the letters A, E, s. 21 × 5!
O occur only in odd positions, is
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(a) 2 20
−1 (b) 2 21
(c) 2 20
(d) 2 20
+1 8. A man X has 7 friends, 4 of them are ladies and 3 are
men. His wife Y also has 7 friends, 3 of them are ladies
2. Suppose that 20 pillars of the same height have been and 4 are men. Assume X and Y have no common
erected along the boundary of a circular stadium. If the friends. Then, the total number of ways in which X and
top of each pillar has been connected by beams with the Y together can throw a party inviting
top of all its non-adjacent pillars, then the total number 3 ladies and 3 men, so that 3 friends of each of X and Y
of beams is (2019 Main, 10 April II)
are in this party, is (2017 Main)
(a) 180 (b) 210 (c) 170 (d) 190 (a) 485 (b) 468 (c) 469 (d) 484
3. Some identical balls are arranged in rows to form an 9. Let S = {1, 2, 3, …… , 9}. For k = 1, 2 , …… 5, let N k be the
equilateral triangle. The first row consists of one ball,
the second row consists of two balls and so on. If 99 more number of subsets of S, each containing five elements
identical balls are added to the total number of balls out of which exactly k are odd. Then
used in forming the equilateral triangle, then all these N1 + N 2 + N 3 + N 4 + N 5 = (2017 Adv.)
balls can be arranged in a square whose each side (a) 210 (b) 252 (c) 126 (d) 125
contains exactly 2 balls less than the number of balls 10. A debate club consists of 6 girls and 4 boys. A team of
each side of the triangle contains. Then, the number of 4 members is to be selected from this club including the
balls used to form the equilateral triangle is selection of a captain (from among these 4 members) for
(2019 Main, 9 April II) the team. If the team has to include atmost one boy, the
(a) 262 (b) 190 (c) 225 (d) 157 number of ways of selecting the team is (2016 Adv.)
4. There are m men and two women participating in a (a) 380 (b) 320 (c) 260 (d) 95
chess tournament. Each participant plays two games 11. Let Tn be the number of all possible triangles formed by
with every other participant. If the number of games
played by the men between themselves exceeds the joining vertices of an n-sided regular polygon. If
number of games played between the men and the Tn + 1 − Tn = 10, then the value of n is (2013 Main)
women by 84, then the value of m is (2019 Main, 12 Jan II) (a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 8
(a) 12 (b) 11 (c) 9 (d) 7 12. If r , s, t are prime numbers and p, q are the positive
5. If n C 4 , n C 5 and n C 6 are in AP, then n can be integers such that LCM of p, q is r 2s4 t 2 ,then the number
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II) of ordered pairs ( p, q) is (2006, 3M)
(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 14 (d) 12 (a) 252 (b) 254 (c) 225 (d) 224
25 5
6. If ∑{
r = 0
50
Cr ⋅ 50 − r
C 25 − r } = K ( C 25 ),
50
13. The value of the expression C 4 +47
∑ 52− j
C 3 is
j =1
(1980, 2M)
then, K is equal to (2019 Main, 10 Jan II) (a) 47 C5 (b) 52C5
(a) 2 24
(b) 2 25
−1 (c) 225
(d) (25) 2
(c) 52C4 (d) None of these
74 Permutations and Combinations
Match Type Question 17. In a certain test, a i students gave wrong answers to at
least i questions, where i = 1, 2, K , k. No student gave
14. In a high school, a committee has to be formed from a more that k wrong answers. The total number of wrong
group of 6 boys M1 , M 2, M 3, M 4 , M 5, M 6 and 5 girls G1 , answers given is … . (1982, 2M)
G 2, G 3, G 4 , G 5.
(i) Let α1 be the total number of ways in which the True/False
committee can be formed such that the committee 18. The product of any r consecutive natural numbers is
has 5 members, having exactly 3 boys and 2 girls. always divisible by r !. (1985, 1M)
(ii) Let α 2 be the total number of ways in which the
committee can be formed such that the committee Analytical & Descriptive Questions
has at least 2 members, and having an equal
19. A committee of 12 is to be formed from 9 women and 8
number of boys and girls.
men. In how many ways this can be done if at least five
(iii) Let α 3 be the total number of ways in which the women have to be included in a committee ? In how
committee can be formed such that the committee many of these committees
has 5 members, at least 2 of them being girls.
(i) the women are in majority?
(iv) Let α 4 be the total number of ways in which the
(ii) the men are in majority? (1994, 4M)
committee can be formed such that the committee
has 4 members, having at least 2 girls such that both 20. A student is allowed to select atmost n books from n
M1 and G1 are NOT in the committee together. collection of (2n + 1) books. If the total number of ways
(2018 Adv.) in which he can select at least one books is 63, find the
List-I List-II value of n. (1987, 3M)
21. A box contains two white balls, three black balls and
P. The value of α1 is 1. 136
four red balls. In how many ways can three balls be
Q. The value of α 2 is 2. 189 drawn from the box, if at least one black ball is to be
included in the draw ? (1986, 2 12 M)
The value of α 3 is
coderguru.in
R. 3. 192
22. 7 relatives of a man comprises 4 ladies and 3
S. The value of α 4 is 4. 200 gentlemen, his wife has also 7 relatives ; 3 of them are
5. 381 ladies and 4 gentlemen. In how many ways can they
invite a dinner party of 3 ladies and 3 gentlemen so
6. 461 that there are 3 of man’s relative and 3 of the wife's
relatives? (1985, 5M)
The correct option is
(a) P → 4; Q → 6; R → 2; S → 1 23. m men and n women are to be seated in a row so that no
two women sit together. If m > n, then show that the
(b) P → 1; Q → 4; R → 2; S → 3 number of ways in which they can be seated, is
(c) P → 4; Q → 6; R → 5; S → 2 m ! (m + 1) !
.
(d) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 3; S → 1 (m − n + 1) ! (1983, 2M)
3. Consider three boxes, each containing 10 balls labelled Integer Answer Type Questions
1, 2, …, 10. Suppose one ball is randomly drawn from
each of the boxes. Denote by ni , the label of the ball 9. Words of length 10 are formed using the letters A, B, C,
drawn from the ith box, (i = 1, 2, 3). Then, the number of D, E, F, G, H, I, J. Let x be the number of such words
ways in which the balls can be chosen such that where no letter is repeated; and let y be the number of
n1 < n2 < n3 is (2019 Main, 12 Jan I) such words where exactly one letter is repeated twice
y
(a) 82 (b) 120 (c) 240 (d) 164 and no other letter is repeated. Then, =
9x (2017 Adv.)
4. The number of natural numbers less than 7,000 which
can be formed by using the digits 0, 1, 3, 7, 9 (repitition 10. Let n be the number of ways in which 5 boys and 5 girls
of digits allowed) is equal to (2019 Main, 9 Jan II) can stand in a queue in such a way that all the girls
(a) 374 (b) 375 (c) 372 (d) 250 stand consecutively in the queue. Let m be the number
of ways in which 5 boys and 5 girls can stand in a queue
5. Consider a class of 5 girls and 7 boys. The number of in such a way that exactly four girls stand consecutively
different teams consisting of 2 girls and 3 boys that can m
be formed from this class, if there are two specific boys in the queue. Then, the value of is
n (2015 Adv.)
A and B, who refuse to be the members of the same
team, is (2019 Main, 9 Jan I) 11. Let n1 < n2 < n3 < n4 < n5 be positive integers such that
(a) 350 (b) 500 (c) 200 (d) 300 n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 = 20. The number of such distinct
arrangements (n1 , n2 , n3 , n4 , n5 ) is (2014 Adv.)
6. If all the words (with or without meaning) having five
letters, formed using the letters of the word SMALL and
arranged as in a dictionary, then the position of the Fill in the Blanks
word SMALL is (2016 Main) k(k + 1)
12. Let n and k be positive integers such that n ≥ .
(a) 46th (b) 59th 2
(c) 52nd (d) 58th The number of solutions (x1 , x2 ,... , xk ),
x1 ≥ 1, x2 ≥ 2, ... , xk ≥ k for all integers satisfying
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7. The letters of the word COCHIN are permuted and all
the permutations are arranged in an alphabetical order x1 + x2 + ... + xk = n is … (1996, 2M)
as in an English dictionary. The number of words that 13. Total number of ways in which six ‘+’ and four ‘–’ signs
appear before the word COCHIN, is (2007, 3M) can be arranged in a line such that no two ‘–’signs occur
(a) 360 (b) 192 (c) 96 (d) 48 together is… . (1988, 2M)
Analytical & Descriptive Questions 7. In how many ways can a pack of 52 cards be
2 (i) divided equally among four players in order
n !
6. Using permutation or otherwise, prove that is an (ii) divided into four groups of 13 cards each
(n !)n
(iii) divided in 4 sets, three of them having 17 cards each
integer, where n is a positive integer. (2004, 2M)
and the fourth just one card? (1979, 3M)
Answers
Topic 1 22. (485) 25. (n = 9 and r = 3 )
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c)
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a)
Topic 3
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a)
9. (d) 10. (a) 11. 9
P4 × 9 P3 (11 )!
5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (625)
12. ( A → p; B → s; C → q ; D → q )
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9. (5) 10. (5) 11. (7)
Topic 2 1
12. (2n − k + k − 2 )
2
13. (35 ways) 14. (300)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 2
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) Topic 4
9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (c) 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b)
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (5) (52 )! (52 )! (52 )!
n 5. (a) 7. (i) 4
(ii) 4
(iii)
(13 !) 4 ! (13 !) 3 ! (17 ) 3
16. nn , ∑ ( −1 )n − r n Cr (r )n 17. 2n − 1 18. (True)
r =1
Topic 5
19. 6062, (i) 2702 (ii) 1008 20. n = 3 21. (64)
1. (a) 2. (9)
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7! = 9P4 × 9P3 × (11)!.
Number of numbers = = 42
5! 12. A. If ENDEA is fixed word, then assume this as a
Case II Four 1’s, three 2’s single letter. Total number of letters = 5
7! Total number of arrangements = 5 !.
Number of numbers = = 35
4!3! B. If E is at first and last places, then total number of
∴ Total number of numbers = 42 + 35 = 77 permutations = 7 !/ 2 ! = 21 × 5 !
C. If D, L, N are not in last five positions
5. X X X X X . The four digits 3, 3, 5, 5 can be ← D, L, N, N → ← E, E, E, A, O →
4!
arranged at () places in = 6 ways. 4! 5!
2 !2 ! Total number of permutations = × = 2 × 5 !
2! 3!
The five digits 2, 2, 8, 8, 8 can be arranged at (X ) places
5! D. Total number of odd positions = 5
in ways = 10 ways. 5!
2 !3 ! Permutations of AEEEO are .
Total number of arrangements = 6 × 10 = 60 3!
[since, events A and B are independent, therefore Total number of even positions = 4
A ∩ B = A × B] 4!
∴ Number of permutations of N, N, D, L =
6. Distinct n-digit numbers which can be formed using 2!
digits 2, 5 and 7 are 3n . We have to find n, so that 5! 4!
⇒ Total number of permutations = × = 2 × 5 !
3n ≥ 900 3! 2!
n− 2
⇒ 3 ≥ 100
⇒ n −2 ≥5 Topic 2 Properties of Combinational
⇒ n ≥ 7, so the least value of n is 7. and General Selections
7. Let n be the number of newspapers which are read by 1. Given that, out of 31 objects 10 are identical and
the students. remaining 21 are distinct, so in following ways, we can
choose 10 objects.
Then, 60n = (300) × 5
0 identical + 10 distincts, number of ways = 1 × 21
C10
⇒ n = 25
1 identical + 9 distincts, number of ways = 1 × 21
C9
8. Since, a five-digit number is formed using the digits
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5} divisible by 3 i.e. only possible when 2 identicals + 8 distincts, number of ways = 1 × 21
C8
sum of the digits is multiple of three. . . . . . .
. . . . . .
78 Permutations and Combinations
coderguru.in
⇒ (n − 7) (n − 14) = 0
= 190 − 20 = 170 ⇒ n = 7 or 14
25
3. Let there are n balls used to form the sides of equilateral 6. Given, Σ { 50C r .50− r C 25− r } = K 50C 25
triangle. r=0
+ 99 = ( n − 2 )2 r = 0 r !(50 − r )! (25 − r )! 25 !
2 25 50 ! 25 !
⇒ n 2 + n + 198 = 2 [ n 2 − 4 n + 4 ] ⇒ Σ × = K C 25
50
r = 0 25 ! 25 ! r !(25 − r )!
⇒ n 2 − 9n − 190 = 0 [on multiplying 25 ! in
⇒ n 2 − 19n + 10n − 190 = 0 numerator and denominator.]
⇒ ( n − 19 )( n + 10 ) = 0 25 50 50 !
⇒ 50
C 25 Σ Cr = K
25 50
C 25 Q C 25 = 25 ! 25 !
⇒ n = 19, − 10 r = 0
25
⇒ n = 19 [Qnumber of balls n > 0] ⇒ K= Σ C r = 225
25
r = 0
Now, number of balls used to form an equilateral [Q nC 0 + nC1 + n C 2 + ....+ nC n = 2n ]
n (n + 1)
triangle is ⇒ K = 225
2
19 × 20 7. Given,
= = 190.
2 20 20
Ci − 1
3
k
4. Since, there are m-men and 2-women and each ∑ i=1
20
Ci + Ci − 1
20
=
21
participant plays two games with every other 3
participant.
20
20C i − 1 k
⇒ ∑ 21
Ci
=
21
(Q nC r + nC r − 1 = n +1
Cr )
∴ Number of games played by the men between i=1
themselves = 2 × mC 2 20
3
20 Ci − 1 k n n
and the number of games played between the men and
the women =2 × mC1 × 2C1
⇒ ∑ = Q C r =
n−1
Cr − 1
i=1 21 20C i − 1 21 r
Now, according to the question, i
3
i
20
2 mC 2 = 2 mC1 2C1 + 84 k
m!
⇒ ∑
21
=
21
⇒ = m × 2 + 42 i=1
2 !(m − 2)! 20
1 k
⇒ m(m − 1) = 4m + 84 ⇒
(21)3 ∑i i=1
3
=
21
⇒ m2 − m = 4m + 84
Permutations and Combinations 79
+ 3
+ + 3
= 13. Here, 47 C 4 + ∑ 52 − j
C3
Q 1 2 K n
2 j =1
2
21 20 × 21 = 47C 4 + 51
C 3 + 50C 3 + 49C 3 + 48C 3 + 47
C3
⇒ k= = 100
(21)3 2 = ( C4 +
47 47
C3 ) + C3 + C3 + C3 +
48 49 50 51
C3
∴ k = 100 [using C r + C r − 1 = n +1C r ]
n n
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N5 = 1 = 30 + 150 + 200 + 75 + 6 = 461
N 1 + N 2 + N 3 + N 4 + N 5 = 126 ⇒ α 2 = 461
10. We have, 6 girls and 4 boys. To select 4 members (iii) α 3 → Total number of ways of selecting 5 members
(atmost one boy) in which at least 2 of them girls
i.e. (1 boy and 3 girls) or (4 girls) = 6 C 3 ⋅4 C1 + 6C 4 …(i) i.e., 5C 2 C 3 + 5C 3 C 2+ 5C 4 C1 + 5C 5 C 0
6 6 6 6
⇒ n =5 1 + 20 + 60 = 81
∴ Total number = 74 + 34 + 81 = 189
12. Since, r , s, t are prime numbers. α 4 = 189
∴ Selection of p and q are as under Now, P → 4; Q → 6; R → 5; S → 2
p q Number of ways Hence, option (c) is correct.
r0 r2 1 way
15. PLAN Number of line segment joining pair of adjacent point = n
r1 r2 1 way Number of line segment obtained joining n points
r2 r 0 , r1 , r 2 3 ways on a circle = nC 2
∴ Total number of ways to select, r = 5 Number of red line segments = nC 2 − n
Selection of s as under Number of blue line segments = n
s0
s4
1 way ∴ C2 − n = n
n
s1 s4 1 way n (n − 1)
⇒ = 2n
s2 s4 1 way 2
s3 s4 1 way ⇒ n =5
s4 5 ways
∴ Total number of ways to select s = 9
80 Permutations and Combinations
coderguru.in
This can be done in that no two women sit together. This could be shown as
= (5 women and 7 men) + (6 women and 6 men) × M1 × M 2 × M 3 × ... × M m ×
+ (7 women and 5 men) + (8 women and 4 men) which shows there are (m + 1) places for n women.
+ (9 women and 3 men) ways
∴ Number of ways in which they can be arranged
Total number of ways of forming committee
= (m) ! m + 1 Pn
= (9C 5 . 8C7 ) + (9C 6. 8C 6 ) + (9C7 . 8C 5 )
(m)! ⋅ (m + 1)!
+ (9C 8 . 8C 4 ) + (9C 9. 8C 3 ) =
(m + 1 − n )!
= 1008 + 2352 + 2016 + 630 + 56 = 6062
24. Let mn squares of equal size are arrange to form a
(i) The women are in majority = 2016 + 630 + 56
rectangle of dimension m by n. Shown as, from figure.
= 2702
(ii) The man are in majority = 1008 ways
20. Since, student is allowed to select at most n books out of
(2n + 1) books.
2 n +1 2n +1 2 n +1
∴ C1 + C 2 + .... + C n = 63 ... (i) n
2 n +1 2n +1 2n +1
We know C0 + C1 + ..... + C 2 n + 1 = 22 n + 1
2n +1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n +1
⇒ 2( C0 + C1 + C 2 + ... + C n ) = 22 n + 1 x6 x2
x5 x1 x3
2n +1 2n +1 2n +1
⇒ C1 + C 2 + ... + C n = (22 n − 1) .... (ii) x7 x4
where, x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 are all the natural numbers 3. Given there are three boxes, each containing 10 balls
and x1 is linearly expressed as the sum of x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 labelled 1, 2, 3, … , 10.
where sum of coefficients are equal only if, all Now, one ball is randomly drawn from each boxes, and
observations are same. ni denote the label of the ball drawn from the ith box,
⇒ x2 = x3 = x4 = x5 = x6 (i = 1, 2, 3).
⇒ All the numbers used are equal. Then, the number of ways in which the balls can be
C n−r+1
n
chosen such that n1 < n2 < n3 is same as selection of 3
25. We know that, n r = different numbers from numbers {1, 2, 3, … , 10} = 10C 3
C r −1 r
84 7 n − r + 1 = 120.
⇒ = = [given]
36 3 r 4. Using the digits 0, 1, 3, 7, 9
⇒ 3n − 10r + 3 = 0 …(i) number of one digit natural numbers that can be formed
n
Cr 84 = 4,
Also given, n
=
C r +1 126 number of two digit natural numbers that can be
r+1 2 formed = 20,
⇒ =
n−r 3
⇒ 2n − 5r − 3 = 0 …(ii)
4×5
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
r = 3 and n = 9 (Q 0 can not come in Ist box)
number of three digit natural numbers that can be
Topic 3 Multinomial, Repeated formed = 100
Arrangement and Selection
coderguru.in
4×5× 5
1. Key Idea Use divisibility test of 11 and consider different situation
according to given condition. and number of four digit natural numbers less than
7000, that can be formed = 250
Since, the sum of given digits
0 + 1 + 2 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 24
Let the six-digit number be abcdef and to be divisible by
11, so the difference of sum of odd placed digits and sum 2×5× 5×5
of even placed digits should be either 0 or a multiple of
11 means|(a + c + e) − (b + d + f )|should be either 0 or (Q only 1 or 3 can come in Ist box)
a multiple of 11. ∴Total number of natural numbers formed
Hence, possible case is a + c + e = 12 = b + d + f (only) = 4 + 20 + 100 + 250 = 374
Now, Case I 5. Number of girls in the class = 5 and number of boys in
set { a , c, e} = {0, 5, 7} and set { b, d , f } = {1, 2, 9} the class = 7
So, number of 6-digits numbers = (2 × 2 !) × (3 !) = 24
Now, total ways of forming a team of 3 boys and 2 girls
[Q a can be selected in ways only either 5 or 7].
= 7C 3 ⋅5 C 2 = 350
Case II
Set { a , c, e} = {1, 2, 9} and set { b, d , f } = {0, 5, 7} But, if two specific boys are in team, then number of
ways = 5C1 ⋅5 C 2 = 50
So, number of 6-digits numbers = 3 ! × 3 ! = 36
So, total number of 6-digits numbers = 24 + 36 = 60 Required ways, i.e. the ways in which two specific boys
are not in the same team = 350 − 50 = 300.
2. Since there are 8 males and 5 females. Out of these 13
members committee of 11 members is to be formed. Alternate Method
According to the question, m = number of ways when Number of ways when A is selected and B is not
there is at least 6 males = 5C 2 ⋅5 C 2 = 100
= ( C 6 × C 5 ) + ( C7 × C 4 ) + ( C 8 × C 3 )
8 5 8 5 8 5
Number of ways when B is selected and A is not
= (28 × 1) + (8 × 5)+ (1 × 10) = 5C 2 ⋅5 C 2 = 100
= 28 + 40 + 10 = 78 Number of ways when both A and B are not selected
and n = number of ways when there is at least 3 females
= 5C 3 ⋅5 C 2 = 100
= ( 5C 3 × 8 C 8 ) + ( 5C 4 × 8 C7 ) + ( 5C 5 × 8 C 6 )
∴ Required ways = 100 + 100 + 100 = 300.
= 10 × 1 + 5 × 8 + 1 × 28 = 78
So, m = n = 78
82 Permutations and Combinations
k(k + 1)
Similarly, number of words before the first word Now, 1 + 2 + ... + k = =p [say]
starting with CO = 4! + 4! + 4! + 4! = 96. 2
1
The word starting with CO found first in the dictionary and 1 + t + t 2 + ... =
is COCHIN. There are 96 words before COCHIN. 1−t
8. A number is divisible by 4 if last 2 digit number is Thus, the number of required solutions
divisible by 4. = Coefficient of t n − p in (1 − t )− k
= Coefficient of t n − p in [1 + k C1 t + k +1 C 2t 2 + k + 2 C 3t 3 + ... ]
coderguru.in
∴ Last two digit number divisible by 4 from (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
are 12, 24, 32, 44, 52 = k + n − p −1 C n − p = r C n − p
∴ The number of 5 digit number which are divisible by 1
where, r = k + n − p − 1 = k + n − 1 − k(k + 1)
4, from the digit (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and digit is repeated is 2
5 × 5 × 5 × (5 ×1) = 625 1 1
= (2k + 2n − 2 + k − k) = (2n − k2 + k − 2)
2
2 2
9. x = 10 !
10 ! 10 ! y 10 13. Since, six ‘+’ signs are + + + + + +
y = 10C1 × 9C 8 × = 10 × 9 × ⇒ = =5
2! 2 9x 2 ∴ 4 negative sign has seven places to be arranged in
10. Here, B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 ⇒ 7
C 4 ways = 35 ways
Out of 5 girls, 4 girls are together and 1 girl is 14. Since, each box can hold five balls.
separate. Now, to select 2 positions out of 6 ∴ Number of ways in which balls could be distributed so
positions between boys = 6C 2 …(i) that none is empty, are (2, 2, 1) or (3, 1, 1).
4 girls are to be selected out of 5 = 5C 4 …(ii) i.e. ( 5C 2 3C 2 1C1 + 5C 3 C1 1C1 ) × 3 !
2
Now, 2 groups of girls can be arranged in 2 !ways. …(iii) = (30 + 20) × 6 = 300
Also, the group of 4 girls and 5 boys is arranged in 4 ! × 5 !
ways . …(iv) Topic 4 Distribution of Object into Group
Now, total number of ways = C × C × 2! × 4! × 5!
6 5
2 4 1. It is given that a group of students comprises of 5 boys
[from Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)] and n girls. The number of ways, in which a team of 3
∴ m = 6C 2 × 5C 4 × 2 ! × 4 ! × 5 ! students can be selected from this group such that each
and n = 5! × 6! team consists of at least one boy and at least one girls, is
m 6C 2 × 5C 4 × 2 ! × 4 ! × 5 ! 15 × 5 × 2 × 4 ! = (number of ways selecting one boy and 2 girls) +
⇒ = = =5 (number of ways selecting two boys and 1 girl)
n 6! × 5! 6 × 5 × 4!
= ( C1 × nC 2 ) ( C 2 × nC1 ) = 1750 [given]
5 5
coderguru.in
Similarly, number of ways of distributing two 5’s in| a | ⇒ Integer (as number of arrangements has to be integer).
and|b|= 3 ways. 7. (i) The number of ways in which 52 cards be divided
∴ Total number of ways of distributing 2’s and 5’s equally among four players in order
= 3 × 3 = 9 ways (52)!
= 52C13 × 39C13 × 26C13 × 13C13 =
Note that for one value of | a | , there are 2 possible (13 !)4
values of a and for one value of|b|, there are 2 possible
(ii) The number of ways in which a pack of 52 cards
values of b.
can be divided equally into four groups of 13 cards
∴Number of such triangles possible = 2 × 2 × 9 = 36. 52
C13 × 39C13 × 26C13 × 13C13 (52)!
So, number of elements in S is 36. each = =
4! 4 !(13 !)4
3. Given 6 different novels and 3 different dictionaries. (iii) The number of ways in which a pack of 52 cards be
Number of ways of selecting 4 novels from 6 novels is divided into 4 sets, three of them having 17 cards
6! each and the fourth just one card
6
C4 = = 15
2 !4 ! 52
C17 × 35C18 × 18C17 × 1C1 (52)!
= =
Number of ways of selecting 1 dictionary is from 3 3! 3 !(17)3
3!
dictionaries is 3C1 = =3
1 !2 !
Topic 5 Dearrangement and Number of
∴ Total number of arrangement of 4 novels and 1 Divisors
dictionary where dictionary is always in the middle, is
15 × 3 × 4 ! = 45 × 24 = 1080 1. Since, 240 = 24 .3.5
4. Objects Groups Objects Groups ∴ Total number of divisors = (4 + 1)(2)(2) = 20
Distinct Distinct Identical Identical Out of these 2, 6, 10, and 30 are of the form 4n + 2.
Distinct Identical Identical Distinct 2. The number of ways in which the ball does not go its
1 1 1 1
Description of Situation Here, 5 distinct balls are own colour box = 4 ! 1 − + − +
distributed amongst 3 persons so that each gets at least 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 !
one ball. i.e. Distinct → Distinct 1 1 1 12 − 4 + 1
= 4! − + = 24 =9
2 6 24 24
coderguru.in
(a) 49 (b) 48 (c) 54 (d) 55
powers of x, then the ordered pair (a , b) is equal to
(2019 Main, 10 April I) 10. The ratio of the 5th term from the beginning to the 5th
(a) (28, 315) (b) (− 21, 714) term from the end in the binomial expansion of
10
(c) (28, 861) (d) (− 54, 315) 1
3 1
3. The term independent of x in the expansion of 2 + 1
is (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
1 x8 3
6
2(3)3
− . 2x2 − 2 is equal to
60 81 x (2019 Main, 12 April II)
1 1 1 1
(a) 1 : 2(6)3 (b) 1 : 4(16)3 (c) 4(36)3 : 1 (d) 2(36)3 : 1
(a) − 72 (b) 36 (c) − 36 (d) − 108
4. The smallest natural number n, such that the 11. The sum of the real values of x for which the middle
8
1
n x3 3
coefficient of x in the expansion of x2 + 3 is nC 23 , is term in the binomial expansion of + equals
x 3 x
(2019 Main, 10 April II) 5670 is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
(a) 35 (b) 23 (c) 58 (d) 38 (a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 6 (d) 8
5. If some three consecutive coefficients in the binomial 12. The positive value of λ for which the coefficient of x2 in
expansion of (x + 1)n in powers of x are in the ratio 2 : 15 : λ
10
70, then the average of these three coefficients is the expression x2 x + 2 is 720, is
x (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
(2019 Main, 9 April II)
(a) 964 (b) 227 (c) 232 (d) 625 (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 2 (d) 4
6. If the fourth term in the binomial expansion of 13. If the third term in the binomial expansion of
6 (1 + xlog 2 x )5 equals 2560, then a possible value of x is
2 log x
+ x 8 (x > 0) is 20 × 8 , then the value of x is
7
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
x (2019 Main, 9 April I) 1 1
(a) 4 2 (b) (c) (d) 2 2
(a) 8−2 (b) 83 4 8
(c) 8 (d) 82 3
1 − t6
7. If the fourth term in the binomial expansion of 14. The coefficient of t in the expansion of
4
is
6 1−t
1 1
1+ log10 x (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
x + x is equal to 200, and x > 1, then the
12
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 14
15. The sum of the coefficients of all odd degree terms in the
5 5
expansion of x + x3 − 1 + x − x3 − 1 , (x > 1) is
value of x is (2019 Main, 8 April II)
4
(a) 100 (b) 10 (2018 Main)
(c) 10 (d) 103 (a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
Binomial Theorem 85
16. The value of (21C1 − 10C1 ) + (21C 2 − 10C 2) 27. If the coefficients of x3 and x4 in the expansion of
+ ( C3 − C3 ) + ( C 4 − 10C 4 ) + ... + (21C10 − 10C10 ) is
21 10 21 (1 + ax + bx2)(1 − 2x)18 in powers of x are both zero, then
(2017 Main) (a , b) is equal to
(a) 221 − 211 (b) 221 − 210
(a) 16,
251
(b) 14,
251
(c) 220 − 29 (d) 220 − 210
3 3
(c) 14,
272
(d) 16,
17. If the number of terms in the expansion of 272
2 4
n 3 3
1 − + 2 , x ≠ 0, is 28, then the sum of the
x x
coefficients of all the terms in this expansion, is Fill in the Blanks
(2016 Main) 28. Let n be a positive integer. If the coefficients of 2nd, 3rd,
(a) 64 (b) 2187 and 4th terms in the expansion of (1 + x)n are in AP,
(c) 243 (d) 729 then the value of n is… . (1994, 2M)
18. The sum of coefficients of integral powers of x in the 29. If (1 + a x)n = 1 + 8x + 24x2 + … , then a = … and n = K .
binomial expansion (1 − 2 x ) 50
is (2015 Main) (1983, 2M)
1 1 1 1
(a) (350 + 1) (b) (350 ) (c) (350 − 1) (d) (250 + 1) 30. For any odd integer n ≥ 1, n − (n − 1) + K 3 3
2 2 2 2
19. Coefficient of x11 in the expansion of + (− 1)n−113 = K
(1 + x2)4 (1 + x3 )7 (1 + x4 )12 is (2014 Adv.)
31. The larger of 9950 + 10050 and 10150 is ... .
(a) 1051 (b) 1106 (c) 1113 (d) 1120
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
20. The term independent of x in expansion of k
x+1 x−1
10
32. Prove that ∑ (−3)r − 1 3 nC 2r −1 = 0, where k = (3n )/ 2 and n
2/ 3 − is (2013 Main) r =1
x − x 1 /3 + 1 x − x 1 / 2
coderguru.in
is an even positive integer. (1993, 5M)
(a) 4 (b) 120 (c) 210 (d) 310 2n 2n
21. Coefficient of t 24 in (1 + t 2)12 (1 + t12) (1 + t 24 ) is 33. If ∑ a r (x − 2)r = ∑ br (x − 3)r and a k = 1 , ∀ k ≥ n, then
(2003, 1M) r=0 r=0
2n + 1
(a) 12C6 + 3 (b) 12C6 + 1 (c) 12C6 (d) 12C6 + 2 show that bn = Cn+ 1 (1992, 6M)
22. In the binomial expansion of (a − b) , n ≥ 5 the sum of n 34. Find the sum of the series
the 5th and 6th terms is zero. Then, a / b equals n 1 3r 7r 15
r
(2001, 1M) ∑ (− 1 ) r n
C r
2
r
+
2 2r
+
23r
+
2 4r
... upto m terms .
n−5 n−4 5 6 r=0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 5 n−4 n−5 (1985, 5M)
a2
Numerical Value
for all x ∈ R; then is equal to (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
a0 11. Let X = (10C1 )2 + 2(10C 2)2 + 3(10C3 )2 + ... + 10(10C10 )2,
(a) 12.25 (b) 12.50 (c) 12.00 (d) 12.75 where 10
C r, r ∈{1, 2,... , 10} denote binomial
1
2. The value of r for which coefficients. Then, the value of X is .......... .
1430 (2018 Adv.)
20
Cr 20
C0 + 20
Cr−1 20
C1 + 20
Cr− 2 20C2 + .... + 20C 020C r
Fill in the Blank
is maximum, is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 20
12. The sum of the coefficients of the polynomial
403
(1 + x − 3x2)2163 is …. . (1982, 2M)
2 k
3. If the fractional part of the number is , then k is
15 15 Analytical & Descriptive Questions
equal to (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
(a) 14 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8
13. Prove that
n n n n − 1 k − 2 n n − 2
4. For r = 0, 1, ... , 10, if Ar, Br and C r denote respectively 2k − 2k −1 +2 − ...
0 k 1 k − 1 2 k − 2
the coefficient of xr in the expansions of (1 + x)10, (1 + x)20
10 n n − k n
+ (−1)k = (2003, 4 M)
and (1 + x)30. Then, ∑ Ar (B10Br − C10 Ar ) is equal to
k 0 k
r =1
coderguru.in
(c) 0 (d) C10 − B10 n
If = nCm. Prove that
m
5. 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
0 10 − 1 11 + 2 12 + K + 20 30 is equal n n − 1 n − 2 m n + 1
+ + + ... + =
to (2005, 1M) m m m m m + 1
(a) 30 C11 (b) 60
C10 or
(c) 30 C10 (d) 65
C55 Prove that
n −1 n n − 1 n − 2
6. If C r = (k2 − 3) nC r + 1, then k belongs to (2004, 1M) +2 +3 + ... + (n − m + 1)
m m m
(a) (− ∞ , − 2] (b) [2, ∞ )
m n + 2
(c) [ − 3 , 3 ] (d) ( 3 , 2] = (IIT JEE 2000, 6M)
m m + 2
10 20 , where p = 0 if p > q,
m
7. The sum ∑ i m − i q
is 3!
n
nC
i=0 15. Prove that = ∑ (−1)r r + 3 r .
2(n + 3) r = 0 Cr
maximum when m is equal to (2002, 1M) (1997C, 5M)
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20 16. If n is a positive integer and
n n n (1 + x + x2)n = a 0 + a1x + ... + a 2n x2n.
8. For 2 ≤ r ≤ n, + 2 + is equal to
r r − 1 r − 2 (2000, 2M) Then, show that, a 02 − a12 + ... + a 22n = a n. (1994, 5M)
n + 1 n + 1 n + 2 n + 2
(a) (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 17. Prove that C 0 − 2 ⋅ C1 + 3 ⋅ C 2 − ... + (−1) (n + 1) 2⋅ C n
2 2 n
r − 1 r + 1 r r
= 0 , n > 2, where C r = nC r. (1989, 5M)
n n
1 r 18. If (1 + x) = C 0 + C1x + C 2 x + ... + C nx , then show
9. If a n = ∑ n , then ∑ nC r equals
n 2 n
r=0 C r r=0 that the sum of the products of the Ci’s taken two at a
(a) (n − 1) an (b) n an (1998, 2M) time represented by Σ Σ CiC j is equal to
(2n !)
(c)
1
n an (d) None of these 0 ≤ i < j ≤ n 22 n −1 − . (1983, 3M)
2 2 (n !)2
10. If C r stands for nC r, then the sum of the series 19. Prove that C12 − 2 ⋅ C 22 + 3 ⋅ C32 − ...−2n ⋅ C 22n = (−1)n n ⋅ C n
n n (1979, 4M)
2 ! !
2 2 20. Prove that ( C 0 ) − ( C1 ) + ( C 2) − ... + (2 nC 2 n )2
2n 2 2n 2 2n 2
[C 02 − 2 C12 + 3 C 22 − ... + (−1)n (n + 1) C n2 ],
n! = (−1)n ⋅2n C n. (1978, 4M)
where n is an even positive integer, is (1986, 2M)
(a) (−1)n/ 2 (n + 2) (b) (−1)n (n + 1)
Binomial Theorem 87
Answers
Topic 1 2mn − 1
31. (101 ) 50 34. mn n
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 2 (2 − 1 )
5. (c) 6.
(d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 36. (5) 37. (8) 38. (n = 6 )
9. (c) 10.
(c) 11. (b) 12. (d)
13. (b) 14.
(c) 15. (d) 16. (d) Topic 2
17. (d) 18.
(a) 19. (c) 20. (c) 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d)
21. (d) 22.
(b) 23. (c) 24. (c) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d)
25. (a) 26.
(a) 27. (d) 28. (n = 7) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (646) 12. ( − 1 )
1
29. (a = 2, n = 4) 30. (n + 1 ) (2n − 1 )
2
4
coderguru.in
= (1 − x ) (1 − x )
2 3 9
So, b = 315
Now, coefficient of x18 in the product ⇒ (a , b) = (28, 315)
(1 + x) (1 − x)10 (1 + x + x2)9
3. Key Idea Use the general term (or (r + 1)th term) in the
= coefficient of x18 in the product (1 − x2) (1 − x3 )9 expansion of binomial (a + b) n
= coefficient of x 18
in (1 − x ) 3 9
i.e. T r + 1 = nC r a n − r b r
− coefficient of x16 in (1 − x3 )9
6
Since, (r + 1)th term in the expansion of 3
Let a binomial 2x2 − 2 , it’s (r + 1)th term
(1 − x3 )9 is 9C r (− x3 )r = 9C r (− 1)r x3 r x
r
Now, for x18, 3r = 18 ⇒ r = 6 3
= Tr + 1 = 6C r (2x2)6 − r − 2
x
and for x16, 3r = 16
16 = 6C r (− 3)r (2)6 − r x12 − 2r − 2r
⇒ r= ∉N.
3 = 6C r (−3)r (2)6 − r x12 − 4r …(i)
9! 9 ×8 × 7 Now, the term independent of x in the expansion of
∴Required coefficient is C 6 = =
9
= 84
6 !3 ! 3 ×2 1 x8 2 3
6
− 2x − 2
60 81 x
2. Given expression is (1 + ax + bx2)(1 − 3x)15 . In the
expansion of binomial (1 − 3x)15 , the (r + 1) th term is = the term independent of x in the expansion of
6
Tr + 1 = 15C r (−3x)r = 15C r (−3)r xr 1 2 3
2x − 2 + the term independent of x in the
Now, coefficient of x2, in the expansion of 60 x
6
(1 + ax + bx2)(1 − 3x)15 is x8 2 3
expansion of − 2x − 2
15
C 2(−3)2 + a15C1 (−3)1 + b 15C 0 (−3)0 = 0 (given) 81 x
6
⇒ (105 × 9) − 45 a + b = 0 C3
= (− 3)3 (2)6 − 3 x12 − 4 (3 ) [put r = 3]
⇒ 45a − b = 945 …(i) 60
1
Similarly, the coefficient of x3 , in the expansion of + − 6C5 (−3)5 (2)6 − 5 x12 − 4 (5 ) x8 [put r = 5]
81
(1 + ax + bx2)(1 − 3x)15 is
1 35 × 2(6)
C3 (−3)3 + a 15C 2(−3)2 + b 15C1 (−3)1 = 0
15
(given) = (− 3)3 23 +
⇒ − 12285 + 945a − 45b = 0 3 81
= 36 − 72 = − 36
⇒ 63a − 3b = 819
88 Binomial Theorem
6 −3
2
n
∴ T4 = T3 + 1 = 6 C3 (xlog 8 x )3 = 20 × 87 (given)
4. Given binomial is x2 + 3 , its (r + 1)th term, is
1
x
x 3
2 3 log 8 x
r ⇒ 20 x = 20 × 87 [Q 6C3 = 20]
1 1 x
Tr + 1 = nC r (x2)n − r 3 = nC rx2n − 2r 3 r 3
x x log 2 x −3
3
⇒ 23 x [3(log 8 x )−3 ]= (23 )7 ⇒ x = (23 )6
= nC rx2n − 2r − 3 r = nC rx2n − 5 r
For the coefficient of x , 1
2n − 5r = 1 ⇒ 2n = 5r + 1 …(i) Q log an (x) = n log a x for x > 0; a > 0, ≠ 1
As coefficient of x is given as nC 23 , then either r = 23 or log x − 3 )
⇒ x( 2 = 218
n − r = 23 .
If r = 23, then from Eq. (i), we get On taking log 2 both sides, we get
2n = 5(23) + 1 (log 2 x − 3) log 2 x = 18
⇒ 2n = 115 + 1 ⇒ 2n = 116 ⇒ n = 58. ⇒ (log 2 x)2 − 3 log 2 x − 18 = 0
If n − r = 23, then from Eq. (i) on replacing the value of ‘ ⇒ (log 2 x)2 − 6 log 2 x + 3 log 2 x − 18 = 0
r’, we get 2n = 5(n − 23) + 1
⇒ log 2 x(log 2 x − 6) + 3 (log 2 x − 6) = 0
⇒ 2n = 5n − 115 + 1 ⇒ 3n = 114 ⇒ n = 38
So, the required smallest natural number n = 38. ⇒ (log 2 x − 6) (log 2 x + 3) = 0
⇒ log 2 x = −3, 6
Key Idea Use general term of Binomial expansion ( x + a) i.e.n 1 2
5. ⇒ x = 2 −3 , 2 6 ⇒ x = ,8
n−r 8
Tr + 1 = C r 1 x
n
a r
6
Given binomial is (x + 1)n, whose general term, is 1 1
Tr + 1 = nC r xr 7. Given binomial is 1 + log10 x
x +x
12
coderguru.in
According to the question, we have
C r − 1 : nC r : nC r + 1 = 2 : 15 : 70
n Since, the fourth term in the given expansion is 200.
3
n
Cr − 1 2 1 2 1 3
Now, =
∴ C3 x
6 1 + log10 x 12
x = 200
n
Cr 15
n! 3 1
2 (1 + log x ) + 4
(r − 1)!(n − r + 1)! 2 ⇒ 20 × x = 200
⇒ =
10
n! 15 3
+
1
2(1 + log10 x ) 4
r !(n − r )! ⇒ x = 10
r 2 3 1
⇒ = ⇒ 15r = 2n − 2r + 2 ⇒ 2(1 + log x) + 4 log10 x = 1
n − r + 1 15 10
⇒ 2n − 17r + 2 = 0 …(i) [applying log10 both sides]
n!
⇒ [6 + (1 + log10 x)] log10 x = 4(1 + log10 x)
C n
15 r !(n − r )! 3
Similarly, n r = ⇒ = ⇒ (7 + log10 x) log10 x = 4 + 4 log10 x
Cr + 1 70 n! 14
(r + 1)!(n − r − 1)! ⇒ t 2 + 7t = 4 + 4t [let log10 x = t]
⇒ t + 3t − 4 = 0
2
r+1 3 ⇒ t = 1 , −4 = log10 x
⇒ = ⇒ 14r + 14 = 3n − 3r
n − r 14
⇒ x = 10, 10−4
⇒ 3n − 17r − 14 = 0 …(ii) Since, x>1 x = 10
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 8.
n − 16 = 0 ⇒ n = 16 and r = 2 Key Idea Use formula :
C 2 + 16C316
C1 + 16 ( a + b) n + ( a − b) n =
Now, the average = 2 [ n C 0 a n + nC 2a n − 2b 2 + nC 4 a n − 4 b 4 + ...... ]
3
16 + 120 + 560 696
= = = 232 Given expression is (x + x3 − 1 )6 + (x − x3 − 1 )6
3 3
6 = 2 [6C 0x6 + 6C 2x4 ( x3 − 1 )2
6. Given binomial is + x 8
2 log x
x + 6C 4x2( x3 − 1 )4 + 6C 6 ( x3 − 1 )6 ]
Since, general term in the expansion of (x + a )n is {Q (a + b)n + (a − b)n
Tr+ 1 = n C r xn− ra r = 2 [ C 0a + C 2a
n n n n−2 2
b + nC 4a n − 4b4 + …]}
Binomial Theorem 89
= 2 [6C 0x6 + 6C 2x4 (x3 − 1) + 6C 4x2(x3 − 1)2 + 6C 6 (x3 − 1)3 ] 12. The general term in the expansion of binomial
The sum of the terms with even power of x expression (a + b)n is Tr+ 1 = nC r a n− rbr, so the general
term in the expansion of binomial expression
= 2 [6C 0x6 + 6C 2(− x4 ) + 6C 4x8 + 6C 4x2 + 6C 6 (−1 − 3x6 )] λ
10
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and remaining 61 − 7 = 54 terms are irrational terms. 5
C 2(1)5 − 2(xlog 2 x )2
10. Since, rth term from the end in the expansion of a ⇒ 5 C 2(1)5 − 2(xlog 2 x )2 = 2560 (given)
binomial (x + a )n is same as the (n − r + 2)th term from
⇒ 10 (xlog 2 x )2 = 2560
the beginning in the expansion of same binomial.
T5 T T4 + 1 ⇒ x( 2log 2 x ) = 256
∴Required ratio = = 5 =
T10 − 5 + 2 T7 T6 + 1 ⇒ log 2 x2log 2 x = log 2 256
4 (taking log 2 on both sides)
1
10
C 4 (21/3 )10− 4 ⇒ 2(log 2 x)(log 2 x) = 8 (Q log 2 256 = log 2 28 = 8)
T5 2(3)1/3 (log 2 x) = 4
2
⇒ = 6
T10 − 5 + 2 1 ⇒ log 2 x = ± 2
10
C 6 (21/3 )10− 6 ⇒ log 2 x = 2 or log 2 x = − 2
2(3)1/3
1
[QTr + 1 = n Cr x n − r a r ] ⇒ x = 4 or x = 2−2 =
6/3 1/3 6
4
2 (2(3) ) 3
= [Q 10C 4 = 10C 6 ] 1 − t 6
24/3 (2(3)1/3 )4 14. Clearly, = (1 − t 6 )3 (1 − t )− 3
1−t
= 26/3 − 4/3 (2(3)1/3 )6 − 4
∴ Coefficient of t 4 in (1 − t 6 )3 (1 − t )−3
= 223
/
⋅ 22 ⋅ 323
/
= 4(6)23 /
= 4(36)1/3 = Coefficient of t 4 in (1 − t18 − 3t 6 + 3t12) (1 − t )− 3
So, the required ratio is 4(36)1/3 : 1 . = Coefficient of t 4 in (1 − t )− 3
x3
8 = 3 + 4 − 1C 4 = 6C 4 = 15
3
11. In the expansion of + , the middle term is T4 + 1. (Q coefficient of xr in (1 − x)− n = n + r − 1C r)
3 x
15.
[Q Here, n = 8, which is even, therefore middle term Key Idea Use formula :
n + 2 = ( a + b) n + ( a − b) n
= th term] = 2 ( n C 0 a n + nC 2a n − 2b 2 + nC 4 a n − 4 b 4 + ...)
2
4
x3 3 4 8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5 8 We have, (x + x3 − 1 )5 + (x − x3 − 1 )5 , x > 1
∴ 5670 = C4 =
8
x
3 x 1⋅ 2⋅ 3⋅ 4
= 2(5 C 0x5 + 5C 2x3 ( x3 − 1 )2 + 5C 4x( x3 − 1 )4 )
3
8− r r
QTr + 1 = 8Cr x 3 = 2(x5 + 10x3 (x3 − 1) + 5x(x3 − 1)2)
3 x
= 2(x5 + 10x6 − 10x3 + 5x7 − 10x4 + 5x)
⇒ x 8 = 34 ⇒ x = ± 3 Sum of coefficients of all odd degree terms is
So, sum of all values of x i.e + 3 and − 3 = 0 2 (1 − 10 + 5 + 5) = 2
90 Binomial Theorem
16. ( 21C1 − 10C1 ) + (21C 2 − 10C 2) + (21C3 − 10C3 ) 19. Coefficient of xr in (1 + x)n is nC r.
+ ... + (21C10 − 10C10 ) In this type of questions, we find different composition
= ( C1 + C 2 + ... + C10 ) − ( C1 + 10C 2 + ... + 10C10 )
21 21 21 10 of terms where product will give us x11.
1 Now, consider the following cases for x11 in
= (21C1 + 21C 2 + ... + 21C 20 ) − (210 − 1)
2 (1 + x2)4 (1 + x3 )7 (1 + x4 )12.
1 Coefficient of x0 x3 x8; Coefficient of x2 x9 x0
= (21C1 + 21C 2 + ... + 21C 21 − 1) − (210 − 1)
2 Coefficient of x4 x3 x4; Coefficient of x8 x3 x0
1 = 4C 0 × 7C1 × 12C 2 + 4C1 × 7C3 × 12C 0 + 4C 2 × 7C1
= (221 − 2) − (210 − 1) = 220 − 1 − 210 + 1 = 220 − 210
2 × 12C1 + 4C 4 × 7C1 × 12C 0
= 462 + 140 + 504 + 7 = 1113
17. Clearly, number of terms in the expansion of
10
2 4
n
(n + 2) (n + 1) x+1 ( x − 1)
1 − + 2 is or n + 2C 2. 20. −
x x 2 x
2/3
− x1/ 3 + 1 x − x1/ 2
1 1
[assuming and 2 distinct] 10
x x (x1/ 3 )3 + 13 {( x )2 − 1}
= 23 −
(n + 2) (n + 1) x ( x − 1)
x − x + 1
/ 1/3
∴ = 28
2 10
(x1/ 3 + 1)(x2/ 3 + 1 − x1/3 ) {( x )2 − 1}
⇒ (n + 2) (n + 1) = 56 = (6 + 1) (6 + 2) ⇒ n = 6 = −
x23
/
− x1/3 + 1 x ( x − 1)
Hence, sum of coefficients = (1 − 2 + 4)6 = 36 = 729
( x + 1)
10
− 1/ 2 10
Note As
1 1
and 2 are functions of same variables, therefore = (x1/3 + 1) − = (x − x )
1/3
x x x
number of dissimilar terms will be 2 n + 1, i.e. odd, which is not ∴ The general term is
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possible. Hence, it contains error. 10 − r r
−
18. Let Tt +1 be the general term in the expension of Tr + 1 = 10C r (x1/3 )10 − r (− x− 1/ 2)r = 10C r (− 1)r x 3 2
coderguru.in
⇒ r =2 But C3 is true for n ≥ 3, therefore n = 7 is the answer.
n
10
x 3 32 29. Given,
∴ Coefficient of x4 in − 2 = (−1)2. 10C 2. 8
2 x 2 (1 + ax)n = 1 + 8x + 24x2 + ...
45 × 9 405 n (n − 1) 2 2
= = ⇒ 1 + anx + a x + ... = 1 + 8x + 24x2 + ...
256 256 2!
26. In the expansion (1 + x)2n, t3 r = 2nC3 r − 1 (x)3 r − 1 n (n − 1)
∴ an = 8 and a 2 = 24
r+1
2
and tr + 2 = 2n
C r + 1 (x)
⇒ 8 (8 − a ) = 48
Since, binomial coefficients of t3 r and tr + 2 are equal. ⇒ 8 − a =6 ⇒ a =2
∴ 2n
C3 r −1 = 2nC r + 1 Hence, a =2 and n =4
⇒ 3r − 1 = r + 1 or 2n = (3r − 1) + (r + 1)
30. Since, n is an odd integer, (− 1)n−1 = 1
⇒ 2r = 2 or 2n = 4r
⇒ r =1 or n = 2r and n − 1, n − 3, n − 5, etc., are even integers, then
But r >1 n3 − (n − 1)3 + (n − 2)3 − (n − 3)3 + K + (− 1)n−1 ⋅ 13
∴ We take, n = 2r = n3 + (n − 1)3 + (n − 2)3 + K + 13
27. To find the coefficient of x3 and x4, use the formula of − 2 [(n − 1)3 + (n − 3)3 + K + 23 )]
coefficient of x in (1 − x) is (−1) Cr and then simplify.
r n rn
n − 1 3 n − 3 3
= Σ n3 − 2 × 23 + +K+1
3
In expansion of (1 + ax + bx2)(1 − 2x)18.
2 2
Coefficient of x3 = Coefficient of x3 in (1 − 2x)18
[Q n − 1, n − 3, ... , are even integers]
+ Coefficient of x2 in a (1 − 2x)18
n − 1 3
+ Coefficient of x in b(1 − 2x)18 = Σ n3 − 16 Σ
2
= 18
C3 ⋅ 23 + a 18C 2 ⋅ 22 − b 18C1 ⋅ 2
2 2
Given, coefficient of x3 = 0 n (n + 1) 1 n − 1 n − 1
= − 16 + 1
2 2 2 2
⇒ C3 ⋅ 23 + a 18C 2 ⋅ 22 − b 18C1 ⋅ 2 = 0
18
18 × 17 × 16 18 × 17 2 1 2 16 (n − 1)2(n + 1)2
⇒ − ⋅8 + a ⋅ ⋅ 2 − b ⋅ 18 ⋅ 2 = 0 = n (n + 1)2 −
3 ×2 2 4 4 ×4 ×4
34 × 16 =
1 1
(n + 1)2 [n 2 − (n − 1)2] = (n + 1)2(2n − 1)
⇒ 17a − b = ..(i)
3 4 4
92 Binomial Theorem
31. Consider, (101)50 − (99)50 − (100)50 33. Let y = (x − a )m, where m is a positive integer, r ≤ m
= (100 + 1)50 − (100 − 1)50 − (100)50 dy d 2y
Now, = m(x − a )m − 1 ⇒ = m(m − 1) (x − a )m − 2
= {(100) 50
(1 + 0.01) 50
− (1 − 0.01) 50
− 1)} dx dx2
= (100) {2 ⋅ [ C1 (0.01) +
50 50 50
C3 (0.01)3 + K ] − 1} d3 y
⇒ = m(m − 1)(m − 2)(m − 3)(x − a )m − 4
= (100) {2 [ C3 (0.01) +
50 50 3 50
C5 (0.01)5 + ... ]} dx3
…………………………………
∴ (101)50 − {(99)50 + (100)50 } > 0 …………………………………
⇒ (101)50 > (99)50 + (100)50 On differentiating r times, we get
dr y
32. Since, n is an even positive integer, we can write = m(m − 1) ... (m − r + 1)(x − a )m − r
dxr
n = 2 m ,m = 1, 2, 3, K m!
3n 3(2m)
3m = (x − a )m − r = r !(mC r )(x − a )m − r
Also, k = = = 3m ∴ S = ∑ (−3)r − 1 ⋅6mC 2r − 1 (m − r )!
2 2 r =1 dr y
and for r > m, =0
i.e. S = (−3) 0 6m
C1 + (−3) 6m
C3 + K dxr
2n 2n
3 m − 1 6m
+ (−3) ⋅ C3m − 1 …(i) Now, ∑ a r (x − 2)r = ∑ br (x − 3)r [given]
From the binomial expansion, we write r=0 r=0
(1 + x)6 m = 6m
C0 + 6m
C1x + 6m
C2 x2 + K On differentiating both sides n times w.r.t. x, we get
6m − 1 2n 2n
6m
+ 6m 6m
C 6 m − 1x C6mx …(ii)
∑ a r (n !)rC n (x − 2)r − n = ∑ br (n !)rC n (x − 3)r − n
(1 − x)6 m = 6m
C0 + 6m
C1 (− x) + 6m
C 2(− x)2 + K r=n r=n
6m − 1 2n
+ 6m
C 6 m − 1 (− x) + 6m
C 6 m (− x)6 m …(iii)
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (ii), we get
On putting x = 3, we get ∑ a r (n !)rC n = (bn )n !
r=n
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(1 + x)6 m − (1 − x)6 m = 2 [6 mC1x + 6m
C3 x3 [since, all the terms except first on RHS become zero]
+ 6m
C5 x5 + K + 6 m C 6 m − 1x6 m − 1 ] ⇒ bn = nC n + n+1
Cn + n+ 2
Cn + K + 2n
Cn
(1 + x) 6m
− (1 − x) 6m
[Q a r = 1, ∀ r ≥ n ]
⇒ = 6mC1 + 6m
C3 x2 + 6m
C5 x4 + ...
2x = (n + 2C n + 1 + n+ 2
C n ) + K + 2n C n
+ 6 mC 6 m − 1 x6 m − 2 n+3
= Cn + 1 + K + 2n
Cn = ....
Let x2 = y 2n + 1
= Cn + 1 +
2n 2n
Cn = Cn + 1
(1 + y )6 m − (1 − y )6 m
⇒ = 6m
C1 + 6m
C3 y n
1 3r 7r 15r
2 y 34. ∑ (−1)r nC r r + 2r + 3 r + 4r + ... upto m terms
+ 6m
C5 y2 + K + 6 m C 6 m − 1 y 3 m − 1 r=0 2 2 2 2
n r n r
For the required sum we have to put y = − 3 in RHS. 1 3
= ∑ (−1)r nC r 2 + ∑ (−1)r nC r 4 +
(1 + −3 )6m − (1 − −3 )6m r=0 r=0
∴ S=
2 −3 n
7
r
(1 + i 3 )6m − (1 − i 3 )6m
∑ (−1)r nC r 8 + ... upto m terms
r=0
= …(iv)
2i 3 n n n
1 3 7
z = 1 + i 3 = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) = 1 − + 1 − + 1 − + ... upto m terms
Let 2 4 8
⇒ r = |z| = 1 + 3 = 2 n
and θ = π /3 using
∑ (−1)r nC rxr = (1 − x)n
Now, z 6 m = [r (cos θ + i sin θ )]6 m r= 0
= r 6 m (cos 6m θ + i sin 6m θ ) 1 1
n
1
n n
= + + + ... upto m terms
Again, z = r (cos θ − i sin θ ) 2 4 8
and (z )6 m = r 6 m (cos 6m θ − i sin 6m θ ) 1
m
1 − n
n
⇒ z 6 m − z 6 m = r 6 m (2i sin 6m θ ) 1 2 2mn − 1
…(v) = = mn n
2 1 2 (2 − 1)
1 − 2n
From Eq. (i),
z 6 m − z 6 m r 6 m (2i sin 6 m θ )
S= =
2i 3 2i 3 n+ 1 n+ 1 n+ 1 n +1
35. C1 + C 2 s1 + C3 s2 + ... + C n+ 1sn
26 m sin 6 m θ
= n+ 1
3 = ∑ n + 1C rsr −1,
= 0 as m ∈ z , and θ = π /3 r =1
Binomial Theorem 93
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∴ (1 + x)20 ⋅ (1 + x)20 = (20C 0 + 20
C1x +
⇒ 50
C3 + C 2m = (3n + 1) ⋅ C3
50 2 51
r −1
[QrC r + r + 1C r + K+ nC r = n + 1C r + 1]
20
C 2x + ... +
2 20
C r − 1x + 20
C rx + ... +
r 20
c20x20 )
50 × 49 × 48 50 × 49 51 × 50 × 49 × (20C 0 + 20
C1x + ...+ 20
C r − 1xr − 1 + 20
C rxr
⇒ + × m2 = (3n + 1)
3 ×2 ×1 2 3 ×2 ×1 + ....+ 20C 20x20 )
⇒ m2 = 51n + 1
⇒ (1 + x) 40
= ( C0 .
20 20
Cr + 20
C1 20
C r − 1 ...
∴ Minimum value of m2 for which (51n + 1) is integer
(perfect square) for n = 5. 20
C r20C 0 ) xr + ...
∴ m2 = 51 × 5 + 1 ⇒ m2 = 256
On comparing the coefficient of xr of both sides, we get
∴ m = 16 and n = 5
Hence, the value of n is 5.
20
C 020C r + 20
C120C r − 1 + ... + 20
Cr 20
C0 = 40
Cr
37. Coefficient of x9 in the expansion of The maximum value of 40C r is possible only when r = 20
(1 + x)(1 + x )(1 + x ) K (1 + x ) =Terms having x
2 3 100 9
[Q nC n/2 is maximum when n is even]
= [199 ⋅ x9 , 198 ⋅ x ⋅ x8 , 198 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x7 , 198 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x6 , Thus, required value of r is 20.
198 ⋅ x4 ⋅ x5 , 197 ⋅ x ⋅ x2 ⋅ x6 , 197 ⋅ x ⋅ x3 ⋅ x5 ,197 ⋅ x2 ⋅ x3 ⋅ x4]
3. Consider,
∴ Coefficient of x9 = 8
2403 = 2400 + 3 = 8 ⋅ 2400 = 8 ⋅ (24 )100 = 8 (16)100= 8(1 + 15)100
38. Let the three consecutive terms in (1 + x)n + 5 be
= 8 (1 + 100
C1 (15) + 100
C 2(15)2 + … + 100
C100 (15)100 )
tr , tr + 1 , tr + 2 having coefficients
n+ 5 [By binomial theorem,
C r − 1 , n + 5C r , n + 5C r + 1.
Given, n + 5 C r − 1 : n + 5C r : n + 5C r + 1 = 5 : 10 : 14 (1 + x)n = nC 0 + nC1x + nC 2x2 + … nC nxn , n ∈ N ]
n+ 5
Cr 10
n+ 5
C r + 1 14 = 8 + 8 (100C1 (15) + 100
C 2(15)2 + … + 100
C100 (15)100 )
∴ = and =
n+ 5
C r −1 5 n+ 5
Cr 10 = 8 + 8 × 15λ
where λ =100 C1 +......+ 100C100 (15)99 ∈ N
n + 5 − (r − 1) n−r+5 7
⇒ =2 and = 2403 8 + 8 × 15λ 8
r r+1 5 ∴ = = 8λ +
15 15 15
⇒ n − r + 6 = 2 r and 5n − 5 r + 25 = 7r + 7
2403 8
⇒ n + 6 = 3 r and 5n + 18 = 12r ⇒ =
n + 6 5n + 18 15 15
∴ =
3 12 (where {⋅} is the fractional part function)
⇒ 4n + 24 = 5n + 18 ⇒ n = 6 ∴ k =8
94 Binomial Theorem
m
Alternate Method 10 20
2 403
= 8 ⋅2 400
= 8(16) 100 ⇒ ∑
m
is the coefficient of x in the
i m − i
i=0
Note that, when 16 is divided by 15, gives remainder 1. expansion of (1 + x)30
m
∴ When (16)100 is divided by 15, gives remainder 1100 = 1 10 20 30 30
and when 8(16)100 is divided by 15, gives remainder 8.
i.e. ∑ = Cm =
i m − i m
…(i)
i=0
2403 8 n
∴ and we know that, is maximum, when
= . r
15 15
n
(where {⋅} is the fractional part function) n r=2, if n ∈ even.
=
⇒ k =8 r max n±1 .
r = 2 , if n ∈ odd
4. A r = Coefficient of xr in (1 + x)10 = 10C r 30
Hence, is maximum when m = 15.
B r = Coefficient of xr in (1 + x)20 = 20
Cr m
C r = Coefficient of x in r
(1 + x) 30
= 30
Cr n n n n n
8. + 2 + = +
10 10 10 r r − 1 r − 2 r r − 1
∴ ∑ Ar (B10 Br − C10 Ar ) = ∑ Ar B10 Br − ∑ Ar C10 Ar n n n + 1 n + 1 n + 2
r =1 r =1 r =1
+ + = + =
10 10 r − 1 r − 2 r r − 1 r
= ∑ 10C r 20C10 20C r − ∑ 10C r 30C10 10C r [Q nC r + nC r − 1 = n+1
Cr ]
r =1 r =1 n n
r n − (n − r )
10 10 9. Let b = ∑ n
= ∑ n
= ∑ 10C10 − r 20C10 20C r − ∑ 10C10 − r 30C10 10C r r=0 Cr r=0 Cr
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n n
r =1 r =1 1 n−r
10 10
=n ∑
C
− ∑ n
n
r=0 r = 0 Cr
∑ 10C10 − r ⋅ 20C r − 30C10 ∑ 10C10 − r 10C r
r
= 20
C10 n
n−r
r =1 r =1 = na n − ∑ n [Q nC r = nC n − r ]
r = 0 Cn − r
= 20
C10 ( 30C10 − 1) − 30C10 (20C10 − 1)
n
= na n − b ⇒ 2b = na n ⇒ b = an
= 30
C10 − 20
C10 = C10 − B10 2
10. We have,
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 C 02 − 2C12 + 3C 22 − 4C32 + ... + (−1)n (n + 1) C n2
5. Let A = − + − ... +
0 10 1 11 2 12 20 30
= [C 02 − C12 + C 22 − C32 + ... + (−1)nC n2 ]
∴ A = 30C 0 ⋅30 C10 − 30C1 ⋅30 C11 + 30
C 2 ⋅30 C12
− [ C12 − 2 C 22 + 3 C32 − ... + (−1)n nC n2 ]
−K + C 20 ⋅ C30
30 30 n
−1 n
n! n!
= Coefficient of x20 in (1 + x)30 (1 − x)30 = (−1)n/ 2 − (−1) 2
n n 2 n n
= Coefficient of x20 in (1 − x2)30 ! ! ! !
2 2 2 2
30
n
∑ (−1)r
30 n!
= Coefficient of x20 in C r (x2)r = (−1)n/ 2 1 +
r=0
n n 2
! !
2 2
= (−1) 10 30
C10 [for coefficient of x20, put r = 10]
n n
= C10
30 2 ! !
2 2
n −1 ∴ [C 02 − 2 C12 + 3 C 22 − ... + (− 1)r (n + 1) C n2 ]
6. Given , C r = (k2 − 3) nC r + 1 n!
n −1 n n −1 n n
⇒ C r = (k2 − 3) Cr 2 ! !
r+1 2 2 n! (n + 2)
= (−1)n/ 2 = (−1)n/ 2(n + 2)
r+1 n!
n n 2
⇒ k2 − 3 = ! !
n 2 2
r+1
[since, n ≥ r ⇒
≤ 1 and n , r > 0] 11. We have,
n
X = (10C1 )2 + 2(10C 2)2+ 3(10C3 )2 + ... + 10 (10C10 )2
⇒ 0 < k −3 ≤1 ⇒ 3 < k ≤4
2 2
10 10
⇒ k ∈ [−2, − 3 ) ∪ ( 3 , 2]
m
⇒ X= ∑ r (10C r )2 ⇒ X= ∑ r 10C r 10C r
10 20 r =1 r =1
7. ∑ m
is the coefficient of x in the expansion of 10
i m − i 10 9 n n
i=0 ⇒ X = ∑r× Cr − 1 10
Cr Q C r = r
n −1
Cr − 1
(1 + x) (x + 1) ,
10 20
r =1
r
Binomial Theorem 95
10
Again, we have to prove that
⇒ X = 10 ∑ 9C r − 1 10C r n n − 1 n − 2 m n + 2
r =1
+2 +3 + ... + (n − m + 1) =
10 m m m m m + 2
⇒ X = 10 ∑ 9C r − 1 10C10 − r [Q nC r = nC n − r ]
n n − 1 n − 2 m
r =1 Let S1 = + 2 +3 + ... + (n − m + 1)
n−1 2n − 1 m m m m
⇒ X = 10 × 19C 9 [Q C r − 1nC n − r = Cn − 1 ]
n n − 1 n − 2 m
1 10 × C 9 19
C9 C9 19 19
= + + + ... +
Now, X= = = m m m m
1430 1430 143 11 × 13
n − 1 n − 2 m
19 × 17 × 16 + + + ... +
= = 19 × 34 = 646 m m m
8
n − 2 m n − m + 1 rows
12. Sum of coefficients is obtained by putting x = 1 + + ... +
m m
i.e. (1 + 1 − 3)2163 = − 1 ......
Thus, sum of the coefficients of the polynomial m
+
(1 + x − 3x2)2163 is −1. m
13. To show that n + 1
Now, sum of the first row is .
2k.n C 0.n C k − 2k − 1.n C1.n − 1 C k − 1 m + 1
+ 2k − 2.n C 2.n − 2 C k − 2 − K + (−1)k nC kn − kC 0 = nC k n
Sum of the second row is .
Taking LHS m + 1
2k.n C 0.n C k − 2k −1.n C1 ⋅n − 1 C k − 1 + K + (−1)k.n C k.n − k C 0 n − 1
k Sum of the third row is ,
m + 1
= ∑ (−1) r. k − r . n
2 Cr .n − r Ck − r
coderguru.in
r=0 …………………………
k
n! (n − r )! m m + 1
Sum of the last row is =
= ∑ (−1)r 2k − r. r !(n − r )! . (k − r )!(n − k)! m m + 1
.
r=0
k n + 1 n n − 1
n! k! S= + +
= ∑ (−1)r. 2k − r. ⋅
(n − k)!. k ! r !(k − r )!
Thus,
m + 1 m + 1 m + 1
r=0
k m + 1 n + 1 + 1 n + 2
k
r. 1 .k
+K+ = =
= ∑ (− 1 ) r. k − r n
2 C k
. k
C r = 2 k.n
C k ∑ (−1 )
2r
Cr m + 1 m + 2 m + 2
r=0 r = 0
k
[from Eq. (i) replacing n by n + 1 and m by m + 1]
1
=2 k.n
C k 1 − = n C k = RHS n n
Cr
2 15. ∑ (−1)r r +3
Cr
r=0
n n − 1 n − 2 m n + 1
14. Let S = + + + ... + = …(i) n
n !⋅ 3 ! n
n!
m m m m m + 1 = ∑ (−1)r = 3 ! ∑ (−1)r
r=0
(n − r ) ! (r + 3) ! r=0
(n − r ) ! (r + 3) !
It is obvious that, n ≥ m. [given]
n
3! (−1)r. (n + 3)!
∑ (n − r )!(r + 3)!
NOTE This question is based upon additive loop.
=
m m + 1 m + 2 n (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) r=0
Now, S = + + + ... +
m m m m 3! n
= ⋅ ∑ (−1)r ⋅n + 3C r + 3
m + 1 m + 1 m + 2 n (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) r = 0
= + + + K
m + 1 m m m n+3
3 ! (− 1)3
m m + 1 = ∑ (−1)s ⋅n + 3 C3
Q m = 1 = m + 1 (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) s =3
m + 2 m + 2 n −3! n + 3
= + + ... + = ∑ (−1)s ⋅n + 3 C s
m + 1 m m
(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) s =` 0
n+1
[Q nC r + nC r + 1 = Cr + 1 ] − n+3
C0 + n+3
C1 − n + 3C 2
m + 3 n
= + ... + −3! (n + 3)(n + 2)
m + 1 m = 0 − 1 + (n + 3) −
= ............................... (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 2!
n n n + 1 −3! (n + 2)(2 − n − 3) 3!
= + = , which is true. …(ii) = ⋅ =
m + 1 m m + 1 (n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3) 2 2(n + 3)
96 Binomial Theorem
n n n
16. (1 + x + x2)n = a 0 + a1x + K + a 2nx2n …(i) = ∑ Ci ∑ C j − ∑ Ci2
i=0 j=0 i=0
Replacing x by −1 / x, we get
n
= 2n 2n − (2 nC n ) = 22 n − 2 nC n
1 1 a1 a 2 a3 a 2n
22 n − 2 nC n
1 − + 2 = a 0 − + 2 − 3 + K + 2n …(ii) (2n )!
x x x x x x ∴ ∑∑ CiC j =
2
= 22 n−1 −
2 (n !)2
0 ≤i< j≤n
Now, a 02 − a12 + a 22 − a32 + K + a 22n = coefficient of the
term independent of x in 19. We know that, (1 + x)2 n = C 0 + C1x + C 2 x2 + ... + C 2 n x 2 n
[a 0 + a1x + a 2x2 + K + a 2nx2n ] On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
a a a 2n 2n (1 + x)2 n−1 = C1 + 2 ⋅ C 2 x + 3 ⋅ C3 x2
× a 0 − 1 + 22 − K + 2n + ... + 2nC 2n x2 n−1 …(i)
x x x 2n
= Coefficient of the term independent of x in 1 1 1 1
and 1 − = C 0 − C1 ⋅ + C 2 ⋅ 2 − C3 ⋅ 3
n x x x x
1 1
(1 + x + x2)n 1 − + 2 1
x x + ... + C 2n ⋅ 2 n …(ii)
n x
1 1
Now, RHS = (1 + x + x2)n 1 − + 2 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x x
2n
(1 + x + x2)n (x2 − x + 1)n [(x2 + 1)2 − x2]n 1
= = 2n (1 + x)2 n−1 1 −
x
x2n x2n
(1 + 2x + x − x )
2 4 2 n
(1 + x + x )
2 4 n
= [C1 + 2 ⋅ C 2x + 3 ⋅ C3 x2 + ... + 2n ⋅ C 2n x2n−1 ]
= =
x2n x2n 1 1 1
× C 0 − C1 + C 2 2 − ..... + C 2 n 2 n
Thus, a 0 − a1 + a 2 − a3 + K+ a 2n
2 2 2 2 2
x x x
= Coefficient of the term independent of x in 1
Coefficient of on the LHS
coderguru.in
1 x
(1 + x2 + x4 )n
x2n 1 1
= Coefficient of in 2n 2 n (1 + x)2 n−1 (x − 1)2 n
= Coefficient of x in (1 + x + x )
2n 2 4 n x x
= Coefficient of t n in (1 + t + t 2)n = a n = Coefficient of x2 n−1 in 2n (1 − x2)2 n−1 (1 − x)
17. C 0 − 2 ⋅ C1 + 3 ⋅ C 2 − ... + (−1) (n + 1) ⋅ C n
2 2 n 2 = 2n (−1)n−1 ⋅ (2n − 1) C n−1 (−1)
(2n − 1)! (2n )!
n n = (−1)n (2n ) = (−1)n n ⋅n
= ∑ (−1) r(r + 1)2 nC r = ∑ (−1)r (r 2 + 2r + 1) nC r (n − 1)! n ! (n !)2
r=0 r=0 = − (−1)n n ⋅ C n …(iii)
n n n
1
= ∑ (−1) r r 2 n
⋅ C r + 2 ∑ (−1) r ⋅ C r + r n
∑ (−1) r. n
Cr Again, the coefficient of on the RHS
x
r=0 r=0 r=0
n n
= − (C12 − 2 ⋅ C 22 + 3 ⋅ C32 − ... − 2n C 22n ) …(iv)
= ∑ (−1)r. r (r − 1) ⋅n C r + 3 ⋅ ∑ (−1)r. r ⋅ nC r From Eqs. (iii) and (iv),
r=0 r=0 n
+ ∑ (−1)r nC r C12 − 2 ⋅ C 22 + 3 ⋅ C32 − ... − 2n ⋅ C 22n = (−1)n n ⋅ C n
r=0 2n
20. (1 + x)2 n 1 −
n n
1
x
= ∑ (−1) n (n − 1)
r n− 2
C r − 2 + 3 ∑ (−1) n . r n −1
C r −1
r=2 r =1
n = [ C 0 + (2nC1 )x + (2nC 2)x2 + ...+ (2 nC 2 n )x2 n ]
2n
+ ∑ (−1) r n
Cr 1 1 1
× 2 nC 0 − (2 nC1 ) + (2 nC 2) 2 + ... + (2 nC 2n ) 2n
r=0 x x x
= n (n − 1){ n − 2C 0 − n − 2C1 + n − 2C 2−... + (−1)n n − 2C n − 2} Independent terms of x on RHS
+ 3n { − n−1C 0 + n − 1C1 − n −1C 2 + ...+ (−1)n n − 1C n − 1} = (2nC 0 )2 − (2nC1 )2 + (2nC 2)2 − ...+ (2nC 2n )2
+ { C 0 − C1 + C 2 + ... + (−1)
n n n n n
Cn} x − 1
2n
1
LHS = (1 + x)2n = (1 − x2)2n
= n (n − 1) . 0 + 3n . 0 + 0, ∀n > 2 = 0, ∀n > 2 x x2n
18. We know that, n n n n Independent term of x on the LHS = (−1)n ⋅2n C n.
2 ∑ ∑ Ci C j = ∑ ∑ Ci C j − ∑ ∑ CiC j
0 ≤i < j ≤ n i=0 j=0 i = 0 j=0
coderguru.in
(a) gain (b) loss (c) loss (d) 2 gain more that the number of girls ahead of her, is (2014 Adv)
2 4 2
(a) 1 /2 (b) 1 /3 (c) 2 /3 (d) 3 /4
2. In a random experiment, a fair die is rolled until two
fours are obtained in succession. The probability that
9. Four fair dice D1 , D2, D3 and D4 each having six faces
the experiment will end in the fifth throw of the die is numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are rolled simultaneously. The
equal to (2019 Main, 12 Jan I) probability that D4 shows a number appearing on one of
175 225 D1 , D2 and D3 , is (2012)
(a) (b)
6 5
65 91 108 125 127
(a) (b) (c) (d)
200 150 216 216 216 216
(c) (d)
65 65 10. Let ω be a complex cube root of unity with ω ≠ 1. A fair die is
thrown three times. If r1, r2 and r3 are the numbers obtained
3. If there of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are
on the die, then the probability that ω r 1 + ω r2 + ω r3 = 0, is
chosen at random, then the probability that the
(2010)
triangle formed with these chosen vertices is
(a) 1/18 (b) 1/9 (c) 2/9 (d) 1/36
equilateral is
(2019 Main, 12 April I) 11. If three distinct numbers are chosen randomly from the
1 1 3 3 first 100 natural numbers, then the probability that all
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 5 10 20 three of them are divisible by both 2 and 3, is (2004, 1M)
4 4 4 4
4. Let S = {1, 2, K , 20}. A subset B of S is said to be (a) (b) (c) (d)
55 35 33 1155
“nice”, if the sum of the elements of B is 203. Then,
the probability that a randomly chosen subset of S is 12. Two numbers are selected randomly from the set
‘‘nice’’, is (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} without replacement one by one. The
6 4 7 5 probability that minimum of the two numbers is less than
(a) (b) (c) (d)
220 220 220 220 4, is (2003, 1M)
(a) 1/15 (b) 14/15 (c) 1/5 (d) 4/5
5. If two different numbers are taken from the set {0, 1,
2, 3, …, 10}, then the probability that their sum as 13. If the integers m and n are chosen at random between 1
well as absolute difference are both multiple of 4, is and 100, then the probability that a number of the form
(2017 Main) 7m + 7n is divisible by 5, equals (1999, 2M)
6 12 14 7 1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
55 55 45 55 4 7 8 49
6. Three randomly chosen non-negative integers x, y 14. Seven white balls and three black balls are randomly
and z are found to satisfy the equation x + y + z = 10. placed in a row. The probability that no two black balls are
Then the probability that z is even, is (2017 Adv.) placed adjacently, equals (1998, 2M)
1 36 6 5 1 7 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 55 11 11 2 15 15 3
98 Probability
15. Three of the six vertices of a regular hexagon are chosen Fill in the Blanks
at rondom. The probability that the triangle with three
vertices is equilateral, equals (1995, 2M) 21. Three faces of a fair die are yellow, two faces red and
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/5 (c) 1/10 (d) 1/20 one face blue. The die is tossed three times. The
probability that the colours, yellow, red and blue,
16. Three identical dice are rolled. The probability that the appear in the first, second and the third tosses
same number will appear on each of them, is (1984, 2M) respectively, is…… . (1992, 2M)
1 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 + 3p 1 − p 1 − 2p
6 36 18 28 22. If , and are the probabilities of three
3 4 2
17. Fifteen coupons are numbered 1, 2, ..., 15, respectively. mutually exclusive events, then the set of all values of p
Seven coupons are selected at random one at a time is… . (1986, 2M)
with replacement. The probability that the largest
number appearing on a selected coupon is 9, is 23. A determinant is chosen at random from the set of all
6 7 7 determinants of order 2 with elements 0 or 1 only. The
(a) (b) (c)
9 8 3
(d) None of these probability that the value of the determinant chosen is
16 15 5
positive, is… . (1982, 2M)
coderguru.in
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true is noted. What is the probability that among the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only three numbers appear in
18. Consider the system of equations this list? (2001, 5M)
ax + by = 0, cx + dy = 0, 26. If p and q are chosen randomly from the set {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
where a , b, c, d ∈ {0, 1}. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10} with replacement, determine the
Statement I The probability that the system of probability that the roots of the equation x2 + px + q = 0
equations has a unique solution, is 3/8. are real. (1997, 5M)
Statement II The probability that the system of 27. In how many ways three girls and nine boys can be
equations has a solution, is 1. (2008, 3M) seated in two vans, each having numbered seats, 3 in
the front and 4 at the back? How many seating
arrangements are possible if 3 girls should sit together
Passage Based Problems in a back row on adjacent seats? Now, if all the seating
Passage arrangements are equally likely, what is the probability
of 3 girls sitting together in a back row on adjacent
Box I contains three cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3 ; box II
seats? (1996, 5M)
contains five cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; and box III
contains seven cards bearing numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. A card 28. A box contains 2 fifty paise coins, 5 twenty five paise
is drawn from each of the boxes. Let xi be the number on the coins and a certain fixed number n (≥ 2) of ten and five
card drawn from the i th box i = 1, 2, 3. (2014 Adv.) paise coins. Five coins are taken out of the box at
random. Find the probability that the total value of
19. The probability that x1 + x2 + x3 is odd, is these 5 coins is less than one rupee and fifty paise.
29 53 57 1 (1988, 3M)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
105 105 105 2
29. Six boys and six girls sit in a row at random. Find the
20. The probability that x1 , x2 and x3 are in an arithmetic probability that
progression, is (i) the six girls sit together.
9 10 11 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) (ii) the boys and girls sit alternatively. (1978, 3M)
105 105 105 105
Probability 99
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(d) None of the above 11. P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ∩ B) if and only if the relation between
4. For the three events A, B and C, P(exactly one of the P ( A ) and P (B) is… . (1985, 2M)
events A or B occurs) = P(exactly one of the events B or
C occurs) = P(exactly one of the events C or A occurs) True/False
= p and P(all the three events occurs simultaneously)
1 12. If the probability for A to fail in an examination is 0.2
= p2, where 0 < p < . Then, the probability of atleast and that of B is 0.3, then the probability that either A or
2
B fails is 0.5. (1989, 1M)
one of the three events A, B and C occurring is
(1996, 2M)
3p + 2p2 p + 3p2
Analytical and Descriptive Questions
(a) (b)
2 4 13. In a certain city only two newspapers A and B are
p + 3p2 3p + 2p2 published, it is known that 25% of the city population
(c) (d) reads A and 20% reads B, while 8% reads both A and B.
2 4
It is also known that 30% of those who read A but not B
5. If 0 < P ( A ) < 1, 0 < P (B) < 1 and P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) look into advertisements and 40% of those who read B
+ P (B) − P ( A ) P (B), then (1995, 2M) but not A look into advertisements while 50% of those
(a) P (B / A ) = P (B ) − P (A ) who read both A and B look into advertisements. What
(b) P (A ′ − B ′ ) = P (A ′ ) − P (B ′ ) is the percentage of the population reads an
(c) P (A ∪ B ) ′ = P (A ) ′ P (B ) ′ advertisement? (1984, 4M)
(d) P (A / B ) = P (A ) − P (B ) 14. A, B, C are events such that
6. The probability that at least one of the events A and B Pr ( A ) = 0.3, Pr (B) = 0.4, Pr (C ) = 0.8,
occurs is 0.6. If A and B occur simultaneously with Pr ( AB) = 0.08, Pr ( AC ) = 0.28 and Pr ( ABC ) = 0.09
probability 0.2, then P ( A ) + P (B ) is equal to (1987, 2M)
If Pr ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) ≥ 0.75, then show that Pr (BC ) lies in
(a) 0.4 (b) 0.8 (c) 1.2 (d) 1.4 the interval [ 0.23, 0.48 ]. (1983, 2M)
7. Two events A and B have probabilities 0.25 and 0.50,
15. A and B are two candidates seeking admission in IIT.
respectively. The probability that both A and B occur
The probability that A is selected is 0.5 and the
simultaneously is 0.14. Then, the probability that
probability that both A and B are selected is atmost 0.3.
neither A nor B occurs, is (1980, 1M)
Is it possible that the probability of B getting selected is
(a) 0.39 (b) 0.25 0.9? (1982, 2M)
(c) 0.11 (d) None of these
100 Probability
Pragraph Based Questions NONE of the remaining students gets the seat
previously allotted to him/her is
There are five students S1 , S 2, S3 , S 4 and S5 in a music class 3 1 7 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
and for them there are five seats R1 , R2, R3 , R4and R5 40 8 40 5
arranged in a row, where initially the seat Ri is allotted to the
17. For i = 1, 2, 3, 4, let Ti denote the event that the students
student Si , i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. But, on the examination day, the
five students are randomly allotted the five seats. Si and Si+1 do NOT sit adjacent to each other on the day
(There are two questions based on Paragraph, the question of the examination. Then, the probability of the event
given below is one of them) (2018 Adv.) T1 ∩ T2 ∩ T3 ∩ T4 is
1 1 7 1
16. The probability that, on the examination day, the (a) (b) (c) (d)
student S1 gets the previously allotted seat R1, and 15 10 60 5
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1 1 1 1 4 4
probabilities , , and respectively. If all hit at the
2 3 4 8 complement of the event A. Then , the events A and B
target independently, then the probability that the are (2014 Main)
target would be hit, is (2019 Main, 9 April I) (a) independent but not equally likely
1 25 7 25 (b) independent and equally likely
(a) (b) (c) (d)
192 32 32 192 (c) mutually exclusive and independent
3. Let A and B be two non-null events such that A ⊂ B. (d) equally likely but not independent
Then, which of the following statements is always
correct. (2019 Main, 8 April I)
8. Four persons independently solve a certain problem
1 3 1 1
(a) P (A /B ) = P (B ) − P (A ) (b) P (A/B ) ≥ P (A ) correctly with probabilities , , , . Then, the
2 4 4 8
(c) P (A/B ) ≤ P (A ) (d) P (A/B ) = 1 probability that the problem is solved correctly by
4. Two integers are selected at random from the set { 1, 2, atleast one of them, is (2013 Adv)
…… , 11}. Given that the sum of selected numbers is 235 21 3 253
(a) (b) (c) (d)
even, the conditional probability that both the numbers 256 256 256 256
are even is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
2 1 7 3
9. An experiment has 10 equally likely outcomes. Let A
(a) (b) (c) (d) and B be two non-empty events of the experiment. If A
5 2 10 5 consists of 4 outcomes, then the number of outcomes
5. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the outcome is a head, that B must have, so that A and B are independent, is
then a pair of unbiased dice is rolled and the sum of the (a) 2, 4 or 8 (b) 3, 6 or 9 (2008, 3M)
numbers obtained on them is noted. If the toss of the (c) 4 or 8 (d) 5 or 10
coin results in tail, then a card from a well-shuffled
pack of nine cards numbered 1, 2, 3, …, 9 is randomly 10. Let E c denotes the complement of an event E. If E, F, G
picked and the number on the card is noted. The are pairwise independent events with P (G ) > 0 and
probability that the noted number is either 7 or 8 is P (E ∩ F ∩ G ) = 0 . Then, P (E c ∩ F c|G ) equals(2007, 3M)
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I) (a) P (E c ) + P (F c ) (b) P (E c ) − P (F c )
15 13 19 19 (c) P (E c ) − P (F ) (d) P (E ) − P (F c )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
72 36 72 36 11. One Indian and four American men and their wives are
6. Let two fair six-faced dice A and B be thrown to be seated randomly around a circular table. Then, the
simultaneously. If E1 is the event that die A shows up conditional probability that Indian man is seated
four, E 2 is the event that die B shows up two and E3 is adjacent to his wife given that each American man is
the event that the sum of numbers on both dice is odd, seated adjacent to his wife, is (2007, 3M)
then which of the following statements is not true? 1 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(2016 Main) 2 3 5 5
Probability 101
12. A fair die is rolled. The probability that the first time Objective Questions II
1 occurs at the even throw, is (2005, 1M)
(a) 1/6 (b) 5/11 (c) 6/11 (d) 5/36
(One or more than one correct option)
1 1
13. There are four machines and it is known that exactly 21. Let X andY be two events such that P (X ) = , P (X /Y ) =
two of them are faulty. They are tested, one by one, in 3 2
2
a random order till both the faulty machines are and P (Y /X ) = . Then
identified. Then, the probability that only two tests 5 (2017 Adv.)
4 1
are needed, is (1998, 2M) (a) P (Y ) = (b) P (X ′/Y ) =
1 1 1 1 15 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2 1
3 6 2 4 (c) P (X ∪Y ) = (d) P (X ∩ Y ) =
5 5
14. A fair coin is tossed repeatedly. If tail appears on first
four tosses, then the probability of head appearing on 22. If X and Y are two events such that
1 1 1
fifth toss equals (1998, 2M) P (X / Y ) = , P (Y /X ) = and P (X ∩ Y ) . Then, which of
1 1 31 1 2 3 6
(a) (b) (c) (d) the following is/are correct? (2012)
2 32 32 5
(a) P (X ∪ Y ) = 2/3
15. If from each of the three boxes containing 3 white and (b) X and Y are independent
1 black, 2 white and 2 black, 1 white and 3 black balls,
(c) X and Y are not independent
one ball is drawn at random, then the probability that
(d) P (X c ∩ Y ) = 1/3
2 white and 1 black balls will be drawn, is
(1998, 2M) 23. Let E and F be two independent events. The probability
13 1 1 3 11
(a) (b) (c) (d) that exactly one of them occurs is and the probability of
32 4 32 16 25
2
16. The probability of India winning a test match against none of them occurring is . If P (T ) denotes the
25
West Indies is 1/2. Assuming independence from
coderguru.in
probability of occurrence of the event T, then (2011)
match to match the probability that in a 5 match 4 3 1 2
series India’s second win occurs at third test, is (a) P (E ) = , P (F ) = (b) P (E ) = , P (F ) =
(1995, 2M)
5 5 5 5
2 1 3 4
(a) 1/8 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 2/3 (c) P (E ) = , P (F ) = (d) P (E ) = , P (F ) =
5 5 5 5
17. An unbiased die with faces marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is
24. The probabilities that a student passes in Mathematics,
rolled four times. Out of four face values obtained, the
Physics and Chemistry are m, p and c, respectively. Of
probability that the minimum face value is not less
these subjects, the students has a 75% chance of passing
than 2 and the maximum face value is not greater
in atleast one, a 50% chance of passing in atleast two and
than 5, is
a 40% chance of passing in exactly two. Which of the
(a) 16/81 (b) 1/81 (1993, 1M)
following relations are true? (1999, 3M) (2011)
(c) 80/81 (d) 65/81 19 27
(a) p + m + c = (b) p + m + c =
18. A student appears for tests I, II and III. The student is 20 20
successful if he passes either in tests I and II or tests I 1 1
(c) pmc = (d) pmc =
and III. The probabilities of the student passing in 10 4
1
tests I, II and III are p, q and , respectively. If the 25. If E and F are the complementary events of E and F
2
1 respectively and if 0 < P (F ) < 1, then (1998, 2M)
probability that the student is successful, is , then
2 (a) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = 1 (b) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = 1
1 (c) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = 1 (d) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = 1
(a) p = q = 1 (b) p = q = (1986, 2M)
2 26. Let E and F be two independent events. If the probability
1 that both E and F happen is 1/12 and the probability that
(c) p = 1, q = 0 (d) p = 1, q =
2 neither E nor F happen is 1/2. Then,
19. If A and B are two independent events such that (a) P (E ) = 1 / 3, P (F ) = 1 / 4 (1993, 2M)
P ( A ) > 0, and P (B) ≠ 1, then P ( A / B ) is equal to (b) P (E ) = 1 / 2, P (F ) = 1 / 6
(a) 1 − P (A / B ) (b) 1 − P (A / B ) (1982, 2M) (c) P (E ) = 1 / 6, P (F ) = 1 / 2
(d) P (E ) = 1 / 4, P (F ) = 1 / 3
1 − P (A ∪ B ) P (A )
(c) (d)
P (B ) P (B ) 27. For any two events A and B in a sample space
(1991, 2M)
20. The probability that an event A happens in one trial of P (A ) + P (B ) − 1
(a) P ≥
A
an experiment, is 0.4. Three independent trials of the , P (B ) ≠ 0 is always true
B P (B )
experiments are performed. The probability that the
(b) P (A ∩ B ) = P (A ) − P (A ∩ B ) does not hold
event A happens atleast once, is (1980, 1M)
(c) P (A ∪ B ) = 1 − P (A )P (B ), if A and B are independent
(a) 0.936 (b) 0.784
(d) P (A ∪ B ) = 1 − P (A )P (B ), if A and B are disjoint
(c) 0.904 (d) None of these
102 Probability
28. If E and F are independent events such that 0 < P (E ) < 1 result is a tail, a card from a well-shuffled pack of
and 0 < P (F ) < 1, then (1989, 2M) eleven cards numbered 2, 3, 4, …, 12 is picked and the
number on the card is noted. What is the probability
(a) E and F are mutually exclusive
that the noted number is either 7 or 8? (1994, 5M)
(b) E and F c (the complement of the event F) are
independent 39. A lot contains 50 defective and 50 non-defective bulbs.
(c) E c and F c are independent Two bulbs are drawn at random, one at a time, with
(d) P (E / F ) + P (E c / F ) = 1 replacement. The events A, B, C are defined as :
A = ( the first bulb is defective)
Fill in the Blanks B = (the second bulb is non-defective)
29. If two events A and B are such that P ( A c ) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.4 C = (the two bulbs are both defective or both
and P ( A ∩ Bc ) = 0.5, then P [B / ( A ∪ Bc )] = K . (1994, 2M) non-defective).
Determine whether
30. Let A and B be two events such that P ( A ) = 0.3 and
(i) A, B, C are pairwise independent.
P ( A ∪ B) = 0.8. If A and B are independent events, then
P (B) = … . (1990, 2M)
(ii) A, B, C are independent. (1992, 6M)
31. A pair of fair dice is rolled together till a sum of either 5 or 40. In a multiple-choice question there are four
7 is obtained. Then, the probability that 5 comes before 7, alternative answers, of which one or more are correct.
is… . (1989, 2M)
A candidate will get marks in the question only if he
ticks the correct answers. The candidates decide to
32. Urn A contains 6 red and 4 black balls and urn B contains tick the answers at random, if he is allowed upto three
4 red and 6 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from chances to answer the questions, find the probability
urn A and placed in urn B. Then, one ball is drawn at that he will get marks in the question. (1985, 5M)
random from urn B and placed in urn A. If one ball is
drawn at random from urn A, the probability that it is 41. A and B are two independent events. The probability
1
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found to be red, is…. (1988, 2M) that both A and B occur is and the probability that
6
33. A box contains 100 tickets numbered 1, 2, …,100. Two 1
neither of them occurs is . Find the probability of the
tickets are chosen at random. It is given that the 3
maximum number on the two chosen tickets is not more occurrence of A. (1984, 2M)
than 10. The maximum number on them is 5 with
probability… . (1985, 2M) 42. Cards are drawn one by one at random from a well
shuffled full pack of 52 playing cards until 2 aces are
obtained for the first time. If N is the number of cards
Analytical and Descriptive Questions required to be drawn, then show that
34. If A and B are two independent events, prove that (n − 1)(52 − n )(51 − n )
Pr { N = n } =
P ( A ∪ B) ⋅ P ( A′ ∩ B ′ ) ≤ P (C ), where C is an event 50 × 49 × 17 × 13
defined that exactly one of A and B occurs. (2004, 2M)
where, 2 < n ≤ 50. (1983, 3M)
35. A is targeting to B, B and C are targeting to A. 43. An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of four shots
2 1
Probability of hitting the target by A, B and C are , and at an enemy plane moving away from it. The
3 2 probabilities of hitting the plane at the first, second,
1
, respectively. If A is hit, then find the probability that B third and fourth shot are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1,
3 respectively. What is the probability that the gun hits
hits the target and C does not. (2003, 2M) the plane? (1981, 2M)
36. For a student to qualify, he must pass atleast two out of 44. A box contanis 2 black, 4 white and 3 red balls. One
three exams. The probability that he will pass the 1st ball is drawn at random from the box and kept aside.
exam is p. If he fails in one of the exams, then the From the remaining balls in the box, another ball is
p
probability of his passing in the next exam, is drawn at random and kept beside the first.
2 This process is repeated till all the balls are
otherwise it remains the same. Find the probability that drawn from the box. Find the probability that the balls
he will qualify. (2003, 2M) drawn are in the sequence of 2 black, 4 white and
37. A coin has probability p of showing head when tossed. It is 3 red. (1979, 2M)
tossed n times. Let pn denotes the probability that no two
(or more) consecutive heads occur. Prove that p1 = 1, Integer Answer Type Question
p2 = 1 − p2 and pn = (1 − p). pn − 1 + p(1 − p) pn − 2 , ∀ n ≥ 3.
45. Of the three independent events E1 , E 2 and E3 , the
(2000, 5M)
probability that only E1 occurs is α , only E 2 occurs is β
38. An unbiased coin is tossed. If the result in a head, a pair
of unbiased dice is rolled and the number obtained by and only E3 occurs is γ. Let the probability p that none
adding the numbers on the two faces is noted. If the of events E1 , E 2 or E3 occurs satisfy the equations
Probability 103
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49 49 49 49
be operational atleast two of its engines must function.
2. A bag contains 4 red and 6 black balls. A ball is drawn at Let X denotes the event that the ship is operational and
random from the bag, its colour is observed and this ball let X1, X 2 and X3 denote, respectively the events that the
along with two additional balls of the same colour are engines E1, E 2 and E3 are functioning.
returned to the bag. If now a ball is drawn at random
Which of the following is/are true? (2012)
from the bag, then the probability that this drawn ball
is red, is (2018 Main) (a) P [X1c| X ] = 3 / 16
3 2 1 3 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) (b) P [exactly two engines of the ship are functioning] =
10 5 5 4 8
5
3. A computer producing factory has only two plants T1 (c) P [X | X 2 ] =
16
and T2. Plant T1 produces 20% and plant T2 produces 7
80% of the total computers produced. 7% of computers (d) P [X | X1 ] =
16
produced in the factory turn out to be defective. It is
known that P(computer turns out to be defective, given
that it is produced in plant T1) = 10P (computer turns Assertion and Reason
out to be defective, given that it is produced in plant T2), For the following questions, choose the correct answer
where P (E ) denotes the probability of an event E. A from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows.
computer produced in the factory is randomly selected (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
and it does not turn out to be defective. Then, the Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
probability that it is produced in plant T2, is (2016 Adv.) (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
36 47 Statement II is not the correct explanation of
(a) (b)
73 79 Statement I
78 75 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
(c) (d)
93 83 (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true
4 6. Let H 1 , H 2,... , H n be mutually exclusive events with
4. A signal which can be green or red with probability
5 P (H i ) > 0, i = 1, 2,... , n . Let E be any other event with
1 0 < P (E ) < 1.
and respectively, is received by station A and then
5
Statement I P (H i/E ) > P (E/H i ) ⋅ P (H i ) for
transmitted to station B. The probability of each station
3 i = 1, 2, . . . , n
receiving the signal correctly is . If the signal received n
4
at station B is green, then the probability that the
Statement II ∑ P (Hi ) = 1 (2007, 3M)
i =1
original signal green is (2010)
104 Probability
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respectively. Given that he reached office in time,
Passage II then what is the probability that he travelled by a car ?
LetU 1 andU 2 be two urns such thatU 1 contains 3 white and 2 (2005, 2M)
red balls andU 2 contains only 1 white ball. A fair coin is tossed. 18. A bag contains 12 red balls and 6 white balls. Six balls
If head appears then 1 ball is drawn at random from U 1 and are drawn one by one without replacement of which at
put intoU 2. However, if tail appears then 2 balls are drawn at least 4 balls are white. Find the probability that in the
random from U 1 and put into U 2. Now, 1 ball is drawn at next two drawn exactly one white ball is drawn. (Leave
random from U 2. (2011) the answer in nC r). (2004, 4M)
9. The probability of the drawn ball fromU 2 being white, is 19. A box contains N coins, m of which are fair and the rest
13 23 19 11 are biased. The probability of getting a head when a fair
(a) (b) (c) (d)
30 30 30 30 coin is tossed, is 1/2, while it is 2/3 when a biased coin is
10. Given that the drawn ball from U 2 is white, the tossed. A coin is drawn from the box at random and is
tossed twice. The first time it shows head and the second
probability that head appeared on the coin is
17 11 15 12 time it shows tail. What is the probability that the coin
(a) (b) (c) (d) drawn is fair? (2002, 5M)
23 23 23 23
20. An urn contains m white and n black balls. A ball is
Passage III drawn at random and is put back into the urn along
A fair die is tossed repeatedly until a six is obtained. Let X with k additional balls of the same colour as that of the
denote the number of tosses required. (2009) ball drawn. A ball is again drawn at random.
11. The probability that X = 3 equals What is the probability that the ball drawn now is
25 25 5 125 white? (2001, 5M)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 36 36 216 21. Eight players P1 , P2, K , P8 play a knock-out tournament.
12. The probability that X ≥ 3 equals It is known that whenever the players Pi and Pj play,
125 25 5 25
(a) (b) (c) (d) the player Pi will win if i < j. Assuming that the players
216 36 36 216 are paired at random in each round, what is the
13. The conditional probability that X ≥ 6 given X > 3 equals probability that the player P4 reaches the final?
125 25 5 25 (1999, 10M)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
216 216 36 36 22. Three players, A, B and C, toss a coin cyclically in that
Passage IV order (i.e. A, B, C, A, B, C, A, B, …) till a head shows.
There are n urns each containing (n + 1) balls such that the ith Let p be the probability that the coin shows a head. Let
urn contains ‘i’white balls and (n + 1 − i) red balls. Let ui be the α, β and γ be, respectively, the probabilities that A, B
event of selecting ith urn, i = 1, 2, 3, ... , n and W denotes the and C gets the first head. Prove that β = (1 − p) α .
event of getting a white balls. (2006, 5M)
Determine α, β and γ (in terms of p). (1998, 8M)
Probability 105
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4 7. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement
, then the probability that he is unable to solve less
5 from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards. Let X denote the
than two problem is (2019 Main, 12 April II) random variable of number of aces obtained in the two
201 1
49
316 4
48
54 4
49
164 1
48 drawn cards. Then, P (X = 1) + P (X = 2) equals
(a) (b) (c) (d) (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
5 5 25 5 5 5 25 5 25 52 49 24
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2. Let a random variable X have a binomial distribution 169 169 169 169
k
with mean 8 and variance 4. If P (X ≤ 2) = , then k is 8. A box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. If 10 balls
216 are randomly drawn one-by-one with replacement, then
equal to (2019 Main, 12 April I) the variance of the number of green balls drawn is
(a) 17 (b) 121 (c) 1 (d) 137 (2017 Main)
12 6
3. Minimum number of times a fair coin must be tossed so (a) (b) 6 (c) 4 (d)
5 25
that the probability of getting atleast one head is more
than 99% is (2019 Main 10 April II) 9. A multiple choice examination has 5 questions. Each
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 5
question has three alternative answers of which exactly
one is correct. The probability that a student will get 4
4. The minimum number of times one has to toss a fair or more correct answers just by guessing is (2013 Main)
coin so that the probability of observing atleast one head 17 13 11 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
is atleast 90% is (2019 Main, 8 April II) 35 35 35 35
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 4
10. India plays two matches each with West Indies and
5. In a game, a man wins ` 100 if he gets 5 or 6 on a throw Australia. In any match the probabilities of India
of a fair die and loses ` 50 for getting any other number getting points 0, 1 and 2 are 0.45, 0.05 and 0.50,
on the die. If he decides to throw the die either till he respectively. Assuming that the outcomes are
gets a five or a six or to a maximum of three throws, independent. The probability of India getting at least 7
then his expected gain/loss (in rupees) is points, is (1992, 2M)
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II) (a) 0.8750 (b) 0.0875 (c) 0.0625 (d) 0.0250
400 400 400
(a) loss (b) loss (c) 0 (d) gain 11. One hundred identical coins, each with probability p, of
3 9 3 showing up heads are tossed once. If 0 < p < 1 and the
6. If the probability of hitting a target by a shooter in any probability of heads showing on 50 coins is equal to that
1 of heads showing on 51 coins, then the value of p is
shot, is , then the minimum number of independent
3 (1988, 2M)
shots at the target required by him so that the (a) 1/2 (b) 49/101 (c) 50/101 (d) 51/101
106 Probability
Answers
coderguru.in
Topic 1 39. (i) A, B and C are pairwise independent 40.
1
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 1 1 1
41. or 43. 0.6976 44. 45. 6
9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d) 3 2 1260
13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 46. (b) 47. (c)
17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
1 1 1 3 Topic 4
21. 22. ≤ p ≤ 23. 24. False
36 3 2 16 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c)
(3n − 3. 2n + 3 ) × 6C 3 1 5. (b, d) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d)
25. 26. 0.62 27.
6n 91 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (b)`
10 (n + 2 ) 1 1
28. 1 − n + 7 29. (i) (ii) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (b)
C5 132 462 1
17.
Topic 2 7
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a)
12
C 2 ⋅6 C 4 10C1 ⋅2 C1 12C1 ⋅6 C 5 11C1 ⋅1 C1 9m
18. ⋅ 12 + 18 ⋅ 12 19.
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a, b, c) 18
C6 C2 C6 C2 8N + m
11 m 4
9. (a, c) 10. 11. P ( A ∩ B ) 12. False 20. 21.
40 m+n 35
13. 13.9% 15. No 16. (a) 17. (c) p p (1 − p ) p − 2p 2 + p 3
22. α = ,β = ,γ =
Topic 3 1 − (1 − p ) 3
1 − (1 − p ) 3
1(1 − p ) 3
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 1 8 24 23 99
5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 23. (i) (ii) 24. 25. 26.
2 15 29 30 1900
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (b)
Topic 5
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d)
17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a)
21. (a, b) 22. (a,b) 23. (a, d) 24. (b, c) 11
9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12.
25. (a, d) 26. (a, d) 27. (a, c) 28. (b, c, d) 16
1 5 2 32 n
29. 30. 31. 32. 5 97 3
4 7 5 55 13. 14. 15.
21 25 4 4
1 1 193
33. 35. 36. 2 p 2 – p 3 38. 16. Best of 3 games 17. 11
C 6( 0 .24 ) 5 18. (8)
9 2 792
Hints & Solutions
Topic 1 Classical Probability S − { 1, 2, 4 }
1. It is given that a person wins ∴Number of favourables cases = 5
5
`15 for throwing a doublet (1, 1) (2, 2), (3, 3), Hence, required probability = 20
(4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6) and win `12 when the throw results in 2
sum of 9, i.e., when (3, 6), (4, 5), 5. Total number of ways of selecting 2 different numbers
(5, 4), (6, 3) occurs. from {0, 1, 2, ..., 10} = 11C 2 = 55
Also, losses `6 for throwing any other outcome, i.e., Let two numbers selected be x and y.
when any of the rest 36 − 6 − 4 = 26 outcomes occurs. Then, x + y = 4m …(i)
Now, the expected gain/loss and x − y = 4n …(ii)
= 15 × P (getting a doublet) + 12 × P (getting sum 9) ⇒ 2x = 4(m + n ) and 2 y = 4(m − n )
− 6 × P (getting any of rest 26 outcome) ⇒ x = 2(m + n )and y = 2(m − n )
6 4 26 ∴x and y both are even numbers.
= 15 × + 12 × − 6 ×
36 36 36
x y
5 4 26 15 + 8 − 26
= + − = 0 4, 8
2 3 6 6
23 − 26 3 1 1 2 6, 10
= = − = − , means loss of `
6 6 2 2 4 0, 8
6 2, 10
2. Since, the experiment should be end in the fifth throw of
the die, so total number of outcomes are 65 . 8 0, 4
Now, as the last two throws should be result in two fours 10 2, 6
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4 4 6
∴Required probability =
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) 55
So, the third throw can be 1, 2, 3, 5 or 6 (not 4). Also, 6. Sample space → 12C 2
throw number (i) and (ii) can not take two fours in Number of possibilities for z is even.
succession, therefore number of possibililites for throw z = 0 ⇒ 11C1
(i) and (ii) = 62 − 1 = 35 z = 2 ⇒ 9C1
[Q when a pair of dice is thrown
z = 4 ⇒ 7C1
then (4, 4) occur only once].
5 × 35 175 z = 6 ⇒ 5C1
Hence, the required probability = = 5 z = 8 ⇒ 3C1
65 6
z = 10 ⇒ 1C1
3. Since, there is a regular hexagon, then the number of Total = 36
ways of choosing three vertices is 6C3 . And, there is only 36 6
two ways i.e. choosing vertices of a regular hexagon ∴ Probability = =
66 11
alternate, here A1, A3 , A5 or A2, A4, A6 will result in an
equilateral triangle. 7. We have mentioned that boxes are different and one
particular box has 3 balls.
A1
11
A6 C3 × 29 55 2
12
A2 Then, number of ways = =
312 3 3
A5 A3
8. Total number of ways to arrange 3 boys and 2 girls are
A4 5!.
∴Required probability According to given condition, following cases may arise.
2 2 2 ×3 ×2 ×3 ×2 1 B G G B B
= 6 = = =
C3 6 ! 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 10 G G B B B
3 !3 ! G B G B B
4. Number of subset of S = 220 G B B G B
20(21) B G B G B
Sum of elements in S is 1 + 2 + .....+20 = = 210 So, number of favourable ways = 5 × 3 ! × 2 ! = 60
2
n (n + 1) 60 1
Q 1 + 2+ ...... + n = ∴ Required probability = =
2 120 2
Clearly, the sum of elements of a subset would be 203, if 9. PLAN As one of the dice shows a number appearing on one of P1, P2
we consider it as follows and P3.
S − { 7}, S − {1, 6} S − {2, 5}, S − {3, 4}
108 Probability
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64 which no two black balls put together is equal to the
91 number of ways of choosing 3 places marked ‘—’ out of
= eight places.
216
10. Sample space A dice is thrown thrice, n (s) = 6 × 6 × 6. —W—W—W—W —W—W—W—
r r This can be done in 8C3 ways.
Favorable events ω r 1 + ω 2 + ω 3 = 0
8
C3 8 × 7 ×6 7
i.e. (r1 , r2, r3 ) are ordered 3 triples which can take ∴ Required probability = = =
values,
10
C3 10 × 9 × 8 15
(1, 2 , 3), (1, 5, 3), (4, 2 , 3), (4, 5, 3)
i.e. 8 ordered pairs 15. Three vertices out of 6 can be chosen in 6C3 ways.
(1, 2 , 6), (1, 5, 6), (4, 2 , 6), (4, 5, 6)
So, total ways = 6C3 = 20
and each can be arranged in 3 ! ways = 6
8 ×6 2 Only two equilateral D
∴ n (E ) = 8 × 6 ⇒ P (E ) = = triangles can be formed
6 ×6 ×6 9
∆AEC and ∆BFD. E C
11. Since, three distinct numbers are to be selected from
first 100 natural numbers. ∴ Favourable ways = 2
⇒ n (S ) = 100C3 So, required probability
2 1
E(favourable events) = All three of them are divisible by both = = F B
2 and 3 . 20 10
⇒ Divisible by 6 i.e. {6, 12, 18, …, 96} 16. Since, three dice are rolled. A
Thus, out of 16 we have to select 3. ∴ Total number of cases S = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216
∴ n (E ) = 16C3 and the same number appear on each of them = 6C1 = 6
16
C 4 6 1
∴ Required probability = 100 3 = ∴ Required probability = =
C3 1155 216 36
12. Here, two numbers are selected from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 17. Since, there are 15 possible cases for selecting a coupon
and seven coupons are selected, the total number of
⇒ n (S ) = 6 × 5 {as one by one without replacement}
cases of selecting seven coupons = 157
Favourable events = the minimum of the two numbers
is less than 4. n (E ) = 6 × 4 {as for the minimum of the It is given that the maximum number on the selected
two is less than 4 we can select one from (1, 2, 3, 4) and coupon is 9, therefore the selection is to be made from
other from (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) the coupons numbered 1 to 9. This can be made in 97
n (E ) 24 4 ways. Out of these 97 cases, 87 does not contain the
∴ Required probability = = =
n (S ) 30 5 number 9.
Probability 109
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As, x1 + x2 + x3 is odd.
∴ n (E ) = 3
So, all may be odd or one of them is odd and other two
are even. 3
Thus, the required probability =
16
∴ Required probability
8!
2
C1 × 3C1 × 4C1 + 1C1 × 2C1 × 4C1 + 2C1 × 2C1 × 3C1 24. Total number of ways to arrange ‘ASSASSIN’ is .
+ 1C1 × 3C1 × 3C1 4 !⋅ 2 !
= First we fix the position ⊗ A ⊗ A ⊗ I ⊗ N ⊗.
3
C1 × C1 × C1
5 7
The roots of x2 + px + q = 0 will be non-real if and only if So, the number of ways of selecting five coins, so
p2 − 4q < 0, i.e. if p2 < 4 q that the total value of the coins is less than one
The possible values of p and q can be possible according rupee and fifty paise is n + 7C5 − 10(n + 2)
n+7
to the following table. C5 − 10(n + 2)
∴ Required probability = n+7
Value of q Value of p Number of pairs of p, q C5
10 (n + 2)
1 1 1 =1 − n+7
C5
2 1, 2 2
29. (i) The total number of arrangements of six boys and
3 1, 2, 3 3
six girls = 12 !
4 1, 2, 3 3 6! × 7! 1
∴ Required probability = =
5 1, 2, 3, 4 4 (12)! 132
6 1, 2, 3, 4 4 [since, we consider six girls at one person]
7 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5 2 ×6! ×6! 1
(ii) Required probability = =
8 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5 (12)! 462
9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 5
Topic 2 Addition and Subtraction Law of
10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 6
Probability
Therefore, the number of possible pairs = 38 1. We have, P (exactly one of A or B occurs)
Also, the total number of possible pairs is 10 × 10 = 100
= P ( A ∪ B) − P ( A ∩ B)
38
∴ The required probability = 1 − = 1 − 0.38 = 0.62 = P ( A ) + P (B) − 2P ( A ∩ B)
100
According to the question,
27. We have 14 seats in two vans and there are 9 boys and 3 1
P ( A ) + P (B) − 2P ( A ∩ B) =
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…(i)
girls. The number of ways of arranging 12 people on 14 4
seats without restriction is 1
14 ! P (B) + P (C ) − 2P (B ∩ C ) = …(ii)
14
P12 = = 7(13 !) 4
2! 1
and P (C ) + P ( A ) − 2P (C ∩ A ) = …(iii)
Now, the number of ways of choosing back seats is 2. 4
and the number of ways of arranging 3 girls on adjacent On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
seats is 2(3!) and the number of ways of arranging 9 2 [P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) − P (B ∩ C )
boys on the remaining 11 seats is 11 P9 ways. 3
− P (C ∩ A )] =
Therefore, the required number of ways 4
4 ⋅ 3 ! 11 ! ⇒ P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) − P (B ∩ C )
= 2. (2 .3 !).11 P9 = = 12 !
2! 3
− P (C ∩ A ) =
Hence, the probability of the required event 8
∴P (atleast one event occurs)
12 ! 1
= = = P(A ∪ B ∪ C )
7 ⋅ 13 ! 91 = P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) − P (B ∩ C )
28. There are (n + 7) coins in the box out of which five coins − P (C ∩ A ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
n+7 3 1 7 1
can be taken out in C5 ways. = + = Q P(A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
8 16 16 16
The total value of 5 coins can be equal to or more than
one rupee and fifty paise in the following ways. 3 1
2. Given, P (B) = , P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
(i) When one 50 paise coin and four 25 paise coins are 4 3
chosen. A B
(A ∩ B ∩ C)
(ii) When two 50 paise coins and three 25 paise coins
(A ∩ B ∩ C)
are chosen.
(iii) When two 50 paise coins, 2 twenty five paise coins (B ∩ C)
and one from n coins of ten and five paise.
∴ The total number of ways of selecting five coins so C
that the total value of the coins is not less than one
rupee and fifty paise is 1
and P(A ∩ B ∩ C ) =
(2C1 ⋅5 C5 ⋅n C 0 ) + (2C 2 ⋅5 C3 ⋅n C 0 ) + (2C 2 ⋅5 C 2 ⋅n C1 ) 3
= 10 + 10 + 10n = 10 (n + 2) which can be shown in Venn diagram.
∴ P (B ∩ C ) = P (B) − { P ( A ∩ B ∩ C + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ))}
Probability 111
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be the event getting maximum number 7.
It also given that, P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = p2 …(v)
∴ P(at least one of the events A, B, and C occurs) Then, P (E1 ) = P (getting one number 3 and other two
= P ( A ) + P (B) + P (C ) − P ( A ∩ B) from numbers 4 to 10)
1
C1 × 7C 2 7
− P (B ∩ C ) − P (C ∩ A ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 10 =
C3 40
3p
= + p2 [from Eqs. (iv) and (v)] P (E 2) = P(getting one number 7 and other two from
2 numbers 1 to 6)
3 p + 2 p2 1
C1 × 6C 2 1
= = 10 =
2 C3 8
5. Since, P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A ) ⋅ P (B) and P (E1 ∩ E 2) = P(getting one number 3, second
number 7 and third from 4 to 6)
It means A and B are independent events, so A ′ and B ′
are also independent.
1
C1 × 1C1 × 3C1 1
= 10
=
∴ P ( A ∪ B) ′ = P ( A ′∩ B ′ ) = P ( A )′ ⋅ P (B)′ C3 40
Alternate Solution ∴ P (E1 ∪ E 2) = P (E1 ) + P (E 2) − P (E1 ∩ E 2)
7 1 1 11
P ( A ∪ B)′ = 1 − P ( A ∪ B) = 1 − { P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B)} = + − =
40 8 40 40
= {1 − P ( A )}{1 − P (B)} = P ( A )′ P (B)′
11. P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B)
6. Given, P ( A ∪ B) = 0.6 , P ( A ∩ B) = 0.2
If P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ∩ B),
∴ P ( A ) + P (B ) = [1 − P ( A )] + [1 − P (B)]
then P ( A ) and P (B) are equals.
= 2 − [P ( A ) + P (B)]
Since, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ∩ B) ⇒ A and B are equals sets
= 2 − [P ( A ∪ B) + P ( A ∩ B)]
Thus, P ( A ) and P (B) is equal to P ( A ∩ B).
= 2 − [0.6 + 0.2] = 1.2
12. Given, P (A fails in examination) = 0.2
7. Given, P ( A ) = 0.25, P (B) = 0.50, P ( A ∩ B) = 0.14 and P (B fails in examination) = 0.3
∴ P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B) P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A )P (B) = (0.2) (0.3)
= 0.25 + 0.50 – 0.14 = 0.61
∴ P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B)
Now, P ( A ∪ B) = 1 − P ( A ∪ B) = 1 − 0.61 = 0.39
= 0.2 + 0.3 − 0.06 = 0.44
8. We know that, Hence, it is a false statement.
P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∪ B)
13. Let P ( A ) and P (B) denote respectively the percentage of
Also, P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 1 city population that reads newspapers A and B.
112 Probability
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⇒ 1.23 − P (BC ) = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C )
where, 0.75 ≤ P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) ≤ 1 2. Key Idea Use P ( A) = 1 − P ( A) and condition of independent
events i.e P ( A ∩ B) = P ( A) ⋅ P ( B)
⇒ 0.75 ≤ 1.23 − P (BC ) ≤ 1
⇒ − 0.48 ≤ − P (BC ) ≤ − 0.23 Given that probability of hitting a target independently
⇒ 0.23 ≤ P (BC ) ≤ 0.48 by four persons are respectively
1 1 1 1
15. Given, P ( A ) = 0.5 and P ( A ∩ B) ≤ 0.3 P1 = , P2 = , P3 = and P4 =
2 3 4 8
⇒ P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 0.3 Then, the probability of not hitting the target is
⇒ P (B) ≤ 0.3 + P ( A ∪ B) − P ( A ) ≤ P ( A ∪ B) − 0.2 1 1 1 1
= 1 − 1 − 1 − 1 −
2 3 4 8
[since, P ( A ∪ B) ≤ 1 ⇒ P ( A ∪ B) − 0.2 ≤ 0.8 ]
[Q events are independent]
∴ P (B) ≤ 0.8 1 2 3 7 7
= × × × =
⇒ P (B) cannot be 0.9. 2 3 4 8 32
16. Here, five students S1 , S 2, S3 , S 4 and S5 and five seats Therefore, the required probability of hitting the target
= 1 − (Probability of not hitting the target)
R1 , R2, R3 , R4 and R5
7 25
∴Total number of arrangement of sitting five students is =1− =
32 32
5 ! = 120
P ( A ∩ B)
Here, S1 gets previously alloted seat R1 3. We know that, P( A / B) =
∴S 2, S3 , S 4 and S5 not get previously seats. P (B)
Total number of way S 2, S3 , S 4 and S5 not get previously [by the definition of conditional probability]
seats is Q A⊂B
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ⇒ A∩B= A
4 ! 1 − + − + = 24 1 − 1 + − + P ( A)
1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 2 6 24 ∴ P( A / B) = …(i)
12 − 4 + 1 P (B)
= 24 =9 As we know that, 0 ≤ P (B) ≤ 1
24
1 P ( A)
9 3 ∴ 1≤ < ∞ ⇒ P ( A) ≤ <∞
∴ Required probability = = P (B) P (B)
120 40
P ( A)
⇒ ≥ P ( A) …(ii)
17. Here, n (T1 ∩ T2 ∩ T3 ∩ T4 ) P (B)
Total = − n (T1 ∪ T2 ∪ T3 ∪ T4 ) Now, from Eqs (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ n (T1 ∩ T2 ∩ T3 ∩ T4 ) P( A/B) ≥ P(A)
Probability 113
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36 independent of other.
Even when each American man is seated adjacent to his But die is rolled four times, therefore the probability in
wife. getting four throws
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n (E ) = (5 !) × (2 !)4 4 4 4 4 16
Again, = =
6 6 6 6 81
A n ( A ∩ E ) (4 !) × (2 !)
5
2
∴ P = = =
E n (E ) (5 !) × (2 !)4 5 18. Let A, B and C denote the events of passing the tests I,
II and III, respectively.
Alternate Solution
Evidently A, B and C are independent events.
Fixing four American couples and one Indian man in
between any two couples; we have 5 different ways in According to given condition,
which his wife can be seated, of which 2 cases are 1
= P [( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )]
favourable. 2
2 = P ( A ∩ B) + P ( A ∩ C ) − P ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
∴ Required probability =
5 = P ( A ) P (B) + P ( A ) ⋅ P (C ) − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B) ⋅ P (C )
12. Let E be the event of getting 1 on a die. 1 1
= pq + p ⋅ − pq ⋅
1 5 2 2
⇒ P (E ) = and P (E ) =
6 6 ⇒ 1 = 2 pq + p − pq ⇒ 1 = p(q + 1) …(i)
∴ P (first time 1 occurs at the even throw) The values of option (c) satisfy Eq. (i).
= t2 or t4 or t6 or t8 ... and so on [Infact, Eq. (i) is satisfied for infinite number of values
= { P (E )P (E )} + { P (E ) P (E ) P (E ) P (E )} + K ∞ of p and q. If we take any values of q such that 0 ≤ q ≤ 1,
5 1
then, p takes the value . It is evident that,
3
5 1 5 1 5 1
5
36 5 q+1
= + + +K∞ = = 1
6 6 6 6 6 6 25 11 0< ≤ 1 i.e. 0 < p ≤ 1. But we have to choose correct
1−
36 q+1
answer from given ones.]
13. Probability that only two tests are needed = Probability
that the first machine tested is faulty × Probability that 19. Since, P ( A / B ) + P ( A / B ) = 1
2 1 1 ∴ P(A / B) = 1 − P(A / B)
the second machine tested is faulty = × =
4 3 6 20. Given that, P ( A ) = 0.4, P ( A ) = 0.6
14. The event that the fifth toss results in a head is P(the event A happens at least once)
independent of the event that the first four tosses result = 1 − P (none of the event happens)
in tails. = 1 − (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) = 1 − 0.216 = 0.784
∴ Probability of the required event = 1 / 2
Probability 115
1
21. P (X ) =
3
X P (X ∩ Y ) 1
P = =
Y P (Y ) 2 E F
Y P (X ∩ Y ) 2
P = =
X P (X ) 5
2
P (X ∩ Y ) = 2
15 Neither of them occurs =
25
4
P (Y ) = 2
15 ⇒ P (E ∩ F ) = …(ii)
4 2 25
− 11
X ′ P (Y ) − P (X ∩ Y ) 15 15 1 From Eq. (i), P (E ) + P (F ) − 2 P (E ∩ F ) = …(iii)
P = = =
Y P (Y ) 4 2 25
15 2
From Eq. (ii), ( 1 − P (E )) ( 1 − P (F )) =
1 4 2 7 7 25
P (X ∪ Y ) = + − = =
3 15 15 15 15 2
⇒ 1 − P (E ) − P (F ) + P (E ) ⋅ P (F ) = …(iv)
22. PLAN 25
P ( A ∩ B) From Eqs. (iii) and (iv),
(i) Conditional probability, i.e. P( A / B) =
P( B) 7 12
P (E ) + P (F ) = and P (E ) ⋅ P (F ) =
(ii) P ( A ∪ B) = P( A ) + P( B) − P ( A ∩ B) 5 25
(iii) Independent event, then P ( A ∩ B) = P( A ) ⋅ P( B) 7 12
∴ P (E ) ⋅ − P (E ) =
1 Y 1 5 25
Here, P (X /Y ) = ,P =
X 3
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2 7 12
and P (X ∩ Y ) = 6 ⇒ (P (E ))2 − P (E ) + =0
5 25
X P (X ∩ Y ) 3 4
∴ P = ⇒ P (E ) − P (E ) − =0
Y P (Y ) 5 5
1 1 /6 1
⇒ = ⇒ P (Y ) = …(i) 3 4 4 3
2 P (Y ) 3 ∴ P (E ) = or ⇒ P (F ) = or
5 5 5 5
Y 1 P (X ∩ Y ) 1
P = ⇒ =
X 3 P (X ) 3 24. Let A, B and C respectively denote the events that the
1 1 student passes in Maths, Physics and Chemistry.
⇒ = P (X ) It is given,
6 3
1 P ( A ) = m, P (B) = p and P (C ) = c and
∴ P (X ) = …(ii)
2 P (passing atleast in one subject)
P (X ∪ Y ) = P (X ) + P (Y ) − P (X ∩ Y ) = P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = 0.75
1 1 1 2
= + − = …(iii) ⇒ 1 − P ( A′ ∩ B ′ ∩ C ′ ) = 0.75
2 3 6 3
P (X ∩ Y ) =
1 1 1 1
and P (X ) ⋅ P (Y ) = ⋅ = Q [P ( A ) = 1 − P ( A )
6 2 3 6 and [P ( A ∪ B ∪ C ] = P ( A′ ∩ B′ ∩ C′ )]
⇒ P (X ∩ Y ) = P (X ) ⋅ P (Y )
⇒ 1 − P ( A′ ) . P (B ′ ) . P (C′ ) = 0.75
i.e. independent events
Q A, B and C are independent events, therefore A′, B′
∴ P (X c ∩ Y ) = P (Y ) − P (X ∩ Y ) and C ′ are independent events.
1 1 1
= − = ⇒ 0.75 = 1 − (1 − m) (1 − p) (1 − c)
3 6 6
⇒ 0 .25 = (1 − m) (1 − p) (1 − c) …(i)
23. E F
Also, P (passing exactly in two subjects)= 0.4
⇒ P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ∪ A ∩ B ∩ C ∪ A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.4
⇒ P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) + P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = 0.4
⇒ P ( A ) P (B) P (C ) + P ( A )P (B ) P (C )
11 + P ( A ) P (B) P (C ) = 0.4
P (E ∪ F ) − P (E ∩ F ) = …(i)
25 ⇒ pm (1 − c) + p(1 − m) c + (1 − p) mc = 0.4
[i.e. only E or only F] ⇒ pm − pmc + pc − pmc + mc − pmc = 0.4 …(ii)
116 Probability
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P (F )
Finally, P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ∩ B)
Therefore, option (a) is correct. = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B),
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F )
(b) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = + if A , B are independent
P (F ) P (F )
= 1 − {1 − P ( A )} {1 − P (B)} = 1 − P ( A ) ⋅ P (B )
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F )
= + ≠1 Hence, option (c) is correct, but option (d) is not correct.
P (F ) 1 − P (F )
28. Since, E and F are independent events. Therefore,
Therefore, option (b) is not correct. P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) ⋅ P (F ) ≠ 0, so E and F are not mutually
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F ) exclusive events.
(c) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = +
P (F ) P (F ) Now, P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) − P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) − P (E ) ⋅ P (F )
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) [1 − P (F )] = P (E ) ⋅ P (F )
= + ≠1
P (F ) 1 − P (F ) and P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ∪ F ) = 1 − P (E ∪ F )
Therefore, option (c) is not correct. = 1 − [1 − P (E ) ⋅ P (F )]
P (E ∩ F ) P (E ∩ F ) [Q E and F are independent]
(d) P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) = +
P (F ) P (F ) = P (E ) ⋅ P (F )
P (E ∩ F ) + P (E ∩ F ) So, E and F as well as E and F are independent events.
=
P (F ) P (E ∩ F ) + P (E ∩ F )
Now, P (E / F ) + P (E / F ) =
P (F ) P (F )
= =1
P (F ) P (F )
= =1
Therefore, option (d) is correct. P (F )
1 29. P ( A c ) = 0.3 [given]
26. Both E and F happen ⇒ P (E ∩ F ) =
12 ⇒ P ( A ) = 0.7
1 P (B) = 0.4 [given]
and neither E nor F happens ⇒ P (E ∩ F ) =
2 ⇒ P (Bc ) = 0.6 and P ( A ∩ Bc ) = 0.5 [given]
But for independent events, we have Now, P ( A ∪ Bc ) = P ( A ) + P (Bc ) − P ( A ∩ Bc )
1 = 0.7 + 0.6 − 0.5 = 0.8
P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) P (F ) = …(i)
12 P{ B ∩ ( A ∪ Bc )}
∴ P [B / ( A ∪ B ] =
c
and P (E ∩ F ) = P (E ) P (F ) P ( A ∪ Bc )
= {1 − P (E )}{(1 − P (F )} P{(B ∩ A ) ∪ (B ∩ Bc )} P{(B ∩ A ) ∪ φ } P (B ∩ A )
= 1 − P (E ) − P (F ) + P (E )P (F ) = = =
0.8 0.8 0.8
Probability 117
1 2
= [P ( A ) − P ( A ∩ Bc )] 35. Given, P ( A ) = probability that A will hit B =
0.8 3
0.7 − 0.5 0.2 1 1
= = = P (B) = probability that B will hit A =
0.8 0.8 4 2
1
30. P ( A ∪ B) = P ( A ) + P (B) − P ( A ) P (B), as A and B are P (C ) = probability that C will hit A =
3
independent events. P (E ) = probability that A will be hit
⇒ 0.8 = (0.3) + P (B) − (0.3) P (B) 1 2 2
5 ⇒ P (E ) = 1 − P (B ) ⋅ P (C ) = 1 − ⋅ =
⇒ 0.5 = (0.7) P (B) ⇒ P (B) = 2 3 3
7 Probability if A is hit by B and not by C
1.2
31. 5 can be thrown in 4 ways and 7 can be thrown in 6 P (B) . P (C ) 2 3 1
ways, hence number of ways of throwing neither 5 nor 7 = P (B ∩ C / E ) = = =
P (E ) 2 2
is 36 − (4 + 6) = 26
∴ Probability of throwing a five in a single throw with a 3
4 1 36. Let Ei denotes the event that the students will pass the
pair of dice = = and probability of throwing neither
36 9 ith exam, where i = 1, 2, 3
26 13
5 nor 7 = = and E denotes the student will qualify.
36 18
Hence, required probability ∴ P (E ) = [P (E1 ) × P (E 2 / E1 )]
1 + [P (E1 ) × P (E 2′ /E1 ) × P (E3 / E 2′ )]
2
1 13 1 13 1 2 + [P (E1′ ) × P (E 2 / E ′1 ) × P (E3 / E 2)]
= + + + ... = 9 =
9 18 9 18 9 13 5
1− p
= p + p(1 − p) . + (1 − p) . . p
2 p
18 2 2
32. Let R be drawing a red ball and B for drawing a black 2 p2 + p2 − p3 + p2 − p3
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ball, then required probability ⇒ P (E ) = = 2 p2 − p3
2
= RRR + RBR + BRR + BBR
37. Since, pn denotes the probability that no two (or more)
6 5 6 6 6 5
= × × + × × consecutive heads occur.
10 11 10 10 11 10
⇒ pn denotes the probability that 1 or no head occur.
4 4 7 4 7 6
For n = 1 , p1 = 1 because in both cases we get less than
+ × × + × ×
10 11 10 10 11 10
two heads (H, T).
640 32
= = For n = 2, p2 = 1 − p (two heads simultaneously occur).
1100 55
= 1 − p(HH ) = 1 − pp = 1 − p2
33. Let A be the event that the maximum number on the
two chosen tickets is not more than 10, and B be the For n ≥ 3, pn = pn − 1 (1 − p) + pn − 2(1 − p) p
event that the minimum number on them is 5 ⇒ pn = (1 − p) pn − 1 + p(1 − p) pn − 2
5
C Hence proved.
∴ P ( A ∩ B) = 100 1
C2 38. Let, E1 = the event noted number is 7
10
and
C
P ( A ) = 100 2 E 2 = the event noted number is 8
C2 H = getting head on coin
B P ( A ∩ B) T = be getting tail on coin
Then P =
A P ( A) ∴ By law of total probability,
5
= 10
C1 1
= P (E1 ) = P (H ) ⋅ P (E1 / H ) + P (T ) ⋅ P (E1 / T )
C2 9 and P (E 2) = P (H ) ⋅ P (E 2 / H ) + P (T ) ⋅ P (E 2 / T )
34. Here, P ( A ∪ B) . P ( A′ ∩ B ′ ) where, P (H ) = 1 / 2 = P (T )
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Therefore, P (D1 ) = = 3 6
100 2 1 1
⇒ 1 − x − y + xy = and xy =
and let D2 denotes the occurrence of a defective bulb in 3 6
IInd draw. 5 1
50 1 ⇒ x+ y= and xy =
Therefore, P (D2) = = 6 6
100 2
5 1
and let N 1 denotes the occurrence of non-defective bulb ⇒ x − x =
6 6
in Ist draw.
50 1 ⇒ 6x2 − 5x + 1 = 0
Therefore, P (N 1 ) = =
100 2 ⇒ (3x − 1)(2x − 1) = 0
Again, let N 2 denotes the occurrence of non-defective 1 1
bulb in IInd draw. ⇒ x = and
50 1 3 2
Therefore, P (N 2) = = 1 1
100 2 ∴ P ( A ) = or
Now, D1 is independent with N 1and D2 is independent 3 2
with N 2 . 42. P (N th draw gives 2nd ace)
According to the given condition, = P{ 1 ace and (n − 2) other cards are drawn in (N − 1)
A = {the first bulb is defective} = { D1D2, D1N 2} draws} × P { N th draw is 2nd ace}
B = {the second bulb is non-defective} = { D1N 2, N 1N 2} 4 ⋅ (48)! ⋅ (n − 1)! (52 − n )! 3
= ⋅
and C = {the two bulbs are both defective} (52)! ⋅ (n − 2)! (50 − n )! (53 − n )
= { D1D2, N 1N 2}
4(n − 1)(52 − n )(51 − n ) ⋅ 3
Again, we know that, =
52 ⋅ 51 ⋅ 50 ⋅ 49
A ∩ B = { D1N 2}, B ∩ C = { N 1N 2}. (n − 1) (52 − n ) (51 − n )
=
C ∩ A = { D1D2} and A ∩ B ∩ C = φ 50 ⋅ 49 ⋅ 17 ⋅ 13
Also, P ( A ) = P{ D1D2} + P{ D1N 2} 43. Let P (H 1 ) = 0.4, P (H 2) = 0.3, P (H 3 ) = 0.2, P (H 4 ) = 0.1
= P (D1 )P (D2) + P (D1 )P (N 2)
P (gun hits the plane)
1 1 1 1 1 = 1 − P(gun does not hit the plane)
= + =
2 2 2 2 2
= 1 − P (H 1 ) ⋅ P (H 2) ⋅ P (H 3 ) ⋅ P (H 4 )
1 1
Similarly, P (B) = and P (C ) = = 1 − (0.6) (0.7) (0.8) (0.9) = 1 − 0.3024 = 0.6976
2 2
44. Since, the drawn balls are in the sequence black, black,
1 1 1
Also, P ( A ∩ B) = P (D1N 2) = P (D1 )P (N 2) = = white, white, white, white, red, red and red.
2 2 4
Probability 119
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Given, (α − 2 β ) p = αβ and ( β − 3γ ) p = 2 βγ …(v)
7
From above equations, x = 2 y and y = 3z Given, P (defective computer) =
100
∴ x = 6z 7
x i.e. P (D ) =
⇒ =6 100
z
Using law of total probability,
46. Here, P (X > Y ) = P (T1win ) P (T1 win ) D D
P (D ) = 9(T1 ) ⋅ P + P (T2) ⋅ P
+ P (T1 win ) P (draw ) + P (draw ) P (T1 win ) T1 T2
1 1 1 1 1 1 5
= × + × + × = 7 20 80
2 2 2 6 6 2 12 ∴ = ⋅ 10x + ⋅x
100 100 100
47. P [X = Y ] = P (draw ) ⋅ P (draw ) 1
+ P (T1 win ) P (T2 win ) + P (T2 win ) ⋅ P (T1 win ) ⇒ 7 = (280)x ⇒ x = …(iii)
40
= (1 / 6 × 1 / 6) + (1 / 2 × 1 / 3) + (1 / 3 × 1 / 2) = 13 / 36 D D 10
1
∴ P = and P =
Topic 4 Law of Total Probability and T2 40 T1 40
Baye’s Theorem D 1 39 D 10 30
⇒ P =1− = and P = 1 − = …(iv)
1. Let A be the event that ball drawn is given and B be the T2 40 40 T1 40 40
event that ball drawn is red.
2 5
∴ P ( A ) = and P (B) = Using Baye’s theorem,
7 7
T P (T2 ∩ D )
Again, let C be the event that second ball drawn is red. P 2 =
D P (T1 ∩ D ) + P (T2 ∩ D )
∴ P (C ) = P ( A ) P (C / A ) + P (B) P (C / B)
2 6 5 4 D
= × + × P (T2) ⋅ P
7 7 7 7 T2
=
12 + 40 32 D D
= = P (T1 ) ⋅ P + P (T2) ⋅ P
49 49 T1 T2
2. Key idea Use the theorem of total probability 80 39
⋅
Let E1 = Event that first ball drawn is red 100 40 78
= =
E 2 = Event that first ball drawn is black 20 30
⋅ +
80 39 93
⋅
A = Event that second ball drawn is red 100 40 100 40
120 Probability
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Description of Situation It is given that ship would
Statement II Clearly, H 1 ∪ H 2 ∪ . . . ∪ H n = S
work if atleast two of engines must work. If X be event
[sample space]
that the ship works. Then, X ⇒ either any two of
E1 , E 2, E3 works or all three engines E1 , E 2, E3 works. ⇒ P (H 1 ) + P (H 2) + . . . + P (H n ) = 1
Hence, Statement II is ture.
1 1 1
Given, P (E1 ) = , P (E 2) = , P (E3 ) = Passage I
2 4 4
P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) 7.
∴ P(X) =
n1 Red n3 Red
+ P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 )
1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n2 Black n4 Black
= ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
Box I Box II
= 1 /4
Let A = Drawing red ball
Now, (a) P (X1c / X )
∴ P ( A ) = P (B1 ) ⋅ P ( A / B1 ) + P (B2) ⋅ P ( A / B2)
1 1 1
X1c ∩ X P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 1 1 n1 1 n3
=P = = = = +
2 n1 + n2 2 n3 + n4
P (X ) P (X ) 1 8
4 1
Given, P (B2 / A ) =
3
P (B2) ⋅ P (B2 ∩ A ) 1
(b) P (exactly two engines of the ship are functioning) ⇒ =
P ( A) 3
P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 ) + P (E1 ∩ E 2 ∩ E3 )
= 1 n3
P (X )
2 n3 + n4 1
1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 ⇒ =
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ 1 n1 1 n3 3
7 +
=2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4= 2 n1 + n2 2 n3 + n4
1 8
4 n3 (n1 + n2) 1
⇒ =
X P (X ∩ X 2) n1 (n3 + n4 ) + n3 (n1 + n2) 3
(c) P =
X 2 P (X 2) Now, check options, then clearly options (a) and (b)
P (ship is operating with E 2 function ) satisfy.
=
P (X 2)
Probability 121
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2R Passage IV
U1 U2 14. Here, P (ui ) = ki, Σ P (ui ) = 1
Head appears 2
2W ⇒ k=
2W n (n + 1)
1W
2R n
2i 2
U1 U2 2 Cases lim P (W ) = lim
n→ ∞ n→ ∞
∑ n (n + 1)2
or i=1
3W 1W 2n (n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim = 2 /3
1R n→∞ 6n (n + 1)2
1R 1R
U1 U2 n
un n + 1 2
Tail appears 15. P = =
W Σi n+1
1W 3W 3W 2W 2W
1W n+1
2W 0R 2R 1R 1R
2R W 2 + 4 + 6 + ... n+2
16. P = =
U1 U2 U1 U2 U1 U2 E n (n + 1) 2 (n + 1)
2
3 Cases
17. As, the statement shows problem is to be related to
9. Now, probability of the drawn ball from U 2 being white
Baye’s law.
is
Let C , S , B, T be the events when person is going by car,
3C 2
C 2
C 1
C scooter, bus or train, respectively.
P (white / U 2) = P (H ) ⋅ 5 1 × 2 1 + 5 1 × 2 1
1C C1 C 1 C1 1 3 2 1
∴ P (C ) = , P (S ) = , P (B) = , P (T ) =
3C 3
C 2
C 1
C 3
C1 ⋅ 2C1 C1
2 7 7 7 7
+ P (T ) 5 2 × 3 2 + 5 2 × 3 1 + ×
5 3 Again, L be the event of the person reaching office late.
C2 C2 C2 C2 C2 C2
1 3 2 1 ∴ L be the event of the person reaching office in time.
= ×1 + ×
2 5 5 2 L 7 L 8 L 5
Then, P = , P = , P =
13 1 1 6 2 23 C 9 S 9 B 9
+ ×1 + × + × =
2 10 10 3 10 3 30
L 8
and P =
T 9
122 Probability
L =
1 8
[( C 2)(6C 2)(4C 2)(2C 2)]
P ⋅ P (C )
C C 4!
∴ P = 1 8! 6! 4!
L L L L = × × × ×1
P ⋅ P (C ) + P ⋅ P (S ) + P ⋅ P (B) 4 ! 2 !6 ! 2 !4 ! 2 !2 !
C S B 1 8×7 6 ×5 4 ×3 8 × 7 ×6 ×5
L = × × × = = 105
+ P ⋅ P (T ) 4 ! 2 ! ×1 2 ! × 1 2 ! × 1 2 .2 .2 .2
T
Now, atleast two players certainly reach the second
7 1
× round between P1, P2 and P3 and P4 can reach in final if
9 7 1
= = exactly two players play against each other between P1,
7 1 8 3 5 2 8 1 7
× + × + × + × P2, P3 and remaining player will play against one of the
9 7 9 7 9 7 9 7 players from P5 , P6, P7, P8 and P4 plays against one of the
18. Let A1 be the event exactly 4 white balls have been remaining three from P5 …P8.
drawn. A2 be the event exactly 5 white balls have been This can be possible in
drawn. 3
C 2 × 4C1 × 3C1 = 3 . 4 . 3 = 36 ways
A3 be the event exactly 6 white balls have been drawn. ∴ Probability that P4 and exactly one of P5 ... P8 reach
B be the event exactly 1 white ball is drawn from two 36 12
second round = =
draws. Then, 105 35
B B B If P1 , Pi , P4 and Pj , where i = 2 or 3 and j = 5 or 6 or 7
P (B) = P P ( A1 ) + P P ( A2) + P P ( A3 )
A1 A2 A3 reach the second round, then they can be paired in 2
1 4
B pairs in ( C 2) (2C 2) = 3 ways. But P4 will reach the
But P = 0 2!
A3 final, if P1 plays against Pi and P4 plays against Pj .
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[since, there are only 6 white balls in the bag] Hence, the probability that P4 will reach the final round
1
B B from the second =
∴ P (B) = P P ( A1 ) + P P ( A2) 3
A1 A2 12 1 4
∴ Probability that P4 will reach the final is × = .
12
C 2.6 C 4 10
C1.2 C1 C1.6 C5 . 11C1.1 C1
12 35 3 35
= . +
18
C6 12
C2 18
C6 12
C2 22. Let q = 1 − p = probability of getting the tail. We have,
α = probability of A getting the head on tossing firstly
19. Let E be the event that coin tossed twice, shows head at
first time and tail at second time and F be the event that = P (H 1 or T1T2T3 H 4 or T1T2T3T4T5T6H 7 or … )
coin drawn is fair. = P (H ) + P (H )P (T )3 + P (H )P (T )6 + …
P (E / F ) ⋅ P (F ) P (H ) p
P (F / E ) = = =
P (E / F ) ⋅ P (F ) + P (E / F ′ ) ⋅ P (F ′ ) 1 − P (T )3 1 − q3
1 1 m
⋅ ⋅ Also,
= 2 2 N
1 1 m 2 1 N −m β = probability of B getting the head on tossing secondly
⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ = P (T1H 2 or T1T2T3T4H 5 or T1T2T3T4T5T6T7H 8 or …)
2 2 N 3 3 N
m = P (H ) [P (T ) + P (H )P (T )4 + P (H )P (T )7 + K ]
4 9m = P (T )[P (H ) + P (H )P (T )3 + P (H )P (T )6 + ... ]
= =
m 2 (N − m) 8N + m p(1 − p)
+ = q α = (1 − p) α =
4 9 1 − q3
20. Let W1 = ball drawn in the first draw is white. Again, we have
B1 = ball drawn in the first draw in black. α + β + γ =1
W 2 = ball drawn in the second draw is white. p + p(1 − p)
⇒ γ = 1 − (α + β ) = 1 −
Then , P (W 2) = P (W1 ) P (W 2 / W1 ) + P (B1 )P (W 2 / B1 ) 1 − q3
m m+ k n m p + p(1 − p)
= + =1 −
m + n m + n + k m + n m + n + k 1 − (1 − p)3
m(m + k) + mn m (m + k + n ) m 1 − (1 − p)3 − p − p(1 − p)
= = = =
(m + n ) (m + n + k) (m + n ) (m + n + k) m + n 1 − (1 − p)3
21. The number of ways in which P1 , P2, K , P8 can be paired 1 − (1 − p)3 − 2 p + p2 p − 2 p2 + p3
γ= =
in four pairs 1 − (1 − p)3 1 − (1 − p)3
Probability 123
p p(1 − p) 1 1 1
Also, α= , β= ⇒ P (E3 ) = 1 − − =
1 − (1 − p)3
1 − (1 − p)3 3 6 2
23. (i) Probability of S1 to be among the eight winners If E1 has already occured, then the examinee guesses.
Since, there are four choices out of which only one is
= (Probability of S1 being a pair ) correct, therefore the probability that he answer
× (Probability of S1 winning in the group) correctly given that he has made a guess is 1/4.
1
1 1 i.e. P ( A / E1 ) =
=1 × = [since, S1 is definitely in a group] 4
2 2 1
It is given that, P ( A / E 2) =
(ii) If S1 and S 2 are in the same pair, then exactly one 8
wins.
and P ( A / E3 ) = probability that he answer correctly
If S1 and S 2 are in two pairs separately, then exactly given that he know the answer = 1
one of S1 and S 2 will be among the eight winners. If
By Baye’s theorem, we have
S1 wins and S 2 loses or S1 loses and S 2 wins.
P (E3 ) ⋅ P ( A / E3 )
Now, the probability of S1 , S 2 being in the same pair P (E3 / A ) =
and one wins
P (E1 ) ⋅ P ( A / E1 ) + P (E 2) ⋅ P ( A / E 2)
= (Probability of S1 , S 2 being the same pair) + P (E3 ) ⋅ P ( A / E3 )
× (Probability of anyone winning in the pair).
1
and the probability of S1 , S 2 being the same pair ×1
2 24
n (E ) ∴ P (E3 / A ) = =
= 1 1 1 1 1 29
× + × + × 1
n (S ) 3 4 6 8 2
where, n (E ) = the number of ways in which 16 25. Let Bi = ith ball drawn is black.
persons can be divided in 8 pairs.
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Wi = ith ball drawn is white, where i = 1, 2
(14)! (16)!
∴ n (E ) = and n (S ) = and A = third ball drawn is black.
(2 !) ⋅ 7 !
7
(2 !)8 ⋅ 8 !
We observe that the black ball can be drawn in the third
∴ Probability of S1 and S 2 being in the same pair
draw in one of the following mutually exclusive ways.
(14)! ⋅ (2 !)8 ⋅ 8 ! 1 (i) Both first and second balls drawn are white and
= =
(2 !)7 ⋅ 7 !⋅ (16)! 15 third ball drawn is black.
i.e. (W1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A
The probability of any one wining in the pairs of
(ii) Both first and second balls are black and third ball
S1 , S 2 = P (certain event) = 1
drawn is black.
∴ The pairs of S1 , S 2 being in two pairs separately i.e. (B1 ∩ B2) ∩ A
and S1 wins, S 2 loses + The probability of S1 , S 2 being (iii) The first ball drawn is white, the second ball drawn
in two pairs separately and S1 loses, S 2 wins. is black and the third ball drawn is black.
(14)! (14)! i.e. (W1 ∩ B2) ∩ A
(2 !)7 ⋅ 7 ! 1 1 (2 !)7 ⋅ 7 ! 1 1 (iv) The first ball drawn is black, the second ball drawn
= 1 − × × + 1 − × ×
(16)! 2 2 (16)! 2 2 is white and the third ball drawn is black.
(2 !)8 ⋅ 8 ! (2 !)8 ⋅ 8 ! i.e. (B1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A
1 14 × (14)! 7 ∴ P ( A ) = P [{(W1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A } ∪{(B1 ∩ B2) ∩ A }
= × =
2 15 × (14)! 15 ∪ {(W1 ∩ B2) ∩ A } ∪ {(B1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A }]
1 7 8 = P{(W1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A } + P{(B1 ∩ B2) ∩ A }
∴ Required probability = + =
15 15 15 + P{(W1 ∩ B2) ∩ A } + P{(B1 ∩ W 2) ∩ A }
24. Let E1 , E 2, E3 and A be the events defined as = P (W1 ∩ W 2) ⋅ P ( A / (W1 ∩ W 2)) + P (B1 ∩ B2)
E1 = the examinee guesses the answer ∴ P ( A / (B1 ∩ B2)) + P (W1 ∩ B2) ⋅ P ( A / (W1 ∩ B2))
E 2 = the examinee copies the answer + P (B1 ∩ W 2) ⋅ P ( A / (B1 ∩ W 2))
E3 = the examinee knows the answer 2 1 2 3 4
= × ×1 + × ×
4 3 4 5 6
and A = the examinee answer correctly
1 1 2 2 3 2 2 3
We have, P (E1 ) = , P (E 2) = + × × + × ×
3 6 4 3 4 4 5 4
1 1 1 3 23
Since, E1 , E 2, E3 are mutually exclusive and exhaustive = + + + =
events. 6 5 4 20 30
∴ P (E1 ) + P (E 2) + P (E3 ) = 1
124 Probability
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0.4 × 18C10 × 2C1 1 0.6 × 17C 9 × 3C 2 1 99 1− > ⇒ <1 −
= 20
× + 20
× = 2 100 2 100
C11 9 C11 9 1900 n
1 1
⇒ < ⇒ 2n > 100
2 100
Topic 5 Probability Distribution and ⇒ n=7 [for minimum]
Binomial Distribution
4. The required probability of observing atleast one head
1. Given that, there are 50 problems to solve in an
admission test and probability that the candidate can = 1 − P (no head)
4 1
solve any problem is = q (say). So, probability that the =1 − n [let number of toss are n]
5 2
4 1 1
candidate cannot solve a problem is p = 1 − q = 1 − = . Q P (Head) = P (Tail) =
5 5 2
1 90
According to the question, 1 − n ≥
Now, let X be a random variable which denotes the 2 100
number of problems that the candidate is unable to 1 1
⇒ n ≤ ⇒ 2 ≥ 10 ⇒ n ≥ 4
n
solve. Then, X follows binomial distribution with 2 10
1
parameters n = 50 and p = . So, minimum number of times one has to toss a fair coin
5 so that the probability of observing atleast one head is
Now, according to binomial probability distribution atleast 90% is 4.
concept
r 50 − r 5. Let p and q represents the probability of success and
1 4
P (X = r ) = 50C r , r = 0, 1, ... , 50 failure in a trial respectively. Then,
5 5 2 1 4 2
p = P (5 or 6) = = and q = 1 − p = = .
6 3 6 3
∴Required probability Now, as the man decides to throw the die either till he
= P (X < 2) = P (X = 0) + P (X = 1) gets a five or a six or to a maximum of three throws, so
4
50
449 4
49
4 50 54 4
49 he can get the success in first, second and third throw or
= 50C 0 + 50C1 = + = not get the success in any of the three throws.
5 (5)50 5 5 5 5 5
So, the expected gain/loss (in `)
2. Let for the given random variable ‘X’ the binomial = ( p × 100) + qp(− 50 + 100)
probability distribution have n-number of independent + q2p(− 50 − 50 + 100) + q3 (− 50 − 50 − 50)
trials and probability of success and failure are p and q 1 2 1 2 1
2
2
3
respectively. According to the question, = × 100 + × (50) + (0) + (− 150)
3 3 3 3 3 3
Mean = np = 8 and variance = npq = 4
Probability 125
100 100 1200 10. India play 4 matches and getting at least 7 points. It can
= + +0−
3 9 27 only be possible in WWWD or WWWW position, where W
900 + 300 − 1200 1200 − 1200 represents two points and D represents one point.
= = =0
27 27 Therefore, the probability of the required event
6. The probability of hitting a target at least once = 4C3 (0.05) (0.5)3 + 4C 4 (0.5)4
= 1 − (probability of not hitting the target in any trial) = [4(0.05) + 0.5 ] (0.5)3 = 0.0875
= 1 − nC 0 p0qn
11. Let X be the number of coins showing heads. Let X be a
where n is the number of independent trials and p and q binomial variate with parameters n = 100 and p.
are the probability of success and failure respectively.
Since, P (X = 50) = P (X = 51)
[by using binomial distribution]
1 1 2 ⇒ 100
C50 p50 (1 − p)50 = 100C51 ( p)51 (1 − p)49
Here, p= and q =1− p =1− =
3 3 3 (100) ! (51 !) × (49 !) p p 51
0 n ⇒ ⋅ = ⇒ =
1 2 5 (50 !) (50 !) 100 ! 1− p 1 − p 50
According to the question, 1 − nC 0 >
3 3 6 51
n n ⇒ p=
2 5 2 1 101
⇒ <1− ⇒ <
3 6 3 6 12. For Binomial distribution, mean = np
Clearly, minimum value of n is 5.
and variance = npq
7. Let p = probability of getting an ace in a draw = ∴ np = 2 and npq = 1 [given]
probability of success ⇒ q = 1 / 2 and p + q = 1
and q = probability of not getting an ace in a draw = ⇒ p = 1 /2
probability of failure ∴ n = 4, p = q = 1 / 2
4 1
Then, p= = P (X > 1) = 1 − { P (X = 0) + P (X = 1)}
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Now,
52 13
0 4 1 3
1 12 1 1 1 1
and q =1 − p=1 − = = 1 − 4C 0 − 4C1
13 13 2 2 2 2
Here, number of trials, n = 2 1 4 11
=1 − − =
Clearly, X follows binomial distribution with parameter 16 16 16
1 0 .1 0 .1 5
n = 2 and p = . 13. Probability (face 1) = = =
13
x 2− x
0 .1 + 0 .32 0 .42 21
1 12
Now, P (X = x) = 2C x , x = 0, 1, 2 14. Let E be the event that product of the two digits is 18,
13 13
therefore required numbers are 29 , 36, 63 and 92.
∴ P (X = 1) + P (X = 2)
4
1
1 12
2
1 12
0 Hence, p = P (E ) =
= 2C1 + 2C 2 100
13 13 13 13
and probability of non-occurrence of E is
12 1
=2 + q = 1 − P (E ) = 1 −
4
=
96
169 169
100 100
24 1 25
= + = Out of the four numbers selected, the probability that
169 169 169
the event E occurs atleast 3 times, is given as
8. Given box contains 15 green and 10 yellow balls. P = 4C3 p3 q + 4C 4 p4
∴Total number of balls = 15 + 10 = 25 3 4
4 96 4 97
15 3 =4 + = 4
P(green balls) = = = p = Probability of success 100 100 100 25
25 5
10 2 15. Since, set A contains n elements. So, it has 2n subsets.
P(yellow balls) = = = q = Probability of unsuccess
25 5 ∴ Set P can be chosen in 2n ways, similarly set Q can be
and n = 10 = Number of trials. chosen in 2n ways.
3 2 12 ∴ P and Q can be chosen in (2n )(2n ) = 4n ways.
∴Variance = npq = 10 × × =
5 5 5
1 Suppose, P contains r elements, where r varies from 0 to
9. Probability of guessing a correct answer, p = and n. Then, P can be chosen in nC r ways, for 0 to be disjoint
3
from A, it should be chosen from the set of all subsets of
probability of guessing a wrong answer, q = 2 /3
set consisting of remaining (n − r ) elements. This can be
∴ The probability of guessing a 4 or more correct done in 2n − r ways.
4 5
1 2 1 2 1 11 ∴ P and Q can be chosen in nC r ⋅ 2n − r ways.
answers = 5C 4 ⋅ + 5C5 = 5 ⋅ 5 + 5 = 5
3 3 3 3 3 3
126 Probability
But, r can vary from 0 to n. Clearly, P1 > P2. Therefore, first option i.e. ‘best of 3
∴ Total number of disjoint sets P and Q games’ has higher probability of winning the match.
n
17. The man will be one step away from the starting point,
= ∑ nC r2n − r = (1 + 2)n = 3n if
r=0
n (i) either he is one step ahead or (ii) one step behind the
3 n 3 starting point.
Hence, required probability = =
4 n 4 The man will be one step ahead at the end of eleven
16. Case I When A plays 3 games against B. steps, if he moves six steps forward and five steps
backward. The probability of this event is
In this case, we have n = 3, p = 0.4 and q = 0.6 11
C 6 (0.4)6 (0.6)5 .
Let X denote the number of wins. Then,
The man will be one step behind at the end of eleven
P (X = r ) = 3C r (0.4)r (0.6)3 − r; r = 0, 1, 2, 3
steps, if he moves six steps backward and five steps
∴ P1 = probability of winning the best of 3 games forward. The probability of this event is 11C 6 (0.6)6 (0.4)5 .
= P (X ≥ 2) ∴ Required probability
= P (X = 2) + P (X = 3) = 11C 6 (0.4)6 (0.6)5 + C 6 (0.6)6 (0.4)5 = 11C 6 (0.24)5
11
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Then,
P (X = r ) = 5C r (0.4)r (0.6)5 − r , where r = 0, 1, 2K ,5 Given, P (X ≥ 2) ≥ 0. 96
(n + 1) 24
∴ P2 = probability of winning the best of 5 games ∴ 1− ≥
2n 25
= P (X ≥ 3)
n+1 1
= P (X = 3) + P (X = 4) + P (X = 5) ⇒ ≤
2n 25
= C3 (0.4) (0.6)2 + 5C 4 (0.4)4 (0.6) + 5C5 (0.4 )5 (0.6)0
5 3
∴ n =8
= 0.2304 + 0.0768 + 0.1024 = 0.31744
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(2019 Main, 12 April I) q21
−4 −2 4 −2 equals (2016 Adv.)
(a) (b)
−1 4 −1 −4 (a) 52 (b) 103
(c) 201 (d) 205
4 −2 −4 2
(c) (d) 1 2 2
1 −4 1 4
7. If A = 2 1 −2 is a matrix satisfying the equation
0 2y 1
c 2 b
2. The total number of matrices A = 2x y −1 ,
AA = 9 I, where, I is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then the
T
2x − y 1 ordered pair (a, b) is equal to (2015 Main)
(x, y ∈ R, x ≠ y) for which AT A = 3I3 is (a) (2, − 1) (b) (−2, 1)
(2019 Main, 9 April II) (c) (2, 1) (d) (−2, − 1)
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 6 3 /2 1 /2 1 1
cos α − sin α 8. If P = , A = and Q = PAP , then
T
3. Let A= , (α ∈ R) such that −1 /2 3 / 2 0 1
sin α cos α T 2005
P Q P is
(2005, 1M)
0 −1
A32 = . Then, a value of α is 1 2005 1 2005
(a) (b)
1 0 (2019 Main, 8 April I) 0 1 2005 1
π π π
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d) 1 0 1 0
32 64 16 (c) (d)
2005 1 0 1
1 0 0
4. Let P = 3 1 0 and Q = [qij ] be two 3 × 3 matrices 9. If A = α 0
1
and B =
1 0
1
, then value of α for which
1 5
9 3 1 A 2 = B, is (2003, 1M)
q + q31
such that Q − P = I3 . Then, 21
5
is equal to (a) 1 (b) –1
q32 (2019 Main, 12 Jan I) (c) 4 (d) no real values
(a) 10 (b) 135 (c) 9 (d) 15 10. If A and B are square matrices of equal degree, then which
0 2q r one is correct among the following? (1995, 2M)
5. Let A = p q −r . If AAT = I3 , then| p|is (a) A + B = B + A
(b) A + B = A − B
p − q r (2019 Main, 11 Jan I) (c) A − B = B − A
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (d) AB = BA
5 2 3 6
128 Matrices and Determinants
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(a) ( p − 1)2 (b) 2 ( p − 1)
(c) ( p − 1)2 + 1 (d) 2 p − 1
Passage Based Problems NOTE The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries.
Passage I
Let a , b and c be three real numbers satisfying Analytical and Descriptive Questions
1 9 7 a b c
20. If matrix A = b , where a , b, c are real
[a b c] 8 2 7 = [0 0 0]
c a
...(i) c
a b
7 3 7 (2011) positive numbers, abc = 1 and AT A = I , then find the
14. If the point P (a , b, c), with reference to Eq. (i), lies on value of a3 + b3 + c3 . (2003, 2M)
x sin θ cos θ Then, the number of elements in S, is (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
3. If ∆1 = − sin θ −x 1 (a) 4 (b) 2
cos θ 1 x (c) 10 (d) infinitely many
2 b 1
x sin 2θ cos 2θ
10. Let A = b b + 1 b, where b > 0. Then, the minimum
2
and ∆ 2 = − sin 2θ −x 1 , x ≠ 0,
1 b 2
cos 2θ 1 x
det ( A )
π value of is
then for all θ ∈ 0, b (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
2 (2019 Main, 10 April I) (a) − 3 (b) −2 3 (c) 2 3 (d) 3
(a) ∆1 + ∆ 2 = − 2(x3 + x − 1) 11. Let d ∈ R, and
(b) ∆1 − ∆ 2 = − 2x3 −2 4+ d (sin θ ) − 2
(c) ∆1 + ∆ 2 = − 2x3
(d) ∆1 − ∆ 2 = x(cos 2θ − cos 4θ) A = 1 (sin θ ) + 2 d , θ ∈ [θ , 2π ]. If
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 n − 1 1 78 5 (2 sin θ ) − d (− sin θ ) + 2 + 2d
4. If . . ... = ,then the
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 the minimum value of det(A) is 8, then a value of d is
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
1 n
inverse of is (a) −5 (b) −7 (c) 2( 2 + 1) (d) 2( 2 + 2)
0 1 (2019 Main, 9 April I)
x − 4 2x 2x
1 0 1 −13 1 0 1 −12
(a) (b) (c) 13 1 (d) 12. If 2x x − 4 2x = ( A + Bx)(x − A )2, then the
12 1 0 1 0 1
2x 2x x − 4
5. Let α and β be the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0. ordered pair ( A , B) is equal to (2018 Main)
Then, for y ≠ 0 in R, (a) (−4, − 5) (b) (−4, 3) (c) (−4, 5) (d) (4, 5)
y+1 α β 13. Let ω be a complex number such that 2ω + 1 = z, where
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α y+β 1 is equal to 1 1 1
β 1 y+α (2019 Main, 9 April I) z = − 3. If 1 −ω 2 − 1 ω 2 = 3 k, then k is equal to
(a) y( y2 − 1) (b) y ( y2 − 3) (c) y3 − 1 (d) y3 1 ω2 ω7 (2017 Main)
1 1 1 (a) − z (b) z (c) − 1 (d) 1
6. Let the numbers 2, b, c be in an AP and A = 2 b c . 14. If α, β ≠ 0 and f (n ) = α + β andn n
4 b2 c2
3 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2)
If det( A ) ∈ [2, 16], then c lies in the interval 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3)
(2019 Main, 8 April II)
1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) 1 + f (4)
(a) [3, 2 + 23 / 4 ] (b) (2 + 23 / 4 , 4) (c) [4, 6] (d) [2, 3)
1 sin θ 1 = K (1 − α )2(1 − β )2 (α − β )2, then K is equal to (2014 Main)
3π 5π
7. If A = − sin θ sin θ ; then for all θ ∈
1
1 , , (a) αβ (b) (c) 1 (d) −1
4 4 αβ
− 1 − sin θ 1
15. Let P = [aij ] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij ], where
det( A ) lies in the interval (2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
bij = 2i + j aij for 1 ≤ i , j ≤ 3. If the determinant of P is 2,
(a) , 3 (b) , 4 (c) 0, (d) 1,
3 5 3 5 then the determinant of the matrix Q is (2012)
2 2 2 2 (a) 210 (b) 211 (c) 212 (d) 213
a−b−c
16. If A = α 2
2a 2a
and| A3| = 125, then the value of α is
8. If 2b b−c−a 2b 2 α
(2004, 1M)
2c 2c c−a −b (a) ± 1 (b) ± 2 (c) ± 3 (d) ± 5
= (a + b + c) (x + a + b + c)2, x ≠ 0 and a + b + c ≠ 0, then 17. The number of distinct real roots of (2001, 1M)
x is equal to (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
sin x cos x cos x π π
(a) − (a + b + c) (b) − 2(a + b + c) sin x cos x = 0 in the interval − ≤ x ≤ is
cos x
(c) 2(a + b + c) (d) abc cos x cos x sin x 4 4
19. The parameter on which the value of the determinant Numerical Value
1 a a2
26. Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in
cos ( p − d ) x cos px cos ( p + d ) x P are from the set { − 1, 0, 1}. Then, the maximum possible
sin ( p − d ) x sin px sin ( p + d ) x
value of the determinant of P is ......... .
does not depend upon, is (1997, 2M)
(a) a (b) p (c) d (d) x Fill in the Blanks
xp + y x y 27. For positive numbers x, y and z, the numerical value of the
20. The determinant yp + z y z = 0, if 1 log x y log x z
0 xp + y yp + z (1997C, 2M) determinant log y x 1 log y z is…… .
(a) x, y, z are in AP (b) x, y, z are in GP log z x log z y 1 (1993, 2M)
(c) x, y, z are in HP (d) xy, yz , zx are in AP 1 a − bc
2
a
21. Consider the set A of all determinants of order 3 with 28. The value of the determinant 1 b b2 − ca is … .
entries 0 or 1 only. Let B be the subset of A consisting
1 c c2 − ab
of all determinants with value 1. Let C be the subset
(1988, 2M)
of A consisting of all determinants with value –1.
Then, x 3 7
(a) C is empty (1981, 2M)
29. Given that x = − 9 is a root of 2 x 2 = 0, the other two
(b) B has as many elements as C
7 6 x
(c) A = B ∪ C roots are... and... . (1983, 2M)
coderguru.in
(One or more than one correct option) λ2 + 3λ λ − 1 λ + 3
22. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 31. Let pλ + qλ + rλ + sλ + t =
4 3 2
λ+1 − 2λ λ − 4
3 × 3 matrix with real entries? (2017 Adv.) λ −3 λ + 4 3λ
1 0 0 1 0 0 be an identity in λ , where p,q,r,s and t are constants.
(a) 0 1 0 (b) 0 − 1 0 Then, the value of t is…. .
(1981, 2M)
0 0 −1 0 0 −1
− 1 0 0 1 0 0 True/False
(c) 0 − 1 0 (d) 0 1 0 1 a a2
1 a bc
0 0 −1 0 0 1 32. The determinants 1 b ca and 1 b b2 are not
23. Which of the following values of α satisfy the equation 1 c ab 1 c c2
(1 + α )2 (1 + 2α )2 (1 + 3 α )2
identically equal. (1983, 1M)
(2 + α )2 (2 + 2α )2 (2 + 3 α )2 = − 648 α ?
(3 + α )2 (3 + 2α )2 (3 + 3 α )2 Analytical and Descriptive Questions
(2015 Adv.)
(a) −4 (b) 9 (c) −9 (d) 4 33. If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where M T M = I and det (M ) = 1,
24. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that then prove that det (M − I ) = 0 (2004, 2M)
MN = NM . Further, if M ≠ N 2 and M 2 = N 4, then 34. Let a , b, c be real numbers with a + b + c = 1 . Show
2 2 2
(2014 Adv.)
that the equation
(a) determinant of (M + MN ) is 0
2 2
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39. For all values of A , B, C and P , Q , R, show that derivatives. (1984, 3M)
(1994, 4M)
cos ( A − P ) cos ( A − Q ) cos ( A − R) 46. Without expanding a determinant at any stage, show
cos (B − P ) cos (B − Q ) cos (B − R) = 0 that
cos (C − P ) cos (C − Q ) cos (C − R)
x2 + x x+1 x−2
40. For a fixed positive integer n, if 2x2 + 3x − 1 3x 3x − 3 = xA + B
2
(n + 1)! (n + 2)! 2x − 1 2x − 1
n! x + 2x + 3
D = (n + 1)! (n + 2)! (n + 3)! ,
(n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 4)! where A and B are determinants of order 3 not
involving x. (1982, 5M)
D
then show that 3
− 4 is divisible by n. (1992, 4M) 47. Let a, b, c be positive and not all equal. Show that the
(n !)
a b c
p b c value of the determinant b c a is negative.
41. If a ≠ p, b ≠ q, c ≠ r and a q c = 0 c a b (1981, 4M)
a b r
Integer Type Question
p q r
Then, find the value of + + . (1991, 4M)
p−a q−b r−c 48. The total number of distincts x ∈ R for which
x x2 1 + x3
42. Let the three digit numbers A28, 3B9 and 62C, where A,
B and C are integers between 0 and 9, be divisible by a 2x 4x2
1 + 8x3 = 10 is (2016 Adv.)
fixed integer k. Show that the determinant 3x 9x2 1 + 27x3
(a) invertible only when t = π each of a , b and c is either ω or ω 2. Then, the number of
(b) invertible for every t ∈ R distinct matrices in the set S is (2011)
(c) not invertible for any t ∈ R (a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8
π
(d) invertible only when t = 11. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew-symmetric
2
matrices such that MN = NM . If PT denotes the
3. Let A and B be two invertible matrices of order 3 × 3. If
transpose of P, then M 2N 2(M T N )−1 (MN −1 )T is equal to
det( ABAT ) = 8 and det( AB− 1 ) = 8, then det(BA − 1BT ) is (a) M 2 (b) −N 2 (c) −M 2 (d) MN (2011)
equal to (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
1 1 1 0 0
(a) 1 (b)
4
(c)
16
(d) 16
12. If A = 0 1 1, 6 A −1 = A 2 + cA + dI , then (c, d ) is
cos θ − sin θ 0 −2 4 (2005, 1M)
4. If A = , then the matrix
sin θ cos θ (a) (− 6, 11) (b) (− 11, 6)
π (c) (11, 6) (d) (6, 11)
A −50 when θ = , is equal to
12 (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
1 3 3 1 Objective Questions II
−
(a) 2 2
(b) 2 2 (One or more than one correct option)
3 1 1 3
− 3 −1 −2
2 2 2
13. Let P = 2 0 α , where α ∈ R. Suppose Q = [qij ] is a
2
3 1 1 3
− 3 −5 0
(c) 2 2
(d) 2 2
matrix such that PQ = kI , where k ∈ R, k ≠ 0 and I is the
1 3 3 1
−
2 2 2 2 k k2
identity matrix of order 3. If q23 = − and det (Q ) = ,
2 −3 8 2
5. If A = , then adj (3 A + 12 A ) is equal to
2
then
coderguru.in
(2016 Adv.)
−4 1 (2017 Main) (a) α = 0, k = 8 (b) 4α − k + 8 = 0
72 − 84 51 63 (c) det (P adj (Q )) = 29 (d) det (Q adj (P )) = 213
(a) (b)
− 63 51 84 72 14. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries.
51 84 72 − 63
(c) (d) Then, M is invertible, if (2014 Adv.)
63 72 − 84 51 (a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row
5a − b of M
6. If A = and A adj A = AAT , then 5a + b is equal
3 2 (b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column
of M
to (2016 Main) (c) M is a diagonal matrix with non-zero entries in the
(a) − 1 (b) 5 (c) 4 (d) 13 main digonal
7. If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AAT = AT A (d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not
the square of an integer
and B = A −1 AT , then BBT is equal to (2014 Main)
(a) I + B (b) I (c) B −1 (d) (B −1 )T 1 4 4
1 α 3 15. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7, then the
8. If P = 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and 1 1 3
possible value(s) of the determinant of P is/are
2 4 4
(a) − 2 (b) − 1
| A | = 4 , then α is equal to (2013 Main)
(c) 1 (d) 2
(a) 4 (b) 11 (c) 5 (d) 0
9. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that P = 2P + I, where PT is
T
Integer Answer Type Question
the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, then 16. Let k be a positive real number and let
x 0
2k − 1 2 k 2 k
there exists a column matrix, X = y ≠ 0 such that
z 0 A= 2 k 1 − 2k and
(2012)
− 2 k 2k − 1
0
(a) PX = 0 (b) PX = X (c) PX = 2X (d) PX = − X 0 2k − 1 k
0 B = 1 − 2k 0 2 k
10. Let ω ≠ 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all − k −2 k 0
1 a b
If det (adj A ) + det (adj B) = 106, then [k] is equal to……
non-singular matrices of the form ω 1 c , where (2010)
ω 2 ω 1
Matrices and Determinants 133
coderguru.in
equations
x − 3 y + 2z = c
x + y + z = 6, 4x + λy − λz = λ − 2 and
where a , b, c are non-zero real numbers, has more than
3x + 2 y − 4z = − 5 one solution, then (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
has infinitely many solutions. Then λ is a root of the (a) b − c − a = 0 (b) a + b + c = 0
quadratic equation (2019 Main, 10 April II) (c) b − c + a = 0 (d) b + c − a = 0
(a) λ2 − 3λ − 4 = 0 (b) λ2 + 3λ − 4 = 0
10. The number of values of θ ∈ (0, π ) for which the system of
(c) λ2 − λ − 6 = 0 (d) λ2 + λ − 6 = 0
linear equations
3. If the system of linear equations x + 3 y + 7z = 0,
x+ y+ z =5 − x + 4 y + 7z = 0,
x + 2 y + 2z = 6 (sin 3θ )x + (cos 2θ ) y + 2z = 0
x + 3 y + λz = µ,(λ , µ ∈ R), has infinitely many has a non-trivial solution, is (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
solutions, then the value of λ + µ is (a) two (b) three (c) four (d) one
(2019 Main, 10 April I) 11. If the system of equations
(a) 7 (b) 12 x+ y+z=5 x + 2 y + 3z = 9
(c) 10 (d) 9
x + 3 y + αz = β
4. If the system of equations 2x + 3 y − z = 0, x + ky − 2z = 0 has infinitely many solutions, then β − α equals
and 2x − y + z = 0 has a non-trivial solution (x, y, z ), (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
x y z (a) 8 (b) 18 (c) 21 (d) 5
then + + + k is equal to
y z x (2019 Main, 9 April II)
1 1 3
(a) −4 (b) (c) − (d) 12. If the system of linear equations
2 4 4
x − 4 y + 7z = g, 3 y − 5z = h, − 2x + 5 y − 9z = k
5. If the system of linear equations is consistent, then (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
x − 2 y + kz = 1 , 2x + y + z = 2 ,3x − y − kz = 3 (a) 2 g + h + k = 0 (b) g + 2h + k = 0
has a solution (x, y, z ), z ≠ 0, then (x, y) lies on the (c) g + h + k = 0 (d) g + h + 2k = 0
straight line whose equation is (2019 Main, 8 April II) 13. The system of linear equations
(a) 3x − 4 y − 4 = 0 (b) 3x − 4 y − 1 = 0 x + y + z = 2, 2x + 3 y + 2z = 5
(c) 4x − 3 y − 4 = 0 (d) 4x − 3 y − 1 = 0
2x + 3 y + ( a 2 − 1)z = a + 1 (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
6. The greatest value of c ∈ R for which the system of (a) has infinitely many solutions for a = 4
linear equations x −cy − cz = 0, cx − y + cz = 0, (b) is inconsistent when a = 4
cx + cy − z = 0 (c) has a unique solution for|a| = 3
(d) is inconsistent when|a| = 3
134 Matrices and Determinants
14. If the system of linear equations (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
x + ky + 3z = 0, 3x + ky − 2z = 0 Statement II is not the correct explanation of
Statement I
2x + 4 y − 3z = 0 (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false.
xz
has a non-zero solution ( x , y , z ), then is equal to (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true.
y2 (2018 Main) 23. Consider the system of equations x − 2 y + 3 z = −1 ,
(a) −10 (b) 10 (c) −30 (d) 30
x − 3 y + 4z = 1 and − x + y − 2z = k
15. The system of linear equations Statement I The system of equations has no solution
x + λy − z = 0; λx − y − z = 0; x + y − λz = 0 for k ≠ 3 and
has a non-trivial solution for (2016 Main) 1 3 −1
(a) infinitely many values of λ (b) exactly one value of λ Statement II The determinant −1 −2 k ≠ 0 , for
(c) exactly two values of λ (d) exactly three values of λ 1 4 1
16. The set of all values of λ for which the system of linear k ≠ 0. (2008, 3M)
equations 2x1 − 2x2 + x3 = λx1, 2x1 − 3x2 + 2x3 = λx2 and
− x1 + 2x2 = λx3 has a non-trivial solution (2015 Main) Objective Questions II (Only or More Than One)
(a) is an empty set b1
(b) is a singleton set 24. Let S be the set of all column matrices b2 such that b1,
(c) contains two elements
b3
(d) contains more than two elements
b2, b3 ∈R and the system of equations (in real variables)
17. The number of value of k, for which the system of
equation − x + 2 y + 5z = b1
(k + 1) x + 8 y = 4 y ⇒ kx + (k + 3) y = 3k − 1 2x − 4 y + 3z = b2
(2013 Main) x − 2 y + 2z = b3
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has no solution, is has at least one solution. Then, which of the following
(a) infinite (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least one
b1
18. The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either solution for each b2 ∈ S ?
x 1
0 or 1 and for which the system A y = 0 has exactly b3
z 0 (a) x + 2 y + 3z = b1 , 4 y + 5z = b2 and x + 2 y + 6z = b3
(b) x + y + 3z = b1 , 5x + 2 y + 6z = b2 and − 2x − y − 3z = b3
two distinct solutions, is (2010)
(c) − x + 2 y − 5z = b1 , 2x − 4 y + 10z = b2 and x − 2 y + 5z = b3
(a) 0 (b) 29 − 1 (c) 168 (d) 2 (d) x + 2 y + 5z = b1 , 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4 y − 5z = b3
19. Given, 2x − y + 2z = 2, x − 2 y + z = − 4, x + y + λz = 4,
then the value of λ such that the given system of Fill in the Blank
equations has no solution, is (2004, 1M) 25. The system of equations λx + y + z = 0 , − x + λy + z = 0
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) –3 and − x − y + λz = 0 will have a non-zero solution, if real
20. The number of values of k for which the system of values of λ are given by ... (1982, 2M)
equations (k + 1) x + 8 y = 4k and kx + (k + 3) y = 3k − 1
has infinitely many solutions, is/are (2002, 1M)
Analytical and Descriptive Questions
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) ∞ a 0 1 a 1 1 f a 2
26. A = 1 c b, B = 0 c , U = g , V = 0
d
21. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and 1 d b f h
g h 0
ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a is
(a) –1 (b) 1 If there is a vector matrix X, such that AX = U has
(c) 0 (d) no real values infinitely many solutions, then prove that BX = V
cannot have a unique solution. If a f d ≠ 0. Then, prove
22. If the system of equations x − ky − z = 0, kx − y − z = 0, that BX = V has no solution. (2004, 4M)
x + y − z = 0 has a non-zero solution, then possible
values of k are (2000, 2M)
27. Let λ and α be real. Find the set of all values of λ for
which the system of linear equations
(a) –1, 2 (b) 1, 2 (c) 0, 1 (d) –1, 1
λx + (sin α ) y + (cos α )z = 0,
Assertion and Reason x + (cos α ) y + (sin α )z = 0
and − x + (sin α ) y − (cos α )z = 0
For the following questions, choose the correct answer from
has a non-trivial solution.
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows.
For λ = 1, find all values of α. (1993, 5M)
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I
Matrices and Determinants 135
28. Let α 1 , α 2, β1 , β 2 be the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and 33. Given, x = cy + bz , y = az + cx, z = bx + ay, where x, y,
px2 + qx + r = 0, respectively. If the system of equations z are not all zero, prove that a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab = 1.
α 1 y + α 2z = 0 and β1 y + β 2z = 0 has a non-trivial solution, (1978, 2M)
b2 ac Integer Answer Type Question
then prove that 2 = . (1987, 3M)
q pr
34. For a real number α , if the system
29. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z 1 α α 2 x 1
(sin 3θ ) x − y + z = 0, (cos 2θ ) x + 4 y + 3z = 0 and
α 1 α y = −1
2x + 7 y + 7z = 0 α 2 α 1 z 1
Find the values of θ for which this system has non-trivial
solution. (1986, 5M) of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions,
then 1 + α + α 2 = (2017 Adv.)
30. Show that the system of equations, 3x − y + 4z = 3,
x + 2 y − 3z = − 2 and 6x + 5 y + λz = − 3 has atleast one 0 −1
solution for any real number λ ≠ − 5. Find the set of 35. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying M 1 = 2 ,
solutions, if λ = − 5. (1983, 5M) 0 3
31. For what values of m, does the system of equations 1 1 1 0
3x + my = m and 2x − 5 y = 20 has a solution satisfying the M −1 = 1 , and M 1 = 0 ,
conditions x > 0, y > 0? (1979, 3M )
0 −1 1 12
32. For what value of k, does the following system of equations
Then, the sum of the diagonal entries of M is …
possess a non-trivial solution over the set of rationals
(2011)
x + y − 2z = 0, 2x − 3 y + z = 0, and x − 5 y + 4z = k
Find all the solutions. (1979, 3M )
Topic 1
1. (b)
5. (b)
2. (b)
6. (b)
coderguru.in
3. (c)
7. (d)
4. (a)
8. (a)
Answers
Topic 3
1. (c)
5. (b)
2. (b)
6. (b)
3. (c)
7. (b)
4. (c)
8. (b)
9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (c, d) 12. (c, d) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a)
13. (b, c, d) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (a) 13. (b,c) 14. (c, d) 15. (a,d) 16. (4)
17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (4)
21. (1) Topic 4
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b)
Topic 2 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a)
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a)
5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (c)
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (a,d)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) π
17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b) 25. λ=0 27. − 2 ≤ λ ≤ 2 , α = nπ , nπ +
4
21. (b) 22. (a, c) 23. (b, c) 24. (a, b) n π
29. θ = nπ , nπ + ( −1 ) , n ∈ Z
25. (b,d) 26. (4) 27. (0) 28. (0) 6
29. (2 and 7) 30. {–1,2} 31. (0) 32. False 4 − 5k 13k − 9
30. x= ,y = ,z = k
1 5 1 2 5 7 7
36. a = , b = − and f ( x ) = x − x + 2 37. (0)
4 4 4 4 15
31. m < − or m > 30
4d 4 2
38. 41. (2)
a (a + d ) 2(a + 2d ) 3(a + 3d ) 2(a + 4d ) 32. (k = 0, the given system has infinitely many solutions)
48. (2) 34. (1) 35. (9)
136 Matrices and Determinants
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2 4 0 − 1 P = 3 1 0 = 3 0 0 + 0 1 0
A= and B = 1 0
4 − 1 9 3 1 9 3 0 0 0 1
2 4 0 − 1 4 − 2 ⇒ P = X + I (let)
So, AB = = Now, P5 = (I + X )5
4 − 1 1 0 − 1 − 4
= I + 5C1 (X ) + 5C 2(X 2) + 5C3 (X 3 ) + …
2. Given matrix [Q I = I , I ⋅ A = A and (a + x)n = nC 0a n +
n
0 2y 1 n
C1a n − 1x + ...+ nC nxn]
A = 2x y −1 , (x, y ∈ R, x ≠ y) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2x − y 1 Here, X = 3 0 0 3 0 0 = 0 0 0
2
Here, two matrices are equal, therefore equating the 9 3 0 9 0 0
corresponding elements, we get 1 0 0
8x2 = 3 and 6 y2 = 3 = 15 1 0
3 135 15 1
⇒ x=±
8 2 0 0
1 and Q = I + P5 = 15 2 0 = [q ij ]
and y=±
2 135 15 2
Q There are 2 different values of x and y each. ⇒ q21 = 15, q31 = 135 and q 32 = 15
So, 4 matrices are possible such that AT A = 3I3 . q + q31 15 + 135 150
Hence, 21 = = = 10
q32 15 15
Matrices and Determinants 137
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a + 4 + 2b = 0 ⇒ a + 2b = − 4 ...(i)
16 4 1 2a + 2 − 2b = 0 ⇒ a − b = − 1 …(ii)
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 and a 2 + 4 + b2 = 9 …(iii)
∴ P 2 = 4 1 0 4 1 0 = 4 + 4 1 0 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
16 4 1 16 4 1 16 + 32 4 + 4 1 a = − 2, b = − 1
1 0 0 This satisfies Eq. (iii)
= 4 ×2 0
1 …(i) Hence, (a , b) ≡ (−2,−1)
16 (1 + 2) 4 × 2 1 3 /2 −1 /2 3 /2 1 /2
8. Now, PT P =
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 /2 3 /2 −1 /2 3 /2
and P = 4 × 2
3
1 0 4 1 0 1 0
16 (1 + 2) 4 × 2 1 16 4 1 ⇒ PT P =
0 1
1 0 0
⇒ PT P = I
= 4 ×3 1 0 ...(ii)
⇒ PT = P −1
16 (1 + 2 + 3) 4 × 3 1
Since, Q = PAPT
From symmetry,
∴ PTQ 2005 P = PT [(PAPT )(PAPT ) K 2005 times ] P
1 0 0
= (PT P ) A (PT P ) A (PT P ) K (PT P ) A (PT P )
P50 = 4 × 50 1 0 144444444 42444444444 3
2005 times
16 (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50) 4 × 50 1 = IA 2005 = A 2005
Q P50 − Q = I [given] 1 1
∴ A=
1 − q11 − q12 − q13 1 0 0 0 1
∴ 200 − q21 1 − q22 − q23 = 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2
A2 = =
16 × 50
(51) − q31 200 − q32 1 − q33 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
2
16 × 50 × 51 1 2 1 1 1 3
A3 = =
⇒ 200 − q21 = 0,
2
− q31 = 0,
0 1 0 1 0 1
200 − q32 = 0 ……………………
∴ q21 = 200, q32 = 200, q31 = 20400 ……………………
138 Matrices and Determinants
1 2005 p p12 ω 2 ω3 ω 2 1
A 2005 = P = [ pij ]2× 2 = 11 = 3 =
0 1 4
p21 p22 ω ω 1 ω
1 2005 ω 2 1 ω 2 1
∴ PTQ 2005 P = P2 =
0 1 1 ω 1 ω
ω 4 + 1 ω 2 + ω
9. Given, A = α 0
1
, B =
1 0
1 ⇒ P2 = 2 2
≠0
1 5 ω + ω 1 + ω
α 0 α 0 α 2 0
⇒ A 2 = = When n = 3
1 1 1 1 α + 1 1
ω 2 ω3 ω 4 ω 2 1 ω
Also, given, A = B 2
P = [ pij ]3 × 3 = ω3 ω 4 ω5 = 1 ω ω 2
2 0 1 0
⇒ α =
ω 4 ω5 ω 6 ω ω 2 1
α + 1 1 5 1
ω 2 1 ω ω 2 1 ω 0 0 0
⇒ α 2 = 1 and α + 1 = 5
Which is not possible at the same time. P = 1 ω ω 2 1 ω ω 2 = 0 0 0 = 0
2
ω ω 2 1 ω ω 2 1 0 0 0
∴ No real values of α exists.
10. If A and B are square matrices of equal degree, then ∴ P 2 = 0, when n is a multiple of 3.
A+ B=B+ A P 2 ≠ 0, when n is not a multiple of 3.
11. Given, X T = − X , Y T = − Y , Z T = Z ⇒ n = 57 is not possible.
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= (Z T )4 (Y T )3 − (Y T )3 (Z T )4 ⇒ 2a + 6a − 7a = 1
= − Z 4Y 3 + Y 3 Z 4 = P
⇒ a = 1, b = 6, c = − 7
∴ P is symmetric matrix.
∴ 7a + b + c = 7 + 6 − 7 = 6
(b) Let P = X 44 + Y 44
Then, PT = (X T )44 + (Y T )44 15. If b = 6 ⇒ a = 1 and c = − 7
= X 44 + Y 44 = P ∴ ax2 + bx + c = 0 ⇒ x2 + 6x − 7 = 0
∴ P is symmetric matrix.
⇒ (x + 7) (x − 1) = 0
(c) Let P = X 4Z 3 − Z 3 X 4
∴ x = 1, − 7
Then, PT = (X 4Z 3 )T − (Z 3 X 4 )T ∞ n 2
1 1 6 6 1
= (Z T )3 (X T )4 − (X T )4 (Z T )3 ⇒∑ − =1 + + + L+ ∞ =
1 7 7 7 6
= Z 3 X 4 − X 4Z 3 = − P n= 0 1−
∴ P is skew-symmetric matrix. 7
1
(d) Let P = X 23 + Y 23 = =7
1 /7
Then, PT = (X T )23 + (Y T )23 = − X 23 − Y 23 = − P
16. If a = 2, b = 12, c = − 14
∴ P is skew-symmetric matrix.
3 1 3
12. (a) (N T MN )T = N T M T (N T )T = N T M T N , is symmetric ∴ + +
ω a ωb ω c
if M is symmetric and skew-symmetric, if M is
3 1 3 3
skew-symmetric. ⇒ + 12 + −14 = 2 + 1 + 3ω 2 = 3ω + 1 + 3ω 2
(b) (MN − NM )T = (MN )T − (NM )T ω 2
ω ω ω
= NM − MN = − (MN − NM ) = 1 + 3 (ω + ω 2) = 1 − 3 = − 2
∴ Skew-symmetric, when M and N are symmetric. 17. The number of matrices for which p does not divide
(c) (MN )T = N T M T = NM ≠ MN Tr ( A ) = ( p − 1) p2 of these ( p − 1)2 are such that p
∴ Not correct. divides| A|. The number of matrices for which p divides
(d) (adj MN ) = (adj N ) ⋅ (adj M ) Tr ( A ) and p does not divides| A|are ( p − 1)2.
∴ Not correct. ∴ Required number = ( p − 1) p2 − ( p − 1)2 + ( p − 1)2
13. Here, P = [ pij ]n × n with pij = wi + j = p3 − p2
∴ When n = 1 18. Trace of A = 2a, will be divisible by p, iff a = 0.
P = [ pij ]1 × 1 = [ω ] 2 | A|= a 2 − bc, for (a 2 − bc) to be divisible by p. There are
⇒ P 2 = [ω 4 ] ≠ 0 exactly ( p − 1) ordered pairs (b, c) for any value of a.
∴ When n =2 ∴ Required number is ( p − 1)2.
Matrices and Determinants 139
a b Also, ω 2r + ω 4s = − 1
19. Given, A = , a, b, c ∈ {0, 1, 2 ,... , p − 1}
c a If r = 1, then ω 2 + ω 4s = − 1
If A is skew-symmetric matrix, then a = 0, b = − c which is only possible, when s = 1.
∴ | A|= − b2 As, ω2 + ω4 = − 1
Thus, P divides| A|, only when b = 0. ...(i) ∴ r = 1, s = 1
Again, if A is symmetric matrix, then b = c and Again, if r = 3, then
| A|= a 2 − b2 ω 6 + ω 4s = − 1
Thus, p divides| A|, if either p divides (a − b) or p ⇒ ω 4 s = −2 [never possible]
divides (a + b). ∴ r ≠3
p divides (a − b), only when a = b, ⇒ (r , s) = (1, 1) is the only solution.
i.e. a = b ∈ {0, 1, 2 ,... , ( p − 1)} Hence, the total number of ordered pairs is 1.
i.e. p choices ...(ii) Topic 2 Properties of Determinants
p divides (a + b). 1 + cos 2 θ sin 2 θ 4 cos 6 θ
⇒ p choices, including a = b = 0 included in Eq. (i). 1. Let ∆ = cos θ2
1 + sin 2 θ 4 cos 6 θ =0
∴ Total number of choices are ( p + p − 1) = 2 p − 1 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ 1 + 4 cos 6 θ
a b c
20. Given, A = b c a , abc = 1 and AT A = I …(i) Applying C1 → C1 + C 2, we get
c a b 2 sin 2 θ 4 cos 6 θ
Now, AT A = I ∆ = 2 1 + sin 2 θ 4 cos 6 θ =0
a b c a b c 1 0 0 1 sin θ
2
1 + 4 cos 6 θ
⇒ b c a b c a = 0 1 0
Applying R1 → R1 − 2R3 and R2 → R2 − 2R3 , we get
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c a b c a b 0 0 1
a 2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca 0 − sin 2 θ − 2 − 4 cos 6 θ
ab + bc + ca
⇒ ab + bc + ca a 2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca ∆ = 0 1 − sin 2 θ − 2 − 4 cos 6 θ = 0
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
a 2 + b2 + c2 1 sin 2 θ 1 + 4 cos 6 θ
1 0 0 On expanding w.r.t. C1, we get
= 0 1 0 ⇒ sin 2 θ (2 + 4 cos 6 θ ) + (2 + 4 cos 6 θ ) (1 − sin 2 θ ) = 0
0 0 1 1 2π
⇒ 2 + 4 cos 6 θ = 0 ⇒ cos 6 θ = − = cos
⇒ a 2 + b2 + c2 = 1 and ab + bc + ca = 0 …(ii) 2 3
We know, a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc 2π π π
⇒ 6θ = ⇒θ = Q θ ∈ 0, 3
= (a + b + c)(a 2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca ) 3 9
⇒ a + b + c = (a + b + c) (1 − 0) + 3
3 3 3
2. Given equation
[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] x −6 −1
∴ a3 + b3 + c3 = (a + b + c) + 3 …(iii) 2 − 3x x − 3 = 0
Now, (a + b + c)2 = a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca ) − 3 2x x + 2
=1 …(iv) On expansion of determinant along R1, we get
From Eq. (iii), a + b + c = 1 + 3 ⇒ a + b + c = 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 x [(− 3x) (x + 2) − 2x(x − 3)] + 6 [2(x + 2) + 3(x − 3)]
− 1 [2(2x) − (− 3x) (− 3)] = 0
−1 + i 3
21. Here, z= =ω ⇒ x [− 3x2 − 6x − 2x2 + 6x] + 6[2x + 4 + 3x − 9]
2
(−ω )r ω 2s − 1 [4x − 9x] = 0
Q P = 2s ⇒ x(− 5x2) + 6(5x − 5) − 1(− 5x) = 0
ω ωr
⇒ −5x3 + 30x − 30 + 5x = 0
(− ω )r ω 2s (− ω )r ω 2s
P 2 = 2s ⇒ 5x3 − 35x + 30 = 0 ⇒ x3 − 7x + 6 = 0.
ω ω r ω 2s ωr Since all roots are real
ω 2r + ω 4s ω r + 2s [(− 1)r + 1] ∴ Sum of roots = −
coefficient of x2
=0
= r + 2s coefficient of x3
ω [(− 1) + 1] ω 4s + ω 2r
r
Given, P 2 = − I 3. Given determinants are
∴ ω 2r + ω 4s = − 1 and ω r + 2s [(− 1)r + 1] = 0 x sin θ cos θ
Since, r ∈{1, 2, 3} and (− 1)r + 1 = 0 ∆1 = − sin θ − x 1
⇒ r = {1, 3} cos θ 1 x
140 Matrices and Determinants
= − x3 + sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ + x cos 2 θ − x + x sin 2 θ On applying C 2 → C 2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1, we get
= − x3 y 0 0
x sin 2θ cos 2θ ∆ = α y + β −α 1 −α
and ∆ 2 = − sin 2θ −x 1 ,x≠0 β 1 −β y + α −β
cos 2θ 1 x = y[( y + (β − α )) ( y − (β − α )) − (1 − α ) (1 − β )]
= − x (similarly as ∆1)
3
[expanding along R1]
So, according to options, we get ∆1 + ∆ 2 = − 2x3 = y [ y − (β − α ) − (1 − α − β + αβ )]
2 2
4. Given = y [ y2 − β 2 − α 2 + 2αβ − 1 + (α + β ) − αβ ]
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 n − 1 1 78 = y [ y2 − (α + β )2 + 2αβ + 2αβ − 1 + (α + β ) − αβ ]
0 1 0 1 0 1 ... 0 =
1 0 1
= y[ y2 − 1 + 3 − 1 − 1] = y3 [Qα + β = −1 and αβ = 1]
1 1 1 2 1 2 + 1 1 1 1
Q 0 1 0 1 = 0 1
,
6. Given, matrix A = 2 b c , so
1 2 + 1 1 3 1 3 + 2 + 1 4 b c
2 2
0 1 0 1 = 0 ,
1 1 1 1
: : : det( A ) = 2 b c
2 2
: : : 4 b c
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 n − 1
∴ ... On applying, C 2 → C 2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1,
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0
1 (n − 1) + (n − 2)+ ...+3 + 2 + 1 we get det( A ) = 2 b − 2 c − 2
=
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0 1 4 b − 4 c − 4
2 2
n (n − 1) 1 78 b − 2 c − 2
=
1 = = 2
2 b − 4 c − 4
2
0 0 1
1 b −2 c−2
Since, both matrices are equal, so equating =
(b − 2)(b + 2) (c − 2)(c + 2)
corresponding element, we get
1 1
n (n − 1) = (b − 2)(c − 2)
= 78 ⇒ n (n − 1) = 156 b + 2 c + 2
2
[taking common (b − 2) from C1 and
= 13 × 12 = 13(13 − 1) (c − 2) from C 2]
⇒ n = 13 = (b − 2)(c − 2)(c − b)
1 13 −1 1 −13 Since, 2, b and c are in AP, if assume common difference
So, A= = A = 0 1
0 1 of AP is d, then
a b −1 d − b b = 2 + d and c = 2 + 2d
[Q if|A|= 1and A = , then A = − c a
c d
So, | A| = d (2d )d = 2d3 ∈ [2, 16] [given]
⇒ d ∈ [1, 8] ⇒ d ∈ [1, 2]
3
1 1 a r + kRr + 2k
⇒ sin 2 θ ∈ 0, ⇒ 1 + sin 2 θ ∈ 0 + 1, + 1 log e a r + kRk log e
2
2 a r + k Rk
3 a r + k R4 r + 5 k
⇒ 1 + sin 2 θ ∈ 1,
2 ⇒ log e a r + kR3 r + 4k log e r + k 3 r + 4k
a R
3
⇒ 2(1 + sin 2θ ) ∈ [2, 3) ⇒| A| ∈ [2, 3) ⊂ , 3 a r + kR7r + 8k
2 log e a r + kR6r + 7k log e r + k 6r + 7k
a R
a−b−c 2a 2a
a r + kR2r + 3 k
8. Let ∆ = 2b b−c−a 2b log e
a r + k Rk
2c 2c c−a −b
a r + kR5 r + 6k
Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 , we get log e r + k 3 r + 4k = 0
a+ b+ c a+ b+ c a+ b+ c a R
∆= 2b b−c−a 2b a r + k R8 r + 9 k
log e r + k 6r + 7k
2c 2c c−a −b a R
1 1 1 log e (a r + kRk ) log e Rr + k log e R2r + 2k
= (a + b + c) 2b b − c − a 2b ⇒ log e a r + kR3 r + 4k log e Rr + k log e R2r + 2k = 0
2c 2c c−a −b log e a r + kR6r + 7k log e Rr + k log e R2r + 2k
(taking common (a + b + c) fromR1)
log e (a r + kRk ) log e Rr + k 2 log e Rr + k
Applying C 2 → C 2 − C1 and C3 → C3 − C1 , we get
⇒ log e (a r + kR3 r + 4k ) log e Rr + k 2 log e Rr + k = 0
1 0 0
log e (a r + kR6r + 7k ) log e Rr + k 2 log e Rr + k
∆ = (a + b + c) 2b − (a + b + c) 0
2c 0 − (a + b + c) [Q log mn = n log m and here
log e R2r + 2k = log e R2( r + k) = 2 log e Rr + k ]
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Now, expanding along R1, we get
Q Column C 2 and C3 are proportional,
∆ = (a + b + c) 1. {(a + b + c)2 − 0 }
= (a + b + c)3 = (a + b + c)(x + a + b + c)2 (given) So, value of determinant will be zero for any value of
⇒ (x + a + b + c)2 = (a + b + c)2 (r , k), r , k ∈ N .
⇒ x + a + b + c = ± (a + b + c) ∴Set ‘S’ has infinitely many elements.
⇒ x = − 2(a + b + c) [Q x ≠ 0] 2 b 1
−2 4+ d (sin θ ) − 2 1 1 1
∴ | A| = 1 (sin θ ) + 2 d ⇒ 1 ω ω 2 = 3k
5 (2 sin θ ) − d (− sin θ ) + 2 + 2d 1 ω2 ω
−2 4+ d (sin θ ) − 2 [Q 1 + ω + ω 2 = 0 and ω7 = (ω3 )2 ⋅ ω = ω]
= 1 (sin θ ) + 2 d On applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 , we get
1 0 0 3 1 + ω + ω2 1 + ω + ω2
(R3 → R3 − 2R2 + R1 ) 1 ω ω2 = 3k
= 1 [(4 + d )d − (sin θ + 2) (sin θ − 2)] 1 ω 2
ω
(expanding along R3 )
= (d 2 + 4d − sin 2 θ + 4) 3 0 0
= (d 2 + 4d + 4) − sin 2 θ ⇒ 1 ω ω 2 = 3k
= (d + 2)2 − sin 2 θ 1 ω2 ω
Note that| A|will be minimum if sin 2 θ is maximum i.e. if ⇒ 3(ω 2 − ω 4 ) = 3k
sin 2 θ takes value 1.
⇒ (ω 2 − ω ) = k
Q | A|min = 8, − 1 − 3i − 1 + 3i
therefore (d + 2)2 − 1 = 8 ∴ k= − = − 3i = − z
2 2
⇒ (d + 2) = 9
2
⇒ d+2=±3 14. PLAN Use the property that, two determinants can be multiplied
column-to-row or row-to-column, to write the given
⇒ d = 1, − 5 determinant as the product of two determinants and then
expand.
12. Given,
x − 4 2x 2x Given, f (n ) = α n + β n, f (1) = α + β, f (2) = α 2 + β 2,
2x x − 4 2x = ( A + Bx)(x − A )2 f (3) = α 3 + β3 , f (4) = α 4 + β 4
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3 1+ f (1) 1 + f (2)
2x 2x x − 4
Let ∆ = 1 + f (1) 1 + f (2) 1 + f (3)
⇒ Apply C1 → C1 + C 2 + C3
1 + f (2) 1 + f (3) 1 + f (4)
5x − 4 2x 2x
5x − 4 x − 4 2x = ( A + Bx)(x − A )2 3 1 + α + β 1 + α 2 + β2
5x − 4 2x x − 4 ⇒ ∆= 1+α +β 1 + α 2 + β 2 1 + α 3 + β3
Taking common (5x − 4) from C1, we get 1 + α 2 + β2 1 + α 3 + β3 1 + α 4 + β 4
1 2x 2x 1 ⋅1 + 1 ⋅1 + 1 ⋅1 1 ⋅1 + 1 ⋅α + 1 ⋅β
(5x − 4)1 x − 4 2x = ( A + Bx)(x − A )2 = 1 ⋅1 + 1 ⋅α + 1 ⋅β 1 ⋅1 + α ⋅α + β ⋅β
1 2x x − 4 1 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ α 2 + 1 ⋅ β2 1 ⋅ 1 + α 2 ⋅ α + β2 ⋅ β
Apply R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 1 ⋅ 1 + 1 ⋅ α 2 + 1 ⋅ β2
1 2x 0 1 ⋅ 1 + α ⋅ α 2 + β ⋅ β2
∴ (5x − 4)0 − x − 4 0 = ( A + Bx)(x − A )2 1 ⋅ 1 + α 2 ⋅ α 2 + β2 ⋅ β2
0 0 − x − 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
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sin x cos x cos x
17. Given, cos x sin x cos x = 0 Applying C1 → C1 − ( p C 2 + C3 )
cos x cos x sin x 0 x y
Applying C1 → C1 + C 2 + C3 ⇒ 0 y z =0
sin x + 2 cos x cos x cos x − (xp2 + yp + yp + z ) xp + y yp + z
= sin x + 2 cos x sin x cos x
sin x + 2 cos x cos x sin x ⇒ − (xp2 + 2 yp + z ) (xz − y2) = 0
1 cos x cos x ∴ Either xp2 + 2 yp + z = 0 or y2 = xz
= (2 cos x + sin x) 1 sin x cos x = 0 ⇒ x, y, z are in GP.
1 cos x sin x
21. Since, A is the determinant of order 3 with entries 0 or
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − R1 1 only.
1 cos x cos x Also, B is the subset of A consisting of all
⇒ (2 cos x + sin x) 0 sin x − cos x 0 = 0 determinants with value 1.
0 0 sin x − cos x
[since, if we interchange any two rows or columns,
⇒ (2 cos x + sin x) (sin x − cos x)2 = 0
then among themself sign changes]
⇒ 2 cos x + sin x = 0 or sin x − cos x = 0
⇒ 2 cos x = − sin x or sin x = cos x Given, C is the subset having determinant with
π π value −1.
⇒ cot x = − 1 / 2 gives no solution in − ≤ x ≤
4 4 ∴ B has as many elements as C.
and sin x = cos x ⇒ tan x = 1 ⇒ x = π /4 22. For a matrix to be square of other matrix its
18. Given, determinant should be positive.
1 x x+1 (a) and (c) → Correct
f (x) = 2x x (x − 1) (x + 1) x (b) and (d) → Incorrect
3x (x − 1) x (x − 1) (x − 2) (x + 1) x (x − 1)
23. Given determinant could be expressed as product of two
Applying C3 → C3 − (C1 + C 2) determinants.
1 x 0 (1 + α )2 (1 + 2α )2 (1 + 3α )2
= 2x x (x − 1) 0 = 0 i.e. (2 + α )2 (2 + 2α )2 (2 + 3α )2 = − 648 α
3x (x − 1) x (x − 1)(x − 2) 0
(3 + α )2 (3 + 2α )2 (3 + 3α )2
∴ f (x) = 0 ⇒ f (100) = 0
144 Matrices and Determinants
∴ α = 0, ± 9 1
log y log z
log x log x
24. PLAN (i) If A and B are two non-zero matrices and AB = BA, then
( A − B)( A + B) = A 2 − B 2. log x log z
= 1
(ii) The determinant of the product of the matrices is equal to log y log y
product of their individual determinants, i.e. | A B | = | A || B |. log x log y
1
Given, M 2 = N 4 ⇒ M2 − N 4 = 0 log z log z
⇒ (M − N 2) (M + N 2) = 0 [as MN = NM ] On dividing and multiplying R1 , R2, R3 by log x,
Also, M ≠ N2 log y, log z, respectively.
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⇒ M + N2 =0 log x log y log z
1
⇒ det (M + N ) = 0 2 = log x log y log z = 0
log x log y log z
Also, det (M 2 + MN 2) = (det M) (det M + N 2) log x log y log z
= (det M) (0) = 0 1 a a 2 − bc 1 a a2 1 a bc
As, det (M + MN ) = 0
2 2
28. 1 b b − ca = 1 b b2 − 1 b ca
2
1 0 0 a 2x − aby − ac bx + ay cx + a
1
⇒ (x + 9) 2 x − 2 0 = 0 ⇒ (x + 9) (x − 2) (x − 7) = 0 ⇒ abx + a 2y − ax + by − c cy + b =0
a cy + b − ax − by + c
7 −1 x − 7 acx + a 2
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⇒ 1 0 −4 = t ⇒
y − c − ax b
= 0
ax 1 cy − ax − by
−3 4 0
1
⇒ t =0 ⇒ [(x2 + y2 + 1) {(− c − ax)(− ax − by) − b(cy)}] = 0
ax
[Q determinants of odd order skew-symmetric matrix 1
is zero] ⇒ [(x2 + y2 + 1) (acx + bcy + a 2x2 + abxy − bcy)] = 0
ax
1 a bc a a 2 abc 1
1 ⇒ [(x2 + y2 + 1) (acx + a 2x2 + abxy)] = 0
32. Let ∆ = 1 b ca = b b2 abc ax
abc 1
1 c ab c c2 abc ⇒ [ax(x2 + y2 + 1) (c + ax + by)] = 0
ax
Applying R1 → aR1 , R2 → bR2, R3 → cR3 ⇒ (x2 + y2 + 1)(ax + by + c) = 0
a a2 1 1 a a2 ⇒ ax + by + c = 0
1 which represents a straight line.
= ⋅ abc b b2 1 = 1 b b2
abc sin θ cos θ sin 2θ
c c2 1 1 c c2
2π 2π 4π
sin θ + cos θ + sin 2θ +
1 a bc 1 a a2 3 3 3
35. Let ∆ =
∴ 1 b ca = 1 b b2
2π 2π 4π
1 c ab 1 c c2 sin θ − cos θ − sin 2θ −
3 3 3
Hence, statement is false. Applying R2 → R2 + R3
33. Since, M T M = I and|M | = 1
∴ |M − I | = |IM − M T M | [Q IM = M ] sin θ cos θ sin 2θ
2π 2π 4π
⇒ |M − I | = |(I − M )M |= |(I − M ) ||M |= | I − M |
T T
sin θ + cos θ + sin 2θ +
3 3 3
= (− 1)3 |M − I |[Q I − M is a 3 × 3 matrix] =
2π 2π 4π
+ sin θ − + cos θ − + sin 2θ −
= − |M − I | 3 3 3
⇒ 2|M − I| = 0 2π 2π 4π
sin θ − cos θ − sin 2θ −
⇒ |M − I | = 0 3 3 3
ax − by − c bx + ay cx + a 2π 2π
Now, sin θ + + sin θ −
34. Given, bx + ay −ax + by − c cy + b = 0 3 3
cx + a cy + b − ax − by + c
146 Matrices and Determinants
2π 2π 2π 2π 1 2 5
θ + +θ− θ + −θ + Thus, f (x) = x − x+2
= 2 sin 3 3 cos 3 3 4 4
2 2 37. Since, a , b, c are pth , qth and rth terms of HP.
1 1 1
2π π ⇒ , , are in an AP.
= 2 sin θ cos = 2 sin θ cos π − a b c
3 3
1
π = A + ( p − 1) D
= − 2 sin θ cos = − sin θ a
3 1
⇒ = A + ( q − 1) D …(i)
2π 2π b
and cos θ + + cos θ −
3 3 1
= A + (r − 1) D
c
2π 2π 2π 2π
θ + +θ− θ + −θ + 1 1 1
= 2 cos 3 3 cos 3 3 bc ca ab
2 2 a b c
Let ∆ = p q r = abc p q r [from Eq. (i)]
2π 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 2 cos θ cos = 2 cos θ − = − cos θ
3 2
A + ( p − 1) D A + (q − 1) D A + (r − 1) D
4π 4π
and sin 2θ + + sin 2θ − = abc p q r
3 3
1 1 1
4π 4π 4π 4π
2θ + + 2θ − 2θ + − 2θ + Applying R1 → R1 − ( A − D ) R3 − DR2
= 2 sin 3 3 cos 3 3
2 2 0 0 0 bc ca ab
= abc p q r = 0 ⇒ p q r =0
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4π π
= 2 sin 2θ cos = 2 sin 2θ cos π + 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3
π 38. Given, a > 0, d > 0 and let
= − 2 sin 2θ cos = − sin 2θ
3 1 1 1
a a (a + d ) (a + d ) (a + 2d )
sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ 1 1 1
∴ ∆ = − sin θ − cos θ − sin 2θ = 0 ∆=
(a + d ) (a + d ) (a + 2d ) (a + 2d ) (a + 3d )
sin θ − 2π cos θ − 2π sin 2θ − 4π 1 1 1
3 3
3 (a + 2d ) (a + 2d ) (a + 3d ) (a + 3d ) (a + 4d )
[since, R1 and R2 are proportional] 1
Taking common from R1 ,
2ax 2ax − 1 2ax + b + 1 a (a + d ) (a + 2d )
36. Given, f ′ (x) = b b+1 −1 1
from R2,
2 (ax + b) 2ax + 2b + 1 2ax + b (a + d )(a + 2d )(a + 3d )
Applying R3 → R3 − R1 − 2R2, we get 1
from R3
2ax 2ax − 1 2ax + b + 1 (a + 2d ) (a + 3d )(a + 4d )
f ′ (x) = b b+1 −1 1
0 0 1 ⇒ ∆=
a (a + d )2(a + 2d )3 (a + 3d )2(a + 4d )
2ax − 1 2ax −1
=
2ax
=
b+1 b
[C 2 → C 2 − C1] (a + d )(a + 2d ) (a + 2d ) a
b 1
(a + 2d )(a + 3d ) (a + 3d ) (a + d )
⇒ f ′ (x) = 2ax + b (a + 3d )(a + 4d ) (a + 4d ) (a + 2d )
On integrating, we get f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, ⇒ ∆=
1
∆′
where c is an arbitrary constant. a (a + d )2(a + 2d )3 (a + 3d )2(a + 4d )
Since, f has maximum at x = 5 / 2. (a + d )(a + 2d ) (a + 2d ) a
where, ∆′ = (a + 2d )(a + 3d ) (a + 3d ) (a + d )
⇒ f ′ (5 / 2) = 0 ⇒ 5a + b = 0 …(i)
(a + 3d )(a + 4d ) (a + 4d ) (a + 2d )
Also, f (0) = 2 ⇒ c = 2 and f (1) = 1
⇒ a + b + c=1 …(ii) Applying R2 → R2 − R1 , R3 → R3 − R2
(a + d ) (a + 2d ) (a + 2d ) a
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) for a , b, we get
1 5 ⇒ ∆′ = (a + 2d ) (2d ) d d
a = ,b = − (a + 3d ) (2d ) d d
4 4
Matrices and Determinants 147
Applying R3 → R3 − R2 1 (n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 2)
(a + d )(a + 2d ) (a + 2d ) a ∴ D = n ! (n + 1)! (n + 2) ! 1 (n + 2) (n + 2) (n + 3)
1 (n + 3) (n + 3) (n + 4)
∆′ = (a + 2d )2d d d
2d 2
0 0 Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R2, we get
1 (n + 1) (n + 1) (n + 2)
Expanding along R3 , we get D = n !(n + 1)!(n + 2)! 0 2n + 4
1
a + 2d a 2n + 6
∆′ = 2d 2 0 1
d d
Expanding along C1 , we get
∆′ = (2d 2)(d )(a + 2d − a ) = 4d 4
D = (n !)(n + 1)!(n + 2)![(2n + 6) − (2n + 4)]
4d 4
∴ ∆= D = (n !)(n + 1)! (n + 2)! [2]
a (a + d ) (a + 2d )3 (a + 3d )2(a + 4d )
2
On dividing both side by (n !)3
cos ( A − P ) cos ( A − Q ) cos ( A − R) D (n !)(n !)(n + 1)(n !)(n + 1)(n + 2)2
39. Let ∆ = cos (B − P ) cos (B − Q ) cos (B − R) ⇒ 3
=
(n !) (n !)3
cos (C − P ) cos (C − Q ) cos (C − R)
D
cos A cos P + sin A sin P cos ( A − Q ) ⇒ = 2(n + 1)(n + 1)(n + 2)
⇒ ∆ = cos B cos P + sin B sin P cos (B − Q ) (n !)3
cos C cos P + sin C sin P cos (C − Q ) D
⇒ = 2(n3 + 4n 2 + 5n + 2) = 2n (n 2 + 4n + 5) + 4
cos ( A − R) (n !)3
cos (B − R)
cos (C − R) D
⇒ − 4 = 2n (n 2 + 4n + 5)
(n !)3
cos A cos P cos ( A − Q ) cos ( A − R)
⇒ ∆ = cos B cos P cos (B − Q ) cos (B − R) D
which shows that − 4 is divisible by n.
cos C cos P cos (C − Q ) cos (C − R) (n !)
3
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sin A sin P cos ( A − Q ) cos ( A − R)
+ sin B sin P cos (B − Q ) cos (B − R) p b c
sin C sin P cos (C − Q ) cos (C − R) 41. Let ∆ = a q c
cos A cos ( A − Q ) cos ( A − R) a b r
⇒ ∆ = cos P cos B cos (B − Q ) cos (B − R)
Applying R1 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 , we get
cos C cos (C − Q ) cos (C − R)
p b c
sin A cos ( A − Q ) cos ( A − R)
+ sin P sin B cos (B − Q ) cos (B − R) ∆= a− p q−b 0
sin C cos (C − Q ) cos (C − R) a−p 0 r−c
Applying C 2 → C 2 − C1 cos Q , C3 → C3 − C1 cos R in a− p q−b p b
first determinant and C 2 → C 2 − C1 sin Q and in =c + (r − c)
a−p 0 a− p q−b
second determinant
cos A sin A sin Q sin A sin R = − c (a − p) (q − b) + (r − c) [ p(q − b) − b(a − p)]
⇒ ∆ = cos P cos B sin B sin Q sin B sin R = − c (a − p) (q − b) + p(r − c) (q − b) − b(r − c)(a − p)
cos C sin C sin Q sin C sin R Since, ∆ = 0
⇒ − c (a − p) (q − b) + p(r − c) (q − b) − b(r − c) (a − p) = 0
sin A cos A cos Q cos A cos R
+ sin P sin B cos B cos Q cos B cos R c p b
⇒ + + =0
sin C cos C cos Q cos C cos R r−c p−a q−b
cos A sin A sin A [on dividing both sides by (a − p)(q − b)(r − c)]
∆ = cos P sin Q sin R cos B sin B sin B p b c
cos C sin C sin C ⇒ + +1+ + 1 =2
p−a q−b r−c
sin A cos A cos A p q r
+ sin P cos Q cos R sin B cos B cos B ⇒ + + =2
sin C cos C cos C p−a q−b r−c
A 3 6 xC x
Cr + 1 x
Cr + 2
r
∴ ∆= 8 9 C 44. Let ∆ = y C r y
Cr + 1 y
Cr + 2
z z z
2 B 2 C Cr + 1 Cr + 2
r
Applying R2 → 100R1 + 10R3 + R2 Applying C3 → C3 + C 2
A 3 x+1
xC x
Cr + 1 Cr + 2
r
⇒ ∆ = 100 A + 2 × 10 + 8 100 × 3 + 10 × B + 9
∆ = y C r y
Cr + 1 y+1
Cr + 2
2 B z z z+1
C Cr + 1 Cr + 2
6 r
n+1
[Q nC r + nC r − 1 = Cr ]
100 × 6 + 10 × 2 + C
Applying C 2 → C 2 + C1
2
x+1 x+1
A 3 6 xC Cr + 1 Cr + 2
r
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A (x) B(x) C (x)
(a − 1) 3n 3n − 3n
3 3 2
Let φ (x) = A (α ) B(α ) C (α )
n A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α )
∑ (a − 1) n 6
an=1 To show φ (x) is divisible by (x − α )2, it is sufficient to
n
show that φ (α ) and φ ′ (α ) = 0.
∴ ∑ a ∑
∆ = (a − 1 ) 2
2 n 2
4 n − 2
A (α ) B(α ) C (α )
a=1 a=1
n ∴ φ (α ) = A (α ) B(α ) C (α )
∑ (a − 1)3 3n 3n − 3n
3 2
A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α )
a=1
=0 [Q R1 and R2 are identical]
n (n − 1) ′ ′ ) C ′ (x)
n 6 A (x) B (x
2 Again, φ ′ (x) = A (α ) B(α ) C (α )
n (n − 1)(2n − 1)
= 2n 2 4n − 2 A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α )
6
n 2(n − 1)2 A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α )
3n3 3n 2 − 3n φ ′ (α ) = A (α ) B(α ) C (α )
4 A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α )
=0 [Q R1 and R3 are identical]
1 1 6
n (n − 1) (2n − 1)
2
Thus, α is a repeated root of φ (x) = 0.
= 2n 4n − 2
2 3 Hence, φ (x) is divisible by f (x).
n (n − 1)
3n 2 3n 2 − 3n x2 + x
2 x+1 x−2
1 1 6 46. Let ∆ = 2x2 + 3x − 1 3x 3x − 3
n3 (n − 1) 2 2x − 1 2x − 1
= 2n − 1 6n 12n − 6 x + 2x + 3
12
n − 1 6n 6n − 6 Applying R2 → R2 − (R1 + R3 ), we get
Applying C3 → C3 − 6 C1 x2 + x x+ 1 x−2
1 1 0 ∆ =
2 − 4 0 0
n3 (n − 1)
= 2n − 1 6n 0 = 0 x + 2x + 3 2x − 1 2x − 1
12
n − 1 6n 0 x2
Applying R1 → R1 + R2
n 4
⇒ ∑ ∆a = c [c = 0, i.e. constant]
x2
a=1 and R3 → R3 + R2, we get
4
Matrices and Determinants 149
⇒ ∆ = Ax + B 5 2α 1
where B = 0 2 1
1 1 1
where, A = −4 0 0 α 3 − 1
3 −3 3
We know that,
0 1 −2
B = −4 1 −1 1
and 0 0 det( A ) = Q det( A ) = det( A )
3 −3 3 det(B)
a b c Since, det( A ) + 1 = 0 (given)
47. Let ∆ = b c a 1
+ 1 =0
c a b det(B)
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Applying C1 → C1 + C 2 + C3 ⇒ det(B) = − 1
a + b + c b c 1 b c ⇒ 5(− 2 − 3) − 2α (0 − α ) + 1 (0 − 2α ) = − 1
∆ = a + b + c c a = (a + b + c) 1 c a
a + b + c a b 1 a b ⇒ − 25 + 2α 2 − 2α = − 1
⇒ 2α 2 − 2α − 24 = 0
Applying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1 , we get
1 b c ⇒ α 2 − α − 12 = 0
= (a + b + c) 0 c − b a − c ⇒ (α − 4) (α + 3) = 0
0 a − b b − c
⇒ α = − 3, 4
= (a + b + c) [− (c − b)2 − (a − b) (a − c)] So, required sum of all values of α is 4 − 3 = 1
= − (a + b + c) (a 2 + b2 + c2 − ab − bc − ca ) et e− t cos t e− t sin t
1 −t
= − (a + b + c) (2a 2 + 2b2 + 2c2 − 2ab − 2bc − 2ca ) 2. | A | = et −e cos t − e− t sin t − e sin t + e− t cos t
−t
2
et 2e− t sin t − 2e− t cos t
1
= − (a + b + c)[(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a )2] 1 cos t sin t
2
= (et ) (e− t ) (e− t ) 1 − cos t − sin t − sin t + cos t
which is always negative.
1 2 sin t − 2 cos t
x x2 1 + x3 (taking common from each column)
48. Given, 2x 4x2 1 + 8x3 = 10 Aplying R2 → R2 − R1 and R3 → R3 − R1, we get
3x 9x2 1 + 27x3 [Qet − t = e0 = 1]
1 1 1 + x3 1 cos t sin t
⇒ x⋅ x 2
2 4 1 + 8x3 = 10 = e− t 0 − 2 cos t − sin t − 2 sin t + cos t
3 9 1 + 27x3 0 2 sin t − cos t − 2 cos t − sin t
= e− t ((2 cos t + sin t )2 + (2 sin t − cos t )2)
Apply R2 → R2 − 2R1 and R3 → R3 − 3R1, we get
(expanding along column 1)
1 1 1 + x3 −t
= e (5 cos t + 5 sin t )
2 2
x 0 2 − 1 + 6x3 = 10
3
= 5e− t (Qcos 2 t + sin 2 t = 1)
0 6 − 2 + 24x3 −t
⇒| A | = 5e ≠ 0 for all t ∈ R
2 6x3 − 1 ∴ A is invertible for all t ∈ R
⇒ x3 ⋅ = 10
6 24x3 − 2 [QIf| A | ≠ 0, then A is invertible]
150 Matrices and Determinants
3. Given,| ABAT| = 8 2 − 3
5. We have, A=
⇒ | A||B|| AT| = 8 [Q|XY | = |X ||Y |] − 4 1
∴ | A|2|B| = 8 …(i) [Q| AT| = | A|] 2 − 3 2 − 3
∴ A2 = A ⋅ A =
Also, we have | AB−1| = 8 ⇒| A||B−1| = 8 − 4 1 − 4 1
| A| 1 4 + 12 − 6 − 3
⇒ =8 …(ii) Q| A −1|=| A|−1 = =
|B| | A|
− 8 − 4 12 + 1
On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 16 − 9
=
| A|3 = 8 ⋅ 8 = 43 − 12 13
⇒ | A| = 4 16 − 9 2 − 3
Now, 3 A 2 + 12 A = 3 + 12
⇒ |B| =
| A| 4 1
= = − 1213
− 4 1
8 8 2
48 − 27 24 − 36
1 1 1 1 1 = +
Now, |BA −1BT| = |B| |B| = = − 36 39 − 48 12
| A| 2 4 2 16
72 − 63
cos θ − sin θ =
4. We have, A = − 84 51
sin θ cos θ
51 63
∴ | A| = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ = 1 ∴ adj (3 A 2 + 12 A ) =
cos θ sin θ 84 72
and adj A = 5a − b
− sin θ cos θ 6. Given, A = and A adj A = AAT
3 2
a b d − b
[Q If A = , then adj A = ] Clearly, A (adj A ) = A I 2
c d −c a
[Q if A is square matrix of order n,
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cos θ sin θ adj A
⇒ A −1 = Q A −1 = then A (adj A ) = (adj A ) ⋅ A = A I n ]
− sin θ cos θ | A| 5a − b
= I 2 = (10a + 3b) I 2
Note that, A −50 = ( A −1 )50 3 2
Now, A −2 = ( A −1 )( A −1 ) 1 0
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ = (10a + 3b)
⇒ A −2 = 0 1
− sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ 10a + 3b 0
= ...(i)
=
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ + sin θ cos θ 0 10a + 3b
− cos θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ − sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 5a − b 5a 3
and AAT =
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ 3 2 − b 2
=
− sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 25a 2 + b2 15a − 2b
= ...(ii)
Also, A −3 = ( A −2)( A −1 ) 15a − 2b 13
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ
A −3 = Q A (adj A ) = AAT
− sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin θ cos θ 10a + 3b 0 25a 2 + b2 15a − 2b
∴ =
=
cos 3 θ sin 3 θ 0 10a + 3b 15a − 2b 13
− sin 3 θ cos 3 θ [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
cos 50 θ sin 50 θ ⇒ 15a − 2b = 0
Similarly, A −50 =
− sin 50 θ cos 50 θ ⇒ a=
2b
...(iii)
25 25 15
cos 6 π sin 6 π π and 10a + 3b = 13 ...(iv)
= when θ =
25 25 12 On substituting the value of ‘a ’ from Eq. (iii) in
− sin π cos π
6 6 Eq. (iv), we get
π π Q cos 25π = cos 4π + π = cos π 2b
10 ⋅ + 3b = 13
cos 6 sin 6 6 6 6 15
=
π π 25π π π 20b + 45b
− sin cos and sin = sin 4π + = sin ⇒ = 13
6 6 6 6 6 15
3 1 65b
⇒ = 13
15
= 2 2
⇒ b =3
−1 3
2 2
Matrices and Determinants 151
Now, substituting the value of b in Eq. (iii), we get 12. Every square matrix satisfied its characteristic
5a = 2 equation,
Hence, 5a + b = 2 + 3 = 5 1−λ 0 0
i.e. | A − λI | = 0 ⇒ 0 1−λ 1 =0
7. PLAN Use the following properties of transpose
( AB)T = BT AT , ( AT )T = A and A −1 A = I and simplify. If A is 0 −2 4−λ
non-singular matrix, then| A | ≠ 0.
⇒ (1 − λ ) {(1 − λ ) (4 − λ ) + 2} = 0
Given, AAT = AT A and B = A −1 AT
⇒ λ3 − 6λ2 + 11λ − 6 = 0
BBT = ( A −1 AT )( A −1 AT )T
⇒ A3 − 6 A 2 + 11 A − 6I = O …(i)
= A −1 AT A ( A −1 )T [Q ( AB)T = BT AT ] −1
Given, 6 A = A + cA + dI , multiplying both sides by
2
= A −1 AAT ( A −1 )T [Q AAT = AT A] A, we get
= IAT ( A −1 )T [Q A −1 A = I ]
6I = A3 + cA 2 + dA ⇒ A3 + cA 2 + dA − 6I = O …(ii)
= AT ( A −1 )T = ( A −1 A )T
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
[Q ( AB)T = BT AT ]
c = − 6 and d = 11
= IT = I
3 − 1 − 2
1 α 3
13. Here, P = 2 0 α
8. Given, P = 1 3 3
3 − 5 0
2 4 4
Now, |P| = 3(5α ) + 1(− 3α ) − 2(− 10)
∴ | P | = 1(12 − 12) − α (4 − 6) + 3 (4 − 6) = 2 α − 6 = 12α + 20 …(i)
Q P = adj ( A ) [given] 5α 2α − 10
T
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∴ 2 α − 6 = 16 − α − (3α + 4) 2
⇒ 2 α = 22 5α − 10 −α
⇒ α = 11
= 2α 6 − 3α − 4 …(ii)
9. Given, PT = 2 P + I …(i) − 10 12 2
∴ (P ) = (2 P + I ) = 2 P + I
T T T T As, PQ = kI
⇒ P =2P + IT ⇒ |P||Q| = |kI|
⇒ |P||Q| = k3
⇒ P = 2 (2 P + I ) + I
k2 k2
⇒ P = 4P + 3I or 3P = − 3I ⇒ |P| = k3 given,|Q| =
2 2
⇒ PX = − IX = –X
⇒ |P| = 2k …(iii)
1 a b
Q PQ = kI
10. | A| ≠ 0, as non-singular ω 1 c ≠ 0
∴ Q = kp−1I
ω2 ω 1 adjP k(adj P )
= k⋅ = [from Eq. (iii)]
⇒ 1 (1 − cω ) − a (ω − cω 2) + b (ω 2 − ω 2) ≠ 0 |P| 2k
⇒ 1 − cω − aω + acω 2 ≠ 0 5 α − 10 −α
adj P 1
1 1 = = 2α 6 − 3α − 4
⇒ (1 − cω ) (1 − aω ) ≠ 0 ⇒ a ≠ ,c≠ 2 2
ω ω − 10 12 2
⇒ a = ω , c = ω and b ∈{ω , ω 2} ⇒ 2 solutions − 3α − 4 k
∴ q23 = given, q23 = − 8
11. Given, M T = − M , N T = − N and MN = NM ...(i) 2
∴ M 2N 2 (M T N )− 1 (MN −1 )T (3α + 4) k
⇒ − =−
⇒ M 2 N 2N −1 (M T )−1 (N −1 )T ⋅ M T 2 8
⇒ M 2 N (NN −1 )(− M )−1 (N T )−1 (− M ) ⇒ (3α + 4) × 4 = k
⇒ M 2 N I (− M −1 ) ( − N )−1 (− M ) ⇒ 12α + 16 = k …(iv)
⇒ − M 2 NM −1N −1 M From Eq. (iii), |P|= 2k
⇒ − M ⋅ (MN )M −1N −1 M = − M (NM )M −1N −1 M ⇒ 12α + 20 = 2k [from Eq. (i)] …(v)
⇒ − MN (NM −1 )N −1 M = − M (N N −1 )M ⇒ − M 2 On solving Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
α = − 1 and k = 4 …(vi)
NOTE Here, non-singular word should not be used, since there
is no non-singular 3 × 3 skew-symmetric matrix. ∴ 4α − k + 8 = − 4 − 4 + 8 = 0
∴ Option (b) is correct.
152 Matrices and Determinants
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(d) M = ⇒|M |= ac − b2 ≠ 0 3
− cos θ ∈ , 1 ⇒ [cos θ ] = 0
b c 2
Q ac is not equal to square of an integer.
and cot θ ∈ ( 3 , ∞ ) ⇒ [cot θ ] = n , n ∈ N .
M is invertible.
So, ∆ = − 1 − (0 × n ) = − 1
15. PLAN If| A n × n| = ∆, then|adj A| = ∆A − 1 7π
Thus, for θ ∈ π, , the given system has a unique
6
1 4 4
solution.
Here, adj P3 × 3 = 2 1 7
1 1 3 2. Given, system of linear equations
x+ y+ z =6 … (i)
⇒ |adj P | = | P |2 4 x + λy − λz = λ − 2 …(ii)
1 4 4 and 3x + 2 y − 4z = − 5 …(iii)
∴ | adj P | = 2 1 7 = 1 (3 − 7) − 4 (6 − 7) + 4 (2 − 1) has infinitely many solutions, then ∆ = 0
1 1 3 1 1 1
= − 4 + 4 + 4 = 4 ⇒ |P |= ± 2 ⇒ 4 λ − λ =0
16. | A | = (2k + 1)3 ,| B| = 0 3 2 −4
But det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106 ⇒ 1(− 4λ + 2λ ) − 1(− 16 + 3λ) + 1(8 − 3λ) = 0
⇒ (2k + 1)6 = 106 ⇒ − 8λ + 24 = 0 ⇒ λ = 3
9 From, the option λ = 3, satisfy the quadratic equation
⇒ k= ⇒ [k] = 4 λ2 − λ − 6 = 0.
2
3. Given system of linear equations
Topic 4 Solving System of Equations x+ y+ z =5 …(i)
1. Given system of linear equations is x + 2 y + 2z = 6 …(ii)
[sin θ ] x + [− cos θ ] y = 0 …(i) x + 3 y + λz = µ …(iii)
and [cot θ ] x + y = 0 …(ii) (λ, µ ∈ R)
The above given system has infinitely many solutions,
where, [x] denotes the greatest integer ≤ x.
then the plane represented by these equations
[sin θ ] [− cos θ ] intersect each other at a line, means (x + 3 y + λz − µ )
Here, ∆=
[cot θ ] 1 = p(x + y + z − 5) + q (x + 2 y + 2z − 6)
= ( p + q)x + ( p + 2q) y + ( p + 2q)z − (5 p + 6q)
Matrices and Determinants 153
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…(ii)
and 2x − y + z = 0 …(iii) which can be rewritten as
(1 − λ )x − 2 y − 2z = 0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ x + (2 − λ ) y + z = 0
y 1 x + y + λz = 0
6 y − 3z = 0, =
z 2 Now, for non-trivial solution, we should have
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get 1 − λ −2 −2
x
4x + 2 y = 0 ⇒ = −
1 1 2 − λ 1 =0
y 2 1 1 λ
x x y 1 z y 1 x 1 [Q If a1x + b1 y + c1z = 0; a 2x + b2y + c2z = 0
So, = × = − ⇒ = −4 Q z = 2 and y = − 2
z y z 4 x a3 x + b3 y + c3 z = 0]
x y z 1 1 9 1 a1 b1 c1
∴ + + + k= − + −4 + = .
y z x 2 2 2 2 has a non-trivial solution, then a 2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
5. Given system of linear equations
x − 2 y + kz = 1 …(i) ⇒ (1 − λ ) [(2 − λ )λ − 1] + 2 [λ − 1] − 2 [1 − 2 + λ ] = 0
2x + y + z = 2 …(ii) ⇒ (λ − 1)[λ2 − 2λ + 1 + 2 − 2] = 0
⇒ (λ −1)3 = 0
and 3x − y − kz = 3 …(iii)
⇒ λ =1
has a solution (x, y, z ), z ≠ 0.
8. Given system of linear equations,
On adding Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
(1 + α )x + βy + z = 2
x − 2 y + kz + 3x − y − kz = 1 + 3 αx + (1 + β ) y + z = 3
4x − 3 y = 4 αx + βy + 2z = 2
⇒ 4x − 3 y − 4 = 0 has a unique solution, if
This is the required equation of the straight line in 1+α β 1
which point (x, y) lies. α (1 + β ) 1 ≠ 0
α β 2
6. Key Idea A homogeneous system of linear equations have
non-trivial solutions iff ∆ = 0 Apply R1 → R1 − R3 and R2 → R2 − R3
Given system of linear equations is 1 0 −1
x − cy − cz = 0, 0 1 −1 ≠0
cx − y + cz = 0 α β 2
154 Matrices and Determinants
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a1 b1 c1 ∴ β − α = 13 − 5 = 8
a 2 b2 c2 = 0 1 −4 7
a3 b3 c3 12. (a) Here, D = 0 3 −5
−2 5 −9
Now, if the given system of linear equations
x + 3 y + 7z = 0 = 1(− 27 + 25) + 4(0 − 10) + 7(0 + 6)
− x + 4 y + 7z = 0, [expanding along R1]
and (sin 3 θ )x + (cos 2 θ ) y + 2z = 0 = − 2 − 40 + 42 = 0
has non-trivial solution, then ∴The system of linear equations have infinite many
1 3 7 solutions.
−1 4 7 =0 [Q system is consistent and does not have unique
solution as D = 0]
sin 3 θ cos 2 θ 2
⇒ D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
⇒ 1(8 − 7 cos 2 θ ) − 3 (− 2 − 7 sin 3 θ ) g −4 7
+ 7 (− cos 2 θ − 4 sin 3 θ ) = 0 Now, D1 = 0 ⇒ h 3 − 5 = 0
⇒ 8 − 7 cos 2 θ + 6 + 21 sin 3 θ k 5 −9
− 7 cos 2 θ − 28 sin 3 θ = 0
⇒ g (− 27 + 25) + 4(− 9h + 5k) + 7(5h − 3k) = 0
⇒ − 7 sin 3 θ − 14 cos 2 θ + 14 = 0
⇒ − 2 g − 36h + 20k + 35h − 21k = 0
⇒ − 7 (3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ ) − 14 (1 − 2 sin 2 θ ) +14 = 0
⇒ − 2g − h − k = 0 ⇒2g + h + k = 0
[ Q sin 3 A = 3 sin A − 4 sin3 A and
cos 2 A = 1 − 2 sin 2 A] 13 According to Cramer’s rule, here
⇒ 28 sin3 θ + 28 sin 2 θ − 21 sin θ − 14 + 14 = 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
⇒ 7 sin θ [4 sin 2 θ + 4 sin θ − 3] = 0 D= 2 3 2 = 2 1 0
⇒ sin θ [4 sin 2 θ + 6 sin θ − 2 sin θ − 3] = 0 2 3 a −1
2
2 1 a −3
2
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14. We have,
x + ky + 3z = 0; 3x + ky − 2z = 0; 2x + 4 y − 3z = 0 ⇒ λ = 1, 1, − 3
System of equation has non-zero solution, if Hence, λ contains two elements.
1 k 3
3 k −2 = 0 17. Given equations can be written in matrix form
AX = B
2 4 −3
k+1 x
where, A =
8 4k
⇒ (−3k + 8) − k(−9 + 4) + 3(12 − 2k) = 0 , X = and B =
k k + 3 y 3k − 1
⇒ −3k + 8 + 9k − 4k + 36 − 6k = 0
For no solution, A = 0 and (adj A) B ≠ 0
⇒ −4k + 44 = 0 ⇒ k = 11
k+1
Now, A =
8
Let z = λ , then we get =0
k k + 3
x + 11 y + 3λ = 0 …(i)
3x + 11 y − 2λ = 0 …(ii) ⇒ (k2 + 1)(k + 3) − 8k = 0
and 2x + 4 y − 3λ = 0 …(iii) k2 + 4k + 3 − 8k = 0
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ k2 − 4k × 3 = 0
5λ −λ xz 5λ2 ⇒ (k − 1)(k − 3) = 0
x= , y= ,z=λ ⇒ 2= = 10
2 2 y λ
2
⇒ k = 1, k = 3,
2 × −
2 k+3 −8
Now adj A =
−k k + 1
15. Given, system of linear equation is
k+3 − 8 4k
x + λy − z = 0; λx − y − z = 0; x + y − λz = 0 Now, (adj A)B =
−k k + 1 3 k + 1
Note that, given system will have a non-trivial solution
only if determinant of coefficient matrix is zero, (k + 3)(4k) − 8 (3k − 1)
=
− 4k + (k + 1)(3k − 1)
2
1 λ −1
i.e. λ −1 −1 = 0 4k2 − 12k + 8
=
− k + 2k − 1
2
1 1 −λ
⇒ 1 (λ + 1) − λ(− λ2 + 1) − 1(λ + 1) = 0 Put k = 1
4 − 12 + 8 0
⇒ λ + 1 + λ3 − λ − λ − 1 = 0 (adj A) B = = not true
⇒ λ3 − λ = 0 ⇒ λ(λ2 − 1) = 0 −1 + 2 − 1 0
⇒ λ = 0or λ = ± 1
156 Matrices and Determinants
Put k = 3 Applying C1 → C1 − C 2, C 2 → C 2 + C3
36 − 36 + 8 8 1 + k −k − 1 −1
(adj A) B = = ≠ 0 true
−9 + 6 − 1 −4 ⇒ 1 + k −2 −1 = 0
0 0 −1
Hence, required value of k is 3.
Alternate Solution ⇒ 2(k + 1) − (k + 1)2 = 0
⇒ k2 − 4k + 3 1 −2 3 x −1
⇒ (k –1) (k –3) = 0 ~ 0 −1 1 y = 2
0 −1 1 z k − 1
k = 1, 3
8 4.1 Applying R3 → R3 − R2
If k –1, then ≠ , false
1+3 2
1 −2 3 x −1
And, if k = 3, then
8
≠
4.3
, true ~ 0 −1 1 y = 2
coderguru.in
6 9 −1
0 0 0 z k − 3
Therefore, k = 3
When k ≠ 3 , the given system of equations has no
Hence, only one value of k exist. solution.
x 1 ⇒ Statement I is true. Clearly, Statement II is also
18. Since, A y = 0 is linear equation in three variables true as it is rearrangement of rows and columns of
z 0 1 −2 3
1 −3 4 .
and that could have only unique, no solution or
infinitely many solution. −1 1 −2
∴It is not possible to have two solutions.
24. We have,
Hence, number of matrices A is zero.
− x + 2 y + 5z = b1
19. Since, given system has no solution. 2x − 4 y + 3z = b2
∴ ∆ = 0 and any one amongst ∆ x , ∆ y , ∆ z is non-zero. x − 2 y + 2z = b3
2 −1 2 2 −1 2 has at least one solution.
Let 1 −2 1 = 0 and ∆ z = 1 −2 −4 = 6 ≠ 0 −1 2 5
1 1 λ 1 1 4
∴ D= 2 −4 3
⇒ λ =1 1 −2 2
20. For infinitely many solutions, we must have and D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
k+1 8 4k
= = ⇒ k =1 b1 2 5
k k + 3 3k − 1 ⇒ D1 = b2 − 4 3
21. Given equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0, ax + z = 0 has b3 − 2 2
infinite solutions.
= − 2b1 − 14b2 + 26b3 = 0
1 a 0 ⇒ b1 + 7b2 = 13b3 ...(i)
∴ 0 1 a = 0
a 0 1 1 2 3
(a) D = 0 4 5 = 1(24 − 10) + 1(10 − 12)
⇒ 1 + a3 = 0 or a = − 1
1 2 6
22. Since, the given system has non-zero solution.
= 14 − 2 = 12 ≠ 0
1 −k −1
∴ −1 −1 = 0 Here, D ≠ 0 ⇒ unique solution for any b1, b2, b3 .
k
1 1 −1
Matrices and Determinants 157
1 1 3 a 0 f
(b) D = 5 2 6 Again, | A3|= 1 c g =0 ⇒ g=h
1 d h
−2 −1 −3
a f 1
= 1(− 6 + 6) − 1 (− 15 + 12) + 3 (− 5 + 4) = 0 ⇒ | A2| = 1 g b =0 ⇒ g=h
For atleast one solution 1 h b
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 f 0 1
b1 1 3 and | A1| = g c b =0 ⇒ g=h
Now, D1 = b2 2 6 h d b
b3 − 1 − 3 ∴ g = h , c = d and ab = 1 …(i)
= b1 (− 6 + 6) − b2(− 3 + 3) + b3 (6 − 6) Now, BX = V
=0 a 1 1
1 b1 3 |B| = 0 d c =0 [from Eq. (i)]
f g h
D2 = 5 b2 6
− 2 b3 − 3 [since, C 2 and C3 are equal]
∴ BX = V has no solution.
= − b1 (− 15 + 12) + b2(− 3 + 6) − b3 (6 − 15)
= 3b1 + 3b2 + 9b3 = 0 ⇒ b1 + b2 + 3b3 = 0 a2 1 1
|B1|= 0 d c =0 [from Eq. (i)]
not satisfies the Eq. (i) 0 g h
It has no solution.
[since, c = d and g = h]
−1 2 −5
a a2 1
(c) D = 2 − 4 10 |B2| = 0 0 c = a 2cf = a 2df [Q c = d ]
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1 −2 5 f 0 h
= − 1(− 20 + 20) − 2(10 − 10) − 5(− 4 + 4) Since, adf ≠ 0 ⇒ |B2| ≠ 0
=0 |B| = 0 and |B2| ≠ 0
Here, b2 = − 2b1 and b3 = − b1 satisfies the Eq. (i)
∴ BX = V has no solution.
Planes are parallel.
1 2 5 27. Given, λx + (sin α ) y + (cos α ) z = 0
(d) D = 2 0 3 = 1(0 − 12) − 2 (− 10 − 3) + 5 (8 − 0) x + (cos α ) y + (sin α ) z = 0
1 4 −5 and − x + (sin α ) y − (cos α ) z = 0 has non-trivial
= 54 solution.
D ≠0 ∴ ∆ =0
It has unique solution for any b1, b2, b3 . λ sin α cos α
⇒ 1 cos α sin α = 0
25. Given system λx + y + z = 0, − x + λy + z = 0
−1 sin α − cos α
and − x − y + λz = 0
will have non-zero solution, if ⇒ λ (− cos 2 α − sin 2 α ) − sin α (− cos α + sin α )
λ 1 1 + cos α (sin α + cos α ) = 0
−1 λ 1 = 0 ⇒ − λ + sin α cos α + sin α cos α − sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 0
−1 −1 λ ⇒ λ = cos 2α + sin 2α
Q − a 2 + b2 ≤ a sin θ + b cos θ ≤ a 2 + b2
⇒ λ (λ 2 + 1) − 1 (− λ + 1) + 1(1 + λ ) = 0
⇒ λ3 + λ + λ − 1 + 1 + λ = 0 ∴ − 2≤λ≤ 2 …(i)
⇒ λ 3 + 3λ = 0 Again, when λ = 1, cos 2α + sin 2α = 1
⇒ λ (λ 2 + 3) = 0 ⇒ λ =0 1 1 1
⇒ cos 2α + sin 2α =
26. Since, AX = U has infinitely many solutions. 2 2 2
a 0 1 ⇒ cos (2α − π / 4) = cos π / 4
⇒| A| = 0 ⇒ 1 c b =0 ∴ 2α − π / 4 = 2n π ± π / 4
1 d b
⇒ 2α = 2nπ − π / 4 + π / 4 or 2α = 2nπ + π / 4 + π / 4
⇒ a (bc − bd ) + 1(d − c) = 0 ⇒ (d − c)(ab − 1) = 0
∴ α = nπ or nπ + π /4
∴ ab = 1 or d=c
158 Matrices and Determinants
28. Since, α 1 , α 2 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0. ⇒ 3 (2λ + 15) + 1 (λ + 18) + 4 (5 − 12) ≠ 0
b c ⇒ 7 (λ + 5) ≠ 0
⇒ α1 + α 2 = − and α 1α 2 = ...(i) ⇒ λ ≠ −5
a a
Also, β1 , β 2 are the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0. Let z = − k, then equations become
q r 3x − y = 3 − 4k
⇒ β1 + β 2 = − and β1β 2 = ...(ii)
p p and x + 2 y = 3k − 2
On solving, we get
Given system of equations
4 − 5k 13k − 9
α 1 y + α 2z = 0 x= ,y= ,z=k
7 7
and β1 y + β 2 z = 0, has non-trivial solution.
31. Given system of equations are
α1 α 2 α 1 β1
∴ =0 ⇒ = 3x + my = m and 2x − 5 y = 20
β1 β 2 α 2 β2
3 m
α 1 + α 2 β1 + β 2 Here, ∆= = −15 − 2m
Applying componendo-dividendo, = 2 −5
α 1 − α 2 β1 − β 2
m m
⇒ (α 1 + α 2) (β1 − β 2) = (α 1 − α 2) (β1 + β 2) and ∆x = = −25m
20 −5
⇒ (α 1 + α 2)2 {(β1 + β 2)2 − 4 β 2 β 2}
3 m
= (β1 + β 2)2{(α 1 + α 2)2 − 4 α 1α 2} ∆y = = 60 − 2m
2 20
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
If ∆ = 0, then system is inconsistent, i.e. it has no
b2 q2 4r q2 b2 4c
− = − solution.
a 2 p2 p p2 a 2 a
15
If ∆ ≠ 0, i.e. m ≠ , the system has a unique solution
b2q2 4b2r b2q2 4q2c
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2
⇒ − = −
a 2p2 a 2p a 2p2 ap2 for any fixed value of m.
∆ − 25m 25m
b2r q2c b2 ac We have, x= x = =
⇒ = ⇒ 2= ∆ − 15 − 2 m 15 + 2m
a p q pr
∆y 60 − 2m 2m − 60
29. The system of equations has non-trivial solution, if ∆ = 0. and y= = =
∆ − 15 − 2m 15 + 2m
sin 3θ −1 1
25m
⇒ cos 2θ 4 3 = 0 For x > 0 , >0
15 + 2m
2 7 7
⇒ m >0
Expanding along C1 , we get 15
or m<− …(i)
sin 3θ ⋅ (28 − 21) − cos 2 θ (−7 − 7) + 2 (−3 − 4) = 0 2
⇒ 7 sin 3θ + 14 cos 2θ − 14 = 0 2m − 60 15
and y > 0, > 0 ⇒ m > 30 or m < − …(ii)
⇒ sin 3θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 2 = 0 2m + 15 2
⇒ 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ + 2 (1 − 2 sin 2 θ ) − 2 = 0 15
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get m < − or m > 30
⇒ sin θ (4 sin 2 θ + 4 sin θ − 3) = 0 2
⇒ sin θ (2 sin θ − 1) (2 sin θ + 3) = 0
1 32. Since, the given system of equations posses non-trivial
⇒ sin θ = 0, sin θ = 0 1 −2
2
solution, if 0 −3 1 = 0 ⇒ k = 0
[neglecting sin θ = − 3 / 2]
k −5 4
π
⇒ θ = nπ , nπ + (−1)n , n ∈ Z
6 On solving the equations x = y = z = λ [say]
30. The given system of equations ∴ For k = 0, the system has infinite solutions of λ ∈R.
3x − y + 4z = 3
x + 2 y − 3z = − 2 33. Given systems of equations can be rewritten as
6 x + 5 y + λz = − 3 − x + cy + by = 0, cx − y + az = 0 and bx + ay − z = 0
has atleast one solution, if ∆ ≠ 0. Above system of equations are homogeneous equation.
3 −1 4 Since, x, y and z are not all zero, so it has non-trivial
∴ ∆ = 1 2 −3 ≠ 0 solution.
6 5 λ
Matrices and Determinants 159
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(a) ≥ 0, only when θ ≥ 0 (b) ≤ 0, for all real θ
2. Let f (x) = a x (a > 0) be written as f (x) = f1 (x) + f2(x), (c) ≥ 0, for all real θ (d) ≤ 0, only when θ ≤ 0
where f1 (x) is an even function and f2(x) is an odd
9. The domain of definition of the function
function. Then f1 (x + y) + f1 (x − y) equals 1
(2019 Main, 8 April II) y= + x + 2 is
log10 (1 − x) (1983, 1M)
(a) 2f1 (x + y) ⋅ f2 (x − y) (b) 2f1 (x + y) ⋅ f1 (x − y)
(c) 2f1 (x) ⋅ f2 ( y) (d) 2f1 (x) ⋅ f1 ( y) (a) (− 3, − 2) excluding − 2. 5 (b) [0, 1] excluding 0.5
(c) (−2, 1) excluding 0 (d) None of these
3. Domain of definition of the function
π
f (x) = sin −1 (2x) + for real valued x, is Match the Columns
6 (2003, 2M)
Match the conditions / expressions in Column I with
(a) − ,
1
(b) − ,
1 1 1
statement in Column II.
4 2 2 2
x2 − 6x + 5
(c) − ,
1
(d) − ,
1 1 1 10. Let f (x) = .
4
2 9 4 x2 − 5x + 6 (2007, 6M)
x + x+2
2
Column I Column II
4. Range of the function f (x) = ; x ∈ R is
x2 + x + 1 (2003, 2M) A. If −1 < x < 1, then f ( x ) satisfies p. 0 < f (x ) < 1
(a) (1, ∞) (b) (1, 11/7)
(c) (1, 7/3] (d) (1, 7/5) B. If 1 < x < 2 , then f ( x ) satisfies q. f (x ) < 0
(b) 0,
1
(a) [0, 1]
2 Objective Question II
(c) , 1
1 (One or more than one correct option)
(d) (0, 1]
2
2x − 1
log 2(x + 3) 11. If S is the set of all real x such that is
6. The domain of definition of f (x) = is 2x3 + 3x2 + x
x2 + 3x + 2
positive, then S contains (1986, 2M)
(2001, 1M)
(a) − ∞ , − (b) − , −
3 3 1
(a) R / {− 1, − 2}
2 2 4
(b) (− 2, ∞ )
(c) − , (d) , 3
(c) R / {− 1, − 2, − 3} 1 1 1
(d) (− 3, ∞ ) / {− 1, − 2} 4 2 2
Functions 161
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1+ x 2
(20193Main, 12 April I) (a) 330 (b) 165 (c) 190 (d) 255
π 11π 7. Let f (x) = x2 and g (x) = sin x for all x ∈ R. Then, the set of
(a) tan (b) tan
12 12
7π 5π
all x satisfying ( fogogof )(x) = ( gogof )(x) , where
(c) tan (d) tan ( fog )(x) = f ( g (x)), is (2011)
12 12
(a) ± nπ, n ∈ {0, 1, 2, K }
2. Let f (x) = x2, x ∈ R. For any A ⊆ R, define
(b) ± nπ, n ∈ {1, 2, K }
g ( A ) = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ A }. If S = [0, 4], then which one of
the following statements is not true? (c) π /2 + 2nπ, n ∈ {...,− 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, K }
(2019 Main, 10 April I) (d) 2nπ, n ∈ {..., − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, K }
αx
(a) f ( g (S)) = S (b) g (f (S)) ≠ S 8. Let f (x) = , x ≠ − 1. Then, for what value of α is
(c) g (f (S)) = g (S) (d) f(g(S)) ≠ f (S)
x+1
10 f [ f (x)] = x ? (2001, 1M)
3. Let ∑ f (a + k) = 16(210 − 1), where the function f (a) 2 (b) − 2 (c) 1 (d) −1
k =1
− 1 , x < 0
satisfies f (x + y) = f (x) f ( y) for all natural numbers x, y
9. Let g (x) = 1 + x − [x] and f (x) = 0, x = 0 , then for all
and f (1) = 2. Then, the natural number ‘a’ is 1, x > 0
(2019 Main, 9 April I)
(a) 2 (b) 4 x, f [ g (x)] is equal to (2001, 1M)
(c) 3 (d) 16 (a) x (b) 1
1 − x 2x (c) f (x) (d) g (x)
4. If f (x) = log e ,|x| < 1, then f is equal to
1 + x 1 + x2 10. If g { f (x) } = |sin x| and f { g (x) } = (sin x )2, then
(2019 Main, 8 April I)
(a) 2f (x) (b) 2f (x2 ) (1998, 2M)
(c) (f (x))2 (d) −2f (x) (a) f (x) = sin 2 x, g (x) = x
1 (b) f (x) = sin x, g (x) = | x|
5. For x ∈ R − {0, 1}, let f1 (x) = , f2(x) = 1 − x and (c) f (x) = x2 , g (x) = sin x
x
1 (d) f and g cannot be determined
f3 (x) = be three given functions. If a function, J (x)
1 −x 1 x
11. If f (x) = cos(log x), then f (x) ⋅ f ( y) − f + f (xy)
satisfies ( f2° J ° f1 )(x) = f3 (x), then J (x) is equal to 2 y
(2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
has the value (1983, 1M)
(a) f2 (x) (b) f3 (x) 1
1 (a) −1 (b)
(c) f1 (x) (d) f3 (x) 2
x (c) − 2 (d) None of these
162 Functions
12. Let f (x) = | x − 1|. Then, (1983, 1M) (a) g (x) = ± 1 − x2 (b) g (x) = 1 − x2
(a) f (x2 ) = {f (x) }2 (c) g (x) = − 1 − x2 (d) g (x) = 1 + x2
(b) f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y)
x+2
(c) f (| x|) = | f (x)| 16. If y = f (x) = , then
(d) None of the above x−1 (1984, 3M)
(a) x = f ( y) (b) f (1) = 3
Objective Questions II (c) y increases with x for x < 1
(One or more than one correct option) (d) f is a rational function of x
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f (a + k) = 16 (2n − 1),
15. Let g (x) be a function defined on [− 1, 1]. If the area of k =1
the equilateral triangle with two of its vertices at (0, 0) where the function f satisfies the relation
and [x, g (x)] is 3 / 4, then the function g (x) is f (x + y) = f (x) f ( y) for all natural numbers x , y and
(1989, 2M) further f (1) = 2. (1992, 6M)
f (x) = 2x − 15 x + 36x + 1, is
3 2
(2012) Column I Column II
(a) one-one and onto (b) onto but not one-one A. 1+ 2x p. onto but not one-one
(c) one-one but not onto (d) neither one-one nor onto B. tan x q. one-one but not onto
x, if x is rational 0, if x is rational r. one-one and onto
9. f (x) = , g (x) =
0, if x is irrational x, if x is irrational s. neither one-one nor onto
Then, f − g is (2005, 1M)
(a) one-one and into (b) neither one-one nor onto Objective Question II
(c) many one and onto (d) one-one and onto (One or more than one correct option)
x π π
10. If f : [0, ∞ ) → [0, ∞ ) and f (x) =
1+ x
, then f is 15. Let f : − , → R be given by
(2003, 2M)
2 2
(a) one-one and onto (b) one-one but not onto f (x) = [log(sec x + tan x)]3 . Then,
(c) onto but not one-one (d) neither one-one nor onto (a) f (x) is an odd function
11. Let function f : R → R be defined by f (x) = 2 x + sin x (b) f (x) is a one-one function
for x ∈ R . Then, f is (c) f (x) is an onto function
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(2002, 1M)
(d) f (x) is an even function
(a) one-to-one and onto (b) one-to-one but not onto
(c) onto but not one-to-one (d) neither one-to-one nor onto
Fill in the Blanks
12. Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F = {1, 2}. Then, the number of
onto functions from E to F is (2001, 1M)
16. There are exactly two distinct linear functions, …,
and… which map {– 1, 1} onto {0, 2}. (1989, 2M)
(a) 14 (b) 16
(c) 12 (d) 8
True/False
Match the Columns x2 + 4x + 30
17. The function f (x) = is not one-to-one.
Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with x2 − 8x + 18 (1983, 1M)
statement in Column II.
13. Let f1 : R → R, f2 : [0, ∞ ] → R, f3 : R → R and Analytical & Descriptive Question
f4 : R → [0, ∞ ) be defined by (2014 Adv.) 18. A function f : IR → IR, where IR, is the set of real
|x|, if x < 0 sin x, if x < 0 αx2 + 6x − 8
f1 (x) = x ; f2(x) = x2; f3 (x) = numbers, is defined by f (x) = .
e , if x ≥ 0 x, if x ≥ 0 α + 6 x − 8 x2
f [ f (x)], if x < 0 Find the interval of values of α for which is onto. Is the
and f4 (x) = 2 1
f2[ f1 (x)] − 1, if x ≥ 0 functions one-to-one for α = 3 ? Justify your answer.
(1996, 5M)
Column I Column II 19. Let A and B be two sets each with a finite number of
A. f4 is p. onto but not one-one elements. Assume that there is an injective mapping
from A to B and that there is an injective mapping
B. f3 is q. neither continuous nor one-one
from B to A. Prove that there is a bijective mapping
C. f2of1 is r. differentiable but not one-one from A to B. (1981, 2M)
D. f2 is s. continuous and one-one
164 Functions
1. If X and Y are two non-empty sets where f : X → Y , is (a) f (x) = x − [ x ], where [x] denotes the greatest integer
less than or equal to the real number x
function is defined such that
(b) f (x) = sin (1 /x) for x ≠ 0, f (0) = 0
f (C ) = { f (x) : x ∈ C } for C ⊆ X and (c) f (x) = x cos x
f −1 (D ) = { x : f (x) ∈ D } for D ⊆ Y , (d) None of the above
for any A ⊆ Y and B ⊆ Y , then (2005, 1M)
−1
(a) f {f (A )} = A
Objective Question II
(b) f −1 {f (A )} = A, only if f (X ) = Y (One or more than one correct option)
(c) f {f −1 (B )} = B, only if B ⊆ f (x) b−x
8. Let f : (0, 1) → R be defined by f (x) = , where b is a
(d) f {f −1 (B )} = B 1 − bx
constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then, (2011)
2. If f (x) = sin x + cos x, g (x) = x2 − 1, then g { f (x) } is
(a) f is not invertible on (0, 1)
invertible in the domain (2004, 1M)
1
(b) f ≠ f −1 on (0, 1) and f ′ (b) =
π π π
(a) 0, (b) − , f ′ (0)
2 4 4 (c) f = f −1 on (0, 1) and f ′ (b) =
1
π π f ′ (0)
(c) − , (d) [0 , π ]
2 2 (d) f −1 is differentiable on (0, 1)
3. Suppose f (x) = (x + 1)2 for x ≥ − 1. If g (x) is the function Assertion and Reason
whose graph is reflection of the graph of f (x) with
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respect to the line y = x, then g (x) equals For the following questions, choose the correct answer
(2002, 1M) from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows.
1 (a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
(a) − x − 1, x ≥ 0 (b) ,x> −1
(x + 1)2 Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I.
(c) x + 1 , x ≥ − 1 (d) x − 1, x ≥ 0 (b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
1 Statement II is not the correct explanation of
4. If f : [1, ∞ ) → [2, ∞ ) is given by f (x) = x + , then f −1(x) Statement I.
x
equals (2001, 1M) (c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false.
x+ x −42 (d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true.
x
(a) (b)
2 1 + x2 9. Let F (x) be an indefinite integral of sin 2 x.
x− x2 − 4 Statement I The function F (x) satisfies
(c) (d) 1 + x2 − 4 F (x + π ) = F (x) for all real x.
2 Because
5. If the function f : [1, ∞ ) → [1, ∞ ) is defined by Statement II sin 2(x + π ) = sin 2 x, for all real x.
x ( x − 1)
f (x) = 2 , then f −1 (x) is (1999, 2M) (2007, 3M)
x ( x − 1)
(a)
1
(b)
1
(1 + 1 + 4 log2 x ) Analytical & Descriptive Question
2 2
1
10. Let f be a one-one function with domain { x, y, z } and
(c) (1 − 1 + 4 log2 x ) (d) not defined range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one of the
2
following statements is true and the remaining two
6. If f (x) = 3x − 5, then f −1 (x) (1998, 2M) are false f (x) = 1, f ( y) ≠ 1, f (z ) ≠ 2 determine f −1 (1) .
1 (1982, 2M)
(a) is given by
3x − 5
11. If f is an even function defined on the interval (− 5, 5),
x+ 5
(b) is given by then four real values of x satisfying the equation
3 x + 1
(c) does not exist because f is not one-one f (x) = f are ………. .
x + 2 (1996, 1M)
(d) does not exist because f is not onto
Functions 165
Answers
Topic 1 Topic 3
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a)
5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b)
9. (c) 10. A → p; B → q; C → q; D → p 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (a)
11. (a,d) 12. (–2,1) 13. (d) 14. A → q; B → r
3 15. (a, b, c) 16. y = x + 1 and y = − x + 1
13. Domain ∈ [ −2,−1 ] ∪ [1, 2 ] 14. 0, 15. True
2 17. True 18. 2 ≤ α ≤ 14, No
π π 3π π
16. t ∈ − , ∪ , 17. x ∈ [ −1, 2 ) ∪ [3, ∞ ) Topic 4
2 10 10 2
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a)
Topic 2 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 9. (d)
5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) ± 3 ± 5
−1
9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (d) 10. f (1 ) = y 11.
2
13. (a,b,c) 14. (a, c) 15. (b, c) 16. (a, d)
17. 1 18. True 19. (a = 3)
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Topic 1 Classification of Functions, 1 x 1 y 1
= a + x a + y
Domain and Range 2 a a
1 a x + a −x a y + a −y
1. Given function f (x) = + log10 (x3 − x) =2 = 2 f1 (x) ⋅ f1 ( y)
4 − x2 2 2
For domain of f (x)
4 − x2 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ ± 2 π
…(i) 3. Here, f (x) = sin −1 (2x) + , to find domain we must
and x3 − x > 0 6
⇒ x(x − 1)(x + 1) > 0 have,
π π π
From Wavy curve method, sin −1 (2x) +
≥0 but − ≤ sin −1 θ ≤
6 2 2
π π
+ + − ≤ sin −1 (2x) ≤
–∞ +∞ 6 2
– +1
–1 0 – – π π –1 1
sin ≤ 2x ≤ sin ⇒ ≤ 2x ≤
6 2 2 2
x ∈ (−1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞ ) …(ii) –1 1
≤x≤
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get the domain of f (x) as 4 2
(−1, 0) ∪ (1, 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ). – 1 1
x∈ ,
4 2
Q
2. Given, function f (x) = a x , a > 0 is written as sum of an
even and odd functions f1 (x) and f2(x) respectively. x2 + x + 2
4. Let y = f (x) = , x ∈R
a x + a −x a x − a −x x2 + x + 1
Clearly, f1 (x) = and f2(x) =
2 2 x2 + x + 2
∴ y=
So, f1 (x + y) + f1 (x − y) x2 + x + 1
1 1 1
= [a x + y + a − ( x + y ) ] + [a x − y + a − ( x − y ) ] y=1 + 2 [i.e. y > 1] …(i)
2 2 x + x+1
1 x y 1 ax ay ⇒ yx2 + yx + y = x2 + x + 2
= a a + x y + y + x
2 a a a a ⇒ x ( y − 1) + x ( y − 1) + ( y − 2) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R
2
1 x y Since, x is real, D ≥ 0
1 1 1 y
= a a + y + x y + a ⇒ ( y − 1 )2 − 4 ( y − 1 ) ( y − 2 ) ≥ 0
2 a a a
⇒ ( y − 1) {( y − 1) − 4 ( y − 2)} ≥ 0
166 Functions
b
2
b2 (2x − 1)
= (1 + b ) x +
2
+ 1 − ⇒ >0
1 + b2 1 + b2 x(2x2 + 3x + 1)
(2x − 1)
m (b) = minimum value of f (x) =
1
is positive ⇒ >0
1 + b2 x (2x + 1) (x + 1)
and m (b) varies from 1 to 0, so range = (0, 1] + − + − +
−∞ ∞
log (x + 3) log 2 (x + 3) −1 −1/2 0 1/2
6. Given, f (x) = 2 2 =
(x + 3x + 2) (x + 1) (x + 2) Hence, the solution set is,
For numerator, x + 3 > 0 x ∈ (−∞ , − 1) ∪ (−1/2, 0) ∪ (1 / 2, ∞ )
⇒ x> −3 …(i) Hence, (a) and (d) are the correct options.
and for denominator, (x + 1) (x + 2) ≠ 0 4 − x2
⇒ x≠ −1 ,−2 12. Given, f (x) = sin log
…(ii) 1−x
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
Domain is (− 3 , ∞ ) /{ − 1, − 2} 4 − x2
For domain, > 0 , 4 − x2 > 0 and 1 − x ≠ 0
1−x
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7. Given, 2x + 2y = 2, ∀ x , y ∈ R
But 2x , 2y > 0, ∀ x , y ∈ R ⇒ (1 − x) > 0 and 4 − x2 > 0
Therefore, 2x = 2 − 2y < 2 ⇒ 0 < 2x < 2 ⇒ x<1 and | x| < 2 ⇒ −2 < x < 1
Taking log on both sides with base 2, we get Thus, domain ∈ (−2, 1).
log 2 0 < log 2 2x < log 2 2 ⇒ − ∞ < x < 1 x2
13. Given, f (x) = sin −1 log 2
8. It is given, 2
π 3
Thus, f (0) = 3 sin = Topic 2 Composite of Functions and
4 2
Even, Odd Functions
π π
and f − = f =0 1. Given, for x ∈ (0, 3 / 2), functions
4 4
f (x) = x … (i)
3
Hence, range ∈ 0, g (x) = tan x
2
… (ii)
1 − x2
15. Since, domains of f1 (x) and f2(x) are D1 and D2 . and h (x) = … (iii)
1 + x2
Thus, domain of [ f1 (x) + f2(x)] is D1 ∩ D2 .
Also given, φ(x) = ((hof )og )(x) = (hof ) ( g (x))
Hence, given statement is true.
= h ( f ( g (x)))
1 − 2x + 5x2 π π
16. Given, 2 sin t = ,t ∈ − , = h ( f (tan x))
3x − 2x − 1
2 2 2
1 − ( tan x )2
= h ( tan x ) =
Put 2 sin t = y ⇒ − 2 ≤ y ≤ 2 1 + ( tan x )2
1 − 2 x + 5 x2 1 − tan x π
∴ y= = = tan − x
3 x2 − 2 x − 1 1 + tan x 4
⇒ (3 y − 5)x2 − 2x( y − 1) − ( y + 1) = 0 π π π
Now, φ = tan −
3 4 3
Since, x ∈ R − {1, − 1 / 3}
3π − 4π π
[as, 3x2 − 2x − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ (x − 1)(x + 1 / 3) ≠ 0] = tan = tan −
12 12
∴ D ≥0
π π
⇒ 4( y − 1)2 + 4(3 y − 5) ( y + 1) ≥ 0 = − tan = tan π −
12 12
⇒ y2 − y − 1 ≥ 0
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11π
2 = tan
1 5 12
⇒ y− − ≥0
2 4
2. Given, functions f (x) = x2, x ∈ R
1 5 1 5
⇒ y− − y− + ≥0 and g ( A ) = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ A }; A ⊆ R
2 2 2 2 Now, for S = [0, 4]
1− 5 g (S ) = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ S = [0, 4]}
⇒ y≤ = { x ∈ R : x2 ∈ [0, 4]}
2
1+ 5 = { x ∈ R: x ∈ [−2, 2]}
or y≥ ⇒ g (S ) = [−2, 2]
2
1− 5 So, f ( g (S )) = [0, 4] = S
⇒ 2 sin t ≤ Now, f (S ) = { x2 : x ∈ S = [0, 4]} = [0, 16]
2
and g ( f (S )) = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ f (S ) = [0, 16]}
1+ 5
or 2 sin t ≥ = { x ∈ R : f (x) ∈ [0, 16]}
2
π = { x ∈ R: x2 ∈ [0, 16]}
⇒ sin t ≤ sin −
10 = { x ∈ R : x ∈ [−4, 4]} = [−4 ,4]
3π From above, it is clear that g ( f (S )) = g (S ).
or sin t ≥ sin
10 3. Given, f (x + y) = f (x) ⋅ f ( y)
π 3π Let f (x) = λx [where λ > 0]
⇒ t≤− or t≥
10 10 Q f (1) = 2 (given)
π π 3π π ∴ λ =2
Hence, range of t is − , − ∪ , .
2 10 10 2 10 10 10
So, Σ f (a + k) = Σ λa+ k = λa Σ λk
(x + 1) (x − 3) k =1 k =1 k=1
17. Since, y = takes all real values only
(x − 2) = 2a [21 + 22 + 23 + ......+210 ]
(x + 1) (x − 3) 2(2 − 1)
10
when ≥0 = 2a
(x − 2) 2 −1
− + − + [by using formula of sum of n-terms of a GP having
−∞ ∞ first term ‘a’ and common ratio ‘r’, is
−1 2 3
⇒ −1 ≤ x < 2 or x≥3 a (r n − 1)
Sn = , where r > 1
∴ x ∈ [−1, 2) ∪ [3, ∞ ). r −1
168 Functions
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⇒ f2((J o f1 )(x)) = f3 (x) Again, ( gof ) (x) = sin x 2
1 x 1 1
∴ sin { f (x)} ∈ − , ...(ii)
∴ f (x) ⋅ f ( y) − f + f (xy) 2 2
2 y
2
1 ⇒ sin { f (x)} ≠ , [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
= cos (log x) ⋅ cos(log y) − [cos (log x − log y) π
2
i.e. No solution.
+ cos(log x + log y)]
∴ Option (d) is not correct.
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1
= cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y) − [(2 cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y)]
2 14. Since, f (x) = cos [π 2] x + cos [−π 2] x
= cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y) − cos (log x) ⋅ cos (log y) = 0 ⇒ f (x) = cos (9) x + cos (−10) x
12. Given, f (x) = |x − 1| [using [π 2] = 9 and [− π 2] = − 10]
π
9 π
∴ f (x2) = |x2 − 1| ∴ f = cos + cos 5π = − 1
2 2
and { f (x)}2 = (x − 1)2
f (π ) = cos 9π + cos 10π = − 1 + 1 = 0
⇒ f (x2) ≠ ( f (x))2, hence (a) is false.
f (− π ) = cos 9π + cos 10π = − 1 + 1 = 0
Also, f (x + y) = |x + y − 1|
π 9π 10π 1 1
and f (x) = |x − 1|, f = cos + cos = +0=
4 4 4 2 2
f ( y) = | y − 1|
⇒ f (x + y) ≠ f (x) + f ( y), hence (b) is false. Hence, (a) and (c) are correct options.
f (|x|) = ||x| − 1| 15. Since, area of equilateral triangle =
3
(BC )2
and | f (x)| = ||x − 1|| = |x − 1| 4
3 3
∴ f (|x|) ≠| f (x)|, hence (c) is false. ⇒ = ⋅ [x2 + g 2(x)] ⇒ g 2(x) = 1 − x2
4 4
π π
13. (a) f (x) = sin sin sin x , x ∈ R A
6 2
π π π π
= sin sin θ , θ ∈ − , , where θ = sin x
6 2 2 2
π π π
= sin α, α ∈ − , ,where α = sin θ B C
6 6 6 (0,0) (x,g(x))
1 1
∴ f (x) ∈ − ,
2 2 ⇒ g (x) = 1 − x2 or − 1 − x2
1 1 Hence, (b) and (c) are the correct options.
Hence, range of f (x) ∈ − ,
2 2 x+2
16. Given , y = f (x) =
So, option (a) is correct. x−1
π π 1 1
(b) f { g (x)} = f (t ), t ∈ − , ⇒ f (t ) ∈ − , ⇒ yx − y = x + 2 ⇒ x( y − 1) = y + 2
2 2 2 2
y+2
∴ Option (b) is correct. ⇒ x= ⇒ x = f ( y)
y−1
170 Functions
Here, f (1) does not exist, so domain ∈ R − {1} Again, let f (k) is true.
dy (x − 1) ⋅ 1 − (x + 2) ⋅ 1 ⇒ f (k) = 2k, for some k ∈ N .
=
dx (x − 1)2 Again, f (k + 1) = f (k) ⋅ f (1) [by definition]
3 = 2k ⋅ 2 [from induction assumption]
=−
(x − 1)2 = 2k + 1
⇒ f (x) is decreasing for all x ∈ R − {1}. Therefore, the result is true for n = k + 1. Hence, by
Also, f is rational function of x. principle of mathematical induction,
Hence, (a) and (d) are correct options. f (n ) = 2n , ∀ n ∈ N
n n n
17. f (x) = sin 2 x + sin 2(x + π / 3) + cos x cos (x + π / 3) Now, ∑ f (a + k) = ∑ f (a ) f (k) = f (a ) ∑ 2k
⇒ f (x) = sin 2 x + (sin x cos π / 3 + cos x sin π / 3)2 k =1 k =1 k =1
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5 5 5 f (x) = =y (let)
= sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 − x2
4 4 4 ⇒ x2 = y(1 − x2) [Q x2 ≠ 1]
and gof (x) = g { f (x)} = g (5 / 4) = 1 ⇒ x (1 + y) = y
2
Alternate Solution y
⇒ x2 = [provided y ≠ −1]
f (x) = sin 2 x + sin 2(x + π / 3) + cos x cos (x + π / 3) 1+ y
⇒ f ′ (x) = 2 sin x cos x + 2 sin (x + π / 3) cos (x + π / 3) Q x2 ≥ 0
− sin x cos (x + π / 3) − cos x sin (x + π / 3) y
⇒ ≥ 0 ⇒ y ∈ (−∞ , − 1) ∪ [0, ∞ )
1+ y
= sin 2x + sin (2x + 2π / 3) − [sin (x + x + π / 3)]
2x + 2x + 2π / 3 2x − 2x − 2π / 3 Since, for surjective function, range of f = codomain
= 2 sin ⋅ cos
2 2 ∴Set A should be R − [−1, 0).
(x − 1)
− sin (2x + π / 3)
|x − 1| − x , if 0 < x ≤ 1
= 2 [sin (2x + π / 3) ⋅ cos π / 3] − sin (2x + π / 3) 2. We have, f (x) = =
x x−1
, if x > 1
1 π x
= 2 sin (2x + π / 3) ⋅ − sin 2x + = 0
2 3 1
− 1, if 0 < x ≤ 1
⇒ f (x) = c, where c is a constant. = x
1
But f (0) = sin 2 0 + sin 2(π / 3) + cos 0 cos π / 3 1 − , if x > 1
x
2
3 1 3 1 5 Now, let us draw the graph of y = f (x)
= + = + =
2 2 4 2 4 Note that when x → 0, then f (x) → ∞, when x = 1, then
f (x) = 0, and when x → ∞, then f (x) → 1
Therefore, ( gof ) (x) = g [ f (x)] = g(5 / 4) = 1
Y
18. Given, f (x) = (a − xn )1/ n
⇒ f [ f (x)] = [a − {(a − xn )1/ n }n ]1/ n = (xn )1/ n = x
∴ f [ f (x)] = x x=0
X
Now, for n = 1, f (1) = 2 = 2 ! O 1 y=0
⇒ It is true for n = 1.
Functions 171
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O 1
y =– 1 [Q If m ∈ N (codomain) is odd, then 2m ∈ N (domain)
(–1, 1/2) 2 such that f (2m) = m and
if m ∈ N codomain is even, then
From the graph it is clear that range of f (x) is 2m − 1 ∈ N (domain) such that f (2m − 1) = m]
1 1 ∴Function is onto but not one-one
− ,
2 2 6. We have a function f : A → R defined as, f (x) =
2x
1 x −1
IInd Method f (x) = One-one Let x1, x2 ∈ A such that
1
x+
x f (x1 ) = f (x2)
1 2x1 2x2
If x > 0, then by AM ≥ GM, we get x + ≥2 ⇒ =
x x1 − 1 x2 − 1
1 1 1 ⇒ 2x1x2 − 2x1 = 2x1x2 − 2x2
⇒ ≤ ⇒ 0 < f (x) ≤
1 2 2
x+ ⇒ x1 = x2
x
1
If x < 0, then by AM ≥ GM, we get x + ≤ −2 Thus, f (x1 ) = f (x2) has only one solution, x1 = x2
x ∴ f (x) is one-one (injective)
⇒
1
≥−
1 1
⇒ – ≤ f (x) < 0 2 ×2
1 Onto Let x = 2, then f (2) = =4
x+ 2 2 2 −1
x
But x = 2 is not in the domain, and f (x) is one-one
0
If x = 0, then f (x) = =0 function
1+0 ∴f (x) can never be 4.
1 1
Thus, − ≤ f (x) ≤ Similarly, f (x) can not take many values.
2 2
Hence, f (x) is into (not surjective).
1 1
Hence, f (x) ∈ − , ∴f (x) is injective but not surjective.
2 2
x
IIIrd Method 7. We have, f (x) =
x 1 + x2
Let y = ⇒ yx2 − x + y = 0 1
1 + x2
1 x
∴ f = x = = f (x)
Q x ∈ R, so D ≥ 0 x 1 1 + x2
1+ 2
⇒ 1 − 4 y2 ≥ 0 x
172 Functions
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α n ∈[a , b]
Since, f (x) is increasing for every x ∈ R,
Now, find { f (a ), f (α 1 ), f (α 2), K , f (α n ), f (b)}
∴ f (x) takes all intermediate values between (−∞ , ∞ ).
its greatest and least values gives you range.
Range of f (x) ∈ R.
Now, f : [0, 3] → [1, 29]
Hence, f (x) is one-to-one and onto.
f (x) = 2x3 − 15x2 + 36x + 1
12. The number of onto functions from
∴ f ′ (x) = 6x2 − 30x + 36 = 6 (x2 − 5x + 6)
E = {1, 2, 3, 4} to F = {1, 2}
= 6 (x − 2) (x − 3)
= Total number of functions which map E to F
+ − +
− Number of functions for which map f (x) = 1 and
2 3
f (x) = 2 for all x ∈ E = 24 − 2 = 14
For given domain [0, 3], f (x) is increasing as well as 13. PLAN
decreasing ⇒ many-one (i) For such questions, we need to properly define the
functions and then we draw their graphs.
Now, put f ′ (x) = 0
(ii) From the graphs, we can examine the function for continuity,
⇒ x = 2, 3 differentiability, one-one and onto.
Thus, for range f (0) = 1, f (2) = 29, f (3) = 28 − x, x < 0
f1 (x) = x
⇒ Range ∈[1, 29] e , x ≥ 0
∴ Onto but not one-one. f2(x) = x2, x ≥ 0
x, x ∈ Q sin x, x < 0
9. Let φ (x) = f (x) − g (x) = f3 (x) =
− x, x ∉ Q x, x≥0
Now, to check one-one. f ( f (x)), x<0
Take any straight line parallel to X-axis which will f4 (x) = 2 1
2 1
f ( f (x)) − 1 , x≥0
intersect φ(x) only at one point.
⇒ φ(x) is one-one. x2, x < 0
Now, f2( f1 (x)) = 2x
To check onto e , x ≥ 0
x, x ∈ Q x2 , x<0
As f (x) = , which shows ⇒ f4 = 2x
− x, x ∉ Q e − 1 , x ≥ 0
y = x and y = − x for rational and irrational values 2x, x<0
As f4 (x) is continuous, f ′ 4 (x) = 2x
⇒ y ∈ real numbers. 2 e , x>0
Functions 173
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which shows f ′ (x) is positive and negative both.
It is clear from the graph that y = tan x is one-one and ∴ f (x) is many one.
onto, therefore (B) → (r).
Hence, given statement is true.
15. PLAN
αx2 + 6x − 8
(i) If f ′ ( x ) > 0, ∀x ∈ ( a, b ), then f( x ) is an increasing function in 18. Let y =
α + 6 x − 8 x2
( a, b ) and thus f( x ) is one-one function in ( a, b ) .
(ii) If range of f( x ) = codomain of f( x ) , then f( x ) is an onto ⇒ αy + 6xy − 8x2y = αx2 + 6x − 8
function.
⇒ − αx2 − 8x2y + 6xy − 6x + αy + 8 = 0
(iii) A function f( x ) is said to be an odd function, if
f( − x ) = − f( x ), ∀x ∈ R, i.e. ⇒ αx2 + 8x2y − 6xy + 6x − αy − 8 = 0
f( − x ) + f( x ) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ x2 (α + 8 y) + 6x (1 − y) − (8 + αy) = 0
f (x) = [ln (sec x + tan x)] 3
Since, x is real.
3 [ln (sec x + tan x)] (sec x tan x + sec x)
2 2 ⇒ B2 − 4 AC ≥ 0
f ′ (x) =
(sec x + tan x) ⇒ 36 (1 − y)2 + 4 (α + 8 y) (8 + αy) ≥ 0
−π π ⇒ 9 (1 − 2 y + y2) + [8α + (64 + α 2) y + 8 αy2] ≥ 0
f ′ (x) = 3 sec x [ln (sec x + tan x)]2 > 0, ∀x ∈ ,
2 2 ⇒ y2 (9 + 8α ) + y (46 + α 2) + 9 + 8α ≥ 0 …(i)
f (x) is an increasing function. ⇒ A > 0, D ≤ 0, ⇒ 9 + 8 α > 0
∴ f (x) is an one-one function. and (46 + α 2)2 − 4 (9 + 8α )2 ≤ 0
π x π π ⇒ α > − 9 /8
(sec x + tan x) = tan + , as x ∈ − , , then
4 2 2 2 and [46 + α 2 − 2 (9 + 8α )][46 + α 2 + 2 (9 + 8α )] ≤ 0
π x ⇒ α > − 9 /8
0 < tan + < ∞
4 2 and (α 2 − 16α + 28) (α 2 + 16α + 64) ≤ 0
0 < sec x + tan x < ∞ ⇒ α > − 9 /8
⇒ − ∞ < ln (sec x + tan x) < ∞ and [(α − 2) (α − 14)] (α + 8)2 ≤ 0
− ∞ < [ln (sec x + tan x)]3 < ∞ ⇒ α > − 9 /8
⇒ −∞ < f (x) < ∞ and (α − 2) (α − 14) ≤ 0 [Q (α + 8)2 ≥ 0]
Range of f (x) is R and thus f (x) is an ont function. ⇒ α > − 9 /8
3 and 2 ≤ α ≤ 14
1
f (− x) = [ln (sec x − tan x)]3 = ln ⇒ 2 ≤ α ≤ 14
sec x + tan x
174 Functions
αx2 + 6x − 8 x± x2 − 4
Thus, f (x) = will be onto, if 2 ≤ α ≤ 14 ⇒ f −1 (x) =
α + 6 x − 8 x2 2
Again, when α = 3 Since, the range of the inverse function is [1, ∞), then
3x + 6x − 8
2
x+ x2 − 4
f (x) = , in this case f (x) = 0 we take f −1 (x) =
3 + 6x − 8x2 2
⇒ 3x2 + 6x − 8 = 0 x − x2 − 4
If we consider f −1 (x) = , then f −1 (x) > 1
− 6 ± 36 + 96 − 6 ± 132 1 2
⇒ x= = = (− 3 ± 33 )
6 6 3 This is possible only if (x − 2)2 > x2 − 4
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1. Since, only (c) satisfy given definition For y ≥ 1, log 2 y ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 log 2 y ≥ 0 ⇒ 1 + 4 log 2 y ≥ 1
i.e. f {f −1
(B)} = B ⇒ 1 + 4 log 2 y ≥ 1
Only, if B ⊆ f (x) ⇒ − 1 + 4 log 2 y ≤ − 1
⇒ 1 − 1 + 4 log 2 y ≤ 0
2. By definition of composition of function,
But x≥1
g ( f (x) ) = (sin x + cos x)2 − 1, is invertible
So, x = 1 − 1 + 4 log 2 y is not possible.
(i.e. bijective)
⇒ g { f (x) } = sin 2x is bijective. 1
Therefore, we take x = (1 + 1 + 4 log 2y )
π π 2
We know, sin x is bijective, only when x ∈ − , .
2 2 1
⇒ f −1 ( y) = (1 + 1 + 4 log 2 y )
π π 2
Thus, g { f (x) } is bijective, if − ≤ 2x ≤
2 2 1
π π ⇒ f −1 (x) = (1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x )
⇒ − ≤x≤ 2
4 4
6. Given, f (x) = 3x − 5 [given]
3. It is only to find the inverse.
Let y = f (x) = 3x − 5 ⇒ y + 5 = 3x
Let y = f (x) = (x + 1)2, for x ≥ − 1
y+5
± y = x + 1, x≥ −1 ⇒ x=
3
⇒ y = x+1 ⇒ y ≥ 0, x + 1 ≥ 0 y+5
−1
f ( y) =
⇒ x= y −1 3
⇒ f −1 ( y) = y −1 −1 x+5
⇒ f (x) =
⇒ f −1 (x) = x − 1 ⇒ x≥0 3
1 x2 + 1 7. Clearly, f (x) = x − [x] = { x}
4. Let y = x + ⇒ y=
x x which has period 1.
⇒ xy = x2 + 1 1
And sin , x cos x are non-periodic functions.
y± y2 − 4 x
⇒ x2 − xy + 1 = 0 ⇒ x =
2 b−x
8. Here, f (x) = , where 0 < b < 1, 0 < x < 1
y± y2 − 4 1 − bx
⇒ f −1 ( y) =
2 For function to be invertible, it should be one-one onto.
∴ Check Range :
Functions 175
3 ± 9 −4 3 ± 5
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But Statement II is true as sin 2 x is periodic with ⇒ x= =
period π. 2 2
10. It gives three cases x + 1
Again, f (x) = f
x + 2
Case I When f (x) = 1 is true.
In this case, remaining two are false. x + 1
⇒ f (− x) = f [Q f (− x) = f (x)]
∴ f ( y) = 1 and f (z ) = 2 x + 2
This means x and y have the same image, so f (x) is not Taking f −1 on both sides, we get
an injective, which is a contradiction. x+1
−x=
Case II When f ( y) ≠ 1 is true. x+2
If f ( y) ≠ 1 is true, then the remaining statements are ⇒ x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
false. −3 ± 9 −4 −3 ± 5
∴ f (x) ≠ 1 and f (z ) = 2 ⇒ x= =
2 2
i.e. both x and y are not mapped to 1. So, either both ±3± 5
associate to 2 or 3. Thus, it is not injective. Therefore, four values of x are .
2
1
(π − 2x)3
1
(a) (b)
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 24 16
1 1
x + 2 sin x (c) (d)
1. lim is 8 4
x→ 0
x + 2 sin x + 1 − sin 2 x − x + 1
2
sin(π cos 2 x)
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(2019 Main, 12 April II)
9. lim is equal to (2014 Main)
x→ 0 x2
(a) 6 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1 π
(a) (b) 1 (c) − π (d) π
x2 − ax + b 2
2. If lim = 5, then a + b is equal to
x→1 x−1 (2019 Main, 10 April II) (1 – cos 2x)(3 + cos x)
10. lim is equal to (2013 Main)
x→ 0 x tan 4x
(a) − 4 (b) 1 (c) − 7 (d) 5
1
x4 − 1 x3 − k3 (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d)
3. If lim = lim 2 , then k is 2
x→1 x − 1 x → k x − k2 (2019 Main, 10 April I)
x2 + x + 1
(a)
4
(b)
3
(c)
3
(d)
8 11. If lim − ax − b = 4, then
3 8 2 3
x→ ∞ x+1 (2012)
sin x 2 (a) a = 1, b = 4 (b) a = 1, b = − 4
4. lim equals (2019 Main, 8 April I) (c) a = 2, b = − 3 (d) a = 2, b = 3
x→ 0 2 − 1 + cos x
f (2h + 2 + h 2) − f (2)
(a) 4 2 (b) 2 12. lim , given that f ′ (2) = 6 and
h → 0 f (h − h 2 + 1 ) − f (1 )
(c) 2 2 (d) 4
cot3 x − tan x f ′ (1) = 4 , (2003, 2M)
5. lim is (a) does not exist (b) is equal to −3/2
π π (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
x→ cos x + (c) is equal to 3/2 (d) is equal to 3
4
4
{(a − n ) nx − tan x} sin nx
(a) 4 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 8 2 13. If lim = 0, where n is non-zero
x→ 0 x2
x cot(4x) real number, then a is equal to
6. lim is equal to (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) (2003, 2M)
x → 0 sin 2 x cot 2 (2 x) n+1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) n (d) n +
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2 n n
(cos x − 1) (cos x − ex )
1 + 1 + y4 − 2 14. The integer n for which lim is a
7. lim (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
x→ 0 xn
y→ 0 y4 finite non-zero number, is (2002, 2M)
1 (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) exists and equals
4 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(b) does not exist x tan 2x − 2x tan x
(c) exists and equals
1 15. lim is (1999, 2M)
2 2
x→ 0 (1 − cos 2x)2
1 (a) 2 (b) −2
(d) exists and equals 1 1
2 2 ( 2 + 1) (c) (d) −
2 2
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 177
1 − cos 2 (x − 1) x2
16. lim (1998, 2M) a − a 2 − x2 −
x→1 x −1 23. Let L = lim 4 , a > 0 . If L is finite, then
(a) exists and it equals 2 x→ 0 x4
(b) exists and it equals − 2 (a) a = 2
(c) does not exist because x − 1 → 0 (b) a = 1 (2009)
1
(d) does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to (c) L =
right hand limit 64
1
1 (d) L =
(1 − cos 2 x) 32
17. The value of lim 2 is (1991, 2M)
x→ 0 x
(a) 1 (b) −1
Fill in the Blanks
(c) 0 (d) None of these log (1 + 2h ) − 2 log (1 + h )
24. lim =K . (1997C, 2M)
sin[x] [x] ≠ 0 h→ 0 h2
18. If f (x) = [x]
,
0, [x] ≠ 0 25. If f (x) = sin x, x ≠ nπ , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ...
2, other wise
where, [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x, then lim f (x) equals (1985, 2M) x2 + 1, x ≠ 0, 2
x→ 0
(a) 1 (b) 0 and g (x) = 4, x = 0 , then lim g [f(x)] is ………
(c) −1 (d) None of these 5, x = 2
x→0
(1996, 2M)
1 2 n
19. lim + + ... + is equal to (1984, 2M) 26. ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle of radius
n → ∞ 1 − n2 1−n 2
1 − n 2
r. If AB = AC and h is the altitude from A to BC, then the
1
(a) 0 (b) − ∆ABC has perimeter P = 2( 2hr − h 2 + 2hr ) and area
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2 A
(c)
1
(d) None of these A = K . Also, lim 3 = K (1989, 2M)
h→ 0 P
2
20. If f (a ) = 2, f ′ (a ) = 1, g (a ) = − 1, g ′ (a ) = 2, 4 1 2
x sin + x
g (x) f (a ) − g (a ) f (x) x
then the value of lim is (1983, 1M) 27. lim = …
x→ − ∞ (1 + |x|3 )
x→ a x−a
1 (1987, 2M)
(a) − 5 (b)
28. Let f (x) = (x + x − 16x + 20) / (x − 2) , if x ≠ 2
5 3 2 2
.
(c) 5 (d) None of these k , if x = 2
G (x) − G (1) If f (x) is continuous for all x, then k = … . (1981, 2M)
21. If G (x) = − 25 − x2, then lim has the value πx
x→1 x−1 (1983, 1M) 29. lim (1 − x) tan =….
1 1 x→1 2 (1978, 2M)
(a) (b)
24 5
(c) − 24 (d) None of these True/False
30. If lim [ f (x) g (x)] exists, then both lim f (x) and
Objective Question II x→ a x→ a
lim g (x) exist. (1981, 2M)
(One or more than one correct option) x→ a
22. For any positive integer n, define fn : (0, ∞ ) → R as Analytical & Descriptive Questions
−1
n 1
fn (x) = Σ tan for all x ∈ (0, ∞ ). (1983, 3M)
j =1 1 + (x + j) (x + j − 1) ax −1
31. Use the formula lim = log e a, to find
(Here, the inverse trigonometric function tan − 1 x x→ 0 x
2x − 1
π π lim .
assumes values in − , ). Then, which of the x → 0 (1 + x)1/ 2 − 1
2 2 (1982, 2M)
following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? (2018 Adv.) (a + h )2 sin (a + h ) − a 2 sin a
32. Evaluate lim . (1980, 3M)
(a) ∑
5
tan 2 (f j (0)) = 55 h→ 0 h
j =1
x − sin x
(b) ∑
10
(1+ f ′ j (0)) sec2 (f j (0)) = 10 33. Evaluate lim . (1979, 3M)
j =1 x→ 0 x + cos 2 x
1
(c) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan(fn (x)) = x −1
n x →∞
34. Evaluate lim
. (1978, 3M)
x→1 2 x2 − 7 x + 5
(d) For any fixed positive integer n, lim sec2 (fn (x)) = 1
x →∞
178 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Integer Type Questions 36. Let m and n be two positive integers greater than 1. If
ecos ( α n ) − e
x sin (βx) 2
lim = − e , then the value of m is
35. Let α , β ∈ R be such that lim = 1 . Then, α→ 0 α m 2 n
x → 0 αx − sin x
(2015 Adv.)
6 (α + β ) equals (2016 Adv)
3. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to 10. If lim [1 + x log (1 + b2)] x = 2b sin 2 θ, b > 0
x→ 0
x. Then,
and θ ∈ (− π , π ], then the value of θ is (2011)
tan(π sin 2 x) + (|x| − sin(x[x]))2
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lim π π π π
x→ 0 x2 (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
(a) ± (b) ± (c) ± (d) ±
4 3 6 2
(a) equals π (b) equals π + 1
sin x
11. For x > 0, lim (sin x)1/ x +
(c) equals 0 (d) does not exist 1
is (2006, 3M)
x→0
x
4. For each t ∈ R, let [t ] be the greatest integer less than or
equal to t. Then, (a) 0 (b) – 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
π 12. Let f : R → R be such that f (1) = 3 and f ′ (1) = 6. Then,
(1 − |x| + sin|1 − x|) sin [1 − x]
2 1/ x
lim f (1 + x)
x → 1+ |1 − x|[1 − x] lim equals
x→ 0
(2019 Main, 10 Jan I) (2002, 2M)
f (1)
(a) equals 0 (b) does not exist 1
(c) equals − 1 (d) equals 1 (a) 1 (b) e 2 (c) e2 (d) e3
5. For each x ∈ R, let [x] be the greatest integer less than or x−3
x
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(c) f
π 2 equal to x. If lim yn = L, then the value of [L ] is
n→ ∞
(d) 4f (2) ................. . (2018 Adv.)
1 2n
r Fill in the Blank
3. lim
n→ ∞
∑ equals (1999, 2M)
n n +r
2 2 x2
∫0
r =1
cos 2t dt
(a) 1 + 5 (b) 5 − 1 6. lim =K
x→ 0 x sin x
(c) −1 + 2 (d) 1 + 2 (1997C, 2M)
log (1 + ax) − log (1 − bx) 13. Find the values of a and b so that the function
6. The function f (x) = (1989)
x x + a 2 sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π /4
is not defined at x = 0. The value which should be
f (x) = 2x cot x + b, π /4 ≤ x ≤ π /2
assigned to f at x = 0, so that it is continuous at x = 0, is
a cos 2x − b sin x, π / 2 < x ≤ π
(a) a − b (b) a + b (1983, 1M)
(c) log a + log b (d) None of these is continuous for 0 ≤ x ≤ π.
14. Let g (x) be a polynomial of degree one and f (x) be
Objective Questions II
g (x), x≤0
(One or more than one correct option) 1/ x
defined by f (x) = (1 + x)
7. Let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equals to x. (2 + x) , x > 0
Then, at which of the following point(s) the function
f (x) = x cos (π (x + [x])) is discontinuous ? (2017 Adv.) Find the continuous function f (x) satisfying
(a) x = − 1 (b) x = 1 f ′ (1) = f (− 1). (1987, 6M)
(c) x = 0 (d) x = 2 15. Determine the values a, b, c, for which the function
8. For every pair of continuous function f , g : [0, 1] → R sin (a + 1) x + sin x
, for x < 0
such that max { f (x): x ∈ [0, 1]} = max { g (x): x ∈ [0,1]}. x
The correct statement(s) is (are) (2014 Adv.)
f (x) = c, for x = 0
(x + bx2) 1/ 2 − x1/ 2
(a) [f (c)]2 + 3f (c) = [ g (c)]2 + 3 g (c) for some c ∈[0,1] , for x > 0
(b) [f (c)]2 + f (c) = [ g (c)]2 + 3 g (c) for some c ∈[0,1] bx3/ 2
(c) [f (c)]2 + 3f (c) = [ g (c)]2 + g (c) for some c ∈[0,1] is continuous at x = 0. (1982, 3M)
(d) [f (c)]2 = [ g (c)]2 for some c ∈[0,1]
9. For every integer n, let a n and bn be real numbers. Let Match the Columns
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π π
function f : R → R be given by 16. Let f1 : R → R, f2 : −, → R, f3 : (− 1, eπ / 2 − 2) → R and
2 2
a + sin πx, for x ∈ [2n , 2n + 1]
f (x) = n , f4 : R → R be functions defined by
bn + cos πx, for x ∈ (2n − 1, 2n ) 2
(i) f1 (x) = sin( 1− e− x ),
for all integers n.
|sin x|
if x ≠ 0
If f is continuous, then which of the following hold(s) for (ii) f2 (x) = tan − 1 x , where the inverse
all n ? (2012) 1 if x = 0
(a) an−1 − bn−1 = 0 (b) an − bn = 1 trigonometric function tan − 1 x assumes values in
(c) an − bn + 1 = 1 (d) an − 1 − bn = −1 − π , π ,
2 2
Fill in the Blank (iii) f3 (x) = [sin(log e (x + 2))], where for t ∈R, [t ] denotes the
10. A discontinuous function y = f (x) satisfying x2 + y2 = 4 is greatest integer less than or equal to t,
2
x sin if x ≠ 0
1
given by f (x) = .... . (1982, 2M) (iv) f4 (x) = x
0 if x = 0
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
List-I List-II
π
{1 + |sin x|} < x<0
a/|sin x |
, P. The function f1 is 1. NOT continuous at x = 0
6
11. Let f (x) = b, x=0 continuous at x = 0 and
π Q. The function f2 is 2. NOT differentiable at
e tan 2 x / tan 3 x
, 0<x<
6 x=0
Determine a and b such that f (x) is continuous at x = 0. differentiable at x = 0
The function f3 3.
(1994, 4M) R. and its derivative is
is
NOT continuous at x = 0
1 − cos 4x , differentiable at x = 0
x<0 The function f4
x2 S. 4. and its derivative is
12. Let f (x) =
is
a, x=0 continuous at x = 0
x
, x>0 The correct option is
16 + x − 4 (a) P → 2; Q → 3; R → 1; S → 4
(b) P → 4; Q → 1; R → 2; S → 3
Determine the value of a if possible, so that the function
is continuous at x = 0. (1990, 4M)
(c) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 1; S → 3
(d) P → 2; Q → 1; R → 4; S → 3
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 181
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3. If the function f (x) = is continuous at 8. The following functions are continuous on (0, π)
b|x − π|+3, x > 5 x 1
(a) tan x (b) ∫ t sin dt
x = 5, then the value of a − b is (2019 Main, 9 April II) 0 t (1991, 2M)
−2 2 1, 0 ≤ x≤ 3 π /4 x sin x, 0 < x ≤ π /2
(a) (b)
π+ 5 π+ 5 (c) 2 3π (d) π π
2 sin x, < x< π sin ( π + x ), < x< π
2 2 9 4 2 2
(c) (d)
π −5 5− π
9. Let [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
4. If f (x) = [x] − , x ∈ R where [x] denotes the greatest
x
x. If f (x) = [x sin πx], then f (x) is (1986, 2M)
4 (a) continuous at x = 0 (b) continuous in (−1, 0)
integer function, then (2019 Main, 9 April II) (c) differentiable at x = 1 (d) differentiable in (−1, 1)
(a) lim f (x) exists but lim f (x) does not exist
x→ 4 + x→ 4 −
(b) f is continuous at x = 4 Fill in the Blank
(c) Both lim f (x) and lim f (x) exist but are not equal π
x→ 4 − x→ 4 + 10. Let f (x) = [x] sin , where [⋅] denotes the
(d) lim f (x) exists but lim f (x) does not exist [x + 1]
x→ 4 − x→ 4 +
greatest integer function. The domain of f is…… and
5. Let f : [−1, 3] → R be defined as the points of discontinuity of f in the domain are…… .
(1996, 2M)
|x| + [x], −1 ≤ x < 1
f (x) = x + |x|, 1 ≤ x < 2 Analytical & Descriptive Question
x + [x], 2 ≤ x ≤ 3 ,
(2019 Main, 8 April II) x2
, 0 ≤ x<1
where, [t ] denotes the greatest integer less than or 11. Let f (x) = 2
equal to t. Then, f is discontinuous at 2x2 − 3x + 3 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
(a) four or more points (b) only two points 2
(c) only three points (d) only one point Discuss the continuity of f , f ′ and f ′ ′ on [0, 2].
(1983, 2M)
182 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
Analytical & Descriptive Questions Determine the form of g (x) = f [ f (x)] and hence find the
points of discontinuity of g, if any (1983, 2M)
x + a , if x < 0
2. Let f (x) = and 5. Let f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y) for all x and y. If the function f (x)
|x − 1|, if x ≥ 0
is continuous at x = 0, then show that f (x) is continuous
x + 1, if x < 0
g (x) = at all x. (1981, 2M)
(x − 1) + b, if x ≥ 0
2
coderguru.in
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) −1 , −2 ≤ x < 0
6. Let f (x) = and
x − 1 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
2
1. Let f : R → R be differentiable at c ∈ R and f (c) = 0. If
g (x) = | f (x)|, then at x = c, g is (2019 Main, 10 April I) g (x) = | f (x)| + f (|x|). Then, in the interval (−2, 2), g is
(2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
(a) not differentiable
(a) not differentiable at one point
(b) differentiable if f ′ (c) ≠ 0
(b) not differentiable at two points
(c) not differentiable if f ′ (c) = 0
(c) differentiable at all points
(d) differentiable if f ′ (c) = 0
(d) not continuous
2. If f : R → R is a differentiable function and
7. Let f : (−1, 1) → R be a function defined by
f ( x)
lim 2t dt f (x) = max { − x , − 1 − x2 }. If K be the set of all points at
f (2) = 6, then
x→ 2 ∫ (x − 2)
is
6 (2019 Main, 9 April II) which f is not differentiable, then K has exactly
(2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
(a) 12f ′ (2) (b) 0
(c) 24f ′ (2) (d) 2f ′ (2) (a) three elements (b) five elements
(c) two elements (d) one element
3. Let f (x) = 15 − x − 10 ; x ∈ R. Then, the set of all values
max {|x|, x2}, |x| ≤ 2
of x, at which the function, g (x) = f ( f (x)) is not 8. Let f (x) =
differentiable, is (2019 Main, 9 April I) 8 − 2|x|, 2 < |x| ≤ 4
(a) {5, 10, 15, 20} (b) {5, 10, 15} Let S be the set of points in the interval (−4, 4) at which f
(c) {10} (d) {10, 15} is not differentiable. Then, S (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
(a) equals {−2, − 1, 0, 1, 2} (b) equals {−2, 2}
4. Let S be the set of all points in (− π , π ) at which the
(c) is an empty set (d) equals {−2,−1, 1, 2}
function, f (x) = min {sin x, cos x} is not differentiable.
Then, S is a subset of which of the following? 9. Let f be a differentiable function from R to R such that
3
(2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
π π π π π π | f (x) − f ( y)| ≤ 2|x − y|2 , for all x, y ∈ R. If f (0) = 1, then
(a) − , 0, (b) − , − , , 1
4 4 2 4 4 2
∫f
2
3π π 3π π 3π π π 3π (x) dx is equal to (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
(c) − ,− , ,
(d) − ,− , , 0 1
4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 (a) 2 (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
2
5. Let K be the set of all real values of x, where the function
f (x) = sin| x| − | x| + 2(x − π ) cos| x| is not differentiable. 10. Let S = (t ∈ R : f (x) = |x − π |(
⋅ e|x| − 1)sin| x| is not
Then, the set K is equal to (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) differentiable at t}.Then, the set S is equal to (2018 Main)
(a) {0} (b) φ (an empty set) (a) φ (an empty set) (b) {0}
(c) { π } (d) {0, π } (c) { π } (d) {0, π }
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 183
11. For x ∈ R, f (x) = |log 2 − sin x|and g (x) = f ( f (x)), then 21. Let f : R → R be any function. Define g : R → R by
(a) g is not differentiable at x = 0 (2016 Main) g (x) =| f (x)|, ∀ x. Then, g is (2000, 2M)
(b) g′ (0) = cos (log 2) (a) onto if f is onto
(c) g′ (0) = − cos (log 2) (b) one-one if f is one-one
(d) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g′ (0) = − sin (log 2) (c) continuous if f is continuous
12. If f and g are differentiable functions in (0, 1) satisfying (d) differentiable if f is differentiable
f (0) = 2 = g (1), g(0) = 0 and f (1) = 6, then for some 22. The function f (x) = (x2 − 1)| x2 − 3x + 2| + cos (| x|) is
c ∈] 0, 1 [ (2014 Main) not differentiable at (1999, 2M)
(a) 2f ′ (c) = g ′(c) (b) 2 f ′(c) = 3 g ′(c) (a) −1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
(c) f ′(c) = g ′(c) (d) f ′(c) = 2 g ′(c) x
23. The set of all points, where the function f (x) = is
2 π 1 + | x|
13. Let f (x) = x cos x , x ≠ 0, x ∈ R, then f is (2012)
differentiable, is (1987, 2M)
0, x =0
(a) (− ∞ , ∞ ) (b) [0, ∞ )
(a) differentiable both at x = 0 and at x = 2 (c) (− ∞ , 0) ∪ (0, ∞ ) (d) (0, ∞ )
(b) differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 2
24. There exists a function f (x) satisfying f (0) = 1,
(c) not differentiable at x = 0 but differentiable at x = 2
(d) differentiable neither at x = 0 nor at x = 2
f ′ (0) = − 1, f (x) > 0, ∀ x and (1982, 2M)
(a) f ′′ (x) < 0 , ∀ x (b) − 1 < f ′′ (x) < 0 , ∀ x
(x − 1) n
14. Let g (x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m and n are (c) − 2 ≤ f ′′ (x) ≤ − 1 , ∀ x (d) f ′′ (x) < − 2 , ∀ x
log cosm (x − 1)
integers, m ≠ 0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand 25. For a real number y, let [ y] denotes the greatest
derivative of|x − 1| at x = 1 . If lim g (x) = p , then integer less than or equal to y. Then, the function
x→1 + tan π [(x − π )]
f (x) = is (1981, 2M)
(a) n = 1, m = 1 (b) n = 1, m = −1 (2008, 3M) 1 + [x]2
coderguru.in
(c) n = 2 , m = 2 (d) n > 2, m = n (a) discontinuous at some x
15. If f is a differentiable function satisfying (b) continuous at all x, but the derivative f ′ (x) does not
1 exist for some x
f = 0, ∀ n ≥ 1, n ∈ I ,then (2005, 2M)
n (c) f ′(x) exists for all x, but the derivative f ′ ′ (x) does not
(a) f (x) = 0, x ∈ (0, 1] exist for some x
(b) f ′ (0) = 0 = f (0) (d) f ′(x) exists for all x
(c) f (0) = 0 but f ′ (0) not necessarily zero
(d)|f (x)|≤ 1, x ∈ (0, 1] Objective Questions II
16. Let f (x) = ||x|− 1|, then points where, f (x) is not (One or more than one correct option)
differentiable is/are (2005, 2M) 26. For every twice differentiable function f : R → [−2, 2]
(a) 0, ± 1 (b) ± 1 with ( f (0))2 + ( f ′ (0))2 = 85, which of the following
(c) 0 (d) 1 statement(s) is (are) TRUE ? (2018 Adv.)
17. The domain of the derivative of the functions (a) There exist r , s ∈ R , where r < s, such that f is one-one on
tan −1 x , if | x| ≤ 1 the open interval (r , s)
f (x) = 1 is (2002, 2M) (b) There exists x0 ∈ (−4, 0) such that|f ′ (x0 )|≤ 1
2 (| x| − 1), if | x| > 1 (c) lim f (x) = 1
x→ ∞
(a) R − {0} (b) R − {1} (d) There exists α ∈ (−4, 4) such that f (α ) + f ′′(α ) = 0 and
(c) R − {−1} (d) R − {−1, 1} f ′ (α ) ≠ 0
18. Which of the following functions is differentiable 27. Let f : (0, π)→ R be a twice differentiable function such
at x = 0 ? (2001, 2M) f (x) sin t − f (t )sin x
that lim = sin 2 x for all x ∈ (0, π).
(a) cos (| x|) + | x| (b) cos (| x|) − | x| t→ x t−x
(c) sin (| x|) + | x| (d) sin (| x|) − | x|
π π
19. The left hand derivative of f (x) = [x] sin (π x) at x = k, k If f = − , then which of the following statement(s)
6 12
is an integer, is (2001, 2M)
is (are) TRUE? (2018 Adv.)
(a) (−1)k (k − 1) π (b)(−1)k − 1 (k − 1) π π π
(c) (−1)k kπ (d) (−1)k − 1 kπ (a) f =
4 4 2
20. Let f : R → R be a function defined by f (x) = max { x, x3 }. x4
(b) f (x)< − x2 for all x∈ (0, π)
The set of all points, where f (x) is not differentiable, is 6
(a) {−1,1 } (b) {−1, 0 } (2001, 2M)
(c) There exists α ∈(0, π) such that f ′ (α) = 0
(c) {0,1 } (d) {−1, 0,1 } π π
(d) f ′′ + f = 0
2 2
184 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
28. Let f : R → R, g : R → R and h : R → R be differentiable (a) f ′ (x) − 3 g ′ (x) = 0 has exactly three solutions in
functions such that f (x) = x3 + 3x + 2, g ( f (x)) = x and (−1, 0) ∪ (0, 2)
h ( g ( g (x))) = x for all x ∈ R. Then, (2016 Adv.) (b) f ′ (x) − 3 g ′ (x) = 0 has exactly one solution in (−1 , 0)
(a) g ′(2) =
1 (c) f ′ (x) − 3 g ′ (x) = 0 has exactly one solution in (0, 2)
15 (d) f ′ (x) − 3 g ′ (x) = 0 has exactly two solutions in (−1, 0)
(b) h ′(1) = 666 and exactly two solutions in (0, 2)
(c) h(0) = 16
33. Let f : [a , b] → [1, ∞ ) be a continuous function and
(d) h ( g (3)) = 36
29. Let a , b ∈ R and f : R → R be defined by 0 , if x< a
x
f (x) = a cos (|x3 − x|) + b|x|sin (|x3 + x|). Then, f is g : R → R be defined as g (x) = ∫ f (t )dt , if a ≤ x ≤ b.
a
(2016 Adv.) b
(a) differentiable at x = 0, if a = 0 and b = 1 ∫ f (t )dt , if x> b
a
(b) differentiable at x = 1, if a = 1 and b = 0 Then, (2013)
(c) not differentiable at x = 0, if a = 1and b = 0 (a) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at a
(d) not differentiable at x = 1, if a = 1and b = 1 (b) g (x) is differentiable on R
30. Let f : − , 2 → R and g : − , 2 → R be functions
1 1 (c) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at b
2 2 (d) g (x) is continuous and differentiable at either a or b
defined by f (x) = [x2 − 3] and g (x) =|x| f (x) + |4x − 7| f (x), but not both
where [ y] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal π π
to y for y ∈ R. Then, (2016 Adv.) −x− 2 , x≤− 2
π
(a) f is discontinuous exactly at three points in − , 2 34. If f (x) = − cos x, − < x ≤ 0, then
1
2 2
(b) f is discontinuous exactly at four points in − , 2
1 x − 1, 0 < x≤1
coderguru.in
2 ln x, x>1 (2011)
π
(c) g is not differentiable exactly at four points in − , 2
1 (a) f (x) is continuous at x = −
2 2
f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(d) g is not differentiable exactly at five points in − , 2
1 (b)
2 (c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1
3
31. Let g : R → R be a differentiable function with (d) f (x) is differentiable at x = −
2
g (0) = 0, g′ (0) = 0 and g′ (1) =/ 0. (2015 Adv.)
35. Let f : R → R be a function such that
x
g (x), x =/ 0 f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y), ∀x, y ∈ R. If f (x) is differentiable
Let f (x) = |x|
0 , x=0 at x = 0, then (2011)
(a) f (x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing
and h (x) = e|x| for all x ∈ R. Let ( foh ) (x) denotes f { h (x)} zero
and (hof )(x) denotes h { f (x)}. Then, which of the (b) f (x) is continuous for all x ∈ R
following is/are true? (c) f ′ (x) is constant for all x ∈ R
(a) f is differentiable at x = 0 (d) f (x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
(b) h is differentiable at x = 0 36. If f (x) = min { 1, x2, x3 }, then (2006, 3M)
(c) foh is differentiable at x = 0 (a) f (x) is continuous everywhere
(d) hof is differentiable at x = 0 (b) f (x) is continuous and differentiable everywhere
(c) f (x) is not differentiable at two points
32. Let f, g : [−1 , 2] → R be continuous functions which are
(d) f (x) is not differentiable at one point
twice differentiable on the interval (−1, 2). Let the
values of f and g at the points −1, 0 and 2 be as given in 37. Let h (x) = min { x, x2} for every real number of x, then
the following table: (a) h is continuous for all x (1998, 2M)
coderguru.in
x→ 0 1
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 and|c| < , then find the
Statement II f ′ (0) = g (0). (2008, 3M)
2
value of a and prove that 64b2 = (4 − c2). (2004, 4M)
Match the Columns
49. If f : [−1, 1] → R and f ′ (0) = lim nf and f (0) = 0.
1
42. In the following, [x] denotes the greatest integer less n→ ∞ n
than or equal to x. 2 1
Find the value of lim (n + 1) cos −1 − n, given that
Column I Column II n→ ∞π n
A. x| x| p. continuous in (– 1, 1) 1 π
0 < lim cos −1 < . (2004, 2M)
B. | x| q. differentiable in (– 1, 1) n → ∞ n 2
coderguru.in
= max { f (t ) ; 0 ≤ t ≤ x}, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 64. Let p (x) be a polynomial of degree 4 having extremum
and g (x)
= 3 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2 p (x)
at x = 1 , 2 and lim 1 + 2 = 2 . Then, the value of p(2)
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the x→ 0 x
function g (x) in the interval (0, 2). (1985, 5M) is ……… . (2010)
Topic 8 Differentiation
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) π π π π
(a) −x (b) x − (c) −x (d) 2x −
6 6 3 3
1. If C1 + (22) 20C 2 + (32) 20C3 + ..... + (202)20C 20 = A (2β )
20
dy
, then the ordered pair ( A , β) is equal to 6. For x > 1, if (2x)2y = 4e2x − 2y , then (1 + log e 2x)2 is
dx
(2019 Main, 12 April II)
equal to (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
(a) (420, 19) (b) (420, 18) (c) (380, 18) (d) (380, 19)
x log e 2x + log e 2 x log e 2x − log e 2
sin x − cos x x (a) (b)
2. The derivative of tan −1 , with respect to , x x
sin x + cos x 2 (c) x log e 2x (d) log e 2x
π dy
where x ∈ 0, is 7. If x log e (log e x) − x2 + y2 = 4( y > 0), then at x = e is
2 (2019 Main, 12 April II) dx
2 1 equal to (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 2
3 2 e (2e − 1) (1+ 2e ) (1+ 2e )
(a) (b) (c) (d)
dy d y 2
4+e 2
2 4+e 2
4+e 2
2 4 + e2
3. If ey + xy = e, the ordered pair , 2 at x = 0 is equal
dx dx 8. Let f :R→ R be a function such that
to (2019 Main, 12 April I) f (x) = x3 + x2f ′ (1) + xf ′ ′ (2) + f ′′′ (3), x ∈ R.
(a) , − 2 (b) − , 2 (c) , 2 (d) − , − 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Then, f (2) equals (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
e e e e e e e e (a) 30 (b) − 4 (c) − 2 (d) 8
4. If f (1) = 1, f′ (1) = 3, then the derivative of d 2y π
9. If x = 3 tan t and y = 3sec t, then the value of at t = ,
f ( f ( f (x))) + ( f (x))2 at x = 1 is (2019 Main, 8 April II) dx2 4
is (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
(a) 12 (b) 9 (c) 15 (d) 33
1 1
2 (a) (b)
3 cos x + sin x π dy 6 6 2
5. If 2 y = cot−1 , x ∈ 0, then is
cos x − 3 sin x 1 3
2 dx (c) (d)
3 2 2 2
equal to (2019 Main, 8 April I)
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 187
coderguru.in
9 25 ( 2 N − 1)
23. If f (x) = |x − 2|and g (x) = f [ f (x)] , then g ′ (x) = K… for
1 1 1
(b) 4 1 + + + ... + x > 2. (1990, 2M)
9 25 (2 N − 1)2
−1
1
1 1 1 24. The derivative of sec − 2 with respect to
(c) − 4 1 + + + ... + 2
2x − 1
9 25 (2 N + 1) 1
1 − x2at x = is …… . (1986, 2M)
1 1 1 2
(d) 4 1 + + + ... + 2
9 25 (2 N + 1) 25. If f (x) = log x (log x), then f ′ (x) at x = e is ...... . (1985, 2M)
d 2x 26. If fr (x), gr (x), hr (x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x such
14. equals
dy2 (2007, 3M)
that fr (a ) = gr (a ) = hr (a ), r = 1, 2, 3
−1 −1 −3 f1 (x) f2(x) f3 (x)
d y
2 d y 2
dy
(a) 2 (b) − 2 and F (x) = g1 (x) g2(x) g3 (x) ,
dx dx dx
h1 (x) h2(x) h3 (x)
d 2 y dy − 2 d 2 y dy − 3
(c) 2 (d) − 2 then F ′ (x) at x = a is …… . (1985, 2M)
dx dx dx dx
2x − 1 dy
15. If f ′′ (x) = − f (x), where f (x) is a continuous double 27. If y = f and f ′ (x) = sin 2 x, then = ....... .
x2 + 1 dx (1982, 2M)
differentiable function and g (x) = f ′ (x).
2 2
x x Analytical & Descriptive Questions
If F (x) = f + g and F (5) = 5,
2 2 ax2 bx c
28. If y = + + + 1,
then F (10) is (2006, 3M) (x − a ) (x − b) (x − c) (x − b) (x − c) (x − c)
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 25
y′ 1 a b c
16. Let f be twice differentiable function satisfying Prove that = + + . (1998, 8M)
y x a − x b − x c − x
f (1) = 1, f (2) = 4, f (3) = 9, then (2005, 2M)
dy
(a) f ′ ′ (x) = 2, ∀ x ∈ (R ) 29. Find at x = − 1, when
dx
(b) f ′ (x) = 5 = f ′ ′ (x), for some x ∈ (1, 3)
π
(c) there exists atleast one x ∈ (1, 3) such that f ′ ′ (x) = 2 sin x 3
(sin y) 2 + sec−1 (2x) + 2x tan ln (x + 2) = 0.
(d) None of the above 2 (1991, 4M)
17. If y is a function of x and log (x + y) = 2xy, then the value 30. If x = sec θ − cos θ and y = secn θ − cos nθ, then show that
of y′ (0) is (2004, 1M)
dy
2
31. If α be a repeated roots of a quadratic equation f (x) = 0 34. Let f be a twice differentiable function such that
(1983, 3M)
and A (x), B(x) and C (x) be polynomials of degree 3, 4 and
f ′ ′ (x) = − f (x) , f ′ (x) = g (x) and
A (x) B(x) C (x) h (x) = [ f (x) ]2 + [ g (x)]2
5 respectively, then show that A (α ) B(α ) C (α ) is Find h (10), if h (5) = 11.
A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α ) 3 dy
35. Let y = ex sin x + (tan x)x , find .
divisible by f (x), where prime denotes the derivatives. dx (1981, 2M)
(1984, 4M) 5x dy
36. Given, y = + cos (2x + 1), find .
2
Answers
π –π
coderguru.in
Topic 1 2
11. a = ,b = e 2/3 12. a = 8 13. a = ,b =
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 3 6 12
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (b) 2
2 1
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (d) 3 log 3 – 6 x, x ≤ 0
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c) 14. f ( x ) = 1/ x
1 + x , x>0
17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (c) 2 + x
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (a, c) 24. –1
–3 1
25. 1 26. h 2hr − h ,
2 1
27. − 1 15. a = , c = and b ∈ R 16. (d)
128r 2 2
2
28. 7 29. 30. False 31. loge 4 Topic 5
π
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b)
32. a 2 cosα + 2a sin α 33. 0
5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (b, c)
−1
34. 35. (7) 36. (2) 9. (a,b, d) 10. x ∈ (– ∞,– 1 ) ∪ [ 0, ∞ ),[ − 1, 0 )
3
11. f and f ′′ are continuous and f ′ is discontinuous at x = {1, 2 }.
Topic 2
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) Topic 6
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 1. (b, c, d)
9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (c) x + a + 1, if x < −a
13. (c) 14. e2 15. e5 16. e2 ( x + a − 1 ) 2, if a ≤ x < c
17. a =2 2. g{ f ( x )} = 2
x + b , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
( x − 2 ) + b, if x > 1
2
Topic 3
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b,c) a = 1, b = 0
5. (1) 6. 1 gof is differentiable at x = 0
4 − x , 2 < x ≤ 3
Topic 4
4. g ( x ) = 2 + x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, discontinuous at x = {1, 2 }
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 2 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a,b,d) 8. (a, d)
Discontinuity of g at x = {1, 2 }
9. (b,d) 10. f ( x ) = 4 − x 2
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 189
Topic 1
1. Let
0
0
∞
and Form
∞
coderguru.in Hints & Solutions
2. It is given that lim
x→1
x2 − ax + b
x−1
=5
3k2 7. Clearly,
⇒ 2 ×2 =
2k
1 + 1 + y4 − 2
8 lim
⇒ k= y→ 0 y4
3
sin 2 x 0 1 + 1 + y4 − 2 1 + 1 + y4 + 2
4. Given limit is lim 0 form = lim ×
x→ 0 2 − 1 + cos x y→ 0 y4 1 + 1 + y4 + 2
2
sin x 2 x
= lim Q 1 + cos x = 2 cos 2 [rationalising the numerator]
x→ 0 x
2 − 2 cos (1 + 1 + y ) − 2
4
2 = lim [Q (a + b) (a − b) = a 2 − b2]
y→ 0
sin 2 x y ( 1 + 1 + y + 2)
4 4
= lim
x→ 0 x
2 1 − cos 1 + y4 − 1 1 + y4 + 1
2 = lim ×
y→ 0
y4 ( 1 + 1 + y4 + 2 ) 1 + y4 + 1
sin 2 x x 2 x
= lim Q 1 − cos 2 = 2 sin 4
x→ 0 x [again, rationalising the numerator]
2 × 2 sin 2
4 y4
= lim
x2 16 y→ 0
y4 ( 1 + 1 + y4 + 2 ) ( 1 + y4 + 1)
= lim 2
= =4 2 [lim sin x = lim x]
x→ 0 x→ 0 x→ 0
x 2 2
1
2 2 =
4
2 2 ×2
cot3 x − tan x (by cancelling y4 and then by direct substitution).
5. Given, limit = lim
x → π /4 π 1
cos x + = .
4
coderguru.in
4 2
1 − tan 4 x 1 1 cot x − cos x 1 cos x(1 − sin x)
= lim × Q cot x = 8. lim = lim ⋅
tan x (π − 2x)3 3
x→ π / 2 x → π/ 2 8
π
1 3
x → π /4
(cos x − sin x) tan x
sin x − x
2 2
(1 − tan 2 x) 2 (1 + tan 2 x)
= lim × π π
x → π / 4 cos x − sin x tan3 x cos − h 1 − sin − h
1 2 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x 2 (sec2 x) = lim ⋅ 3
= lim × h→ 0 8
π π π
x → π / 4 cos x − sin x cos 2 x tan3 x sin − h − + h
2 2 2
[Q 1 + tan 2 x = sec2 x]
1 sin h (1 − cos h )
(cos x − sin x) (cos x + sin x) 2 sec4 x = lim
= lim × 8 h→ 0 cos h ⋅ h3
x → π /4 (cos x − sin x) tan3 x
[Q (a 2 − b2) = (a − b) (a + b)] h
sin h 2 sin 2
4
2 sec x 1 2
= lim (cos x + sin x) = lim
x → π / 4 tan3 x 8 h→ 0 cos h ⋅ h3
2 ( 2 )4 1 1 h
= + [on applying limit] sin h ⋅ sin 2
(1) 3 2 2 1 2
= lim
2 4 h→ 0 h3 cos h
= 4 2 = 8.
2 h
2
sin h
sin
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1
6. lim
x cot 4x
= lim
x
.
1 tan 2x = lim h ⋅ ⋅ = × =
2 2 4 h → 0 h cos h 4 4 4 16
x→0 sin x. cot 2x x→0 tan 4x sin 2 x 1
2 2
1 4x x tan 2 2x
= lim . sin(π cos 2 x) sin π (1 − sin 2 x)
x→0 4 (tan 4 x) sin 2 x x2 9. lim = lim
2 2 x→0 x2 x→ 0 x2
1 4x x tan 2x 4
= lim . . sin(π − π sin x)
2
x→ 0 4 (tan 4 x) sin x 2x 1 = lim
x→ 0 x2
1 4 x tan x
= ⋅ 1 ⋅1 ⋅1 ⋅ = 1 Q lim = 1 = lim sin(π sin 2 x)
4 1 x→ 0 sin x x→ 0 x = lim [Q sin (π − θ ) = sin θ ]
x→ 0 x2
sin π sin 2 x sin 2 x sin θ
= lim × (π ) 2 = π Q lim = 1
x→ 0 π sin x
2
x θ→ 0 θ
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 191
coderguru.in
x→ 0 (2 sin 2 x)2
x2(1 − a ) + x(1 − a − b) + (1 − b)
⇒ lim =4 1
x→ ∞ x+1 2x tan x −1
1 − tan 2 x
Here, we make degree of numerator = lim
x→ 0 4 sin 4 x
= degree of denominator
1 − 1 + tan 2 x
∴ 1−a =0 ⇒ a =1 2x tan x
1 − tan x
2
x (1 − a − b) + (1 − b) = lim
and lim =4 x→ 0 4 sin 4 x
x→ ∞ x+1
3
tan x
⋅x
3
⇒ 1−a −b =4 x
2x tan3 x 1 x
⇒ b = − 4 [Q (1 − a ) = 0] = lim = lim
x → 0 2 sin 4 x (1 − tan 2 x) x → 0 2 sin 4 x (1 − tan 2 x)
f (2h + 2 + h 2) − f (2) 3
12. Here, lim tan x
h→ 0 f (h − h 2 + 1) − f (1)
1 x 1 ⋅ (1)3 1
[Q f ′ (2) = 6 and f ′ (1) = 4, given] = lim = =
2 x → 0
sin x
4
2(1) (1 − 0) 2
4
(1 − tan x)
2
Applying L’Hospital’s rule,
x
{ f ′ (2h + 2 + h 2)} ⋅ (2 + 2h ) − 0 f ' (2) ⋅ 2
= lim = 1 − cos 2 (x − 1)
h → 0 { f ′ (h − h 2 + 1 )} ⋅ (1 − 2 h ) − 0 f ' (1) ⋅ 1 16. LHL = lim−
6 .2 x→1 x −1
= =3 [using f ′ (2) = 6 and f ′ (1) = 4]
4 .1 2 sin 2 (x − 1) |sin (x − 1)|
= lim = 2 lim
{(a − n ) nx − tan x} sin nx x→1 − x −1 x → 1− x −1
13. Given, lim =0
x→ 0 x2 Put x = 1 − h , h > 0, for x → 1− , h → 0
tan x sin n x |sin (− h )|
⇒ lim (a − n ) n − ×n =0 = 2 lim
x→ 0 x nx h→ 0 −h
⇒ {(a − n ) n − 1} n = 0 sin h
= 2 lim =− 2
⇒ (a − n ) n = 1 h → 0 −h
1
⇒ a=n+ 1 − cos 2 (x − 1)
n Again, RHL = lim
x →1+ x−1
(cos x − 1) (cos x − ex ) |sin (x − 1)|
14. lim = lim 2
x→ 0 xn x →1+ x−1
192 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
coderguru.in
0, 0 ≤ x<1
lim tan( fn (x)) = lim tan(tan − 1 (x + n ) − tan − 1 x)
x→ ∞ x→ ∞
At x = 0, n
RHL = lim 0 = 0 ⇒ lim tan( fn (x)) = lim tan tan − 1
x→ 0 +
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ 1 + nx + x
2
2 + 2h − 2 − 4h 3x2 + 2x − 16 6x + 2
= lim = lim = lim =7
h→ 0 2h (1 + 2h ) (1 + h ) x→ 2 2 (x − 2) x→ 2 2
−1 ∴ k=7
= lim = −1
h→ 0 (1 + 2h ) (1 + h ) πx
29. lim (1 − x) tan
sin x, x ≠ nπ , n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, K x→1 2
25. Given, f (x) =
2 , otherwise Put x−1 = y
{ f (x)}2 + 1 , f (x) ≠ 0, 2 π π
∴ − lim y tan ( y + 1) = − lim y − cot y
y→ 0 2 y→ 0 2
g [ f (x)] = 4 , f (x) = 0
5 , f (x) = 2 π
y
= lim 2 ⋅2 = 2
g [ f (x)] = (sin x) + 1, x ≠ , nπ = 0, ± 1, K
2
∴ y→ 0 π π π
5 , x = nπ
tan y
2
Now, lim g [ f (x)] = lim (sin 2 x) + 1 = 1
x→ 0 x→ 0 30. If lim [ f (x) g (x)] exists, then both lim f (x) and lim g (x)
x→ a x→ a x→ a
26. Given, P = 2 ( 2hr − h 2 + 2hr ) may or may not exist. Hence, it is a false statement.
A 2x − 1 1+ x+1 (2x − 1)( 1 + x + 1)
31. lim × = lim
x→ 0 1 + x −1 1+ x + 1 x→ 0 x
= log e (2) ⋅ (2)
h = 2 log e 2 = log e 4
r (a + h )2 sin (a + h ) − a 2 sin a
32. Here, lim
h–r
coderguru.in
h→ 0 h
B C
D a 2[sin (a + h ) − sin a ]
= lim
h→ 0 h
h [2a sin (a + h ) + h sin (a + h )]
Here, BD = r 2 − (h − r )2 = 2hr − h 2 +
1 h
∴ A = . 2BD. h = ( 2hr − h 2) h h h
2 a 2 ⋅ 2 cos a + ⋅ sin
2 2
A h 2hr − h 2 = lim + (2a + h ) sin (a + h )
∴ lim = h→ 0 h
lim 2⋅
h→ 0 P 3 h→ 0 8 ( 2hr − h 2 + 2hr )3 2
= a 2 cos a + 2a sin a
h3/ 2 ( 2r − h )
= lim lim(x − sin x)1/ 2
h→ 0 8 h3/ 2 ( 2r − h + 2r )3 x − sin x
33. lim = x→ 0
x→ 0 x + cos 2 x lim(x + cos 2 x)1/ 2
1 2r 1
= ⋅ = x→ 0
8 ( 2r + 2r )3
128 r 1/ 2
sin x
lim x 1 −
4 1 2 1 x→ 0 x
x sin + x x4 sin + x2 =
27. lim x = lim x lim(0 + 1)1/ 2
x→ 0
x → −∞ 1 + |x |3 x → −∞ 1 − x3
0 .0
= =0
On dividing by x3 , we get 1
sin (1 / x) 1 x −1 1
+ 34. lim = lim
1 x x→1 (x − 1)(2x − 5) x→1 (2x − 5)
x 1+0 1
lim = = −1 =−
x → −∞ 1
−1 0 −1 3
3
x
x2 sin (βx)
x3 + x2 − 16x + 20 35. Here, lim =1
x → 0 αx − sin x
28. f (x) = (x − 2)2
, if x ≠ 2
(βx)3 (βx)5
k , if x = 2 x2βx − + − K
3! 5!
Since, continuous at x = 2. ⇒ lim =1
x→ 0 x3
x5
x3 + x2 − 16x + 20 αx − x − + − K
⇒ f (2) = lim ,[using L’Hospital’s rule] 3! 5!
x→ 2 (x − 2)2
194 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
β3 x2 β 5 x4 1
x3 β − + − K 1 + f (3 + x) − f (3) x
3! 5! So, lim =1
⇒ lim =1 x→ 0 1 + f (2 − x) − f (2 )
x→ 0 x3 x5
(α − 1)x +
+ −K
3! 5! lim π − 2 sin −1 x
2. Let L = , then
Limit exists only, when α − 1 = 0 x → 1− 1−x
⇒ α =1 …(i)
lim π − 2 sin −1 x π + 2 sin −1 x
β3 2
x β5 x4 L= ×
x3 β − + − K x → 1− 1−x π + 2 sin −1 x
3! 5!
∴ lim =1 [on rationalization]
x→ 0 1 x 2
x −
3
− K lim π − 2 sin −1 x 1
3! 5! = ×
x → 1− 1−x π + 2 sin −1 x
⇒ 6β = 1 …(ii)
π
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get π − 2 − cos −1 x
6(α + β ) = 6α + 6 β
lim 2 1
= ×
=6 + 1 = 7 x → 1− 1−x π + 2 sin −1 x
ecos ( α n ) − e −1 −1 π
36. Given, lim =−
e Q sin x + cos x = 2
α→ 0
α m
2
lim 2 cos −1 x lim 1
cos( α n ) −1 = − ×
− 1} cos(α ) − 1 − e x → 1−
n
e {e x→ 1 1−x π + 2 sin −1 x
⇒ lim ⋅ =
α→ 0 cos(α n ) − 1 αm 2 1 lim 2 cos x −1
lim π
−1
= Q x → 1− sin x = 2
2α
n −
−2 sin 2 π x→ 1 1−x
ecos( α n ) −1 − 1
coderguru.in
⇒ lim e ⋅ 2 = − e /2 Put x = cos θ, then as x → 1− , therefore θ → 0+
lim
cos(α ) − 1 α→ 0 αm
α→ 0 n
1 lim 2θ
Now, L = +
α n 2 π θ→0 1 − cos θ
sin 2
2 α 2n −e 1 lim 2θ 2 θ
⇒ e × 1 × (−2) lim ⋅ m= = + Q 1 − cos θ = 2 sin 2
α→ 0 α 2n 4α 2 2 π θ→0 θ
2 sin
4 2
α 2n − m − e θ
⇒ e × 1 × − 2 × 1 × lim = 2⋅
α→ 0 4 2 1 2
= ⋅ 2 lim
For this to be exists, 2n − m = 0 2 π θ→ 0 + θ
sin
m 2
⇒ =2
n 1 2 lim θ
= 2 2 = Q x → 0+ sin θ = 1
2 π π
Topic 2 1∞ Form, RHL and LHL
1
3.
Key Idea lim f ( x) exist iff
1 + f (3 + x) − f (3) x ∞
x→a
1. Let l = lim [1 form] lim f ( x) = lim f ( x)
x→ 0 1 + f (2 − x) − f (2 ) x → a+ x → a−
1 1 + f (3 + x ) − f (3 )
lim 1 − At x = 0,
x 1 + f ( 2 − x ) − f ( 2)
⇒ l = ex→ 0
tan(π sin 2 x) + (|x| − sin(x [x]))2
1 + f ( 2 − x ) − f ( 2) − 1 − f (3 + x ) + f (3 ) RHL = lim
lim
x→ 0 x(1 + f ( 2 − x ) − f ( 2))
x → 0+ x2
= e
f ( 2 − x ) − f (3 + x ) + f (3 ) − f ( 2) tan(π sin 2 x) + (x − sin(x ⋅ 0))2
lim
x(1 + f ( 2 − x ) − f ( 2)) = lim
=e x→ 0 x→ 0 +
x2
On applying L’Hopital rule, we get Q|x| = x for x > 0
and [x] = 0 for 0 < x < 1
lim
− f ′( 2 − x )− f ′(3 + x )
1 − xf ′( 2 − x ) + f ( 2 − x ) − f ( 2)
l = ex→ 0 tan (π sin 2 x) + x2
= lim
On applying limit, we get x → 0+ x2
− f ′( 2) − f ′(3 )
tan(π sin 2 x) π sin 2 x
l=e
1 − 0 + f ( 2) − f ( 2)
= e0 = 1 = lim . + 1
x→ 0
+
π sin x
2
x 2
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 195
coderguru.in
tan(π sin 2 x) sin 2 x 2x sin x
= lim 2
+1+ − 6. Key Idea Use property of greatest integer function [ x ] = x − { x }.
x → 0− x x2 x2
tan (π sin 2 x) π sin 2 x sin 2 x sin x 1 2 15
= lim . + 1+ −2 lim x + + …+
x→ 0
−
π sin x
2
x2
x2 x x x
x→ 0 + x
tan(π sin 2 x) π sin 2 x We know, [x] = x − { x}
= lim . lim +
x→ 0 −
π sin x
2
x→ 0 −
x2 1 1 1
∴ x = x − x
sin 2 x sin x
1 + lim − 2 lim
x→ 0 −
x2 x → 0− x n n n
= π + 1 + 1 −2 = π
Similarly, x = x − x
Q RHL ≠ LHL 1 1 2 2 15 15
∴Given limit = lim x − + − + … −
∴ Limit does not exist x→ 0 + x x x x x x
4. Given, 1 2 15
= lim (1 + 2 + 3+ ...+15) − x + + ... +
π x→ 0 + x x x
(1 − |x| + sin|1 − x|) sin [1 − x]
2
lim n
x →1+ |1 − x|[1 − x] Q 0 ≤ x < 1, therefore
= 120 − 0 = 120
Put x = 1 + h , then n n
0 ≤ x < x ⇒ lim x = 0
x x→ 0 + x
x → 1+ ⇒ h → 0+
π 1 − x( 1 + |1 − x|) 1
(1 − |x| + sin|1 − x|) sin [1 − x] 7. f (x) = cos
2 |1 − x| 1 − x
∴ lim
x →1+ |1 − x|[1 − x] 1 − x(1 + 1 − x) 1
Now, lim f (x) = lim cos
π x→1 − x→1 − 1−x 1 − x
(1 − |h + 1| + sin|− h|) sin [− h ]
2
= lim 1
h→ 0 + |− h|[− h ] = lim (1 − x) cos =0
x→1 −
1 − x
π
(1 − (h + 1) + sin h ) sin [− h ] 1 − x(1 − 1 + x) 1
2 and lim f (x) = lim cos
= lim x−1
h→ 0 + h [− h ] x→1 + x→1 + 1 − x
1 + 5x2
1/ x 2 lim [(1 + 5x2)1/5 x ]5
2x + 3x + 1 = 0
2
x→ 0 e5
14. lim = = = e2
x → 0 1 + 3 x2 e3
2
⇒ 2x2 + 2x + x + 1 = 0 lim [(1 + 3x2)1/3 x ]3
x→ 0
⇒ (2x + 1) (x + 1) = 0
x+4 x+ 4
x = − 1, − 1 / 2 x + 6 5
Thus, 15. lim = lim 1 + [1∞ form]
coderguru.in
x → ∞ x + 1 x→ ∞ x + 1
or lim α (a ) = − 1 / 2
a→ 0 + 5 ( x + 4)
lim
and lim β (a ) = − 1 x→ ∞ x +1
a→ 0 + =e = e5
∞
10. Here, lim {1 + x log (1 + b )} 2 1/ x
[1 form] 1/ x
x→ 0 π
1 16. lim tan + x
lim {x log (1 + b 2 )} ⋅ x→ 0 4
= ex → 0 x
1/ x
π
= elog (1 + b
2
)
= (1 + b2) …(i) tan + tan x 1 + tan x
1/ x
= lim 4 = lim
π
x→ 0 x → 0 1 − tan x
Given, lim {1 + x log (1 + b )} 2 1/ x
= 2b sin θ2
1 − tan tan x
x→ 0 4
⇒ (1 + b ) = 2b sin θ
2 2
[(1 + tan x)1/tan x ]tan x/ x e1
1 + b2 = lim − −
= −1 = e2
∴ sin 2 θ = …(ii) x → 0 [(1 − tan x) 1/tan x
] tan x/ x
e
2b
1 sin x
b+ 1/ 2
17. PLAN lim =1
x→0
By AM ≥ GM, b ≥ b ⋅ 1 x
(1 + x ) (1 − x )
2 b
sin (x − 1) + a (1 − x) 1− x 1
b2 + 1 Given, lim =
x → 1 (x − 1 ) + sin (x − 1 ) 4
⇒ ≥1 …(iii)
2b 1+ x
sin (x − 1)
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), (x − 1) − a 1
lim =
sin 2 θ = 1 x→1 sin(x − 1) 4
π 1 +
⇒ θ=± , as θ ∈ (− π , π ] (x − 1)
2 2
1 − a 1
1
sin x ⇒ = ⇒ (a − 1)2 = 1
11. Here, lim (sin x) 1/ x
+ lim 2 4
x→ 0 x → 0 x
sin x
⇒ a = 2 or 0
1 log (1/ x )
log
x
lim
x → 0 cosec x
lim (sin x)1/ x → 0 Hence, the maximum value of a is 2.
= 0 + lim e =e x → 0
∞
x→ 0
as, (decimal) → 0
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 197
coderguru.in
15 375 n ⋅x + 1
1
Eqs. (i) and (ii) respectively, = x lim
n→ ∞ n
∑ log rn2 2
we get r =1
2 ⋅ x + 1
1 4 n
+
15 375 29 29 1 Converting summation into definite integration, we get
= = = =
1 2 375 − 25 − 2 348 12 1 xt + 1
1− − log e{ f (x)} = x ∫ log 2 2 dt
15 375 0 x t + 1
sec 2 x
Put, tx=z
∫ f (t ) dt 0 ⇒ xdt = dz
2
2. lim 0 form 1 + z dz
x→
π π2 ∴
x
log e { f (x)} = x ∫ log
x −2
4
16 0 1 + z 2 x
f (sec2 x) 2 sec x sec x tan x 1+ z
= lim ⇒
x
log e{ f (x)} = ∫ log dz
x→ π /4 2x 0 1 + z 2
[using L’ Hospital’s rule]
2 f (2) 8 Using Newton-Leibnitz formula, we get
= = f (2)
π /4 π 1 1 + x
⋅ f ′ (x) = log … (i)
1
2n
r 1
2n
r f (x) 1 + x2
3. Let I = lim
n→ ∞ n
∑ = lim
n→ ∞ n
∑ Here, at x = 1 ,
r =1 n +r
2 2
r =1 n 1 + (r / n )2
f ′ (1)
1
2n
r /n = log (1) = 0
= lim
n→ ∞
∑ f (1)
n r =1 1 + (r / n )2 ∴ f′ (1) = 0
2 x Now, sign scheme of f ′ (x) is shown below
=∫ dx = [ 1 + x2 ]20 = 5 −1
0
1 + x2 + –
x=1
4. Here,
x
n ∴ At x = 1 , function attains maximum.
n n (x + n ) x +
n n
… x + Since, f (x) increases on (0, 1).
n
f (x) = lim
2 ∴ f (1) > f (1 / 2)
,x>0
n→ ∞ n 2 n 2
n ! (x2 + n 2) x2 + K x2 + 2 ∴ Option (a) is incorrect.
4 n f (1 / 3) < f (2 / 3)
∴Option (b) is correct.
198 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
coderguru.in
n lim 2 2
∑ log 1 + n
1 r =
⇒ log L = lim
n→ ∞ h→0 cot h − 1
n r =1 −1
1
cot h + 1
⇒ log L = ∫0 1II × log
I
(1 + x) dx
[Q cos (x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y and
1 cot x cot y − 1
(log(1 + x) ∫ dx dx
d cot (x + y) =
⇒ log L = (x ⋅ log (1 + x))10 −∫ ]
0
dx cot y + cot x
[by using integration by parts] lim cos h − sin h − 1
=
⇒ log L = [x log(1 + x)]10 −∫
1 x
dx h→0 −2
01 + x
1 + cot h
1 x +1 1
⇒ log L = log 2 − ∫0 x + 1 − x + 1 dx lim (1 − cos h ) + sin h
= (sin h + cos h )
h→0 2 sin h
⇒ log L = log 2 − [x]10 + [log(x + 1)]10
2 sin 2 h + 2 sin h cos h
⇒ log L = log 2 − 1 + log 2 − 0 lim
= 2 2 2 (sin h + cos h )
4 4
⇒ log L = log 4 − log e = log ⇒ L= ⇒ h→ 0 h
4 sin cos
h
e e 2 2
4
[L ] = = 1 h h
e lim sin 2 + cos 2 1
= × (sin h + cos h ) ⇒ k =
x2 h → 0 h
2
∫0 cos 2tdt
0
2 cos
2
6. lim 0 form
x→ 0 x sin x
2. NOTE All integers are critical point for greatest integer function.
Applying L’Hospital’s rule, we get Case I When x ∈ I
cos 2(x2) ⋅ 2x − 0 2 ⋅ cos 2(x2) 2 f (x) = [x]2 − [x2] = x2 − x2 = 0
= lim = lim = =1
x → 0 x cos x + sin x x→ 0 sin x 1 + 1 Case II When x ∉ I
cos x +
x If 0 < x < 1, then [x] = 0
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 199
coderguru.in
2x − 1
4. Here, f (x) = [x] cos
value at different points.
π
2 ⇒ f (a ) = M and g (b) = M
2x − 1 ⇒ f (a ) − g (a ) > 0 and f (b) − g (b) < 0
− cos 2 π , −1 ≤ x < 0
⇒ f (c) − g (c) = 0 for some c ∈ [0, 1] as f and g are
0 , 0 ≤ x<1
continuous functions.
∴ f (x) = cos 2x − 1 π , 1 ≤ x<2
⇒ f (c) − g (c) = 0 for some c ∈ [0, 1] for all cases. ...(i)
2
2 x − 1 Option (a) ⇒ f (c) − g (c) + 3 [ f (c) − g (c)] = 0
2 2
2 cos 2 π , 2 ≤ x<3
which is true from Eq. (i).
which shows RHL = LHL at x = n ∈ Integer as if x = 1 Option (d) ⇒ f 2(c) − g 2(c) = 0 which is true from Eq. (i)
2x − 1 Now, if we take f (x) = 1 and g (x) = 1, ∀x ∈ [0, 1]
⇒ lim cos π = 0 and lim− 0 = 0
x →1+ 2 x→1
Options (b) and (c) does not hold. Hence, options (a) and
Also, f (1) = 0 (d) are correct.
∴ Continuous at x = 1. 9. f (2n ) = a n , f (2n + ) = a n
Similarly, when x = 2,
f (2n − ) = bn + 1
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = 0
x → 2+ x → 2− ⇒ a n − bn = 1
Thus, function is discontinuous at no x. f (2n + 1) = a n
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer. f {(2n + 1)− } = a n
5. Given, f (x) = x ( x + x + 1 ) f {(2n + 1)+ } = bn + 1 − 1
⇒ f (x) would exists when x ≥ 0 and x + 1 ≥ 0. ⇒ a n = bn + 1 − 1 or a n − bn + 1 = − 1
⇒ f (x) would exists when x ≥ 0. or a n − 1 − bn = − 1
∴ f (x) is not continuous at x = 0, 10. Given, x + y =4
2 2
⇒ y = 4 − x2
because LHL does not exist.
or f (x) = 4 − x2
Hence, option (c) is correct.
{1 + |sin x|} a/|sin x | , π/6 < x < 0
6. For f (x) to be continuous, we must have
11. f (x) = b , x=0
f (0) = lim f (x)
x→ 0
e tan 2x /tan 3 x
, 0 < x < π /6
log (1 + ax) − log (1 − bx)
= lim
x→ 0 x Since, f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
200 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
π π π π 2 2 1
⇒ 2 ⋅ cot + b = + a 2 ⋅ sin ∴ LHL = lim
4 4 4 4 log 3 − 6 x = 0
x→ 0 3
π π π
⇒ + b= + a ⇒ a−b= …(i) Hence, f (x) is continuous for all x.
2 4 4
π π sin (a + 1) x + sin x
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Also, RHL at x = = LHL at x = , x<0
2 2 x
15. Given, f (x) = c , x=0
2π π π π (x + bx2)1/ 2 − x1/ 2
⇒ a cos − b sin = 2 ⋅ ⋅ cot + b
2 2 2 2 , x>0
bx3/ 2
⇒ −a−b=b is continuous at x = 0.
⇒ a + 2b = 0 …(ii) ⇒ (LHL at x = 0) = (RHL at x = 0) = f (0)
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get sin (a + 1) x sin x
π π ⇒ lim +
a= and b = − x→ 0 x x
6 12
(1 + bx)1/ 2 − 1
14. Let g (x) = ax + b be a polynomial of degree one. = lim =c
x→ 0 bx
ax + b, x≤0 bx 1
1/ x ⇒ (a + 1) + 1 = lim ⋅ =c
⇒ f (x) = 1 + x x→ 0 bx 1 + bx + 1
2 + x , x > 0
⇒ a+2=
1
=c
Since, f (x) is continuous and f ′ (1) = f (−1) 2
3 1
∴ (LHL at x = 0) = (RHL at x = 0) ∴ a =− ,c=
2 2
1/ x
x + 1 and b ∈R
⇒ lim (ax + b) = lim
x→ 0 x→ 0 x + 2 2
16. (i) Given, f1 : R → R and f1 (x) = sin ( 1 − e−x )
⇒ b =0 …(i)
∴ f1 (x) is continuous at x = 0
Also, f ′ (1) = f (−1)
2 1 2
Now, f1 ′ (x) = cos 1 − e− x . (2xe− x )
1/ x
1 + x
⇒ f (x) = ,x>0 2 1− e −x 2
2 + x
1 At x = 0
⇒ log f (x) = [log (1 + x) − log (2 + x)]
x f1 ′ (x) does not exists.
On differentiating both sides, we get ∴ f1 (x) is not differential at x = 0
1 1 1 + x Hence, option (2) for P.
x − − 1 log |sin x|
f ′ (x) 1 + x 2 + x 2 + x , if x ≠ 0
= (ii) Given, f2 (x) = tan −1 x
f (x) x2 1, if x = 0
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 201
− sin x
tan −1 x
x< 0 Topic 5 Continuity in a Domain
f2 (x) =
sin x f ( x)
⇒ −1
x> 0 1. Given ∫ 4t3 dt = (x − 2) g (x)
tan x 6
f ( x)
1 x=0
⇒
∫
g (x) = 6
4t3 dt
[provided x ≠ 2]
(x − 2)
Clearly, f2 (x) is not continuous at x = 0. f ( x)
∴ Option (1)for Q.
∫
So, lim g (x) = lim 6
4t3 dt
x→ 2 x→ 2 x−2
(iii) Given, f3 (x) = [sin (log e (x + 2))] , where [ ] is G.I.F.
0
and f3 : (−1, eπ / 2 − 2) → R Q 0 form as x → 2 ⇒ f (2) = 6
It is given − 1 < x < eπ / 2 − 2
4( f (x))3 f ′ (x)
⇒ − 1 + 2 < x + 2 < eπ/ 2 − 2 + 2 lim g (x) = lim
x→ 2 x→ 2 1
⇒ 1 < x + 2 < eπ/ 2
⇒ log e 1 < log e (x + 2) < log e eπ / 2 d φ 2( x )
π
Q dx ∫φ 1 ( x)
f (t ) dt = f (φ 2(x)), φ 2′ (x) − f (φ1 (x)) ⋅ φ1′ (x)
⇒ 0 < log e (x + 2) <
2 On applying limit, we get
π 1
⇒ sin 0 < sin log e (x + 2) < sin lim g (x) = 4( f (2))3 f ′ (2) = 4 × (6)3 ,
2 x→ 2 48
⇒ 0 < sin log e (x + 2) < 1
∴ [sin log e (x + 2)] = 0 1
Q f (2) = 6 and f ′ (2) = 48
∴ f3 (x) = 0, f ′3 (x) = f3 ′ ′ (x) = 0
4 × 216
It is differentiable and continuous at x = 0. = = 18
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∴Option (4) for R 48
2 2. Given function
x sin , if x ≠ 0
1
(iv) Given, f4 (x) = x sin( p + 1)x + sin x
0, if x = 0 , x<0
x
1 f (x) = q , x =0
Now, lim f4 (x) = lim x2 sin = 0
x→ 0 x→ 0 x
x+x − x
2
, x>0
1 1 x3 / 2
f4′ (x) = 2x sin − cos
x x
is continuous at x =`0, then
f (0 + h ) − f (0)
For x = 0, f4′ (x) = lim f (0) = lim f (x) = lim f (x) …(i)
h→ 0 h x→ 0 − x→ 0 +
1 1 − x − 1 , − 1 ≤ x < 0
− 1 x,
1 2 2 1 0 ≤ x<1
= lim + x + ... =
x→ 0 + 2 2! 2 = 2x, 1 ≤ x<2
x + 2, 2 ≤ x < 3
From Eq. (i), we get
6, x=3
1 1
f (0) = q = and lim f (x) = p + 2 =
2 x→ 0 − 2 [Q if n ≤ x < n + 1, ∀ n ∈ Integer, [x] = n]
⇒ p=−
3 Q lim f (x) = − 1 ≠ f (0) [Q f (0) = 0]
x→ 0 −
2
Q lim f (x) = 1 ≠ f (1) [Q f (1) = 2]
3 1 x→1 −
So, ( p, q ) = − ,
2 2 Q lim f (x) = 4 = f (2) = lim f (x) = 4 [Q f (2) = 4]
x→ 2− x→ 2 +
3. Given function
and lim f (x) = 5 ≠ f (3) [Q f (3) = 6]
a|π − x| + 1, x ≤ 5 x→ 3 −
f (x) =
b|x − π| + 3, x > 5
∴ Function f (x) is discontinuous at points 0, 1 and 3.
and it is also given that f (x) is continuous at x = 5.
6.
Clearly, f (5) = a (5 − π ) + 1 …(i) Key Idea A function is said to be continuous if it is continuous at
each point of the domain.
lim f (x) = lim[a|π − (5 − h )| + 1]
x→5 − h→ 0
= a(5 − π ) + 1 …(ii) We have,
and lim f (x) = lim[b| (5 + h ) − π| + 3] 5 if x≤1
x→5 + h→ 0 a + bx if 1 < x < 3
= b(5 − π ) + 3 …(iii) f (x) =
b + 5x if 3 ≤ x < 5
coderguru.in
Q Function f (x) is continuous at x = 5.
30 if x≥5
∴f (5) = lim f (x) = lim f (x)
x→5 + x→5 − Clearly, for f (x) to be continuous, it has to be continuous
⇒ a (5 − π ) + 1 = b(5 − π ) + 3 at x = 1, x = 3 and x = 5
⇒ (a − b)(5 − π ) = 2 [Q In rest portion it is continuous everywhere]
2 ∴ lim (a + bx) = a + b = 5 …(i)
⇒ a−b=
5−π x →1+
[Q put x = 4 − h, when x → 4−
and lim (b + 5x) = b + 15 = 20
then h → 0] x→3 +
= lim(3 − 0) = 3
h→ 0
4 Hence, for a = 0 and b = 5, f (x) is not continuous at x = 3
and f (4) = [4] − = 4 − 1 = 3
4 ∴f (x) cannot be continuous for any values of a and b.
Q lim f (x) = f (4) = lim f (x) = 3 1
7. Given, f (x) = x − 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π
x→ 4 − x→ 4 + 2
So, function f (x) is continuous at x = 4. − 1 , 0 ≤ x < 2
∴ [ f (x)] =
5. Given function f : [−1, 3] → R is defined as 0, 2 ≤ x ≤ π
|x| + [x], −1 ≤ x < 1 tan (−1), 0 ≤ x < 2
⇒ tan [ f (x)] =
f (x) = x + |x|, 1 ≤ x < 2 tan 0, 2≤x≤π
x + [x ], 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
∴ lim tan [ f (x)] = − tan 1
x→ 2−
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 203
coderguru.in
x→ Also, f (1) = 1
4
2x Thus, f ′ (x) is continuous for all x ∈[0, 2].
lim f (x) = lim 2 sin = 1
3π + x→
3π 9 Again, differentiating Eq. (ii), we get
x→
1 , 0 ≤ x < 1
4 4
Now, in [x , x + 2], x ∈ [1 , ∞ ), f (x) is continuous and Now, RHL (at x = 2) = 2 and LHL (at x = 2) = 0
differentiable so by LMVT, Also, RHL (at x = 1) = 1 and LHL (at x = 1) = 3
f (x + 2) − f (x) Therefore, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1, 2
f ′ (x) =
2 ∴ f [ f (x)] is discontinuous at x = {1, 2}.
As, f ′ (x) > 1
For all x ∈ [1 , ∞ )
5. Since, f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
f (x + 2) − f (x) ⇒ lim f (x) = f (0)
⇒ > 1 ⇒ f (x + 2) − f (x) > 2 x→ 0
2 ⇒ f (0 ) = f (0− ) = f (0) = 0
+
…(i)
For all x ∈ [1 , ∞ ) To show, continuous at x = k
f (x) + 1 , if f (x) < 0 RHL = lim f (k + h ) = lim [ f (k) + f (h )] = f (k) + f (0+ )
2. gof (x) = h→ 0 h→ 0
{ f (x ) − 1 } 2
+ b , if f (x) ≥ 0
+ + x<−a = f (k) + f (0)
x a 1 , if
LHL = lim f (k − h ) = lim [ f (k) + f (− h )]
= (x + a − 1) + b, 2
if − a ≤ x < 0 h→ 0 h→ 0
(| x − 1| − 1)2 + b, if x ≥ 0 = f (k) + f (0− ) = f (k) + f (0)
As gof (x) is continuous at x = − a ∴ lim f (x) = f (k)
x→ k
gof (− a ) = gof (− a + ) = gof (− a − ) ⇒ f (x) is continuous for all x ∈ R.
⇒ 1 + b =1 + b =1 ⇒ b =0
Also, gof (x) is continuous at x = 0 Topic 7 Differentiability at a Point
⇒ gof (0) = gof (0+ ) = gof (0− ) 1. Given function, g (x) = | f (x)|
⇒ b = b = (a − 1) + b ⇒ a = 1
2
where f : R → R be differentiable at c ∈ R and f (c) = 0,
x + 2, if x < −1 then for function ‘g’ at x = c
g (c + h ) − g (c)
gof (x) = if − 1 ≤ x < 0
coderguru.in
Hence, x2, g′ (c) = lim [where h > 0]
(| x − 1| − 1)2, if x ≥ 0 h→ 0 h
| f (c + h )| − | f (c)| | f (c + h )|
In the neighbourhood of x = 0 , gof (x) = x2, which is = lim = lim
h→ 0 h h → 0 h
differentiable at x = 0.
[as f (c) = 0 (given)]
3. As, f (x) is continuous and g (x) is discontinuous. f (c + h ) − f (c)
= lim [Qh > 0]
Case I g (x) is discontinuous as limit does not exist at h→ 0 h
x = k. f (c + h ) − f (c)
= lim
∴ φ (x) = f (x) + g (x) h→ 0 h
⇒ lim φ (x) = lim { f (x) + g (x)} = does not exist. = f ′ (c) [Q f is differentiable at x = c]
x→ k x→ k
∴ φ (x) is discontinuous. Now, if f ′ (c) = 0, then g (x) is differentiable at x = c,
Case II g (x) is discontinuous as, lim g (x) ≠ g (k). otherwise LHD (at x = c) and RHD
x→ k (at x = c) is different.
∴ φ (x) = f (x) + g (x).
2.
⇒ lim φ (x) = lim { f (x) + g (x)} = exists and is a finite Key Idea (i) First use L’ Hopital rule
x→ k x→ k
quantity (ii) Now, use formula
φ2 ( x )
but φ (k) = f (k) + g (k) ≠ lim { f (x) + g (x)} d
x→ k
dx ∫ f (t ) dt = f [ φ2( x)] ⋅ φ′2 ( x) − f [ φ1( x)] ⋅ φ′1( x)
∴ φ (x) = f (x) + g (x) is discontinuous, φ1 ( x )
2 f (x) f ′ (x) d 2
φ ( x)
1 + f (x), 0 ≤ f (x) ≤ 1 1 + (3 − x), 2 < x ≤ 3
⇒
fof = 1 + f (x), 1 < f (x) ≤ 2 = 1 + (1 + x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
l = lim
x→ 2 1
Q ∫ f (t )dt = f (φ 2(x)) ⋅ φ2′ (x)
dx φ ( x )
3 − f (x), 2 < f (x) ≤ 3 3 − (1 + x), 1 < x ≤ 2 1
− f (φ1 (x)) ⋅ φ1′ (x)]
4 − x, 2 < x ≤ 3 So, l = 2 f (2) ⋅ f ′ (2) = 12 f ′ (2) [Q f (2) = 6]
⇒ ( fof ) (x) = 2 + x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 f ( x)
2tdt
2 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2
∴ lim
x→ 2 ∫ x−2
= 12 f ′ (2)
6
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 205
x2 − 1 + x2 − 1, 1 ≤ x≤2
y= cos x
y= sin x
1
–3p x2 , −2 ≤ x<0
–p
4 O p
X = 0, 0 ≤ x<1
p
2
p/4 2 (x2 − 1), 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
coderguru.in
–1 y= min {sin x, cos x} Now, let us draw the graph of y = g (x), as shown in the
figure.
Clearly, the function f (x) = min {sin x, cos x} is not
− 3π π Y
(2,6)
differentiable at x = and [these are point of
4 4
(–2,4)
intersection of graphs of sin x and cos x in (− π , π ), on y=x2 y=0
y=2 (x2 –1)
−3 π π
which function has sharp edges]. So, S = , , X′ X
4 4 –2 –1 O 1 2
−3 π − π 3 π π
which is a subset of , , ,
4 4 4 4
5. We have, Y′
f (x) = sin|x| − |x| + 2 (x − π ) cos|x|
1
− sin x + x + 2(x − π ) cos x, if x < 0 [ Here, y = 2 (x2 − 1) or x2 = ( y + 2) represent a parabola
f (x) = 2
sin x − x + 2(x − π ) cos x, if x ≥ 0 with vertex (0, − 2) and it open upward]
[Q sin(−θ ) = − sin θ and cos(−θ ) = cos θ ]
Note that there is a sharp edge at x = 1 only, so g (x) is
− cos x + 1 + 2 cos x − 2(x − π )sin x ; if x < 0 not differentiable at x = 1 only.
∴ f ′ (x) =
cos x − 1 + 2 cos x − 2(x − π ) sin x , if x > 0
Clearly, f (x) is differentiable everywhere except
possibly at x = 0 7. Key Idea This type of questions can be solved graphically.
[Q f ′ (x) exist for x < 0 and x > 0]
Here, Rf ′ (0) = lim (3 cos x − 1 − 2(x − π )sin x) Given, f : (−1, 1) → R, such that
x→ 0 +
=3 −1 −0 =2
f (x) = max {−|x|, − }
1 − x2
and Lf ′ (0) = lim (cos x + 1 − 2(x − π )sin x) On drawing the graph, we get the follwong figure.
x → 0−
=1 + 1 −0 =2 Y
2x
From the figure, it is clear that function have sharp
y=
8+
1 1
edges, at x = −
8–
, 0, 1
y=
2x
2 2
coderguru.in
∴ Function is not differentiable at 3 points.
–4 –2 –1 1 2 4
8. Key Idea This type of problem can be solved graphically
f (x + h ) − f (x)
–2 ⇒ lim ≤0
h→ 0 h
[substituting limit directly on right hand
Clearly, y =|x|and y = x2 intersect at x = − 1, 0, 1
side and using lim | f (x)| = lim f (x) ]
Now, the graph of y = max {|x|, x2} for|x| ≤ 2 is x→ a x→ a
f (x + h ) − f (x)
⇒| f ′ (x)| ≤ 0 Q lim = f ′ (x)
h→ 0 h
⇒| f ′ (x)| = 0 (Q| f ′ (x)|can not be less than zero)
⇒ f ′ (x) = 0 [Q| x| = 0 ⇔ x = 0]
⇒ f (x) is a constant function.
Since, f (0) = 1, therefore f (x) is always equal to 1.
1 1
Now, ∫ ( f (x))2dx = ∫ dx = [x]10 = (1 − 0) = 1
0 0
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 207
(x − π )(ex − 1)sin x, π
x≥π h 2 cos −0
h π
= lim = lim h ⋅ cos =0
We check the differentiability at x = 0 and π. h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
We have, π
(x − π ) (e−x − 1) cos x + (e−x − 1) sin x h 2 cos − − 0
f (0 − h ) − f (0) h
+ (x − π ) sin xe−x (−1), x < 0 L {f ′ (0)} = lim = lim =0
− [(x − π )(ex − 1) cos x + (ex − 1) sin x
h→ 0 −h h→ 0 −h
f ′ (x) =
+ (x − π ) sin xex ],0 < x < π So, f (x) is differentiable at x = 0.
(x − π )(ex
− 1 ) cos x + (ex − 1) sin x To check differentiability at x = 2,
+ (x − π ) sin xex , x > π
f (2 + h ) − f (2)
Clearly, R{ f ′ (2)} = lim
h→ 0 h
lim f ′ (x) = 0 = lim f ′ (x)
x→ 0 − x→ 0 + π π
(2 + h )2 cos −0 (2 + h )2 ⋅ cos
2 + h 2 + h
and lim f ′ (x) = 0 = lim f ′ (x) = lim = lim
x→ π − x→ π + h→ 0 h h→ 0 h
∴ f is differentiable at x = 0 and x = π π π
(2 + h )2 ⋅ sin −
Hence, f is differentiable for all x. 2 2 + h
= lim
h→ 0 h
11. We have, f (x) = log 2 − sin x and g (x) = f ( f (x)), x ∈ R
πh
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Note that, for x → 0, log 2 > sin x (2 + h )2 ⋅ sin
2 (2 + h ) π
∴ f (x) = log 2 − sin x = lim ⋅ =π
h→ 0 π 2 (2 + h)
⇒ g (x) = log 2 − sin ( f (x)) h⋅
2 (2 + h )
= log 2 − sin (log 2 − sin x)
f (2 − h ) − f (2)
Clearly, g (x) is differentiable at x = 0 as sin x is and L { f ′ (2)} = lim
differentiable. h→ 0 −h
Now, g′ (x) = − cos (log 2 − sin x) (− cos x) π π
(2 − h )2 ⋅ cos − 22 ⋅ cos
= cos x ⋅ cos (log 2 − sin x) 2−h 2
= lim
⇒ g′ (0) = 1 ⋅ cos (log 2) h→ 0 −h
12. Given, f (0) = 2 = g (1), g(0) = 0 and f (1) = 6 π
(2 − h )2 − − cos −0
f and g are differentiable in (0, 1). 2 − h
= lim
Let h (x) = f (x) − 2 g (x) …(i)
h→ 0 −h
π π
h (0) = f (0) − 2 g (0) = 2 − 0 = 2 − (2 − h )2 ⋅ sin −
2 2 − h
and h (1) = f (1) − 2 g (1) = 6 − 2(2) = 2 = lim
h→ 0 h
h (0) = h (1) = 2
πh
Hence, using Rolle’s theorem, (2 − h ) ⋅ sin −
2
2 (2 − h ) −π
h′ (c) = 0, such that c ∈ (0, 1) = lim × =−π
h→ 0 −π 2 (2 − h)
h×
Differentiating Eq. (i) at c , we get 2 (2 − h )
⇒ f ′ (c) − 2 g′ (c) = 0 Thus, f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 but not at x = 2.
⇒ f ′ (c) = 2 g′ (c)
(x − 1)n
13. PLAN To check differentiability at a point we use RHD and LHD at
14. Given, g (x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m ≠ 0, n are
log cosm (x − 1)
a point and if RHD = LHD, then f( x ) is differentiable at the
x − 1 , x ≥ 1
point. integers and| x − 1| =
Description of Situation 1 − x, x < 1
f (x + h ) − f (x) The left hand derivative of|x − 1|at x = 1 is p = − 1.
As, R{ f ′ (x)} = lim
h→ 0 h Also, lim g (x) = p = − 1
f (x − h ) − f (x) x →1+
and L{ f ′ (x)} = lim (1 + h − 1)n
h→ 0 −h ⇒ lim = −1
h→ 0 log cosm (1 + h − 1)
208 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
coderguru.in
⇒ f ′ (x) = 0 separately, y = x3 and y = x
⇒ f ′ (0) = 0 NOTE y = x 3 is odd order parabola and y = x is always
intersect at (1, 1) and ( −1, − 1).
Hence, f (0) = f ′ (0) = 0
x in (− ∞ , − 1]
3 in (−1, 0]
16. Using graphical transformation. Now, f (x) = xx in (0, 1]
As, we know that, the function is not differentiable at x3 in (1, ∞ )
sharp edges. in (− ∞ , − 1]
1
2 in (−1, 0]
Y Y ⇒ f ′ (x) = 3x
1 in (0, 1]
y = |x| – 1 3x2 in (1, ∞ )
O Y
X X y =x
O 1 –1 1 A (1, 1)
–1 –1
y =x 3
(i) y = x – 1 X′ X
(ii) y = |x| – 1 O
(–1, –1) B
Y
Y′
(b) Let f (x) = x ⇒ g (x) = | x|. Now, f (x) is one-one f (x) − f (2)
and R f ′ (2) = lim
x → 2+
function but g (x) is many-one function. Hence, (b) is x−2
wrong.
(d) Let f (x) = x ⇒ g (x) = | x|. Now, f (x) is differentiable cos x − cos 2
= lim (x2 − 1) (x − 1) +
for all x ∈ R but g (x) =|x|is not differentiable at x = 0 x → 2+ x−2
Hence, (d) is wrong.
= (22 − 1) (2 − 1) − sin 2 = 3 − sin 2
22. Function f (x) = (x2 − 1)| x2 − 3x + 2| + cos (|x|) …(i)
So, L f ′ (2) ≠ R f ′ (2), f is not differentiable at x = 2
NOTE In differentiable of| f ( x )| we have to consider critical
points for which f ( x ) = 0. Therefore, (d) is the answer.
x
, x≥0
= 1 x+ x
| x|is not differentiable at x = 0 x
23. Given, f (x) =
1 + | x| , x<0
cos (− x), if x < 0
but cos| x|= 1 − x
cos x, if x ≥ 0
(1 + x) ⋅ 1 − x ⋅ 1
cos x, if x < 0 , x≥0
f ′ (x) = (1 −(1x)+⋅ 1x)− x (−1)
2
⇒ cos| x| = ∴
cos x, if x ≥ 0
, x<0
Therefore, it is differentiable at x = 0 . (1 − x)2
Now, | x2 − 3x + 2| = |(x − 1) (x − 2)| 1
,x≥0
(x − 1) (x − 2), if x < 1
⇒ f ′ (x) = (1 +1 x)
2
= (x − 1) (2 − x), if 1 ≤ x < 2 ,x<0
(1 − x)
2
(x − 1) (x − 2), if 2 ≤ x
1
Therefore, ∴ RHD at x = 0 ⇒ lim =1
(1 + x)2
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x→ 0
(x2 − 1) (x − 1) (x − 2) + cos x, if − ∞ < x < 1
1
f (x) = − (x2 − 1) (x − 1) (x − 2) + cos x, if 1 ≤ x < 2 and LHD at x = 0 ⇒ lim =1
(x2 − 1) (x − 1) (x − 2) + cos x, if 2 ≤ x < ∞
x→ 0 (1 − x)2
Hence, f (x) is differentiable for all x.
Now, x = 1, 2 are critical point for differentiability.
Because f (x) is differentiable on other points in its 24. Since, f (x) is continuous and differentiable where
domain. f (0) = 1 and f′ (0) = − 1, f (x) > 0, ∀ x.
Differentiability at x = 1 Thus, f (x) is decreasing for x > 0 and concave down.
f (x) − f (1) ⇒ f ′ ′ (x) < 0
L f ′ (1) = lim
x → 1− x−1 Therefore, (a) is answer.
cos x − cos 1 tan π [(x − π )]
= lim (x2 − 1) (x − 2) + 25. Here, f (x) =
1 + [x]2
−
x→1 x −1
Since, we know π [(x − π )] = nπ and tan nπ = 0
= 0 − sin 1 = − sin 1
cos x − cos 1 d Q 1 + [x]2 ≠ 0
[ Q lim = (cos x) at x = 1 − 0
x → 1− x−1 dx ∴ f (x) = 0, ∀ x
= − sin x at x = 1 − 0 = − sin x at x = 1 = − sin 1] Thus, f (x) is a constant function.
f (x) − f (1) ∴f ′ (x), f ′ ′ (x) ,... all exist for every x , their value
and Rf ′ (1) = lim
x→1 + x−1
being 0.
cos x − cos 1 ⇒ f ′ (x) exists for all x.
= lim − (x2 − 1) (x − 2) +
+
x→1 x−1 26. We have,
= 0 − sin 1 = − sin 1 [same approach] ( f (0))2 + ( f ′ (0))2 = 85
Q Lf ′ (1) = Rf ′ (1). Therefore, function is differentiable and f : R → [− 2, 2]
at x = 1. (a) Since, f is twice differentiable function, so f is
f (x) − f (2) continuous function.
Again, Lf ′ (2) = lim
x→ 2 − x−2 ∴This is true for every continuous function.
cos x − cos 2 Hence, we can always find x ∈ (r , s), where f (x) is
= lim − (x2 − 1) (x − 1) +
x → 2− x−2 one-one.
= − (4 − 1) (2 − 1) − sin 2 = − 3 − sin 2 ∴This statement is true.
210 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
coderguru.in
Hence, statement is false. f ′ (x) = − sin x − x cos x
(d) From option b,| f ′ (x0 )| ≤ 1 and x0 ∈ (− 4, 0) f ′ (x ) = 0
⇒ − sin x − x cos x = 0
∴ ( f ′ (x0 ))2 ≤ 1
Hence, g (x0 ) = ( f (x0 ))2 + ( f ′ (x0 )2 ≤ 4 + 1 tan x = − x
[Q f (x0 ) ∈ [−2, 2]] Y
⇒ g (x0 ) ≤ 5
Now, let p ∈ (−4, 0) for which g ( p) = 5
Similarly, let q be smallest positive number q ∈ (0, 4) X′ π2 π1 X
o
3π/2
such that g (q) = 5
Hence, by Rolle’s theorem is ( p, q)
Y y=–x
g′ (c) = 0 for α ∈ (−4, 4) and since g (x) is greater than
5 as we move form x = p to x = q
⇒ Their exists α ∈(0, π) for which f′(α) = 0
and f (x))2 ≤ 4 ⇒ ( f ′ (x))2 ≥ 1in ( p, q) It is true
Thus, g′ (c) = 0 (d) f(x) = − x sin x
⇒ f′ f + f′ f′ ′ = 0 f ′(x) = − sin x − x cos x
f ′ ′ (x) = − 2 cos x + x sin x
So, f (α ) + f ′ ′ (α ) = 0 and f′ (α ) ≠ 0
π π π π
Hence, statement is true. f ′ ′ = , f = −
2 2 2 2
f (x) sin t − f (t ) sin x
= sin 2 x π π
f ′ ′ + f = 0
27. Given, lim ∴
t→ x t −x 2 2
Using L′ Hospital rules It is true.
f (x) cos t − f ′ (t ) sin x
lim = sin 2 x 28. As, g ( f (x)) = x
t→ x 1
Thus, g (x) is inverse of f (x).
⇒ f (x) cos x − f ′ (x) sin x = sin 2 x
⇒ g ( f (x)) = x
⇒ f ′ (x) sin x − f (x) cos x = − sin 2 x
f ′ (x) sin x − f (x) cos x ⇒ g′ ( f (x)) ⋅ f ′ (x) = 1
⇒ = −1 1
sin 2 x ∴ g′ ( f (x)) = …(i)
f (x) f ′ (x)
⇒ d = −1
sin x [where, f ′ (x) = 3x2 + 3]
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 211
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1
= 111 × 6 = 666
∴ Option (b) is correct.
X′ 0 X
Putting x = 0 in Eq. (iii), we get –1/2 1 √2 √3 2
h (0) = f ( f (0)) = f (2) = 8 + 6 + 2 = 16 –1
∴ Option (c) is correct. –2
29. Here, f (x) = a cos (|x3 − x|) + b|x|sin (|x3 + x|)
–3
If x3 − x ≥ 0
⇒ cos|x3 − x| = cos (x3 − x) Y′
x3 − x ≤ 0 Clearly, f (x) is discontinuous at 4 points.
⇒ cos|x3 − x| = cos (x3 − x) ∴ Option (b) is correct.
∴ cos (|x3 − x|) = cos (x3 − x), ∀ x ∈ R …(i) Graph for g ( x)
Again, if x3 + x ≥ 0 Y
⇒ |x|sin (|x3 + x|) = x sin (x3 + x) 21
x3 + x ≤ 0 27/2
⇒ |x|sin (|x3 + x|) = − x sin { − (x3 + x )}
3
∴ |x|sin (|x3 + x|) = x sin (x3 + x), ∀ x ∈ R …(ii)
⇒ f (x) = a cos (|x − x|) + b|x|sin (|x + x|)
3 3
X′ X
∴ f (x) = a cos (x3 − x) + bx sin (x3 + x) 0
…(iii) –1/2 3 √ 3–71 √2 √3 2
which is clearly sum and composition of differential 3 √ 2–7
functions.
Hence, f (x) is always continuous and differentiable. –8
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∴ Option (c) is not correct. and g′ (b+ ) = 0
e g( x ) , x ≠ 0
(d) (hof )(x) = e
f ( x)
= 0 but g′ (b− ) = f (b) ≥ 1
e = 1 , x = 0 ⇒ g is not differentiable at x = b.
g( x )
e −1 π π
Now, (hof )′ (0) = lim
h→ 0 x − x − 2 , x≤−
2
g( x ) π
e − 1 g (x) 34. f (x) = − cos x, − < x ≤ 0
= lim ⋅ 2
h→ 0 g (x) x x − 1, 0 < x≤1
−1 e g (x) − 0
g( x )
|x| log x, x>1
= lim ⋅ lim ⋅ lim
h→ 0
g (x) h → 0 |x| h → 0 x π
Continuity at x = − ,
|x| 2
= 1 ⋅ g′ (0) ⋅ lim = 0, as g′ (0) = 0
h→ 0 x
π π π
f − = − − − = 0
∴ Option (d) is correct. 2 2 2
32. Let F (x) = f (x) − 3 g (x) π
RHL = lim − cos − + h = 0
∴ F (−1) = 3, F (0) = 3 and F (2) = 3 h→ 0 2
So, F ′ (x) will vanish atleast twice in (−1, 0) ∪ (0, 2). π
∴ Continuous at x = − .
Q F ′′ (x) > 0 or < 0, ∀ x ∈ (−1, 0) ∪ (0, 2) 2
Hence, f ′ (x) − 3 g′ (x) = 0 has exactly one solution in Continuity at x = 0
(−1, 0) and one solution in (0, 2). f (0) = − 1
33. A function f (x) is continuous at x = a, RHL = lim (0 + h ) − 1 = − 1
h→ 0
if lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a ). ∴ Continuous at x = 0.
− +
x→ a x→ a
Continuity at x = 1,
Also, a function f (x) is differentiable at x = a, if
f (1) = 0
f (x) − f (a ) f (x) − f (a )
lim = lim RHL = lim log (1 + h ) = 0
x→ a− x−a x→ a + x−a h→ 0
∴ Continuous at x = 1
− +
i.e. f ′ (a ) = f ′ (a )
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 213
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= lim − (x − 3), 1 ≤ x<3
h→ 0
h Again, f (x) = (x − 3), x≥3
f (h ) 0 x2 3x 13
= lim 0 form − + , x<1
h→ 0 h 4 2 4
Given, f (x + y) = f (x) + f ( y), ∀ x, y
−1 , 1 ≤ x<3
∴ f (0) = f (0) + f (0),
∴ f ′ (x) = 1, x≥3
when x= y=0 ⇒ f (0) = 0) x 3
2 − 2 , x<1
Using L’Hospital’s rule,
f ′ (h ) RHD at x = 1 ⇒ −1
= lim = f ′ (0) = k …(ii) ∴ 1 3 differentiable at x = 1.
h→ 0 1 LHD at x = 1 ⇒ − = − 1
2 2
⇒ f ′ (x) = k, integrating both sides,
RHD at x = 3 ⇒ 1
f (x) = kx + C , as f (0) = 0 Again, not differentiable at x = 3.
LHD at x = 3 ⇒ − 1
⇒ C =0 ∴ f (x) = kx
∴ f (x) is continuous for all x ∈ R and f ′ (x) = k, i.e. 39. We know that, f (x) = 1 + |sin x|could be plotted as,
constant for all x ∈ R. (1) y = sin x …(i)
Y
Hence, (b) and (c) are correct.
1
36. Here, f (x) = min { 1, x2, x3 } which could be graphically
shown as X′ X
Y y = x3 −π O π 2π 3π y = sin x
y= x2
−1
y=1
Y′
X′ X (2) y =|sin x| …(ii)
O 1
Y
1 y=|sin x|
Y′
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45°
X′ X
O ∴ k = 24
y =x , x < 0 x
, x ≠0
45. Given, f (x) = 1 + e1/ x
3
Y′
0, x=0
Clearly, y is continuous for all x but not differentiable at
x = 0. h
−0
dy 1, x > 0 1 + e1/ h 1
Also, = ∴ Rf ′ (0) = f ′ (0+ ) = lim = lim =0
dx 1 /3, x < 0 h→ 0 h h → 0 1 + e1/ h
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b 1 continuous and differentiable at all points except
∴ =
4−c 2 8 possibly at x = 1 and 2.
Continuity at x = 1,
⇒ 64b2 = (4 − c2)
LHL = lim f (x) = lim (1 − x)
⇒ a =1 and 64b2 = (4 − c2) x → 1− x → 1−
= lim [1 − (1 − h )] = lim h = 0
h→ 0 h→ 0
49. Here, lim (n + 1) cos −1 − n
2 1
and RHL = lim f (x) = lim (1 − x) (2 − x)
n→ ∞ π n x →1+ x →1+
2 1 1 1 = lim [1 − (1 + h )] [2 − (1 + h )]
= lim n 1 + cos −1 − 1 = lim nf h→ 0
n→ ∞ π n n n→ ∞ n
= lim − h ⋅ (1 − h ) = 0
h→ 0
1 2 1 1
where, f = 1 + cos −1 − 1 = f ′ (0) ∴ LHL = RHL = f (1) = 0
n π n n
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 1
1
given, f ′ (0) = nlim nf
n
Differentiability at x = 1,
→∞
f (1 − h ) − f (1)
2 1 L f ′ (1) = lim
∴ lim (n + 1) cos −1 − n = f ′ (0) …(i) h→ 0 −h
n→ ∞ π n 1 − (1 − h ) − 0 h
2 = lim = lim = −1
where, f (x) = (1 + x) cos −1 x − 1, f (0) = 0 h→ 0 −h h→ 0 − h
π
f (1 + h ) − f (1)
and R f ′ (1) = lim
2 −1 h→ 0 h
⇒ f ′ (x) = (1 + x) + cos −1 x
π 1 − x2 [1 − (1 + h )] [(2 − (1 + h )] − 0
= lim
h→ 0 h
2 π 2 − h (1 − h )
⇒ f ′ (0) = − 1 + = 1 − …(ii)
= lim = lim (h − 1) = − 1
π 2 π h→ 0 h h→ 0
∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Since, L [ f ′ (1)] = Rf ′ (1), therefore f is differentiable at
2 1 2 x = 1.
lim (n + 1) cos −1 − n = 1 −
n→ ∞ π n π Continuity at x = 2,
50. Since, g (x) is continuous at x = α ⇒ lim g (x) = g (α ) LHL = lim f (x) = lim (1 − x) (2 − x)
x→ α x → 2− x → 2−
= lim (− 1 + h ) h = 0 f (x + h ) − f (x)
h→ 0 Again, f ′ (x) = lim
h→ 0 h
and RHL = lim f (x) = lim (3 − x)
x → 2+ x → 2+ 2x + 2h
f − f (x)
2
= lim [3 − (2 + h )] = lim (1 − h ) = 1 = lim
h→ 0 h→ 0 h→ 0 h
f (2x) + f (2h )
− f (x)
Since, LHL ≠ RHL, therefore f is not continuous at x = 2 2
= lim
as such f cannot be differentiable at x = 2. h→ 0 h
Hence, f is continuous and differentiable at all points
1 2x 2h
except at x = 2 . 2 f − 1 + 2 f − 1 − f (x)
2 2 2
− 1 + 1 = lim
h→ 0 h
xe x x , x>0
1 1
[from Eq. (i)]
52. Given, f (x) = xe x x , x < 0
− − +
1
[2 f (x) − 1 + 2 f (h ) − 1] − f (x)
0 , x=0 = lim 2
h→ 0 h
f (x) + f (h ) − 1 − f (x)
= lim
−2 h→ 0 h
xe x , x > 0 f (h ) − 1
= lim = −1 [from Eq. (ii)]
= x , x<0 h→ 0 h
0 , x=0
∴ f ′ (x) = −1, ∀x ∈ R
(i) To check continuity at x = 0,
⇒ ∫ f ′ (x)dx = ∫ − 1 dx
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⇒ f (x) = − x + k, where, k is a constant.
LHL (at x = 0) = lim − h = 0
h→ 0 But f (0) = 1,
h
RHL = lim =0 therefore f (0) = −0 + k
h→ 0 e2/ h
⇒ 1=k
Also, f (0) = 0
⇒ f (x) = 1 − x, ∀x ∈ R ⇒ f (2) = −1
∴ f (x) is continuous at x = 0
54. We have, f (x + y) = f (x) ⋅ f ( y), ∀ x, y ∈ R.
(ii) To check differentiability at x = 0,
f (0 − h ) − f (0) ∴ f (0) = f (0) ⋅ f (0) ⇒ f (0) { f (0) − 1} = 0
L f ′ (0) = lim ⇒ f (0) = 1 [Q f (0) ≠ 0]
h→ 0 −h
f (0 + h ) − f (0)
(0 − h ) − 0 Since, f ′ (0) = 2 ⇒ lim =2
= lim =1 h→ 0 h
h→ 0 −h
f (h ) − 1
f (0 + h ) − f (0) ⇒ lim =2 [Q f (0) = 1] …(i)
R f ′ (0) = lim h→ 0 h
h→ 0 h f (x + h ) − f (x)
he−2 / h − 0 Also, f ′ (x) = lim
= lim =0 h→ 0 h
h→ 0 h f (x) ⋅ f (h ) − f (x)
= lim ,
∴ f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0. h→ 0 h
x + y f (x) + f ( y)
53. Given, f = , ∀x, y ∈ R [using, f (x + y) = f (x) ⋅ f ( y)]
2 2 f (h ) − 1
= f (x) lim
On putting y = 0, we get h→ 0 h
x f (x) + f (0) 1 ∴ f ′ (x) = 2 f (x) [from Eq. (i)]
f = = [1 + f (x)] [Q f (0) = 1]
2 2 2 f ′ (x)
⇒ =2
x f (x)
⇒ 2 f = f (x) + 1
2
On integrating both sides between 0 to x, we get
x x f ′ (x)
⇒ f (x) = 2 f − 1, ∀ x, y ∈ R
2
…(i)
∫ 0 f (x) dx = 2x
Since, f ′ (0) = −1, we get ⇒ log e | f (x)| − log e | f (0)| = 2x
f (0 + h ) − f (0) ⇒ log e| f (x)| = 2x [Q f (0) = 1]
lim = −1
h→ 0 h
⇒ log e | f (0)| = 0
f (h ) − 1
⇒ lim = −1 …(ii) ⇒ f (x) = e2 x
h→ 0 h
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 217
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differentiable at x = {0, 1, 2} . ∴ RHD (at x = 1) = 2, LHD (at x = 1) = 0
56. Since, | f ( y) − f (x)| ≤ (x − y)
2 3 ⇒ g (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
Also, RHD (at x = 0) = 0, LHD at (x = 0) = − 1
| f ( y) − f (x)|2
⇒ ≤ (x − y) ⇒ g (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
( y − x)2
Hence, g (x) is differentiable for all x ∈ (−2, 2) − {0, 1}
2
f ( y) − f (x)
⇒ ≤x− y …(i)
y−x 59. Given, f (x) = x3 − x2 − x + 1
2
f ( y) − f (x) ⇒ f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 2x − 1 = (3x + 1) (x − 1)
⇒ lim ≤ lim (x − y)
∴ f (x) is increasing for x ∈ (−∞ , − 1 /3) ∪ (1, ∞ )
y → x y−x y→ x
and decreasing for x ∈ (−1 /3, 1)
⇒ | f ′ (x)|2 ≤ 0 max { f (t ); 0 ≤ t ≤ x}, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
which is only possible, if| f ′ (x)| = 0 Also, given g (x) =
3 − x, 1 < x≤2
∴ f ′ (x) = 0
f (x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
or f ′ (x) = Constant ⇒ g (x) =
3 − x, 1 < x ≤ 2
57. Since, f (−x) = f (x) x3 − x2 − x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
∴f (x) is an even function. ⇒ g (x) =
3 − x, 1 < x≤2
f (0 + h ) − f (0)
∴ f ′ (0) = lim At x = 1,
h→ 0 h
f (0 − h ) − f (0) RHL = lim (3 − x) = 2
= lim [Q f (− h ) = f (h )] x→1
h→ 0 −h and LHL = lim (x3 − x2 − x + 1) = 0
Since, f ′ (0) exists. x→1
∴ R f ′ (0) = L f ′ (0) ∴ It is discontinuous at x = 1.
f (h ) − f (0) f (h ) − f (0) 3x2 − 2x − 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
⇒ lim = lim Also, g ′ (x) =
h→ 0 h h→ 0 −h −1 , 1 < x≤2
f (h ) − f (0) ⇒ +
g ′ (1 ) = − 1
⇒ 2 lim =0
h→ 0 h and g ′ (1− ) = 3 − 2 − 1 = 0
f (h ) − f (0)
⇒ lim =0 ∴ g (x) is continuous for all x ∈ (0, 2) − {1} and g (x) is
h→ 0 h
differentiable for all x ∈ (0, 2) − {1}.
∴ f ′ (0) = 0
218 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
x −1 3 sin x − f (x)
2x2 − 7x + 5 , when x ≠ 1 lim g (x) = lim
x→ 0 x→ 0 sin x
60. Given that, f (x) =
1 3 cos x − f ′ (x)
− , when x = 1 = lim
3 x→ 0 cos x
f (1 + h ) − f (1) 3 −1
RHD = lim = =2
h→ 0 h 1
1 + h −1 1 63.
− − PLAN
2(1 + h )2 − 7(1 + h ) + 5 3 (i) In these type of questions, we draw the graph of the function.
= lim
h→ 0 h (ii) The points at which the curve taken a sharp turn, are the
points of non-differentiability.
3h + 2 (1 + h )2 − 7(1 + h ) + 5
= lim Curve of f (x) and g (x) are
h→ 0 3 h {2 (1 + h )2 − 7 (1 + h ) + 5 }
2h 2 2
= lim =−
h→ 0 3 h (−3 h + 2 h 2 ) 9
f (1 − h ) − f (1)
LHD = lim
h→ 0 −h
1 − h −1 1
− −
2(1 − h )2 − 7(1 − h ) + 5 3
= lim
h→ 0 −h
−3h + 2(1 + h 2 − 2h ) − 7(1 − h ) + 5 h (x) is not differentiable at x = ± 1 and 0.
= lim As, h (x) take sharp turns at x = ± 1 and 0.
h→ 0 −3h [2(1 − h )2 − 7(1 − h ) + 5]
Hence, number of points of non-differentiability of h (x)
2h 2 2
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= lim = − ∴ LHD = RHD is 3.
h→ 0 −3h (2h 2 + 3h ) 9
64. Let p (x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e
2
Hence, required value of f ′ (1) = − . ⇒ p′ (x) = 4ax3 + 3bx2 + 2cx + d
9
61. Given, f (x) = x tan −1 x ∴ p′ (1) = 4a + 3b + 2c + d = 0 ... (i)
Using first principle, and p′ (2) = 32a + 12b + 4c + d = 0 ... (ii)
f (1 + h ) − f (1) p (x)
f ′ (1) = lim Since, lim 1 + 2 = 2 [given]
h→ 0 h x→ 0 x
(1 + h ) tan −1 (1 + h ) − tan −1 (1) ax4 + bx3 + (c + 1) x2 + dx + e
= lim ∴ lim =2
h→ 0
h x→ 0 x2
tan −1 (1 + h ) − tan −1 (1) h tan −1 (1 + h ) ⇒ c + 1 = 2, d = 0, e = 0
= lim + ⇒ c=1
h→ 0 h h
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
1 h
= lim tan −1 −1
+ tan (1 + h ) 4a + 3b = − 2
h→ 0 h 2 + h
and 32a + 12b = − 4
−1 h
tan 2 + h π ⇒
1
a = and b = − 1.
= lim + 4
h→ 0 h 4
(2 + h ) ⋅ x4
2 + h ∴ p(x) = − x3 + x2
4
−1 h 16
tan ⇒ p(2) = −8 + 4
1 2 + h π 1 π
= lim + = + 4
h→ 0 2 + h h 4 2 4
⇒ p(2) = 0
(2 + h )
π
62. g (x) = ∫ 2 (f ′ (t ) cosec t − cot t cosec t f (t ))dt
Topic 8 Differentiation
x
1. We know,
π π
∴ g (x) = f cosec − f (x) cosec x (1 + x)n = nC 0 + nC1x + nC 2 x2 + ... + nC n xn
2 2
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
f (x)
⇒ g (x) = 3 − n (1 + x)n − 1 = nC1 + 2 nC 2 x + ... + n nC n xn − 1
sin x
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 219
coderguru.in
π 2
dx ( 0, 1) e
tan x − tan
= tan −1 4
π dy d 2y 1 1
1 + tan (tan x) So, , 2 at (0, 1) is − , 2
4 dx dx e e
π 4. Let y = f ( f ( f (x))) + ( f (x))2
= tan −1 tan x −
4
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
tan A − tan B dy
Q = tan ( A − B) = f ′ ( f ( f (x))) ⋅ f ′ ( f (x)) ⋅ f ′ (x) + 2 f (x) f ′ (x)
1 + tan A tan B dx
π [by chain rule]
Since, it is given that x ∈ 0, , so
2 So, dy = f ′ ( f ( f (1))) ⋅ f ′ ( f (1)) ⋅ f ′ (1) + 2 f (1) f ′ (1)
π π π dx at x=1
x − ∈− ,
4 4 4 ∴
dy
= f ′ ( f (1)) ⋅ f ′ (1) ⋅ (3) + 2(1)(3)
π π π dx x = 1
Also, for x − ∈ − , ,
4 4 4 [Q f (1) = 1 and f′ (1) = 3]
Then, = f ′ (1) ⋅ (3) ⋅ (3) + 6
−1 π π = (3 × 9) + 6 = 27 + 6 = 33
f (x) = tan tan x − = x −
4 4 5. Given expression is
π π
2 2
−1 3 cos x + sin x 3 cot x + 1
Q tan tan θ = θ, for θ ∈ − 2 , 2 2 y = cot−1 = cot−1
cos x − 3 sin x cot x − 3
x
Now, derivative of f (x) w.r.t. is [dividing each term of numerator and
2
d ( f (x)) df (x) denominator by sin x]
=2 2
d (x / 2) d (x) π
−1
cot cot x + 1 π
= cot 6
d π Q cot 6 = 3
=2 × x − = 2 cot x − cot π
dx 4 6
3. 2
Key Idea Differentiating the given equation twice w.r.t. ‘x’. π cot A cot B + 1
= cot−1 cot − x Q cot( A − B) =
6 cot B − cot A
Given equation is
ey + xy = e …(i)
220 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
π
2
π = 4 + e2 − e log e (1) = 4 + e2 − 0
− x , 0<x<
= e2 + 4
6 6
= 2
π π π π ⇒ y = e2 + 4 [Q y > 0]
+ − x , <x<
6 6 2
∴ At x = e and y = e + 4, 2
π + θ , − π < θ < 0 dy 2e − 1 − 0 2e − 1
Q cot−1 (cot θ ) = θ , = =
0 <θ < π [using Eq. (ii)]
dx 2 e2 + 4 2 e2 + 4
θ − π , π < θ < 2π
8. We have,
π
2
π
− x , 0 < x < f (x) = x3 + x2f ′ (1) + xf ′ ′ (2) + f ′ ′ ′ (3)
6 6
⇒2y = 2
⇒ f ′ (x) = 3x2 + 2xf ′ (1) + f ′ ′ (2) … (i)
7π − x , π < x < π ⇒ f ′ ′ (x) = 6x + 2 f ′ (1) … (ii)
6
6 2 ⇒ f ′ ′ ′ (x) = 6 … (iii)
π π ⇒ f′ ′ ′ (3) = 6
2 − x (−1), 0 < x <
dy 6 6 Putting x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
⇒2 =
dx 7π π π f ′ (1) = 3 + 2 f ′ (1) + f ′ ′ (2) … (iv)
2 − x (−1), <x<
6 6 2 and putting x = 2 in Eq. (ii), we get
π π f ′ ′ (2) = 12 + 2 f ′ (1) …(v)
dy x − 6 , 0 < x < 6 From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
⇒ =
dx x − 7π , π < x < π f ′ (1) = 3 + 2 f ′ (1) + (12 + 2 f ′ (1))
6 6 2 ⇒ 3 f′ (1) = − 15
6. Given equation is ⇒ f′ (1) = − 5
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(2x)2y = 4 ⋅ e2x − 2y ... (i) ⇒ f′ ′ (2) = 12 + 2 (− 5) = 2 [using Eq. (v)]
On applying ‘ log e ’ both sides, we get ∴ f (x) = x3 + x2f ′ (1) + xf ′ ′ (2) + f ′ ′ ′ (3)
log e (2x)2y = log e 4 + log e e2x − 2y ⇒ f (x) = x3 − 5x2 + 2x + 6
2 y log e (2x) = log e (2)2 + (2x − 2 y) ⇒ f (2) = 23 − 5(2)2 + 2(2) + 6 = 8 − 20 + 4 + 6 = − 2
[Q log e n = m log e n and log e ef ( x ) = f (x)]
m
9. We have, x = 3 tan t and y = 3 sec t
⇒ (2 log e (2x) + 2) y = 2x + 2 log e (2) dy d
x + log e 2 (3 sec t )
⇒ y= dy dt dt
Clearly, = =
1 + log e (2x) dx dx d (3 tan t )
On differentiating ‘y’ w.r.t. ‘x’, we get dt dt
2 3 sec t tan t tan t
(1 + log e (2x))1 − (x + log e 2) = = = sin t
dy
= 2x 3 sec2 t sec t
dx (1 + log e (2x))2 d 2y d dy d dy dt
1 and = = ⋅
1 + log e (2x) − 1 − log e 2 dx2 dx dx dt dx dx
= x
d dy d
(1 + log e (2x))2 (sin t )
dt dx dt cos t cos3 t
dy x log e (2x) − log e 2 = = = 2
=
So, (1 + log e (2x))2 = dx d 3
(3 tan t ) 3 sec t
dx x dt dt
π
7. We have, x log e (log e x) − x2 + y2 = 4, which can be cos3
d 2y π 4 = 1 1
written as Now, at t = = =
dx2 4 3 3(2 2 ) 6 2
y2 = 4 + x2 − x log e (log e x) … (i)
6x x − 1 2 ⋅ (3 x )
3/ 2
Now, differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get 10. Let y = tan − 1 = tan 3/ 2 2
dy 1 1 1 − 9x3 1 − (3x )
2y = 2x − x . − 1 ⋅ log e (log e x)
dx log e x x 2x
= 2 tan − 1 (3x3/ 2) Q 2 tan − 1 x = tan − 1
[by using product rule of derivative] 1 − x2
1
2x − − log e (log e x) ∴
dy
= 2⋅
1 3
⋅ 3 × (x)1/ 2 =
9
⋅ x
dy log ex 1 + (3x )3/ 2 2
1 + 9x3
⇒ = … (ii) dx 2
dx 2y
9
∴ g (x) =
Now, at x = e, y2 = 4 + e2 − e log e (log e e) 1 + 9x3
[using Eq. (i)]
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 221
coderguru.in
and g (x + 1) = log x + g (x)
i.e. g (x + 1) − g (x) = log x ... (i) 18. Given, x2 + y2 = 1
1 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Replacing x by x − , we get
2 2x + 2 yy′ = 0
1 1 1 ⇒ x + yy′ = 0.
g x + − g x − = log x − = log (2x − 1) − log 2
2 2 2
Again, differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
1 1 −4
∴ g′′ x + − g′′ x − = ... (ii) 1 + y ′ y ′ + yy ′′ = 0
2 2 (2x − 1)2
⇒ 1 + ( y′ )2 + yy′′ = 0
x3 sin x cos x
On substituting, x = 1, 2, 3,... , N in Eq. (ii) and adding,
we get 19. Given, f (x) = 6 −1 0
1 1 1 1 1 p p2 p3
g′′ N + − g′′ = − 4 1 + + + ... + 2
.
2 2 9 25 (2N − 1)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
−1
dx 1 dy 3x2 cos x − sin x x3
14. Since, = = sin x cos x
dy dy / dx dx f ′ (x) = 6 −1 0 + 0 0 0
−1
d dx d dy dx 2 3 2
⇒ = p p p p p p3
dy dy dx dx dy
d 2x d 2y dy − 2 dx d 2y dy −3 x3 sin x cos x
⇒ = − = − 2
dy2 dx dx dy
2
dx dx + 6 −1 0
0 0 0
15. Since, f ′′ (x) = − f (x)
d 3x2 cos x − sin x
⇒ { f ′ (x)} = − f (x) ⇒ f ′ (x) = 6 −1 0
dx
2
⇒ g′ (x) = − f (x) [Q g (x) = f ′ (x), given]…(i) p p p3
2 2
x x 6x − sin x − cos x
Also, F (x) = f + g
2 2 ⇒ f ′ ′ (x) = 6 −1 0 +0+0
x x 1 p p2 p3
⇒ F ′ (x) = 2 f ⋅ f ′ ⋅
2 2 2
222 Limit, Continuity and Differentiability
coderguru.in
d 3 On differentiating both sides, we get
⇒ 2 ( y y2) = P (x) ⋅ P ′ ′ ′ (x)
dx 1 1 1
(log x) ⋅ − log (log x) ⋅
d 3 d 2y log x x x
⇒ 2 y ⋅ 2 = P (x) ⋅ P ′ ′ ′ (x) f ′ (x) =
dx dx (log x)2
21. Given, xexy = y + sin 2 x 1 1 1
…(i) 1 ⋅ ⋅ − log (1) ⋅
1 e e
On putting x = 0, we get ∴ f ′ (e) =
(1)2
0 . e0 = y + 0
1
⇒ y=0 ⇒ f ′ (e) =
e
f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x)
On differentiating Eq. (i) both sides w.r.t. x, we get 26. Given, F (x) = g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x)
dy dy
1 . exy + x ⋅ exy x ⋅ + y = + 2 sin x cos x h1 (x) h2 (x) h3 (x)
dx dx
f1 ′ (x) f2 ′ (x) f3 ′ (x)
On putting x = 0, y = 0, we get ∴ F ′ (x) = g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x)
dy h1 (x) h2 (x) h3 (x)
e0 + 0(0 + 0) = + 2 sin 0 cos 0
dx ( 0, 0) f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x) f1 (x) f2 (x) f3 (x)
dy + g1 ′ (x) g2 ′ (x) g3 ′ (x) + g1 (x) g2 (x) g3 (x)
⇒ dx =1
0, 0 h1 (x) h2 (x) h3 (x) h1 ′ (x) h2 ′ (x) h3 ′ (x)
⇒ F ′ (a ) = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
22. Given, f (x) = x|x|
[Q fr (a ) = gr (a ) = hr (a ) ; r = 1, 2, 3]
2 if x ≥ 0
⇒ f (x) = x , 2 2x − 1
− x , if x < 0
27. Given, y= f 2
f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 but all R − {0} . x + 1
f ′ (x) = sin 2 x
f ′ (x) = 2x, x>0 and
Therefore,
− 2x, x<0 dy 2x − 1 d 2x − 1
∴ = f′ 2 ⋅ 2
⇒ f ′ ′ (x) = 2, x>0 dx x + 1 dx x + 1
− 2 , x<0
2x − 1 (x2 + 1) ⋅ 2 − (2x − 1) (2x)
Therefore, f (x) is twice differentiable for all x ∈ R − {0}. = sin 2 2 ⋅
x + 1 (x2 + 1)2
Limit, Continuity and Differentiability 223
2x − 1 −2x2 + 2x + 2 and
dy
= n secn − 1 θ ⋅ sec θ tan θ − n cos n − 1 θ ⋅ (− sin θ )
= sin 2 2 ⋅
x + 1 (x2 + 1)2 dθ
dx
−2 (x2 − x − 1) 2x − 1 ⇒ = tan θ (sec θ + cos θ )
= sin 2 2 dθ
(x2 + 1)2 x + 1 dy
and = n tan θ (secn θ + cos n θ )
ax2 bx c dθ
28. y= + + +1
(x − a ) (x − b) (x − c) (x − b) (x − c) (x − c) dy n (secnθ + cos n θ )
⇒ =
ax2 bx x dx sec θ + cos θ
= + +
(x − a ) (x − b) (x − c) (x − b) (x − c) (x − c) dy
2
n 2 (secnθ + cos n θ )2
∴ =
ax 2
x b dx (sec θ + cos θ )2
= + + 1
(x − a ) (x − b) (x − c) (x − c) x − b
n 2 {(secn θ − cos n θ )2 + 4} n 2 ( y2 + 4)
ax2 x x = =
= + ⋅ {(sec θ − cos θ )2 + 4} (x2 + 4)
(x − a ) (x − b) (x − c) (x − c) (x − b) 2
a dy
x2 x3 ⇒ (x2 + 4) = n 2( y2 + 4)
= + 1 ⇒ y = dx
(x − c) (x − b) x − 1 (x − a ) (x − b) (x − c)
A (x) B(x) C (x)
⇒ log y = log x3 − log (x − a ) (x − b) (x − c)
31. Let φ (x) = A (α ) B (α ) C (α ) …(i)
⇒ log y = 3 log x − log (x − a ) − log (x − b) − log(x − c)
A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α )
On differentiating, we get
y′ 3 1 1 1 Given that, α is repeated root of quadratic equation
= − − − f (x) = 0.
y x x − a x−b x− c
y ′ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ∴ We must have f (x) = (x − α )2 ⋅ g (x)
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⇒ = − + − + − A ′ (x) B ′ (x) C ′ (x)
y x x − a x x − b x x − c
y′ −a b c ∴ φ ′ (x) = A (α ) B (α ) C (α )
⇒ = − −
y x (x − a ) x (x − b) x (x − c) A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α )
y′ a b c A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α )
⇒ = + +
y x (a − x) x (b − x) x (c − x) ⇒ φ ′ (α ) = A (α ) B (α ) C (α ) = 0
y′ 1 a b c A ′ (α ) B ′ (α ) C ′ (α )
⇒ = + +
y x a − x b − x c − x
⇒ x = α is root of φ′ (x).
π
3
sin x ⇒ (x − α ) is a factor of φ′ (x) also.
29. Here, (sin +
y) 2 sec−1 (2x) + 2x tan {log (x + 2)} = 0 or we can say (x − α )2 is a factor of f (x).
2
On differentiating both sides, we get ⇒ φ (x) is divisible by f (x).
π
π π 2x
32. Given,y = (log cos xsin x) ⋅ (logsin x cos x)−1 + sin −1
sin x
(sin y) 2 ⋅ log (sin y) ⋅ cos x ⋅
2 2 1 + x2
π 2
log e (sin x) −1 2 x
π sin x −1
dy
2
+ sin x (sin y) ⋅ cos y ⋅ ∴ y= + sin
2 dx log e (cos x) 1 + x2
3 2 2 ⋅ sec {log (x + 2)}
x 2
(log e (cos x) ⋅ cot x
+ ⋅ +
2 (2|x|) 4x2 − 1 (x + 2) dy log e (sin x) + loge ( in x) ⋅ tan x ) 2
⇒ =2 ⋅ +
+ 2x log 2 ⋅ tan {log (x + 2)} = 0
dx log e (cos x) {log e (cos x)}2 1 + x2
3
Putting x = − 1, y = − , we get
π 1
2 ⋅ log
2 dy 2 2
3 ⇒ = 2 1 ⋅ 2
+
− dx x = π log 1 1 + π
2
dy π 3 4
= = 2 16
dx 3
2
π π −3
2
8 32
1− =− +
π log e 2 16 + π 2
On differentiating both sides, we get From Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), wet get
dy 1 b dy 3
= ex sin x (3x3 ⋅ cos x3 + sin x3 ) + (tan x)x
=x − + 1 [log (x) − log (a + bx)]
dx x a + bx dx
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37. Here, lim
⇒ h ′ x = 2 f (x) ⋅ f ′ (x) + 2 g (x) ⋅ g ′ (x) x→1
G (x) 14
= 2 [ f (x) ⋅ g (x) − g (x) ⋅ f (x)] F ′ (x) 1
⇒ lim = [using L’Hospital’s rule]…(i)
=0 [Q f ′ (x) = g (x) and g′ (x) = − f (x)] x→1 G′ (x) 14
x
∴ h (x) is constant. As F (x) = ∫ f (t ) dt ⇒ F ′ (x) = f (x) …(ii)
–1
⇒ h (10) = h (5) = 11 x
x sin x 3
and G (x) = ∫ t f { f (t )} dt
35. Since, y = e + (tan x) , then
x –1
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(a) 6 (b)
(d) | 2α + 6β | = 11 2
9
2. Let S be the set of all values of x for which the tangent to (c) 4 (d)
2
the curve y = f (x) = x − x − 2x at (x, y) is parallel to the
3 2
line segment joining the points (1, f (1)) and (−1, f (−1)), 8. The normal to the curve y(x − 2) (x − 3) = x + 6 at the
then S is equal to (2019 Main, 9 April I) point, where the curve intersects the Y -axis passes
through the point
(a) , − 1 (b) , 1
1 1 (2017 Main)
(a) − , − (b) ,
3 3 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 2
(d) − , − 1
1
(c) − , 1
3 3 1
(c) , −
1
(d) ,
1 1
2 3 2 3
3. If the tangent to the curve, y = x3 + ax − b at the point
(1, − 5) is perpendicular to the line, − x + y + 4 = 0, then 1 + sin x π
9. Consider f (x) = tan −1 , x ∈ 0, .
which one of the following points lies on the curve ? 1 − sin x 2
(2019 Main, 9 April I)
π
(a) (−2, 2) (b) (2, − 2) A normal to y = f (x) at x = also passes through the
6
(c) (−2, 1) (d) (2, − 1)
point (2016 Main)
4. The tangent to the curve y = x2 − 5x + 5, parallel to the 2π π π
(a) (0, 0) (b) 0, (c) , 0 (d) , 0
line 2 y = 4x + 1, also passes through the point 3 6 4
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
10. The normal to the curve x2 + 2xy − 3 y2 = 0 at (1,1)
(a) , (b) ,
1 7 7 1
4 2 2 4 (a) does not meet the curve again (2015 Main)
12. If the normal to the curve y = f (x) at the point Fill in the Blank
3π
(3, 4) makes an angle with the positive X-axis, then 16. Let C be the curve y3 − 3xy + 2 = 0. If H is the set of
4
points on the curve C, where the tangent is horizontal
f ′ (3) is equal to (2000, 1M)
and V is the set of points on the curve C, where the
(a) –1 (b) –3/4 tangent is vertical, then H = K and V = K . (1994, 2M)
(c) 4/3 (d) 1
13. The normal to the curve x = a (cos θ + θ sin θ ), Analytical & Descriptive Questions
y = a (sin θ − θ cos θ ) at any point ‘ θ ’ is such that
17. If | f (x1 ) − f (x2)| ≤ (x1 − x2)2, ∀x1 , x2 ∈ R.
Find the
(1983, 1M)
(a) it makes a constant angle with the X-axis equation of tangent to the curve y = f (x) at the point
(1, 2). (2005, 4M)
(b) it passes through the origin
(c) it is at a constant distance from the origin 18. The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5, touches the X-axis at
(d) None of the above P(−2, 0) and cuts the Y-axis at a point Q, where its
gradient is 3. Find a, b, c. (1994, 5M)
Objective Questions II 19. Tangent at a point P1 {other than (0, 0)} on the curve
(One or more than one correct option) y = x3 meets the curve again at P2. The tangent at P2
14. On the ellipse 4x + 9 y = 1, the point at which the
2 2 meets the curve at P3 and so on.
tangents are parallel to the line 8x = 9 y, are (1999, 2M) Show that the abscissa of P1, P2, P3 , …, Pn, form a GP.
(a) , (b) − ,
2 1 2 1 Also, find the ratio of
5 5 5 5 [area (∆P1P2P3 )]/[area (∆P2P3 P4 )]. (1993, 5M)
(c) − , − (d) , −
2 1 2 1 20. Find the equation of the normal to the curve
5 5 5 5 y = (1 + x)y + sin −1 (sin 2 x) at x = 0. (1993, 4M)
15. If the line ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the curve xy = 1,
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21. Find all the tangents to the curve y = cos (x + y),
then −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π , that are parallel to the line x + 2 y = 0.
(a) a > 0, b > 0
(1985, 5M)
(b) a > 0, b < 0 (1986, 2M)
(c) a < 0, b > 0 Integer Answer Type Question
(d) a < 0, b < 0 22. The slope of the tangent to the curve ( y − x5 )2 = x (1 + x2)2
at the point (1, 3) is (2014 Adv.)
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9. The length of a longest interval in which the function
Then,
3 sin x − 4 sin3 x is increasing, is (2002, 2M)
π π (a) f (x) is monotonically increasing on [1, ∞ )
(a) (b) (b) f (x) is monotonically decreasing on [0,1)
3 2
(c) f (x) + f = 0, ∀x ∈ (0, ∞ )
3π 1
(c) (d) π x
2
(d) f (2x ) is an odd function of x on R
10. If f (x) = xex (1 − x ) , then f (x) is (2001, 2M)
19. If h (x) = f (x) − f (x)2 + f (x)3 for every real number x.
(a) increasing in [−1 / 2, 1] (b) decreasing in R
(c) increasing in R (d) decreasing in [−1 / 2, 1] Then, (1998, 2M)
(a) h is increasing, whenever f is increasing
11. For all x ∈ (0, 1) (2000, 1M) (b) h is increasing, whenever f is decreasing
(a) ex < 1 + x (b) log e (1+ x) < x (c) h is decreasing, whenever f is decreasing
(c) sin x > x (d) log ε x > x (d) Nothing can be said in general
12. Let f (x) = ∫ ex (x − 1) (x − 2) dx. Then, f decreases in the
Fill in the Blanks
interval (2000, 2M)
(a) (−∞ , − 2) (b) (−2, − 1) (c) (1, 2) (d) (2, ∞ ) 20. The set of all x for which log (1 + x) ≤ x is equal to ..... .
(1987, 2M)
13. The function f (x) = sin x + cos x increases, if
4 4
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(a) (III) (iii) (R) (b) (IV) (iv) (S) (1990, 4M)
(c) (II) (ii) (Q) (d) (I) (i) (P)
31. Show that 1 + x log (x + x2 + 1 ) ≥ 1 + x2 ∀x ≥ 0.
25. Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with (1983, 2M)
π π
32. Given A = x :
statements in Column II.
≤ x ≤ and f (x) = cos x – x (1 + x). Find
Let the functions defined in Column I have domain 6 3
(1980, 2M)
(−π / 2, π / 2). f ( A ).
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(a) S1 = {−2} ; S2 = {0,1} (2019 Main, 8 April I) 16. Let f (x) be a polynomial of degree four having extreme
S1 = {−2, 0} ; S2 = {1} lim f (x)
(b) values at x = 1 and x = 2. If x→ 0 1+ = 3, then f (2) is
(c) S1 = {−2,1} ; S2 = {0} x2
(d) S1 = {−1} ; S2 = {0, 2} equal to
7. The shortest distance between the line y = x and the (a) −8 (b) −4
(c) 0 (d) 4
curve y = x − 2 is
2
(2019 Main, 8 April I)
7 7 11 17. If x = − 1 and x = 2 are extreme points of
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
8 4 2 4 2 f (x) = α log|x| + βx2 + x, then (2014 Main)
1 1
8. The maximum area (in sq. units) of a rectangle having (a) α = − 6, β = (b) α = − 6, β = −
its base on the X-axis and its other two vertices on the 2 2
1 1
parabola, y = 12 − x2 such that the rectangle lies inside (c) α = 2, β = − (d) α = 2, β =
the parabola, is (2019 Main, 12 Jan I) 2 2
(a) 36 (b) 20 2 18. The number of points in (− ∞ , ∞ ) for which
(c) 32 (d) 18 3 x2 − x sin x − cos x = 0, is (2013 Adv.)
9. The maximum value of the function (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 0
f (x) = 3x3 − 18x2 + 27x − 40 19. Let f, g and h be real-valued functions defined on the
2 2 2 2
on the set S = { x ∈ R : x2 + 30 ≤ 11x} is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I) interval [0, 1] by f (x) = ex + e− x , g (x) = x ex + e− x and
2 2
(a) 122 (b) − 122 (c) − 222 (d) 222 h (x) = x2ex + e− x . If a, b and c denote respectively, the
10. Let A (4, − 4) and B(9, 6) be points on the parabola, absolute maximum of f, g and h on [0, 1], then (2010)
y2 = 4x. Let C be chosen on the arc AOB of the parabola, (a) a = b and c ≠ b (b) a = c and a ≠ b
where O is the origin, such that the area of ∆ACB is (c) a ≠ b and c ≠ b (d) a = b = c
maximum. Then, the area (in sq. units) of ∆ACB, is 20. The total number of local maxima and local minima of
(2019 Main, 9 Jan II) (2 + x)3 , − 3 < x ≤ −1
1 the function f (x) = 2 is
(a) 31 (b) 32 (2008, 3M)
4 x 3 , −1 < x < 2
3 1
(c) 31 (d) 30 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
4 2
11. The maximum volume (in cu.m) of the right circular 21. If f (x) = x + 2bx + 2c and g (x) = − x − 2cx + b2, such
2 2 2
cone having slant height 3m is (2019 Main, 9 Jan I) that min f (x) > max g (x), then the relation between b
4 and c, is (2003, 2M)
(a) π (b) 2 3π
3 (a) No real value of b and c (b) 0 < c < b 2
(c) 3 3π (d) 6π (c)| c|< | b| 2 (d)| c|> | b| 2
230 Application of Derivatives
22. If f (x) = | x|, for 0 < | x| ≤ 2 . Then, at x = 0, f has (a) f (x) attains its minimum at x = 0
1 , for x=0 (b) f (x) attains its maximum at x = 0
(2000, 1M)
(a) a local maximum (b) no local maximum (c) f ′ (x) = 0 at more than three points in (− π , π )
(c) a local minimum (d) no extremum (d) f ′ (x) = 0 at exactly three points in (− π , π )
x2 − 1 31. Let f : R → (0, ∞ ) and g : R → R be twice differentiable
23. If f (x) = , for every real number x, then the
x2 + 1 functions such that f′ ′ and g′ ′ are continuous functions
minimum value of f (1998, 2M)
on R. Suppose f ′ (2) = g (2) = 0, f ′ ′(2) ≠ 0 and g′ (2) ≠ 0.
f (x) g (x)
(a) does not exist because f is unbounded If lim = 1, then
(b) is not attained even though f is bounded x → 2 f ′ (x) g′ (x) (2016 Adv.)
(c) is 1
(a) f has a local minimum at x = 2
(d) is –1
(b) f has a local maximum at x = 2
24. The number of values of x, where the function (c) f ′ ′ (2) > f (2)
f (x) = cos x + cos ( 2x) attains its maximum, is(1998, 2M) (d) f (x) − f ′ ′ (x) = 0, for atleast one x ∈ R
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite 32. The function f (x) = 2|x| + |x + 2| − ||x + 2| − 2|x|| has a
25. On the interval [0,1], the function x 25
(1 − x)75 takes its local minimum or a local maximum at x is equal to
maximum value at the point (1995, 1M) (2013 Adv.)
−2
(a) 0 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/3 (a) −2 (b) (c) 2 (d) 2/3
3
26. Find the coordinates of all the points P on the ellipse
x2 y2 33. A rectangular sheet of fixed perimeter with sides
+ = 1, for which the area of the ∆PON is having their lengths in the ratio 8 : 15 is converted into
a 2 b2 an open rectangular box by folding after removing
maximum, where O denotes the origin and N is the foot squares of equal area from all four corners. If the total
of the perpendicular from O to the tangent at P. area of removed squares is 100, the resulting box has
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(1990, 10M)
maximum volume. The lengths of the sides of the
± a2 ± b2 ± a2 ± b2
(a) , (b) , rectangular sheet are (2013 Adv.)
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 a 2 – b2 a 2 – b2 (a) 24 (b) 32 (c) 45 (d) 60
± a2 ± b2 ± a2 ± b2 ex , 0 ≤ x≤1
(c) , (d) ,
a 2 + b2 a 2 – b2 a 2 – b2 a 2 + b2 x
34. If f (x) = 2 − ex − 1 , 1 < x≤2 and g (x) = ∫ f (t ) dt ,
0
27. If P (x) = a 0 + a1x + a 2x +... + a nx is a polynomial in
2 4 2n x−e , 2 < x≤3
a real variable x with 0 < a 0 < a1 < a 2 < K < a n. Then, x ∈ [1, 3], then (2006, 3M)
the function P (x) has (1986, 2M) (a) g (x) has local maxima at x = 1 + log e 2 and local
(a) neither a maximum nor a minimum minima at x = e
(b) only one maximum (b) f (x) has local maxima at x = 1and local minima at x = 2
(c) only one minimum (c) g (x) has no local minima
(d) only one maximum and only one minimum (d) f (x) has no local maxima
28. If y = a log x + bx2 + x has its extremum values at x = − 1 35. If f (x) is a cubic polynomial which has local maximum at
and x = 2 , then (1983, 1M) x = − 1. If f (2) = 18, f (1) = − 1 and f ′ (x) has local
1 minimum at x = 0, then
(a) a = 2, b = − 1 (b) a = 2, b = − (2006, 3M)
2 (a) the distance between (– 1, 2) and (a , f (a )), where x = a
1
(c) a = − 2, b = (d) None of the above is the point of local minima, is 2 5
2
(b) f (x) is increasing for x ∈[1, 2 5 ]
29. If p, q and r are any real numbers, then (1982, 1M) (c) f (x) has local minima at x = 1
(a) max ( p , q) < max ( p , q, r ) (d) the value of f (0) = 5
1
(b) min ( p , q) = ( p + q − | p − q|) 36. The function
2
x
(c) max ( p , q) < min ( p , q, r ) f (x) = ∫ t (et − 1) (t − 1) (t − 2)3 (t − 3)5 dt has a local
−1
(d) None of the above
minimum at x equals (1999, 3M)
Match the Columns 43. For the circle x2 + y2 = r 2, find the value of r for which
the area enclosed by the tangents drawn from the point
38. A line L : y = mx + 3 meets Y -axis at E (0, 3) and the P(6, 8) to the circle and the chord of contact is
arc of the parabola y2 = 16x, 0 ≤ y ≤ 6 at the point maximum. (2003, 2M)
F (x0 , y0 ). The tangent to the parabola at F (x0 , y0 )
44. Find a point on the curve x2 + 2 y2 = 6 whose distance
intersects the Y -axis at G (0, y1 ). The slope m of the
from the line x + y = 7, is minimum. (2003, 2M)
line L is chosen such that the area of the ∆EFG has a
local maximum 45. Let f (x) is a function satisfying the following conditions
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer (i) f (0) = 2, f (1) = 1
using the codes given below the list. (ii) f (x) has a minimum value at x = 5 / 2 and
2 ax 2ax − 1 2 ax + b + 1
Column I Column II
(iii) For all x, f ′ (x) = b b+ 1 −1
P. m= 1. 1/2 2 (ax + b) 2 ax + 2b + 1 2 ax + b
Q. Maximum area 2. 4
where, a and b are some constants. Determine the
of ∆EFG is
constants a , b and the function f (x). (1998, 8M)
R. y0 = 3. 2 46. Let C1 and C 2 be respectively, the parabolas x2 = y – 1
S. y1 = 4. 1 and y2 = x – 1. Let P be any point on C1 and Q be any
point on C 2. If P1 and Q1 is the reflections of P and Q,
Codes
respectively, with respect to the line y = x. Prove that P1
P Q R S
lies on C 2 Q1 lies on C1 and PQ ≥ min (PP1 , QQ1 ). Hence,
(a) 4 1 2 3
determine points P0 and Q0 on the parabolas C1 and C 2
(b) 3 4 1 2
respectively such that P0Q0 ≤ PQ for all pairs of points
(c) 1 3 2 4
(P , Q ) with P on C1 and Q on C 2.
(d) 1 3 4 2
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47. If S is a square of unit area. Consider any quadrilateral
which has one vertex on each side of S. If a , b, c and d
Passage Based Problems denote the length of the sides of the quadrilateral, then
Consider the function f : (−∞ , ∞ ) → (−∞ , ∞ ) defined by prove that 2 ≤ a 2 + b2 + d 2 ≤ 4. (1997, 5M)
x2 − ax + 1 48. Determine the points of maxima and minima of the
f (x) = 2 ; 0 < a < 2. (2008, 12M)
x + ax + 1 1
functionf (x) = In x − bx + x2, x > 0, where b ≥ 0 is a
8
39. Which of the following is true ? constant. (1996, 5M)
(a) (2 + a )2 f ′ ′ (1) + (2 − a )2 f ′ ′ (−1) = 0 49. Let (h , k) be a fixed point, where h > 0 , k > 0. A straight
(b) (2 − a )2 f ′ ′ (1) − (2 + a )2 f ′ ′ (−1) = 0 line passing through this point cuts the positive
(c) f ′ (1) f ′ (−1) = (2 − a )2 directions of the coordinate axes at the points P and Q.
(d) f ′ (1) f ′ (−1) = − (2 + a )2 Find the minimum area of the ∆OPQ, O being the
origin. (1995, 5M)
40. Which of the following is true ?
(a) f (x) is decreasing on (−1, 1) and has a local minimum at 50. The circle x2 + y2 = 1 cuts the X-axis at P and Q. Another
x=1 circle with centre at Q and variable radius intersects
(b) f (x) is increasing on (−1, 1) and has a local maximum at the first circle at R above the X-axis and the line
x=1 segment PQ at S. Find the maximum area of the ∆QSR.
(c) f (x) is increasing on (−1, 1) but has neither a local (1994, 5M)
maximum nor a local minimum at x = 1 3 (b3 − b2 + b − 1)
(d) f (x) is decreasing on (−1, 1) but has neither a local − x + , 0 ≤ x≤1
51. Let f (x) = (b2 + 3b + 2)
maximum nor a local minimum at x = 1
2x − 3, 1 ≤ x≤3
ex f ′ (t )
41. Let g (x) = ∫ dt. Which of the following is true? Find all possible real values of b such that f (x) has the
0 1 + t2
smallest value at x = 1. (1993, 5M)
(a) g ′ (x) is positive on (− ∞ , 0) and negative on (0, ∞ )
(b) g ′ (x) is negative on (− ∞ , 0) and positive on (0, ∞ ) 52. What normal to the curve y = x2 forms the shortest
(c) g ′ (x) changes sign on both (− ∞ , 0) and (0, ∞ ) chord? (1992, 6M)
(d) g ′ (x) does not change sign (− ∞ , ∞ ) 53. A window of perimeter (including the base of the arch)
is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a
Analytical & Descriptive Questions semi-circle. The semi-circular portion is fitted with
42. If f (x) is twice differentiable function such that f (a ) = 0, coloured glass while the rectangular part is fitted with
f (b) = 2, f (c) = 1, f (d ) = 2, f (e) = 0, where a < b < c < d < e, clear glass. The clear glass transmits three times as
then the minimum number of zeroes of much light per square meter as the coloured glass does.
g (x) = { f ′ (x)}2 + f ′′ (x) ⋅ f (x) in the interval [a, e] is What is the ratio for the sides of the rectangle so that
the window transmits the maximum light? (1991, 4M)
232 Application of Derivatives
54. A point P is given on the circumference of a circle of is open at the top. The bottom of the container is a solid
radius r. Chord QR is parallel to the tangent at P. circular disc of thickness 2 mm and is of radius equal to
Determine the maximum possible area of the ∆PQR. the outer radius of the container.
(1990, 4M) If the volume of the material used to make the container
55. Find the point on the curve 4x + a y = 4a , 4 < a 2 < 8
2 2 2 2 is minimum, when the inner radius of the container is
V
that is farthest from the point (0, –2). (1987, 4M) 10 mm, then the value of is (2015 Adv.)
250 π
56. Let A ( p , − p) B(q , q), C (r , − r ) be the vertices of the
2 2 2
63. A vertical line passing through the point (h , 0)
triangle ABC. A parallelogram AFDE is drawn with
x2 y2
vertices D, E and F on the line segments BC, CA and intersects the ellipse + = 1 at the points P and Q. If
AB, respectively. Using calculus, show that maximum 4 3
1 the tangents to the ellipse at P and Q meet at the point
area of such a parallelogram is ( p + q)(q + r )( p − r ).
4 R.
(1986, 5M)
π π If ∆(h ) = area of the ∆ PQR, ∆1 = max ∆ (h ) and
57. Let f (x) = sin x + λ sin x, − < x < ⋅ Find the
3 2
1/ 2 ≤ h ≤ 1
2 2 8
intervals in which λ should lie in the order that f (x) has ∆ 2 = min ∆ (h ), then ∆1 − 8∆ 2 is equal to (2013 Adv)
1/ 2 ≤ h ≤ 1 5
exactly one minimum and exactly one maximum.
(1985, 5M) 64. Let f : R → R be defined as f (x) = | x| + | x2 − 1|. The
x total number of points at which f attains either a local
58. Find the coordinates of the point on the curve y = , maximum or a local minimum is (2012)
1 + x2
where the tangent to the curve has the greatest slope. 65. Let p(x) be a real polynomial of least degree which has a
(1984, 4M) local maximum at x = 1 and a local minimum at x = 3. If
p(1) = 6 and p(3) = 2, then p′ (0) is equal to (2012)
59. A swimmer S is in the sea at a distance d km from the
closest point A on a straight shore. The house of the 66. The number of distinct real roots of
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swimmer is on the shore at a distance L km from A. He x4 − 4x3 + 12x2 + x − 1 = 0 is……
can swim at a speed of u km/h and walk at a speed of 67. Let f be a function defined on R (the set of all real
v km/h (v > u ). At what point on the shore should be numbers) such that f ′ (x) = 2010 (x − 2009) (x − 2010)2
land so that he reaches his house in the shortest (x − 2011)3 (x − 2012)4, ∀x ∈ R. If g is a function defined
possible time? (1983, 2M)
on R with values in the interval (0, ∞ ) such that
60. If ax2 + b / x ≥ c for all positive x where a > 0 and b > 0, f (x) = ln ( g (x)), ∀ x ∈ R, then the number of points in R
then show that 27ab2 ≥ 4c3 . (1982, 2M) at which g has a local maximum is…… (2010)
61. If x and y be two real variables such that x > 0 and xy = 1. 68. The maximum value of the expression
Then, find the minimum value of x + y. (1981, 2M)
1
is …… (2010)
sin 2 θ + 3 sin θ cos θ + 5 cos 2 θ
Integer Answer Type Questions 69. The maximum value of the function
62. A cylindrical container is to be made from certain solid f (x) = 2x3 − 15x2 + 36x − 48 on the set
material with the following constraints : It has a fixed A = { x | x2 + 20 ≤ 9x} is ……… . (2009)
inner volume of V mm3 , has a 2 mm thick solid wall and
Answers
Topic 1 Topic 2
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c)
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a)
9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (c) 14. (b, d) 15. (b, c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (a, c)
16. H = φ, V = {1, 1 } 17. y − 2 = 0 17. (c, d) 18. (a, c) 19. x > −1
1 1 1 1
1 3
18. a = – , b = – , c = 3 20. x ∈ − , 0 ∪ , ∞ , x ∈ − ∞, − ∪ 0,
2 2 2 2
2 4
19. 1 : 16 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (c)
2 a
20. y + x − 1 = 0 24. A → p, B → r 28. – ,
a 3
π − 3π
21. x + 2y = and x + 2y = 1 π π 3 π π
2 2 31. − 1 + , − 1 +
2 3
3 2 6 6
22. (8)
Application of Derivatives 233
Topic 3 1 −5 1 5
44. (2, 1) 45. a = , b = ; f ( x ) = x 2 − x + 2
4 4 4 4
1. (b) 2. (b)
1 5 5 1
46. P0 = , and Q0 = ,
Topic 4 2 4 4 2
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) (b − b 2 − 1 ) 1
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 48. Maxima at x = and minima at x = (b + b 2 − 1 )
4 4
9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (d)
4 3
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (c) 49. 2hk 50. 51. b ∈ ( −2, − 1 ) ∪ [1, ∞ ]
9
17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 52. 2 x − 2y + 2 = 0, 2 x + 2y − 2 = 0
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 3 3 2
29. (b) 30. (b, c) 31. (a, d) 32. (a, b) 53. 6 : 6 + π 54. r sq. units 55. (0, 2)
4
33. (a, c) 34. (a, b) 35. (b, c) 36. (b, d) 3 3 ud
37. (a, b, c, d) 57. λ ∈ − , 58. x = 0, y = 0 59. 61. (2)
2 2 v − u2
2
38. (a) P → 4 Q → 1 R → 2 S → 3 39. (a)
62. (4) 63. (9) 64. (5) 65. (9)
40. (a) 41. (a) 42. 6 43. 5 units
66. (2) 67. (1) 68. (2) 69. (7)
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1. Equation of given curve is
x dy
y= , x ∈ R, (x ≠ ± 3 ) …(i) Now, = 3x2 − 2x − 2
x −3
2 dx
[differentiating Eq. (i), w.r.t. ‘x’]
On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x, we get According to the question,
dy (x2 − 3) − x(2x) (− x2 − 3) dy
= = 2 =m
dx (x2 − 3)2 (x − 3)2 dx
It is given that tangent at a point (α , β ) ≠ (0, 0) on it is ⇒ 3x − 2x − 2 = −1 ⇒ 3x2 − 2x − 1 = 0
2
1
parallel to the line ⇒ (x − 1) (3x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 ,−
2x + 6 y − 11 = 0. 3
1
2 dy Therefore, set S = − , 1.
∴ Slope of this line = − = 3
6 dx ( α , β)
α2 + 3 1 3. Given curve is y = x3 + ax − b …(i)
⇒ − =− passes through point P(1, − 5).
(α − 3)
2 2
3
⇒ 3α 2 + 9 = α 4 − 6 α 2 + 9 ∴ −5 =1+ a −b⇒b−a =6 …(ii)
and slope of tangent at point P(1, − 5) to the curve (i), is
⇒ α4 − 9 α2 = 0
⇒ α = 0, − 3, 3 dy
m1 = = [3x2 + a ](1, −5 ) = a + 3
⇒ α = 3 or − 3, [Q α ≠ 0] dx (1, −5 )
Now, from Eq. (i), Q The tangent having slope m1 = a + 3 at point P(1, − 5)
α 3 −3 1 1 is perpendicular to line − x + y + 4 = 0 , whose slope is
β= 2 ⇒ β= or = or −
α −3 9 −3 9 −3 2 2 m2 = 1.
According to the options,|6 α + 2 β | = 19 ∴ a + 3 = −1 ⇒ a = −4 [Q m1m2 = −1]
1 Now, on substituting a = −4 in Eq. (ii), we get b = 2
at (α , β ) = ± 3, ±
2 On putting a = −2 and b = 2 in Eq. (i), we get
y = x3 − 4x − 2
2. Given curve is y = f (x) = x3 − x2 − 2x ...(i)
Now, from option (2, − 2) is the required point which lie
So, f (1) = 1 − 1 − 2 = −2 on it.
and f (−1) = −1 − 1 + 2 = 0
4. The given curve is y = x2 − 5x + 5 …(i)
Since, slope of a line passing through (x1 , y1 ) and
y −y Now, slope of tangent at any point (x, y) on the curve is
(x2, y2) is given by m = tan θ = 2 1
x2 − x1 dy
= 2x − 5 …(ii)
∴Slope of line joining points (1, f (1)) and dx
[on differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. x]
234 Application of Derivatives
coderguru.in
of soldier , 7 . ⇒ 2x2 = 8
2
⇒ x2 = 4
⇒ x=±2
Clearly, when x = 2 , then y = 6 (using Eq. (i)) and when
x = − 2, then y = 6
Thus, the point of intersection are (2, 6) and
(x, y) (−2, 6).
y=x3/2+7 Let m1 be the slope of tangent to the curve (i) and m2 be
the slope of tangent to the curve (ii)
(1/2, 7) dy dy
For curve (i) = −2x and for curve (ii) = 2x
dx dx
Q Slope of tangent at point (x, y) is
dy 3 1/ 2 ∴ At (2, 6), slopes m1 = − 4 and m2 = 4, and in that case
= x = m1 (let ) …(i)
dx 2 m2 − m1 4+4 8
1 |tan θ| = = =
and slope of line joining (x, y) and , 7 is 1 + m1m2 1 − 16 15
2
y−7
m2 = …(ii) At (−2, 6), slopes m1 = 4 and m2 = − 4 and in that case
1
x−
2 m2 − m1 −4 − 4 8
|tan θ| = = =
Now, m1 ⋅ m2 = −1 1 + m1m2 1 − 16 15
3 1/ 2 y − 7 7. We have, y2 = 6x
⇒ x = −1 [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
2 x − (1 /2) dy dy 3
⇒ 2y =6 ⇒ =
3 1/ 2 x3/ 2 dx dx y
⇒ x = −1 [Q y = x3/ 2 + 7] 3
2 1
x− Slope of tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) is m1 =
2 y1
3 2 1 Also, 9x 2 + by 2 = 16
⇒ x = −x +
2 2 dy dy −9x
⇒ 3x2 + 2x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 18x + 2by =0 ⇒ =
dx dx by
⇒ 3x2 + 3x − x − 1 = 0 −9x1
⇒ 3x(x + 1) − 1(x + 1) = 0 Slope of tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) is m2 =
1 by1
⇒ x = , −1 Since, these are intersection at right angle.
3
Application of Derivatives 235
27x1 2π
∴ m1m2 = − 1 ⇒ =1 which passes through 0, .
by12 3
27x1
⇒ =1 [Q y12 = 6x1] 10. Given equation of curve is
6bx1 x2 + 2xy − 3 y2 = 0 …(i)
9
⇒ b= On differentiating w.r.t x, we get
2 x+ y
8. Given curve is 2x + 2xy′ + 2 y − 6 yy′ = 0 ⇒ y′ =
3y − x
y(x − 2)(x − 3) = x + 6 …(i)
Put x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get At x = 1, y = 1, y′ = 1
y(− 2) (− 3) = 6 ⇒ y = 1 dy
i.e. =1
dx (1, 1)
So, point of intersection is (0, 1).
x+6 Equation of normal at (1, 1) is
Now, y =
(x − 2)(x − 3) 1
y − 1 = − (x − 1) ⇒ y − 1 = − (x − 1)
dy 1 (x − 2)(x − 3) − (x + 6)(x − 3 + x − 2) 1
⇒ =
dx (x − 2)2(x − 3)2 ⇒ x+ y=2 …(ii)
dy 6 + 30 36 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) simultaneously, we get
⇒ = = =1
dx ( 0, 1) 4 ×9 36 ⇒ x2 + 2x(2 − x) − 33(2 − x)2 = 0
⇒ x + 4x − 2x2 − 3(4 + x2 − 4x) = 0
2
∴ Equation of normal at (0, 1) is given by
⇒ − x2 + 4x − 12 − 3x2 + 12x = 0
−1
y−1 = (x − 0) ⇒ − 4x2 + 16x − 12 = 0
1
⇒ 4x2 − 16x + 12 = 0
⇒ x+ y−1 =0
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⇒ x2 − 4x + 3 = 0
1 1
which passes through the point , . ⇒ (1 − 1)(x − 3) = 0
2 2
∴ x = 1, 3
1 + sin x π Now, when x = 1, then y = 1
9. We have, f (x) = tan − 1 , x ∈ 0,
1 − sin x 2 and when x = 3, then y = − 1
2 ∴ P = (1, 1) and Q = (3, − 1)
x x
cos + sin Hence, normal meets the curve again at (3, –1) in fourth
2 2
⇒ f (x) = tan − 1 2 quadrant.
x x
cos − sin Alternate Solution
2 2 Given, x2 + 2xy − 3 y2 = 0
x x ⇒ (x − y)(x + 3 y) = 0
cos + sin
−1
= tan 2 2 ⇒ x − y = 0 or x + 3 y = 0
cos x − sin x Equation of normal at (1, 1) is
2 2
y − 1 = − 1(x − 1) ⇒ x + y − 2 = 0
x x x π
Q cos > sin for 0 < < It intersects x + 3 y = 0 at (3, –1) and hence normal meets
2 2 2 4 the curve in fourth quadrant.
x
−1
1 + tan x + y = 2 Y'
y=x
= tan 2 x + 3y = 0
1 − tan x
2 (1,1)
X' X
π x π x
= tan − 1 tan + = + O
4 2 4 2 (3,–1)
1 π 1
⇒ f ′ (x) = ⇒ f′ = Y'
2 6 2
π 11. Given, y + 3x = 12 y
3 2
...(i)
Now, equation of normal at x = is given by
6 On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
π π
⇒ 3 y2
dy
+ 6x = 12
dy
y − f = − 2 x −
6 6 dx dx
π π dy 6x
π π π 4π π ⇒ =
⇒ y − = − 2 x − Q f = + = = dx 12 − 3 y2
3
6 6 4 12 12 3
236 Application of Derivatives
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13. Given, x = a (cos θ + θ sin θ ) 16. Given, y3 − 3xy + 2 = 0
and y = a (sin θ − θ cos θ )
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dx
∴ = a (− sin θ + sin θ + θ cos θ ) = a θ cos θ dy dy
dθ 3 y2 − 3x − 3y = 0
dy dx dx
and = a (cos θ − cos θ + θ sin θ ) dy dy 3y
dθ ⇒ (3 y2 − 3x) = 3 y ⇒ = 2
dy dy dx dx 3 y − 3x
= a θ sin θ ⇒ = tan θ
dθ dx For the points where tangent is horizontal, the slope of
Thus, equation of normal is tangent is zero.
y − a (sin θ − θ cos θ ) − cos θ dy 3y
= i.e. =0 ⇒ =0
x − a (cos θ + θ sin θ ) sin θ dx 3 y − 3x
2
⇒ − x cos θ + a θ sin θ cos θ + a cos 2 θ ⇒ y = 0 but y = 0 does not satisfy the given equation of
= y sin θ + θ a sin θ cos θ − a sin 2 θ the curve, therefore y cannot lie on the curve.
⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a So, H =φ [null set]
whose distance from origin is dy
For the points where tangent is vertical, =∞
|0 + 0 − a | dx
=a
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ y
⇒ =∞
y2 − x
14. Given, 4x2 + 9 y2 = 1 …(i)
⇒ y2 − x = 0
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get ⇒ y2 = x
dy
8x + 18 y =0 On putting this value in the given equation of the curve,
dx we get
dy 8x 4x
⇒ =− =− y3 − 3 ⋅ y2 ⋅ y + 2 = 0
dx 18 y 9y
⇒ − 2 y3 + 2 = 0
The tangent at point (h , k) will be parallel to 8x = 9 y, ⇒ y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y3 = 1
3
then
⇒ y=1, x=1
4h 8
− = Then, V = {1, 1}
9k 9
⇒ h = − 2k 17. As | f (x1) − f (x2)| ≤ (x1 − x2)2, ∀x1 , x2 ∈ R
Point (h , k) also lies on the ellipse. ⇒ | f (x1 ) − f (x2)| ≤ |x1 − x2|2 [as x2 =|x|2 ]
∴ 4h 2 + 9k2 = 1 ...(ii)
Application of Derivatives 237
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Therefore, P3 ≡ (4h , 64h3 )
Since, X-axis is tangent at (–2, 0).
Similarly, we get P4 ≡ (− 8h , − 83 h3 )
∴ dy =0
dx x = − 2 Hence, the abscissae are h, –2h, 4h, –8h,…, which form
a GP.
⇒ 0 = 3a (−2)2 + 2b (−2) + c Let D ′ = ∆ P1 P2 P3 and D ′ ′ = ∆ P2 P3 P4
⇒ 0 = 12a − 4b + c …(i) h h3 1
Again, slope of tangent at (0, 5) is 3. 1
−2h −8h3 1
dy 2
∴ =3 D ′ ∆ P1P2 P3 4h 64h3 1
dx ( 0, 5 ) = =
D ′ ′ ∆ P2 P3 P4 −2 h −8h3 1
⇒ 3 = 3a (0) + 2b (0) + c
2 1
4h 64h3 1
⇒ 3=c …(ii) 2
−8h −512h3 1
Since, the curve passes through (–2, 0).
h h3 1
0 = a (−2)3 + b(−2)2 + c(−2) + 5 1
−2h −8h3 1
⇒ 0 = − 8a + 4b − 2c + 5 … (iii) 2
4h 64h3 1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), =
12a − 4b = − 3 … (iv) h h3 1
1
× (−2) × (−8) −2h −8h3 1
2
4h 64h3 1
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii),
−8 a + 4 b = 1 … (v) D′ 1
⇒ = = 1 : 16 which is the required ratio.
On adding Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get D′ ′ 16
4a = − 2 ⇒ a = − 1 / 2 20. Given, y = (1 + x)y + sin −1 (sin 2 x)
On putting a = − 1 / 2 in Eq. (iv), we get Let y = u + v, where u = (1 + x)y , v = sin −1 (sin 2 x).
12(−1 / 2) − 4b = − 3 On differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
dy du dv
⇒ − 6 − 4b = − 3 = + …(i)
dx dx dx
⇒ − 3 = 4b
Now, u = (1 + x)y
⇒ b = − 3 /4
On taking logarithm both sides, we get
∴ a = − 1 / 2 , b = − 3 / 4 and c = 3
log e u = y log e (1 + x)
238 Application of Derivatives
1 du y dy y−0 1 π
⇒ = + {log e (1 + x)} and = − ⇒ 2y = − x +
u dx 1 + x dx x + 3π / 2 2 2
y 3π
⇒
du
= (1 + x)y +
dy
log e (1 + x) …(ii) and 2y = − x −
2
dx 1 + x dx π
⇒ x + 2y =
Again, v = sin −1 (sin 2 x) 2
⇒ sin v = sin x
2 3π
and x + 2y = −
dv 2
⇒ cos v = 2 sin x cos x
dx are the required equations of tangents.
dy y(1 + x)
y −1
+ 2 sin x cos x / 1 − sin 4 x
Topic 2 Increasing and Decreasing
⇒ = Functions
dx 1 − (1 + x)y log e (1 + x)
1. Let the thickness of layer of ice is x cm, the volume of
At x = 0,
spherical ball (only ice layer) is
y = (1 + 0)y + sin −1sin (0) = 1 4
V = π [(10 + x)3 − 103 ]
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1 −1 …(i)
dy 1 (1 + 0) + 2 sin 0 ⋅ cos 0 / (1 − sin 4 0) 3
∴ =
dx 1 − (1 + 0)1 log e (1 + 0) On differentiating Eq. (i) w.r.t. ‘t’, we get
dV 4 dx
dy = π (3(10 + x)2) = − 50 [given]
⇒ =1 dt 3 dt
dx
[− ve sign indicate that volume is decreasing as
Again, the slope of the normal is time passes].
1 dx
m=− = −1 ⇒ 4π (10 + x)2 = − 50
dy / dx dt
Hence, the required equation of the normal is At x = 5 cm
dx
y − 1 = (−1) (x − 0) [4π (10 + 5)2] = − 50
dt
i.e. y+ x−1 =0 dx 50 1 1
⇒ =− =− =− cm /min
21. Given, y = cos (x + y) dt 225(4π ) 9(2π ) 18π
dy dy So, the thickness of the ice decreases at the rate of
⇒ = − sin (x + y) ⋅ 1 + …(i)
dx dx 1
cm /min.
Since, tangent is parallel to x + 2 y = 0 , 18π
dy 1 2. The given functions are
then slope =−
dx 2 f (x) = ex − x,
1 1
From Eq. (i), − = − sin (x + y) ⋅ 1 − and g (x) = x2 − x, ∀ x ∈ R
2 2
Then, h (x) = ( fog )(x) = f ( g (x))
⇒ sin (x + y) = 1, which shows cos (x + y) = 0.
Now, h′ (x) = f ′ ( g (x)) ⋅ g′ (x)
∴ y=0 2
π 3π = (eg( x ) − 1) ⋅ (2x − 1) = (e( x − x ) − 1) (2x − 1)
⇒ x+ y= or −
2 2 = (ex( x − 1) − 1) (2x − 1)
π 3π Q It is given that h (x) is an increasing function, so
∴ x= or −
2 2 h′ (x) ≥ 0
π 3π ⇒ (ex( x − 1) − 1)(2x − 1) ≥ 0
Thus, required points are , 0 and − , 0
2 2 Case I (2x − 1) ≥ 0 and (ex( x − 1) − 1) ≥ 0
∴ Equation of tangents are ⇒
1
x ≥ and x(x − 1) ≥ 0
y−0 1 2
=− ⇒ x ∈ [1 / 2, ∞ ) and x ∈ (− ∞ , 0] ∪ [1, ∞ ), so x ∈ [1, ∞ )
x − π /2 2
Application of Derivatives 239
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1
⇒ r= h …(i) ⇒ 3 − 6(a − 2) + 3a = 0
2
⇒ 3 − 6a + 12 + 3a = 0
r
⇒ 15 − 3a = 0
⇒ a =5
So, f (x) = x3 − 9x2 + 15x + 7
l h ⇒ f (x) − 14 = x3 − 9x2 + 15x − 7
α ⇒ f (x) − 14 = (x − 1) (x2 − 8x + 7) = (x − 1) (x − 1)(x − 7)
f (x) − 14
⇒ = (x − 7) …(i)
(x − 1)2
1 2
Q Volume of cone is (V ) = πr h f (x) − 14
Now, = 0, (x ≠ 1)
3 (x − 1)2
2
1 1 1 ⇒ x− 7 =0
∴ V = π h (h ) = πh3 [from Eq. (i)] [from Eq. (i)]
3 2 12 ⇒ x=7
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∴ D = (–ve) or D < 0 ⇒ p(0) < p(x) < p(1)
⇒ f ′ (x) = 3x2 + 2bx + c > 0 ∀x ∈ (− ∞ , ∞ ) ⇒ − ∞ < log x − x < −1
[as D < 0 and a > 0] ⇒ log x − x < 0
Hence, f (x) is strictly increasing function. ⇒ log x < x
9. Let f (x) = 3 sin x − 4 sin x = sin 3x
3
Therefore, option (d) is not the answer.
The longest interval in which sin x is increasing is of 12. Let f (x) = ∫ ex (x − 1) (x − 2) dx
length π .
⇒ f ′ (x) = ex (x − 1) (x − 2)
So, the length of largest interval in which f (x) = sin 3x is
π + − +
increasing is .
3 1 2
10. Given, f (x) = xex (1 − x ) ∴ f ′ (x) < 0 for 1 < x < 2
⇒ f ′ (x) = e x (1 − x )
+ xe x (1 − x )
(1 − 2x) ⇒ f (x) is decreasing for x ∈(1, 2).
=e x (1 − x )
[1 + x (1 − 2x)] 13. Given, f (x) = sin 4 x + cos 4 x
= ex (1 − x ) (1 + x − 2x2) On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
x (1 − x )
= −e (2x − x − 1)
2
f ′ (x) = 4 sin3 x cos x − 4 cos3 x sin x
x (1 − x ) = 4 sin x cos x (sin 2 x − cos 2 x)
= −e (x − 1) (2x + 1)
1 = 2 sin 2x (− cos 2x)
which is positive in − , 1 .
2 = − sin 4x
1 Now, f ′ (x) > 0 , if sin 4x < 0
Therefore, f (x) is increasing in − , 1 .
2
⇒ π < 4x < 2π
11. π π
PLAN Inequation based upon uncompatible function. This type ⇒ <x< …(i)
of inequation can be solved by calculus only. 4 2
Option (a) Let f (x) = ex − 1 − x. ⇒ Option (a) is not proper subset of Eq. (i), so it is not
then f ′ (x) = e − 1 > 0, ∀x ∈ (0, 1)
x correct.
π 3π
⇒ f (x) increase in (0, 1) Now, <x<
4 8
⇒ f (x) > f (0) for 0 < x < 1
Since, option (b) is the proper subset of Eq. (i), so it is
⇒ ex − 1 − x > 0 or ex > 1 + x for 0 < x < 1 correct.
Application of Derivatives 241
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Also, g (x) < g (0) for 0 < x ≤ 1
⇒ ∫ y
> 2∫ dx
1 0
⇒
x
< 1 for 0 < x ≤ 1 ln( f (x)) > 2x
tan x ∴ f (x) > e2x
⇒ x < tan x for 0 < x≤1 Also, as f ′ (x) > 2 f (x)
0 < x≤1 ∴ f ′ (x) > 2c2x > 0
f (x) =
x /sin x for
Now, let 1
1 for x=0 − t +
t
x e
Now, f is continuous in [0, 1] and differentiable in ]0, 1[. 18. Given, f (x) = ∫ 1 dt
x
t
For 0 < x < 1, 1 1
− x + − + x
sin x − x cos x (tan x − x) cos x e x
−1 e x
f ′ (x) = = > 0 for 0 < x < 1 f ′ (x) = 1 ⋅ − 2
sin 2 x sin 2 x x x 1 /x
⇒ f (x) increases in [0, 1]. 1
− x +
1
− x +
1
− x +
x x x
x e e 2e
Thus, f (x) = increases in 0 < x ≤ 1. = + =
sin x x x x
Therefore, option (c) is the answer. As f ′ (x) > 0, ∀x ∈ (0, ∞ )
log (π + x) ∴ f (x) is monotonically increasing on (0, ∞ ).
15. Given, f (x) =
log(e + x) ⇒ Option (a) is correct and option (b) is wrong.
1 1 1 1
− t + − t +
log (e + x) ⋅ − log (π + x) ⋅ x e t t
π+x e+ x 1 1/ x e
f ′ (x) = …(i) Now, f (x) + f = ∫ dt + ∫ dt
x 1/x t x t
[log (e + x)]2
When x > 0, π + x > e + x = 0, ∀x ∈ (0, ∞ )
1
− t +
∴ log (π + x) > log (e + x) ... (ii) 2x e t
19. Given, h (x) = f (x) − f (x)2 + f (x)3 ⇒ f (x) = 0 for some x ∈ (1, e2)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get ∴ I is correct
h ′ (x) = f ′ (x) − 2 f (x) ⋅ f ′ (x) + 3 f 2(x) ⋅ f ′ (x) 1 1
f ′ (x) = 1 + − ln x − 1 = − ln x
= f ′ (x)[1 − 2 f (x) + 3 f (x)] 2 x x
2 1 f ′ (x) > 0 for (0, 1)
= 3 f ′ (x) ( f (x))2 − f (x) +
3 3 f ′ (x) < 0 for (e, ∞ )
1 1 1
2 ∴ P and Q are correct, II is correct, III is incorrect.
= 3 f ′ (x) f (x) − + − −1 1
3 3 9 f ′′ (x) = 2 −
x x
1
2
3 − 1
= 3 f ′ (x) f (x) − + f ′′ (x) < 0 for (0, ∞ )
3 9
∴ S, is correct, R is incorrect.
1
2
2 IV is incorrect.
= 3 f ′ (x) f (x) − +
3 9 lim f (x) = − ∞
x→∞
NOTE h ′ ( x ) < 0, if f ′ ( x ) < 0 and h ′ ( x ) > 0, if f ′ ( x ) > 0 lim f ′ (x) = − ∞
x→∞
Therefore, h (x) is an increasing function, if f (x) is
lim f ′′ (x) = 0
increasing function and h (x) is decreasing function, if x→∞
f (x) is decreasing function. ∴ ii, iii, iv are correct.
Therefore, options (a) and (c) are correct answers.
22. (d) 23. (c)
20. Let f (x) = log (1 + x) − x 24.(c)
1 x π π
⇒ f ′ (x) = −1 = − d x
(x + sin x) = 1 + cos x = 2 cos 2 > 0 for − < x < .
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1+ x 1+ x 25.
dx 2 2 2
⇒ f ′ (x) > 0 Therefore, x + sin x is increasing in the given interval.
when −1 < x<0 Therefore, (A)→ (p) is the answer.
d
and f ′ (x) < 0 Again, (sec x) = sec x tan x which is > 0 for 0 < x < π / 2
dx
when x>0 −π
and < 0 for < x<0
∴ f (x) is increasing for −1 < x < 0. 2
⇒ f (x) < f (0) Therefore, sec x is neither increasing nor decreasing in
⇒ log (1 + x) < x the given interval. Therefore, (B)→(r) is the answer.
Again, f (x) is decreasing for x > 0. 3x (x + 1)
26. Let f (x) = sin x + 2x −
π
⇒ f (x) < f (0)
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
⇒ log (1 + x) < x
(6x + 3)
∴ log (1 + x) ≤ x, ∀x > − 1 ⇒ f ′ (x) = cos x + 2 −
π
2x2 − log x, x >0 6 π
21. Here, y= 2 ⇒ f ′ ′ (x) = − sin x − < 0, ∀x ∈ 0,
2 x − log (− x), x <0 π 2
1 π
dy 4x − x , x > 0 ∴ f ′ (x) is decreasing for all x ∈ 0,
2
.
⇒ =
dx 4x − 1 , x < 0
⇒ f ′ (x) > 0 [ Q x < π /2]
x
⇒ f ′ (x) > f ′ (π / 2)
4x2 − 1 (2x − 1) (2x + 1)
= , x ∈ R − {0} = ∴ f (x) is increasing.
x x
1 1 Thus, when x ≥ 0, f (x) ≥ f (0)
∴ Increasing when x ∈ − , 0 ∪ , ∞ 3x(x + 1)
2 2 ⇒ sin x + 2x − ≥0
π
1 1
and decreasing when x ∈ −∞ , − ∪ 0, . 3x (x + 1)
2 2 ⇒ sin x + 2x ≥
π
Solutions. (22-24)
27. Let f (x) = sin (tan x) − x
f (x) = x + ln x − x ln x
f ′ (x) = cos (tan x) ⋅ sec2x − 1
f (1) = 1 > 0
= cos (tan x) (1 + tan 2 x) − 1
f (e2) = e2 + 2 − 2e2 = 2 − e2 < 0
Application of Derivatives 243
1 3 = ae0 + a (1) = 2a
Now, f (1 / 2) = − − p = − 1 − p ≤ 0 [Q p ≥ − 1] f ′ (x) − f ′ (0)
2 2 and Rf ′ ′ (0) = lim
Also, f (1) = 4 − 3 − p = 1 − p ≥ 0 [Q p ≤ 1] x → 0+ x+0
∴ f (x) has atleast one real root between [1 /2, 1]. (1 + 2ax − 3x2) − 1
= lim
Also, f ′ (x) = 12x2 − 3 > 0 on [1 / 2, 1] x → 0+ x
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⇒ f ′ (x) increasing on [1 /2, 1] 2ax − 3x2
= lim = lim 2a − 3x = 2a
+
⇒ f has only one real root between [1 /2, 1]. x→ 0 x x → 0+
x x x
− = + log (x + x2 + 1 ) − Topic 4 Maxima and Minima
x +1
2
x +1
2
x +1
2
1. Given functions are f (x) = 5 − |x − 2|
⇒ f ′ (x) = log (x + x + 1)
2
and g (x) = | x + 1|, where x ∈ R.
Clearly, maximum of f (x) occurred at x = 2, so α = 2.
⇒ f ′ (x) ≥ 0 [Q log (x + x + 1 ) ≥ 0]
2
and minimum of g (x) occurred at x = − 1, so β = − 1.
∴ f (x) is increasing for x ≥ 0. ⇒ αβ = − 2
(x − 1) (x2 − 5x + 6)
⇒ f (x) ≥ f (0) Now, lim
x → − αβ x2 − 6 x + 8
⇒ 1 + x log (x + 1 + x2 ) − 1 + x2 ≥ 1 + 0 − 1 (x − 1) (x − 3) (x − 2)
= lim [Qαβ = − 2]
⇒ 1 + x log (x + 1 + x2 ) ≥ 1 + x2 , ∀ x ≥ 0
x→ 2 (x − 4) (x −2)
(x − 1) (x − 3) (2 − 1) (2 − 3) 1 × (− 1) 1
π π = lim = = =
32. Given, A = x : ≤x≤ x→ 2 (x − 4) (2 − 4) (− 2) 2
6 3
and f (x) = cos x − x − x2 Key Idea Volume of parallelopiped formed by the vectors a,
2.
⇒ f ' (x) = − sin x − 1 − 2x = − (sin x + 1 + 2x) b and c is V = [ a b c].
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1 π π 3 π π
= − 1 + , − 1 + ⇒ V = λ3 − λ + 1
2 3 3 2 6 6
On differentiating w.r.t. λ, we get
dV
= 3 λ2 − 1
Topic 3 Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Theorem dλ
1. f ′ (x) is increasing dV
For maxima or minima, =0
1 dλ
For some x in , 1
2 ⇒ λ=±
1
f ′ (x) = 1 [LMVT] 3
∴ f′ (1) > 1 1
2 3 > 0 , for λ =
d 2V 3
2. Given, f (x) = 2 + cos x, ∀x ∈ R and = 6λ =
dλ2 2 3 < 0 , for λ = −
1
Statement I There exists a point ∈ [t , t + r ], where 3
f ′ (c) = 0 d 2V 1
Q is positive for λ = , so volume ‘V ’ is minimum
Hence, Statement I is true. dλ2 3
Statement II f (t ) = f (t + 2π ) is true. But statement II 1
for λ =
is not correct explanation for statement I. 3
3. Since, f (x) and g (x) are differentiable functions for 3. Given function f (x) = x kx − x2 … (i)
0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
f (1) − f (0) the function f (x) is defined if kx − x ≥ 0 2
∴ f ′ (c) =
1 −0 ⇒ x2 − kx ≤ 0
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[integrating both sides]
⇒ x = − 2, 0, 1
where, C is constant of integration.
Now, since f (x) = f (0) By sign method, we have following
– + – +
a 4 a 2 x4 x2
⇒ x − x +C =C ⇒ = –2 0 1
4 2 4 2
⇒ x2(x2 − 2) = 0 ⇒ x = − 2 , 0, 2 dy
Since, changes it’s sign from negative to positive at
Thus, f (x) = f (0) has one rational and two irrational dx
roots. x = ‘−2 ’ and ‘1’, so x = − 2, 1 are points of local minima.
dy
Also, changes it’s sign from positive to negative at
dx
Key Idea
5. x = 0, so x = 0 is point of local maxima.
(i) Use formula of volume of cylinder, V = πr 2h
∴S1 = { −2, 1} and S 2 = {0}.
where, r = radius and h = height
(ii) For maximum or minimum, put first 7. Given equation of curve is
derivative of V equal to zero y2 = x − 2 …(i)
Let a sphere of radius 3, which inscribed a right circular and the equation of line is
cylinder having radius r and height is h, so y=x …(ii)
h Y y=x
From the figure, = 3 cos θ y2=x–2
2
M
⇒ h = 6 cos θ P(t2+2, t)
and r = 3 sin θ …(i)
r
O X
(2, 0)
h
θ 3 Consider a point P (t 2 + 2, t ) on parabola (i).
h/2
For the shortest distance between curve (i) and line
(ii), the line PM should be perpendicular to line (ii) and
r parabola (i), i.e. tangent at P should be parallel to
y = x.
Q Volume of cylinder V = πr 2h
= π (3 sin θ )2(6 cos θ ) = 54π sin 2 θ cos θ .
246 Application of Derivatives
∴
dy
= Slope of tangent at point P to curve (i) ⇒ x2 − 11x + 30 ≤ 0
dx at point P ⇒ (x − 5) (x − 6) ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈ [5, 6]
=1 [Q tangent is parallel So, S = [5, 6]
to line y = x] Note that f (x) is increasing in [5, 6]
1 [Q f ′ (x) > 0 for x ∈[5, 6]
⇒ =1 ∴f (6) is maximum, where
2yP
dy f (6) = 3(6)3 − 18(6)2 + 27(6) − 40 = 122
[differentiating the curve (i), we get2 y =1]
dx 10. According to given information, we have the following
1 1 figure.
⇒ =1⇒t = [Q P (x, y) = P (t + 2, t )]
2
2t 2
9 1
So, the point P is , .
4 2
9 − 1
4 2
Now, minimum distance = PM =
2
[Q distance of a point P (x1 , y1 ) from a line
|ax1 + by1 + c |
ax + by + c = 0 is For y2 = 4ax, parametric coordinates of a point is (at 2,
a 2 + b2 2at).
7 ∴For y2 = 4x, let coordinates of C be (t 2, 2t).
= units
4 2 t 2 2t 1
1
8. Equation of parabola is given, y = 12 − x2 Then, area of ∆ABC = 9 6 1
2
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or x2 = − ( y − 12). 4 −4 1
1
Note that vertex of parabola is (0, 12) and its open = |t 2(6 − (− 4)) − 2t (9 − 4) + 1(− 36 − 24)|
downward. 2
1 10 2
Let Q be one of the vertices of rectangle which lies on = |10t 2 − 10t − 60| = |t − t − 6|= 5| t 2 − t − 6|
2 2
parabola. Then, the coordinates of Q be (a, 12− a 2)
Let, A (t ) = 5| t 2 − t − 6| ...(i)
Clearly, A (4, − 4) ≡ A (t12, 2t1 ) ⇒ 2t1 = − 4
⇒ t1 = − 2
and B(9, 6) ≡ B(t22,2t2) ⇒ 2t2 = 6 ⇒ t2 = 3
Since, C is on the arc AOB, the parameter ‘t’ for point
C ∈ (− 2, 3).
Let f (t ) = t 2 − t − 6 ⇒ f ′ (t ) = 2t − 1
1
Now, f ′ (t ) = 0 ⇒ t =
2
Then, area of rectangle PQRS 1
= 2 × (Area of rectangle PQMO) Thus, for A (t ), critical point is at t =
2
[due to symmetry aboutY -axis] 2
1 1 1 125 1
= 2 × [a (12 − a 2)] = 24a − 2a3 = ∆(let). Now,A = 5 − − 6 = = 31 [Using Eq. (i)]
2 2 2 4 4
The area function ∆ a will be maximum, when
d∆
=0 11. Let h = height of the cone,
da
r = radius of circular base
⇒ 24 − 6a 2 = 0
= (3)2 − h 2 [Q l2 = h 2 + r 2]
⇒ a2 = 4 ⇒ a = 2 [Q a > 0]
So, maximum area of rectangle = 9 − h2 …(i)
PQRS = (24 × 2) − 2 (2)3
= 48 − 16 = 32 sq units
9. We have,
3
h
l=
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x From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
1 2
⇒ h( x ) = x − + 15. Here, to find the least value of α ∈ R, for which
x 1
x− 4 αx2 +
1
≥ 1, for all x > 0.
x x
1 1 2
x − > 0, x − + ∈ [2 2 , ∞ ) i.e. to find the minimum value of α when
x x x − 1 1
y = 4αx + ; x > 0 attains minimum value of α.
2
x x
1 1 2 dy 1
x − < 0, x − + ∈ ( −∞ , 2 2 ] ∴ = 8αx − 2 …(i)
x x x − 1 dx x
x d 2y 2
Now, = 8α + 3 …(ii)
∴ Local minimum value is 2 2. dx 2
x
dy
13. Total length = 2r + r θ = 20 When = 0, then 8x3α = 1
θ dx
20 − 2r
⇒ θ= 1
1/3
d 2y
r r r At x = , = 8α + 16α = 24α, Thus, y attains
8α dx2
Now, area of flower-bed, 1/3
1
1 minimum when x = ; α > 0.
A = r 2θ 8α
2 rθ 1/3
1 2 20 − 2r 1
⇒ A= r ∴ y attains minimum when x = .
2 r 8α
23
/
⇒ A = 10r − r 2 1
i.e. 4α + (8α )1/3 ≥ 1
dA 8α
∴ = 10 − 2r
dr ⇒ α 1/3 + 2α 1/3 ≥ 1
dA 1
For maxima or minima, put = 0. ⇒ 3α 1/3 ≥ 1 ⇒ α ≥
dr 27
1
⇒ 10 − 2r = 0 ⇒ r = 5 Hence, the least value of α is .
27
1 20 − 2 (5)
∴ Amax = (5)2
2 5 16. PLAN Any function have extreme values (maximum or minimum) at
its critical points, where f ′ ( x ) = 2.
1
= × 25 × 2 = 25 sq. m Since, the function have extreme values at x = 1 and
2 x = 2.
248 Application of Derivatives
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X′ X
–π/2 O π/2
17. Here, x = − 1 and x = 2 are extreme points of
f (x) = α log|x| + βx2 + x, then
α Y′
f ′ (x) = + 2 βx + 1
x So, number of solutions are 2.
f ′ (−1) = − α − 2 β + 1 = 0 …(i) 2 2
19. Given function, f (x) = ex + e− x , g (x) = xex + e− x and
2 2
X′ X X′ X
O (–3,0) (–1,0)
Y′
Y′
Let f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x sin x + cos x
Clearly, f ′ (x) changes its sign at x = −1 from +ve to −ve
We know that, the graph for f (x) = x2
and so f (x) has local maxima at x = −1 .
To plot, g (x) = x sin x + cos x Also, f ′ (0) does not exist but f ′ (0 − ) < 0 and f ′ (0 + ) < 0.
g′ (x) = x cos x + sin x − sin x It can only be inferred that f (x) has a possibility of a
g′ (x) = x cos x …(i) minima at x = 0 . Hence, the given function has one local
maxima at x = −1 and one local minima at x = 0 .
g′′ (x) = − x sin x + cos x …(ii)
Application of Derivatives 249
21. Given f (x) = x2 + 2bx + 2c2 and g (x) = − x2 − 2cx + b2 26. Let the coordinates of P be (a cos θ , b sin θ )
Then, f (x) is minimum and g (x) is maximum at Equations of tangents at P is
−b −D
x = and f (x) = , respectively. Y
4a 4a
N
− (4b2 − 8c2) P
∴ min f (x) = = (2c2 − b2)
4
(4c2 + 4b2) X' X
and max g (x) = − = (b2 + c2) O M
4(−1)
Now, min f (x) > max g (x) K
⇒ 2c − b > b + c
2 2 2 2
Y'
⇒ c2 > 2b2 x y
⇒ | c| > 2| b| cos θ + sin θ = 1
a b
22. It is clear from figure that at x = 0, f (x) is not continuous. Again, equation of normal at point P is
Y ax secθ − by cosec θ = a 2 − b2
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Y′
1 ab
Here, f (0) > RHL at x = 0 and f (0) > LHL at x = 0 Now, ON = =
cos θ sin θ
2 2
b cos θ + a 2 sin 2 θ
2 2
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⇒ =1
dy f ′′ (2) g′ (2) + f ′ (2) g′′ (2)
∴ = 0, at x = − 1 f (2) g′ (2)
dx ⇒ =1 [Q f ′ (2) = g (2) = 0]
a f ′′ (2) g′ (2)
and x=2 ⇒ + 2bx + 1 = 0, at x = − 1
x ⇒ f (2) = f ′′ (2) … (i)
and x=2 ∴ f (x) − f ′′ (x) = 0, for atleast one x ∈ R.
∴ −a − 2b + 1 = 0 ⇒ Option (d) is correct.
a Also, f : R → (0, ∞ )
and + 4b + 1 = 0
2 ⇒ f (2) > 0
1 ∴ f ′′ (2) = f (2) > 0 [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ a = 2 and b = −
2 Since, f′ (2) = 0 and f ′′ (2) > 0
p, if p > q ∴ f (x) attains local minimum at x = 2.
29. Since, max ( p, q) = ⇒ Option (a) is correct.
q, if q > p
p, if p is greatest.
32. PLAN
x , if x ≥
We know that,| x| =
0
and max ( p, q, r ) = q, if q is greatest.
r , if r is greatest. − x , if x < 0
x − a, if x ≥ a
⇒ | x − a| =
∴ max ( p, q) < max ( p, q, r ) is false. x − a ),
− ( if x < a
p − q , if p ≥ q and for non-differentiable continuous function, the maximum or
We know that, | p − q| =
q − p , if p < q minimum can be checked with graph as
1
(p + q − p + q), if p ≥ q Y Y
1 2
∴ ( p + q −| p − q|) = 1
2 (p + q + p − q), if p < q
2
q, if p≥q
=
p, if p<q
1 X X
⇒ { p + q − | p − q|} = min ( p, q) O x=a x=a
2 Minimum at x = a Maximum at x = a
Application of Derivatives 251
⇒ 2 = 2 (30 − 23x)
2 da
= − 4x, if when − < x ≤ 0
3 d 2v
4x, if when 0 < x ≤ 2 At x = 3, 2 = 2(30 − 69) < 0
2x + 4, if when x > 2 da
− 2x − 4, if x ≤ −2 5 d 2v
∴ Maximum when x = 3, also at x = ⇒ 2 > 0
2x + 4, if −2 < x ≤ − 2 /3 6 da
2
= − 4x, if − < x≤0 ∴ At x = 5 /6, volume is minimum.
3
0 < x≤2 Thus, sides are 8x = 24 and 15x = 45
4x, if
2x + 4, if x>2 34. Given,
ex
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Graph for y = f (x) is shown as , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
x −1
f (x) = 2 − e , if 1 < x ≤ 2
x−e , if 2 < x ≤ 3
x
and g (x) = ∫ f (t ) dt
0
⇒ g′ (x) = f (x)
Put g′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 + log e 2 and x = e.
ex , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
Also, g′′ (x) = − ex − 1 , if 1 < x ≤ 2
33. PLAN 1 , if 2 < x ≤ 3
The problem is based on the concept to maximise volume of
cuboid, i.e. to form a function of volume, say f( x )find f ′( x )and f ′ ′( x ). At x = 1 + log e 2,
Put f ′ ( x ) = 0 and check f ′ ′( x ) to be + ve or − ve for minimum and g′′ (1 + log e 2) = − elog e 2 < 0, g (x) has a local maximum.
maximum, respectively. Also, at x = e,
Here, l = 15x − 2a , b = 8x − 2a and h = a
a
g′′ (e) = 1 > 0, g (x) has a local minima.
Q f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1, then we get local
a maxima at x = 1 and local minima at x = 2.
Hence, (a) and (b) are correct answers.
8x–2a 8x
35. Since, f (x) has local maxima at x = − 1 and f ′ (x) has
15x – 2a
local minima at x = 0.
∴ f ′ ′ (x) = λx
15x On integrating, we get
∴ Volume = (8x − 2a ) (15x − 2a ) a x2
f ′ (x) = λ +c [Q f ′ (− 1) = 0]
V = 2a ⋅ (4x − a ) (15x − 2a ) …(i) 2
λ
⇒ + c = 0 ⇒ λ = − 2c …(i)
2
Again, integrating on both sides, we get
a
x3
8 x – 2a f (x) = λ + cx + d
6
15x – 2a
252 Application of Derivatives
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– – + –
–∞ 0 1 2 3 ∞ 3h 2 − 24h + 35 − 35
= lim
d x h→ 0 −h
f ′ (x) =
dx ∫ −1 t (et − 1)(t − 1)(t − 2)3 (t − 3)5 dt 3h − 24
= lim = 24
= x(ex − 1)(x − 1)(x − 2)3 (x − 3)5 × 1
h→ 0 −1
d ψ( x ) Since, Rf ′ (2) ≠ Lf ′ (2), f ′ (2) does not exist.
Q
dx ∫ φ ( x) f (t ) dt = f { ψ (x)}ψ′ (x) − f { φ (x)} φ′ (x)
Again, f (x) is an increasing in [–1, 2] and is decreasing
in (2, 3), it shows that f (x) has a maximum value at x = 2.
For local minimum, f ′ (x) = 0
Therefore, options (a), (b), (c), (d) are all correct.
⇒ x = 0, 1, 2, 3
Let f ′ (x) = g (x) = x(ex − 1)(x − 1)(x − 2)3 (x − 3)5 38. Here, y2 = 16x,0 ≤ y ≤ 6
Y
Using sign rule,
− + − + (4t 2, 8t)
1 2 3 E (0, 3)
∴ Maximum at t =
1
and 4mt 2 − 8t + 3 = 0 ⇒ g (x) = 0 ⇒ h (x) = 0
2 ⇒ f (x) = 0 or f ′ (x) = 0
⇒ m −4 + 3 =0 If f (x) = 0 has 4 minimum solutions.
⇒ m =1 f ′ (x) = 0 has 3 minimum solutions.
G (0, 4t ) ⇒ G (0,2) h (x) = 0 has 7 minimum solutions.
⇒ y1 = 2 ⇒ h′ (x) = g (x) = 0 has 6 minimum solutions.
(x0 , y0 ) = (4t 2, 8t ) = (1, 4)
43. To maximise area of ∆ APB, we know that, OP = 10 and
y0 = 4 sin θ = r /10 , where θ ∈ (0, π / 2) … (i)
3 1 1
∴ Area = 2 − = Y
4 2 2 P(6,8)
(x + ax + 1) − 2ax
2
2ax θ
39. f (x) = =1 − 2
x2 + ax + 1 x + ax + 1 A
θ
(x2 + ax + 1) ⋅ 2a − 2ax(2x + a ) r
f ′ (x) = − Q
(x2 + ax + a )2 X′ X
O
−2ax + 2a 2 (x − 1) 2
= 2 2
= 2a 2 2
...(i)
(x + ax + a ) (x + ax + 1)
B
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2x (x2 + ax + 1) − 2 (x2 − 1) (2x + a ) = AQ . PQ = (r cos θ ) (10 − OQ )
= 2a …(ii) = (r cos θ ) (10 − r sin θ )
(x2 + ax + 1)3
4a (a + 2) 4a = 10 sin θ cos θ (10 − 10 sin 2 θ ) [from Eq. (i)]
Now, f ′′ (1) = = ⇒ A = 100 cos3 θ sin θ
(a + 2)3 (a + 2)2
dA
4a (a − 2) − 4a ⇒ = 100 cos 4 θ − 300 cos 2 θ ⋅ sin 2 θ
and f ′′ (−1) = = dθ
(2 − a )3 (a − 2)2
dA
∴ (2 + a )2 f ′ ′ (1) + (2 − a )2 f ′ ′ (−1) = 4a − 4a = 0 Put =0
dθ
40. When x ∈ (−1, 1), ⇒ cos 2 θ = 3 sin 2 θ
x <1 ⇒x −1 <0
2 2
⇒ tan θ = 1 / 3
∴ f ′ (x) < 0, f (x) is decreasing. ⇒ θ = π /6
4a dA
Also, at x = 1, f ′′ (1) = >0 [Q0 < a < 2] At which < 0, thus when θ = π /6, area is maximum
(a + 2)2 dθ
So, f (x) has local minimum at x = 1. π
From Eq. (i), r = 10 sin = 5 units
f ′ (e ) x
x 6
41. g′ (x) = ⋅e
1 + (ex )2 x2 y2
44. Let us take a point P( 6 cos θ , 3 sin θ ) on
+ =1.
6 3
e2x − 1 ex
= 2a 2x 2
Now, to minimise the distance from P to given straight
(e + ae + 1) 1 + e
x 2x
line x + y = 7, shortest distance exists along the
g′ (x) = 0, if e2x − 1 = 0, i.e. x = 0 common normal.
If x < 0, e2x < 1 ⇒ g′ (x) < 0 Y
y
d N
42. Let g (x) = [ f (x) ⋅ f ′ (x)]
x+y=7
dx P
X′ X
To get the zero of g (x), we take function O
h (x) = f (x) ⋅ f ′ (x)
between any two roots of h (x), there lies atleast one root
of h′ (x) = 0. Y′
254 Application of Derivatives
So, cos θ =
2
and sin θ =
1 Now, f ′ (t ) = 0
3 3 ⇒ t = 1 /2
Hence, required point is P(2, 1). Also, f ′ (t ) < 0 for t < 1 / 2
2ax 2ax − 1 2ax + b + 1 and f ′ (t ) > 0 for t > 1 / 2
45. Given, f ′ (x) = b b+1 −1
Thus, f (t ) is least when t = 1 / 2.
2(ax + b) 2ax + 2b + 1 2ax + b
Corresponding to t = 1 / 2, point P0 on C1 is (1/2, 5/4) and
Applying R3 → R3 − R1 − 2R2, we get P1 (which we take as Q0) on C 2 are (5 / 4, 1 / 2). Note that
2ax 2ax − 1 2ax + b + 1 P0Q0 ≤ PQ for all pairs of (P , Q ) with P on C 2.
f ′ (x) = b b+1 −1 47. Let the square S is to be bounded by the lines x = ±1 / 2
0 0 1 and y = ±1 / 2.
2 2
1 1
⇒ f ′ (x) = 2ax + b We have, a 2 = x1 − + − y1
2 2
On integrating both sides, we get Y
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c A(x , 1/2) 1/2
Since, maximum at x = 5 /2 ⇒ f ′ (5 /2) = 0
d
⇒ 5a + b = 0 …(i) D( −1/2, 1/2)
1/2
Also, f (0) = 2 ⇒ c=2 …(ii) X' X
−1/2 O B ( −1/2, y)
and f (1) = 1 ⇒ a + b + c = 1 …(iii) c
b
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On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
1 5 C(x2 −1/2) −1/2
a = ,b = − ,c=2
4 4
Y′
1 2 5
Thus, f (x) = x − x + 2 1
4 4 = x12 − y12 − x1 − y1 +
2
46. Let coordinates of P be (t , t 2 + 1) 1
Similarly, b = x2 − y1 − x2 + y1 +
2 2 2
Reflection of P in y = x is P1 (t 2 + 1, t ) 2
1
which clearly lies on y2 = x − 1 c = x2 − y2 + x2 + y2 +
2 2 2
2
Similarly, let coordinates of Q be (s2 + 1, s) 1
Its reflection in y = x is d = x1 − y2 + x1 − y2 +
2 2 2
2
Q1 (s, s2 + 1), which lies on x2 = y − 1. ∴ a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2 = 2(x12 + y12 + x22 + y22) + 2
We have, PQ12 = (t − s) + (t − s ) = P1Q
2 2 2 2 2
1
Therefore, 0 ≤ x12, x22, y12, y22 ≤
⇒ PQ1 = P1Q 4
Also PP1 || QQ1 [Q both perpendicular to y = x] 0 ≤ x12 + x22 + y12 + y22 ≤ 1
C1 Y x 2 = y −1 ⇒ 0 ≤ 2(x12 + x22 + y12 + y22) ≤ 2
P1 y=x But 2 ≤ 2(x12 + x22 + y12 + y22) + 2 ≤ 4
Q1
(0, 1) P Alternate Solution
Q y2− = 1 c2 = x22 + y22 ... (i)
O
X′ X
(1, 0) Y
C2 A(x , 1)
Y′ a
d B (1, y1)
Thus, PP1QQ1 is an isosceles trapezium.
1/2
Also, P lies on PQ1 and Q lies on P1Q , then (0, y2)D X
PQ ≥ min { PP1QQ1 } b
c
Let us take min { PP1QQ1 } = PP1
X′ X
∴ PQ 2 ≥ PP12 = (t 2 + 1 − t )2 + (t 2 + 1 − t 2) O C(x2 , 0)
= 2(t 2 + 1 − t 2) = f (t ) [say] Y′
Application of Derivatives 255
b2 = (1 − x2)2 + y12 ...(ii) From sign chart, it is clear that f ′ (x) has no change of
a 2 = (1 − y1 )2 + (1 − x1 )2 ...(iii) sign in left and right of x = 1/4.
d 2 = x12 + (1 − y2)2 ...(iv) Case III When b > 1, then
1 2 1 1
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get f ′ (x) = − b + 2x = x2 − bx +
8x x 2 16
a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2 = { x12 + (1 − x1 )2} + { y12 + (1 − y1 )2}
2
2
+ { x22 + (1 − x2)2} + { y22 + (1 − y2)2} b 1 2
= x − − (b − 1)
where x1 , y1 , x2, y2 all vary in the interval [0, 1]. x 4 16
Now, consider the function y = x2 + (1 − x)2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 2 b 1 b 1
= x − − b 2 − 1 x − + b 2 − 1
differentiating ⇒
dy
= 2x − 2(1 − x). For maximum or x 4 4 4 4
dx
2
minimum
dy
= 0. = (x − α ) (x − β )
dx x
1
⇒ 2x − 2(1 − x) = 0 ⇒ 2x − 2 + 2x = 0 where, α < β and α = (b − b2 − 1 ) and
4
⇒ 4x = 2 ⇒ x = 1 /2 1
β = (b + b2 − 1 ). From sign scheme, it is clear that
d 2y 4
Again, =2+2 =4 > 0, for 0 < x < α
dx2
f ′ (x) < 0, for α < x < β
1
Hence, y is minimum at x = and its minimum value is > 0, for x > β
2
1/4. Clearly, value is maximum when x = 1. By the first derivative test, f (x) has a maxima at x = α
1
1 1 1 1 = (b − b2 − 1 )
∴Minimum value of a 2 + b2 + c2 + d 2 = + + + = 2 4
2 2 2 2 1
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and maximum value is 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 and f (x) has a minima at x = β = (b + b2 − 1 )
4
48. f (x) is a differentiable function for x > 0. 49. Let equation of any line through the point (h , k) is
Therefore, for maxima or minima, f ′ (x) = 0 must satisfy. y − k = m(x − h ) … (i)
1
Given, f (x) = ln x − bx + x2, x > 0 For this line to intersect the positive direction of two
8 axes, m = tan θ < 0 , since the angle in anti-clockwise
1 1 direction from X-axis becomes obtuse.
⇒ f ′ (x) = . − b + 2x
8 x
Y
For f ′ (x) = 0
1
⇒ − b + 2x = 0 Q
(h, k)
8x
⇒ 16x2 − 8bx + 1 = 0
⇒ (4x − b)2 = b2 − 1 …(i) X′ X
O P
⇒ (4x − b)2 = (b − 1) (b + 1) [b ≥ 0, given] Y′
Case I 0 ≤ b < 1 , has no solution. Since, RHS is k
negative in this domain and LHS is positive. The line (i) meets X-axis at P h − , 0 and Y-axis at
1 m
Case II When b = 1, then x = is the only solution.
4 Q (0, k − mh ).
When b = 1,
1
1 2 1 1 2 1
2 Let A = area of ∆ OPQ = OP . OQ
f ′ (x) = − 1 + 2x = x2 − x + = x − 2
8x x 2 16 x 4 1 k
= h − (k − mh )
We have to check the sign of f ′ (x) at x = 1/4. 2 m
1 mh − k 1
Interval Sign of f′(x) Nature of f(x) = (k − mh ) = − (k − mh )2
2 m 2m
−∞, 0 −ve ↓
1
0, 1 + ve ↑ =− (k − h tan θ )2 [Qm = tan θ]
2 tan θ
4
1
1, ∞ + ve ↑ =− (k2 + h 2 tan 2 θ − 2hk tan θ )
2 tan θ
4
1
= (2kh − k2 cot θ − h 2 tan θ )
2
256 Application of Derivatives
⇒ k cosec θ − h sec θ = 0
2 2 2 2
⇒ 1 − 2x = r 2 − 1
2 2 2
⇒
k
=
h
⇒
k
= tan 2 θ 2 − r2
∴ x=
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ h2 2
k On putting the value of x in Eq. (i), we get
⇒ tan θ = ±
h 2 − r 2
2
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4
k2 + h 2 h h 2 + k2 k r 2(4 − r 2)
= k2 + h 2 =
k
2
k h2 h 4
(k2 + h 2) h (h 2 + k2)(k) r 4 − r2
= + ⇒ y=
k h 2
Again, we know that, coordinates of S are (1 − r , 0),
2 h k
= (k + h )
2
+ >0 [Q h, k > 0] therefore
k h
SQ = 1 − (1 − r ) = r
Therefore, A is least when tan θ = − k / h. Also, the least
value of A is Let A denotes the area of ∆ QSR, then
1 4−r
2
1 −h − k A = r r
A= 2hk − k2 − h 2
2 k h 2
2
1
= [2hk + kh + kh ] = 2hk 1 2
2 = r 4 − r2
50. Since x + y2 = 1 a circle S1 has centre (0, 0) and cuts
2 4
X-axis at P(–1, 0) and Q(1, 0) . Now, suppose the circle 1 4
⇒ A2 = r (4 − r 2)
S 2, with centre at Q(1, 0) has radius r. Since, the circle 16
has to meet the first circle, 0 < r < 2 . Let f (r ) = r 4 (4 − r 2) = 4r 4 − r 6
Again, equation of the circle with centre at Q(1, 0) and
⇒ f ′ (r ) = 16r3 − 6r5 = 2r3 (8 − 3r 2)
radius r is
For maxima and minima, put f ′ (r ) = 0
Y
⇒ 2r3 (8 − 3r 2) = 0
R S2 ⇒ r = 0, 8 − 3r 2 = 0
S1
r ⇒ r = 0, 3r 2 = 8
X′ O S X ⇒ r = 0, r 2 = 8/3
(–1,0)P Q(1,0)
2 2
⇒ r = 0, r =
3
[ Q0 < r < 2 , so r = 2 2 / 3]
Y′
Again, f ′ ′ (r ) = 48r 2 − 30r 4
(x − 1) + y = r
2 2 2
…(i)
Application of Derivatives 257
2 2 4 × 2 4 × 2
2
Then, t12 − t 2 = −
1
(t1 − t )
⇒ f ′ ′ = 48 − 30
3 3 3 2t
10 × 64 1
= 16 × 8 − = 128 −
640
=−
256
<0 ⇒ (t1 − t ) (t1 + t ) = − (t1 − t )
3 3 2 2t
1
2 2 ⇒ (t1 + t ) = −
Therefore, f (r ) is maximum when, r = 2t
3
1
Hence, maximum value of A ⇒ t1 = − t −
2t
2 2
1 2 2 2 2 1 8 8 Therefore, length of chord,
= 4− = . 4−
4 3 3
4 3 3 L = AB2 = (t − t1 )2 + (t 2 − t12)2
2 12 − 8 2 . 2 4 4 3 = (t − t1 )2 + (t − t1 )2(t + t1 )2
= . = = =
3 3 3 3 3 3 9 = (t − t1 )2[1 + (t + t1 )2]
1 1
2 2
3 (b3 − b2 + b − 1)
− x + , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 = t + t + 1 + t − t −
51. Given, f (x) = 2t 2t
(b2 + 3b + 2)
2x − 3 , if 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
1
2
1 1
3
⇒ L = 2t + 1 + 2 = 4t 2 1 + 2
is smallest at x = 1 . 2t 4t 4t
So, f (x) is decreasing on [0, 1] and increasing on [1, 3].
On differentiating w.r.t. t, we get
Here, f (1) = − 1 is the smallest value at x = 1. 3 2
∴ Its smallest value occur as
dL 1 1 2
= 8t 1 + 2 + 12t 2 1 + 2 − 3
dt 4t 4t 4t
(b3 − b2 + b − 1)
lim f (x) = lim (− x3 ) + 2
x → 1− b2 + 3b + 2 1 1 3
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x → 1–
= 2 1 + 2 4t 1 + 2 −
4t 4t t
In order this value is not less than –1, we must have
2 2
b3 − b2 + b − 1 1 2 1 1
≥0 = 2 1 + 2 4t − = 4 1 + 2 2t −
b2 + 3b + 2 4t t 4t t
dL
(b2 + 1) (b − 1) For maxima or minima, we must have =0
⇒ ≥0 dt
(b + 1) (b + 2)
1 1
⇒ 2t − = 0 ⇒ t2 =
t 2
1
⇒ t=±
∴ b ∈ (−2, − 1) ∪ [1, ∞ ] 2
2
Y dL 1 1 1
52. Now, = 8 1 + 2 − 3 2t −
y = x2 dt 2 4t 2t t
2
1 1
+ 4 1 + 2 2 + 2
4t t
B
d 2L 1
2
⇒ 2 = 0 + 4 1 + (2 + 2) > 0
A 2
X′ X dt t = ± 1 / 2
y −2 x− 2
= r
− 2 − − 2
1 1
2 2 O
r r
1 1
⇒ ( y − 2) − − 2 = (x − 2 ) − 2
2 2 Q R
N
⇒ 2 y − 4 = 2 (x − 2 ) M
⇒ 2x − 2 y + 2 = 0
53. Let 2b be the diameter of the circular portion and a be Let A denotes the area of ∆PQR.
the lengths of the other sides of the rectangle. 1
Then, A = ⋅ 2r sin θ (r + r cos θ )
Total perimeter = 2a + 4b + πb = K [say] …(i) 2
Now, let the light transmission rate (per square metre) ⇒ A = r 2(sin θ + sin θ cos θ )
1
of the coloured glass be L and Q be the total amount of ⇒ A = r 2(sin θ + sin 2θ )
transmitted light. 2
dA
⇒ = r (cos θ + cos 2θ )
2
Coloured dθ
glass d 2A
2b and = r 2(− sin θ − 2 sin 2θ )
dθ 2
dA
For maximum and minimum values of θ,we put =0
a Clear glass a dθ
⇒ cos θ + cos 2θ = 0 ⇒ cos 2θ = − cos θ
π
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⇒ cos θ = cos (π − 2θ ) ⇒ θ =
2b 3
1 d 2A π
Then, Q = 2ab (3L ) + πb2(L ) Clearly, < 0 for θ =
2 dθ 2 3
L π
⇒ Q = (πb + 12ab)
2 Hence, the area of ∆PQR is maximum when θ = .
2 3
L The maximum area of ∆ PQR is given by
⇒ Q = [πb2 + 6b (K − 4b − πb)] [from Eq. (i)]
2 π 1 2π 3 3
A = r 2 sin + sin = r 2 +
⇒
L
Q = (6Kb − 24b2 − 5πb2) 3 2 3 2 4
2
On differentiating w.r.t. b, we get 3 3 2
= r sq units
dQ L 4
= (6K − 48b − 10πb)
db 2 55. Let P (a cos θ , 2 sin θ ) be a point on the ellipse
dQ
For maximum, put =0 x2 y2
db 4x2 + a 2y2 = 4a 2, i.e. + =1
a2 4
6K
⇒ b= …(ii) Let A(0, − 2) be the given point.
48 + 10 π
Then,
d 2Q L ( AP )2 = a 2 cos 2 θ + 4 (1 + sin θ )2
Now, = (− 48 − 10π ) < 0
db2 2 d
⇒ ( AP )2 = − a 2 sin 2θ + 8 (1 + sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ
Thus, Q is maximum and from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get dθ
(48 + 10π ) b = 6 {2a + 4b + πb} d
2b 6 ⇒ ( AP )2 = [(8 − 2a 2) sin θ + 8 ] cos θ
∴ Ratio = = = 6 :6 + π dθ
a 6+ π d
For maximum or minimum, we put ( AP )2 = 0
54. Since, the chord QR is parallel to the tangent at P. dθ
∴ ON ⊥ QR ⇒ [(8 − 2a 2) sin θ + 8] cos θ = 0
4
Consequently, N is the mid-point of chord QR. ⇒ cos θ = 0 or sin θ =
a −4
2
∴ QR = 2QN = 2r sin θ
4
Also, ON = r cos θ [Q 4 < a 2 < 8 ⇒ > 1 ⇒ sin θ > 1, which is
a2 − 4 impossible]
∴ PN = r + r cos θ
Application of Derivatives 259
d2 =
1
area of ∆ABC
Now, ( AP )2 = − {(8 − 2a 2) sin θ + 8} sin θ
dθ 2 2
+ (8 − 2a 2) ⋅ cos 2 θ p2 − p 1
1 1 2
π d 2
= × q q 1
For θ = , we have ( AP )2 = − (16 − 2a 2) < 0 2 2 2
2 dθ 2 r −r 1
π
Thus, AP 2 i.e. AP is maximum when θ = .The point on Applying R3 → R3 − R1 and R2 → R2 − R1
2
the curve 4x2 + a 2y2 = 4a 2 that is farthest from the point p2 −p 1
1
π π = q −p
2 2
q+ p 0
A(0, − 2) is a cos , 2 sin = (0, 2) 4
2 2 r 2 − p2 − r + p 0
56. Let AF = x and AE = y, ∆ABC and ∆EDC are similar. p2 −p 1
1
∴
AB AC
= = ( p + q) (r − p) q − p 1 0
ED CE 4
r + p −1 0
1
C
2 =
( p + q) (r − p) (− q − r )
(r ,–r) 4
1
= ( p + q) (q + r ) ( p − r )
a 4
b E D
π π
y
57. Let y = f (x) = sin3 x + λ sin 2 x, − < x <
2 2
Let sin x = t
A 2 B
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x
(p , –p ) F (q 2, –q) ∴ y = t3 + λt 2, − 1 < t < 1
c dy
⇒ = 3t 2 + 2tλ = t (3 t + 2λ )
dt
c b
⇒ = For exactly one minima and exactly one maxima dy/dt
x b− y must have two distinct roots ∈ (−1, 1).
c 2λ
⇒ bx = c (b − y) ⇒ x= (b − y) ⇒ t = 0 and t = − ∈ (−1, 1)
b 3
Let z denotes the area of par 2λ
⇒ −1 < − <1
allelogram AFDE. 3
z = xy sin A 3 3
Then, ⇒ − <λ<
c 2 2
⇒ z = (b − y) y ⋅ sin A …(i)
b 3 3
⇒ λ ∈− ,
2 2
On differentiating w.r.t. y we get
dz c d 2z −2c x
= (b − 2 y) sin A and = sin A 58. Given, y=
dy b dy2 b 1 + x2
For maximum or minimum values of z, we must have dy (1 + x2) ⋅ 1 − x (2x) 1 − x2
⇒ = =
dz dx (1 + x2)2 (1 + x2)2
=0
dy dy
c b Let = g (x) [i.e. slope of tangent]
⇒ (b − 2 y) = 0 ⇒ y = dx
b 2
1 − x2
d 2z 2c ∴ g (x) =
Clearly, =− < 0, ∀ y (1 + x2)2
2
dy b
(1 + x2)2 ⋅ (−2x) − (1 − x2) ⋅ 2 (1 + x2) ⋅ 2x
b ⇒ g ′ (x) =
Hence, z is maximum, when y = . (1 + x2)4
2
b −2x (1 + x2) [(1 + x2) + 2 (1 − x2)] −2x (3 − x2)
On putting y = in Eq. (i), we get = =
2 (1 + x2)4 (1 + x2)3
the maximum value of z is For greatest or least values of m, we should have
c b b 1
z = b − ⋅ ⋅ sin A = bc sin A g′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = ± 3
b 2 2 4
260 Application of Derivatives
Now, b 2ax3 − b
∴ f ′ (x) = 2ax − =
(1 + x ) (6x − 6) − (2x − 6x) ⋅ 3 (1 + x ) ⋅ 2x
23 2 3 2 2
x2 x2
g′ ′ (x) =
(1 + x2)6 2b
⇒ f ′ ′ (x) = 2a + 3 > 0 [since, a , b are all positive]
x
At x = 0, g′ ′ (x) = − 6 < 0
1/3
∴ g′ (x) has a maximum value at x = 0. b
Now, put f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = >0 [Q a , b > 0]
2a
⇒ (x = 0, y = 0) is the required point at which tangent to
the curve has the greatest slope. 1/3
b
At x= , f ′ ′ (x) = + ve
59. Let the house of the swimmer be at B. 2a
∴ AB = L km b
1/3
⇒ f (x) has minimum at x = .
Let the swimmer land at C on the shore and let 2a
AC = x km b 1/3 2 /3
= a
b b
and f + − c≥ 0
S 2a 2 a (b / 2a )1/3
1/3
2a 3b
= ⋅ − c≥0
2
x +d
2 b 2
d
1/3
2a 3b
⇒ ⋅ ≥c
b 2
A x C (L – x) B
On cubing both sides, we get
L
2a 27b3
⋅ ≥ c3
∴ SC = x2 + d 2 and CB = (L − x) b 8
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Distance ⇒ 27ab2 ≥ 4c3
∴ Time =
Speed 61. Let f (x) = x + y, where xy = 1
Time from S to B = Time from S to C + Time from C to B 1
⇒ f (x) = x +
x +d 2
L−x
2 x
∴ T= +
u v 1 x2 − 1
⇒ f ′ (x) = 1 − =
1 L x x2 x2
Let f (x) = T = x + d2 +
2
−
u v v Also, f ′ ′ (x) = 2 / x3
1 1 ⋅ 2x 1 On putting f ′ (x) = 0, we get
⇒ f ′ (x) = ⋅ +0−
u 2 x2 + d 2 v
x = ± 1, but x > 0 [neglecting x = − 1]
For maximum or minimum, put f ′ (x) = 0 f ′ ′ (x) > 0, for x = 1
⇒ v2x2 = u 2 (x2 + d 2) Hence, f (x) attains minimum at x = 1, y = 1
u 2d 2 ⇒ (x + y) has minimum value 2.
⇒ x2 = 2
v − u2 62. Here, volume of cylindrical container, V = πr 2h …(i)
ud
∴ f ′ (x) = 0 at x = ± , (v > u ) and let volume of the material used be T.
v − u2
2
r+2
− ud
But x≠ 2
v2 − u 2 O r
ud
∴ We consider, x =
v2 − u 2
h
1 d2
Now, f ′ ′ (x) = > 0, ∀ x
u x2 + d 2 (x2 + d 2)
ud
Hence, f has minimum at x = .
v − u2
2
∴ T = π [(r + 2)2 − r 2] h + π (r + 2)2 × 2
b V
60. Given, ax2 + ≥ c, ∀ x > 0 ; a , b > 0 ⇒ T = π [(r + 2)2 − r 2] ⋅ 2 + 2π (r + 2)2
x πr
b V
Let f (x) = ax2 + − c [Q V = πr 2h ⇒ h = ]
x πr 2
Application of Derivatives 261
1 2 3 ⋅ sin3 θ
2
r + 2
⇒ T =V + 2π (r + 2) − V
2
∴ ∆1 = ∆ max occurs at cos θ = =
r 4 cos θ
On differentiating w.r.t. r, we get 1 45 5
When cos θ = =
dT r + 2 −2 4 8
= 2V ⋅ ⋅ + 4π (r + 2)
dr r r2 1
∆ 2 = ∆ min occurs at cos θ =
dT 2
At r = 10, =0
dr 2 3 sin3 θ
=
V cos θ
Now, 0 = (r + 2) ⋅ 4 π − 3
r 1 9
V When cos θ = =
⇒ =π 2 2
r3 8
∴ ∆1 − 8∆ 2 = 45 − 36 = 9
where r = 10 5
V
⇒ =π 64. PLAN
1000
(i) Local maximum and local minimum are those points at which
V f ′ ( x ) = 0, when defined for all real numbers.
or =4
250π (ii) Local maximum and local minimum for piecewise functions
are also been checked at sharp edges.
63. PLAN As to maximise or minimise area of triangle, we should find
x, if x ≥ 0
area in terms of parametric coordinates and use second Description of Situation y =|x|=
derivative test. − x, if x < 0
Here, tangent at P(2 cos θ , 3 sin θ ) is (x2 − 1), if x ≤ − 1 or x ≥ 1
Also, y =|x2 − 1|=
(1 − x ), if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
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P (2 cos θ, √3 sin θ) − x + 1 − x2 , if x ≤ − 1
− x + 1 − x , if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0
2
y =|x|+ |x2 − 1|=
x + 1 − x , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
O (h,0) 2
R
(2 sec θ, 0)
Q x + x2 − 1 , if x ≥ 1
(2 sec θ, –√3 sin θ) − x2 − x + 1, if x ≤ − 1
2
x y − x − x + 1, if − 1 ≤ x ≤ 0
cos θ + sin θ = 1 = 2
2 3 − x + x + 1, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
∴ R(2 sec θ , 0) x2 + x − 1, if x≥1
⇒ ∆ = Area of ∆PQR which could be graphically shown as
1
= (2 3 sin θ ) (2 sec θ − 2 cos θ ) Y
2
= 2 3 ⋅ sin3 θ/cos θ …(i)
– x 2– x + 1 – x 2– x + 1 – x 2+ x +1 x 2+x –1
1
Since, ≤ h ≤1
2 1
1 X
∴ ≤ 2 cos θ ≤ 1 –1 –1/2 O 1/2 1
2
1 −1
1 1 Thus, f (x) attains maximum at x = , and f (x)
⇒ ≤ cos θ ≤ …(ii) 2 2
4 2 attains minimum at x = − 1, 0, 1.
d∆ 2 3 {cos θ ⋅ 3 sin 2 θ cos θ − sin3 θ (− sin θ )} ⇒ Total number of points = 5
∴ =
dθ cos 2 θ 65. PLAN If f( x ) is least degree polynomial having local maximum and
2 3 ⋅ sin 2 θ local minimum at α and β.
= [3 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ]
cos 2 θ Then, f ′ (x) = λ (x − α ) (x − β )
2 3 sin θ2
Here, p′ (x) = λ (x − 1) (x − 3) = λ (x2 − 4x + 3)
= ⋅ [2 cos 2 θ + 1]
cos 2 θ On integrating both sides between 1 to 3, we get
= 2 3 tan θ (2 cos θ + 1) > 0
2 2 3 3
∫1 p′ (x) dx = ∫1 λ (x − 4x + 3) dx
2
1 1
When ≤ cos θ ≤ , x 3 3
4 2 ⇒ ( p(x))31 = λ − 2x2 + 3x
3 1
262 Application of Derivatives
1 f (θ ) =
1
⇒ p(3) − p(1) = λ (9 − 18 + 9) − − 2 + 3 68. Let
3 sin θ + 3 sin θ cos θ + 5 cos 2 θ
2
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–21
67. Let g (x) = e f ( x ), ∀ x ∈ R
⇒ g′ (x) = ef ( x ) ⋅ f ′ (x)
⇒ f ′ (x) changes its sign from positive to negative in the Now, f ′ (x) = 6(x2 − 5x + 6)
neighbourhood of x = 2009
Put f ′ (x) = 0 ⇒ x = 2, 3
⇒ f (x) has local maxima at x = 2009.
f (2) = − 20, f (3) = − 21, f (4) = − 16, f (5) = 7
So, the number of local maximum is one.
From graph, maximum value of f (x) on set A is f (5) = 7.
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(b) x − α and log e|sin(x − α )| (d) 2x + sin x + sin 2x + C
(c) x − α and log e|cos(x − α )| 3x13 + 2x11
6. The integral ∫ dx is equal to (where C
(d) x + α and log e|sin(x − α )| (2x4 + 3x2 + 1)4
2x3 − 1 is a constant of integration) (2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
2. The integral ∫ dx is equal to
x4 + x (a)
x4
+C (b)
x12
+C
(here C is a constant of integration) (2019 Main, 12 April I) 6(2x + 3x + 1)
4 2 3
6(2x + 3x 2 + 1)3
4
x3 + 1 |x3 + 1| x+1
(c) log e
x
+C (d) log e
x2
+C 7. If ∫
2x − 1
dx = f (x) 2x − 1 + C, where C is a
1 1−
(a) (1 + nxn ) n +c
coderguru.in
(where C is a constant of integration ) (2019 Main, 9Jan I)
1 n (n − 1)
(a) log e|sec(x2 − 1)| + C 1
2 1 1−
(b) (1 + nxn ) n + c
x2 − 1 n −1
(b) log e sec +C 1
2 1 1+
(c) (1 + nxn ) n + c
1 n (n + 1)
(c) log e sec2 (x2 − 1) + C
2 1
1 1+
x2 − 1 (d) (1 + nxn ) n + c
1 n+1
(d) log e sec2 +C
2 2 (x2 − 1) dx
17. The value of ∫ is (2006, 3M)
12. The integral x3 2 x4 − 2 x2 + 1
sin 2 x cos 2 x
∫ (sin5 x + cos3 x sin 2 x + sin3 x cos2 x dx (a) 2 2 −
2
+
1
+c (b) 2 2 +
2
+
1
+ c
x2 x4 x2 x4
+ cos x)5 2
1 2 1
is equal to (2018 Main) (c) 2− 2 + 4 + c (d) None of these
2 x x
1 −1
(a) +C (b) +C
3 (1 + tan3 x) 3 (1 + tan3 x)
1 −1
One or More Than One
(c) +C (d) +C
1 + cot3 x 1 + cot3 x 18. Let f : R → R and g : R → R be two non-constant
differentiable functions. If f ′ (x) = (e( f ( x ) − g( x )) ) g′ (x) for
(where C is a constant of integration) all x ∈ R and f (1) = g (2) = 1, then which of the following
dx
13. The value of ∫ 2 4 is statement(s) is (are) TRUE? (2018 Adv.)
x (x + 1)3/ 4 (2015 Main) (a) f (2) < 1 − log e 2 (b) f (2) > 1 − log e 2
1
x +4
1 4
1 (c) g (1) > 1 − log e 2 (d) g (1) < 1 − log e 2
(a) 4 + c (b) (x4 + 1) 4 +c
x
1
1 Numerical Value
x4 + 1 4
(c) − (x + 4
1) 4 +c (d) − 4 + c 19. Let f : R → R be a differentiable function with f (0) = 1
x
2 and satisfying the equation f (x + y) = f (x) f ′ ( y)
sec x
14. ∫ (sec x + tan x)9/ 2 dx equals to + f ′ (x) f ( y) for all x, y ∈ R.
Then, the value of log e ( f (4)) is ....... . (2018 Adv.)
(for some arbitrary constant K) (2012)
Indefinite Integration 265
dx
Fill in the Blank 24. Evaluate ∫ x2(x4 + 1)3/ 4 . (1984, 2M)
4ex + 6e− x
20. If ∫ x dx = Ax + B log (9e2x − 4) + C, then A = K,
9e − 4e− x 25. Evaluate the following: (1980, 4M)
2
B = ... and C = K . 1 x
∫ ∫
(1989, 2M)
(i) 1 + sin x dx (ii) dx
2 1−x
Analytical & Descriptive Questions x2
21. For any natural number m, evaluate 26. Integrate . (1979, 2M)
(a + bx)2
∫ (x + x2m + xm ) (2 x2m + 3 xm + 6)1/m dx, x > 0. (2002, 5M)
3m
27. Integrate
1/ 2 sin x ⋅ sin 2 x ⋅ sin 3x + sec2 x ⋅ cos 2 2x + sin 4 x ⋅ cos 4 x
1 − x dx .
∫
(1979, 1M)
22. Evaluate ⋅ (1997C, 3M)
1 + x x 28. Integrate the curve
x
. (1978, 1M)
1 + x4
1− x
23. Evaluate ∫ dx. (1985, 2 1 M) 29. Integrate
1
or
sin x
. (1978, 2M)
1+ x 2
1 − cot x sin x − cos x
coderguru.in
3 dx. (1992, 4M)
(a) 3 tan −1/3
x+C (b) −3 tan −1/3
x+C x+ 4
x 3
x+ x
3
(c) −3 cot −1/3 x + C −4 /3
(d) − tan
4
x+C 4. Evaluate ∫( tan x + cot x ) dx. (1988, 3M)
coderguru.in
−x5 (b) sin x − 2 (sin x)−1 + c
(a) +C
(x + x + 1)
5 3 2 (c) sin x − 2 (sin x)−1 − 6 tan −1 (sin x) + c
x10 (d) sin x − 2 (sin x)−1 + 5 tan −1 (sin x) + c
(b) +C
2(x5 + x3 + 1)2
x5
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
(c) +C
2(x + x + 1)
5 3 2 x3 + 3x + 2
− x10
3. ∫ (x + 1)2 (x + 1)
2
dx. (1999, 5M)
(d) +C
2(x5 + x3 + 1)2 (x + 1)
4. Evaluate ∫ dx. (1996, 2M)
where, C is an arbitrary constant. x (1 + xex )2
Answers
Topic 1 ( x 4 + 1 )1/4
24. − +c
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) x
x x
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (c) 25. (i) 4 sin − 4 cos + c
4 4
9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b)
2 1
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a) (ii) − 2 1 − x − (1 − x ) 3/2 + (1 − x ) 5/2 + c
3 5
17. (c) 18. (b,c) 19. (2)
1 a2
3 35 26. a + bx − 2a log (a + bx ) − + c
20. A = − , B = and C ∈R b
3
a + bx
2 36
1 cos 4 x cos 2 x cos 6 x
21. ⋅(2 x + 3 x 2m + 6 xm ) (m + 1)/m + c
3m 27. − − + + sin 2 x + tan x − 2 x
6 (m + 1 ) 16 8 24
3 x sin 4 x sin 8 x
1
22. 2 [cos−1 x − log| 1 + 1 − x | − log | x| ] + c + − +
2 128 128 1024
1 −1 1 x
23. −2 1 − x + cos−1 x + x (1 − x ) + c 28. tan ( x ) + c
2
29. log (sin x − cos x ) + + c
2 2 2
Indefinite Integration 267
1 2 + 1 − tan 2 x Topic 4
5. − log| cot x + cot 2 x − 1 | + log +c
2 2 − 1 − tan x
2 1. (b) 2. (c)
1 1 3 x
6. (1) 3. − log| x + 1 | + log| x 2 + 1 | + tan −1 x + 2 +c
2 4 2 x +1
Topic 3
xe x 1
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 4. log + +c
1 + xe x 1 + xe x
5. (b) 6. (c)
−1 2x + 2 3
7. ( x + 1 ) tan − log( 4 x + 8 x + 13 ) + c
2
3 4
(ii) Let x 2 +
1
= t
=∫ dx x
sin x sin α
− 2x3 − 1 2x − 1 / x2
cos x cos α Let integral is I = ∫ dx = ∫ 2 1 dx
x4 + x x +
sin x cos α + sin α cos x
=∫ dx x
sin x cos α − sin α cos x [dividing each term of numerator and
sin (x + α )
=∫ dx denominator by x2]
sin (x − α )
1 1
Now, put x − α = t ⇒ dx = dt, so Put x2 + = t ⇒ 2x + − 2 dx = dt
x x
sin (t + 2α )
I=∫ dt dt
sin t ∴ I=∫ = log e|(t )| + C
t
sin t cos 2 α + sin 2α cos t
=∫ dt 1
sin t = log e x2 + + C
x
cos t
= ∫ cos 2 α + sin 2 α dt
sin t x3 + 1
= log e +C
= t (cos 2 α ) + (sin 2 α ) log e |sin t |+ C x
= (x − α ) cos 2 α + (sin 2 α ) log e |sin (x − α )| + C dx dx
3. Let I = ∫
(x2 − 2x + 10)2 ∫ ((x − 1)2 + 32)2
=
= A (x) cos 2 α + B(x) sin 2 α + C (given)
Now on comparing, we get Now, put x − 1 = 3 tan θ ⇒ dx = 3 sec2θ dθ
A (x) = x − α and B(x) = log e |sin (x − α )| 3sec2θ dθ 3sec2θ dθ
So,I = ∫ =∫ 4
(3 tan θ + 3 )
2 2 2 2
3 sec4θ
268 Indefinite Integration
1 1 1 + cos 2θ 5x 5x x
27 ∫ 27 ∫
= cos 2θ dθ = dθ sin 2 sin cos
2 5. Let I = ∫ 2 dx = ∫ 2 2 dx
1 + cos 2θ x x x
Q cos θ =
2
sin 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
1 1 sin 2θ x
[multiplying by 2 cos in numerator and
54 ∫
= (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ = θ + +C 2
54 2
denominator]
1 x − 1 1 2 tan θ sin 3x + sin 2x
= tan −1 + +C =∫ dx
54 3 108 1 + tan 2 θ sin x
[Q2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B) + sin( A − B) and
2 tan θ
Q sin 2θ = sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A]
1 + tan 2 θ
(3 sin x − 4 sin3 x) + 2 sin x cos x
=∫ dx
x − 1 sin x
[Q sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3 x]
1 x − 1 1 3
= tan −1 + +C = ∫ (3 − 4 sin x + 2 cos x)dx
2
54 3 54 x − 1
2
1+
3 = ∫ [3 − 2(1 − cos 2x) + 2 cos x]dx
1 x − 1 1 x−1
[Q2 sin 2 x = 1 − cos 2x]
= tan −1 + 2
+C
54 3 18 (x − 1) + 3
2
= ∫ [3 − 2 + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos x]dx
1 x − 1 1 x−1
= tan −1 + 2 +C = ∫ [1 + 2 cos 2x + 2 cos x]dx
54 3 18 x − 2x + 10
= x + 2 sin x + sin 2x + C
1 −1 x − 1 3(x − 1)
= tan + 2 +C 6. Let
3 x − 2x + 10
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54
3 2
+ 5
It is given, that 3x13 + 2x11 3
I=∫ dx = ∫ x x dx
x − 1 f (x) (2x4 + 3x2 + 1)4 3 1
4
I = A tan −1 + 2 +C 2 + 2 + 4
3 x − 2x + 10 x x
1 [on dividing numerator and denominator by x16]
On comparing, we get A = and f (x) = 3(x − 1). 3 1
54 Now, put 2 + 2 + 4 = t
dx x x
4. Let I = ∫
x3 (1 + x6 )2/ 3 −6 4 3 2 dt
⇒ 3 − 5 dx = dt ⇒ 3 + 5 dx = −
dx dx x x x x 2
=∫ =∫
1
2/ 3
1
2/ 3 − dt 1 t− 4 + 1 1
x3 ⋅ x4 6 + 1 x7 6 + 1 So, I = ∫ =− × +C= 3 +C
x x 2t 4
2 −4 + 1 6t
1 1 3 1
Now, put + 1 = t3 = 3
+C Q t = 2 + x2 + x4
x6 3 1
6 2 + 2 + 4
6 x x
⇒ − 7 dx = 3t 2dt
x x12
2 = +C
⇒
dx t
= − dt 6 (2x4 + 3x2 + 1)3
7
x 2
1 2
7. We have,
− t dt x+1
So, I = ∫ 2 1
= − ∫ dt ∫ 2x − 1
dx = f (x) 2x − 1 + C ...(i)
t2 2
1/3 x+1
1 1 1 3 1 Let I = ∫ dx
=− t + C = − 6 + 1 + C Q t = x6 + 1 2x − 1
2 2 x
1 1 Put 2x − 1 = t 2 ⇒ 2dx = 2tdt ⇒ dx = tdt
=− (1 + x6 )1/3 + C
2 x2 t2 + 1
+1
= x ⋅ f (x) ⋅ (1 + x6 )1/3 + C 1
[given] I=∫ 2 tdt = ∫ (t 2 + 3) dt
On comparing both sides, we get t 2
1 t2 + 1
f (x) = − 3 Q 2x − 1 = t ⇒ x =
2
2x 2
Indefinite Integration 269
1 t3 1
t +1
= + 3t + C = (t 2 + 9) + C u1/ ndu un
23 6 ⇒ I=∫ = +C
n −1 1
2x − 1 (n − 1) + 1
= (2x − 1 + 9) + C [Q t = 2x − 1 ] n
6 n+1
2x − 1 1 n
= (2x + 8) + C n 1 − n−1
6 t
= +C
x+4 (n − 1) (n + 1)
= 2x − 1 + C
3 n+1
1 n
On comparing it with Eq. (i), we get n 1 − n −1
sin θ
x+4 = +C
f (x) = n2 − 1
3
1
8. We have, Q u = 1 − t n − 1 and t = sin θ
1 − x2
∫ x4
dx = A (x) ( 1 − x2 )m + C … (i)
10. We have, f (x) = ∫
5x8 + 7x6
dx
(x + 1 + 2x7 )2
2
1
x2 2 − 1 x8 x6
1 − x2 x 5 14 + 7 14
LetI = ∫ dx = ∫ dx x x
x4 x4 =∫ dx
2
1 x2 1 2x7
x 2 −1 7 + 7 + 7
=∫ x 1 1
dx = ∫ 3 − 1 dx x x x
x4 x x2 (dividing both numerator and denominator by x14)
1 −2 1
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Put 2 − 1 = t 2 ⇒ 3 dx = 2t dt ⇒ 3 dx = − t dt 5x− 6 + 7x− 8
x x x = ∫ −5 dx
(x + x− 7 + 2)2
t3
∴ I = − ∫ t 2dt = − +C Let x− 5 + x− 7 + 2 = t
3
3/ 2 ⇒ (− 5x− 6 − 7x− 8 )dx = dt
1 1 − x2 1
1/ 2
=− . + C Q t = 2 − 1 ⇒ (5x− 6 + 7x− 8 )dx = − dt
3 x2 x dt
∴ f (x) = ∫ − 2 = − ∫ t −2dt
1 1 t
=− ( 1 − x2 )3 + C …(ii)
3 x3 t− 2 + 1 t− 1 1
=− + C =− +C= +C
On comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get −2 + 1 −1 t
1 1 x7
A (x) = − 3 and m = 3 = +C= 7 +C
3x −5 −7
x +x +2 2x + x2 + 1
1
∴ ( A (x))m = ( A (x))3 = − Q f (0) = 0
27 x9 0
∴ 0= + C ⇒C = 0
(sin θ − sin θ ) cos θ
n 1/ n 0+0+1
9. Let I = ∫ dθ
sin n + 1 θ ∴ f (x) =
x7
Put sin θ = t ⇒ cos θ dθ = dt 2x + x2 + 1
7
(t n − t )1/ n 1 1
∴ I=∫ dt ⇒ f (1) = =
tn + 1 2(1) + 1 + 1 4
7 2
1/ n
n t
t
1 − 2 sin(x2 − 1) − sin 2(x2 − 1)
t n 11. Let I = ∫ x
=∫
dx
n+1
dt 2 sin(x2 − 1) + sin 2(x2 − 1)
t
t (1 − 1 / t n−1 )1/ n (1 − 1 / t n − 1 )1/ n x2 − 1
=∫ dt = ∫ dt Put = θ ⇒ x2 − 1 = 2θ ⇒ 2x dx = 2 dθ
n+1 2
t tn
1 ⇒ x dx = dθ
Put 1 − n −1 = u
t 2 sin 2 θ − sin 4 θ
Now, I = ∫ dθ
(n − 1) 2 sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ
or 1 − t −( n − 1) = u ⇒ dt = du
tn 2 sin 2 θ − 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
dt du =∫ dθ
⇒ = 2 sin 2 θ + 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
tn n − 1
(Qsin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A)
270 Indefinite Integration
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3 (1 + t )2 1 + e2x + e4x
−1 −1 Put ex = u ⇒ ex dx = du
⇒ I= +C ⇒ I= +C
3 (1 + t ) 3 (1 + tan3 x) 1
1 − 2
(u 2 − 1) u du
dx dx ∴ J −I = ∫ du = ∫
13. ∫ x2(x4 + 1)3/ 4 = ∫ 1
3/ 4 1+ u + u
2 4 1
1 + 2 + u2
x5 1 + 4 u
x 1
1 1 − 2
Put 1+ = t4 u du
x4 =∫ 2
−4 1
⇒ dx = 4t3 dt u + −1
u
x5
1
dx Put u+ =t
⇒ = − t3 dt u
x5
1
Hence, the integral becomes ⇒ 1 − 2 du = dt
u
1/ 4
− t3 dt 1
∫ t3
= − ∫ dt = − t + c = − 1 + 4
x
+c
=∫
dt 1
= log
t −1
+c
t2 − 1 2 t+1
14. PLAN Integration by Substitution
I = ∫ f { g ( x )} ⋅ g ′ ( x )dx
1 u2 − u + 1
i.e. = log 2 +c
Put g ( x ) = t ⇒ g ′ ( x )dx = dt 2 u +u+1
∴ I = ∫ f(t )dt 1 e2x − ex + 1
= log 2x +c
Description of Situation Generally, students gets 2 e + ex + 1
confused after substitution, i.e. sec x + tan x = t.
x
Now, for sec x, we should use 16. Given, f (x) = for n ≥ 2
(1 + xn )1/ n
sec2 x − tan 2 x = 1
f (x) x
⇒ (sec x − tan x) (sec x + tan x) = 1 ∴ ff (x) = =
[1 + f (x)n ]1/ n (1 + 2 xn )1/ n
1
⇒ sec x − tan x = x
t and fff (x) =
(1 + 3xn )1/ n
sec2 dx
Here, I=∫ x
(sec x + tan x)9/ 2 ∴ g (x) = ( fofo ... of ) (x) =
14243 (1 + n xn )1/ n
n times
Indefinite Integration 271
xn − 1 dx ⇒
1
1 = 2 f ′ (0) ⇒ f′ (0) =
Let I = ∫ xn − 2g (x) dx = ∫
(1 + nxn )1/ n 2
d Put x = x and y = 0, we get
(1 + nxn ) f (x) = f (x) f ′ (0) + f ′ (x) f (0)
1 n 2 xn − 1 dx 1 dx
n2 ∫ (1 + nxn )1/ n n 2 ∫ (1 + nxn )1/ n
= = dx ⇒
1
f (x) = f (x) + f ′ (x)
2
1−
1 1 f ′ (x) 1
1 ⇒ f ′ (x) = f (x) ⇒ =
I= (1 + nxn ) n + c 2 f (x) 2
n (n − 1)
On integrating, we get
(x2 − 1) dx 1
17. Let I = ∫ log f (x) = x + C
2x4 − 2x2 + 1
x3 2
1
x
[dividing numerator and enominator by x5 ] ⇒ f (x) = Ae2 , where eC = A
1 1 If f (0) = 1, then A = 1
3 − 5 dx
x x 1
=∫ Hence, f (x) = e2
x
2 1
2− 2+ 4 1
x x ⇒ log e f (x) = x
2
2 1
Put 2− 2+ 4 =t 1
x x ⇒ log e f (4) = × 4 = 2
2
4 4
⇒ 3 − 5 dx = dt 4ex + 6e−x
x x 20. Given, ∫ dx = Ax + B log (9e2x − 4) + c
9ex − 4e−x
1 dt 1 t1/ 2
∴ I=
4 ∫ = ⋅
t 4 1 /2
+c
LHS = ∫
4e2x + 6
dx
9e2x − 4
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1 2 1
= 2− 2+ 4 + c Let 4e2x + 6 = A (9e2x − 4) + B (18 e2x )
2 x x
⇒ 9 A + 18B = 4 and − 4 A = 6
18. We have, f ′ (x) = e( f ( x ) − g( x )) g′ (x) ∀ x ∈ R
3 35
e f ( x) ⇒ A=− and B=
⇒ f ′ (x) = g′ (x) 2 36
eg( x )
f ′ (x) g′ (x) A (9e2x − 4) + B (18e2x ) 1
⇒
ef ( x )
= g( x )
e
∴ ∫ 9e − 4
2x
dx = A ∫ 1 dx + B ∫
t
dt
1 − x
1/ 2
x x x x
I=∫ ⋅
dx = ∫ cos + sin dx = 4 sin − 4 cos + c
22. Let 4 4 4 4
1 + x x
x2
Put x = cos 2 θ ⇒ dx = − 2 cos θ sin θ dθ (ii) Let I=∫ dx
1/ 2 1−x
1 − cos θ − 2 cos θ ⋅ sin θ
∴ I=∫ ⋅ dθ Put 1 − x = t 2 ⇒ − dx = 2 t dt
1 + cos θ cos 2 θ
(1 − t 2)2 ⋅ (−2t )
θ ∴ I=∫ dt
sin t
=∫ 2 ⋅ − 2 sin θ d θ
θ cos θ = − 2 ∫ (1 − 2t 2 + t 4 ) dt
cos
2 2t3 t5
= − 2 t − + +c
θ θ θ θ 3 5
2 sin ⋅ 2 sin ⋅ cos 2 sin 2
=−∫ 2 2 2 d θ −2
∫ cos θ 2 d θ 2 1
= − 2 1 − x − (1 − x)3/ 2 + (1 − x)5/ 2 + c
θ
cos ⋅ cos θ 3 5
2
1 − cos θ x2
= −2∫ dθ 26. Let I=
cos θ (a + bx)2
= 2∫ (1 − sec θ ) dθ = 2 [θ − log|sec θ + tan θ|] + c Put a + bx = t ⇒ b dx = dt
2
t − a
1 1
⇒ I = 2 cos −1 x − log + −1 + c b dt 1 t 2 − 2 at + a 2
∴ I=∫ ⋅ = 3 ∫ dt
x x t 2
b b t2
1
⇒ I = 2 cos −1 x − log|1 + 1 − x|− log|x| + c 1 2 a a 2
2 = ∫ 1 − + 2 dt
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b3 t t
1− x
23. Let I=∫ dx 1 a 2
1+ x = 3
t − 2 a log t − + c
b t
Put x = cos 2 θ ⇒ dx = − 2sin θ cos θ dθ
1 − cos θ 1 a2
∴ I=∫ ⋅ (− 2 sin θ cos θ ) dθ = a + bx − 2 a log (a + bx) − + c
1 + cos θ
3
b a + bx
θ θ 27. Let I1 = ∫ sin x sin 2 x sin 3x dx
= − ∫ 2 tan ⋅ sin θ cos θ dθ = − 2 ∫ 2 sin 2 ⋅ cos θ dθ
2 2
1
4∫
= − 2∫ (1 − cos θ ) cos θ dθ = − 2 ∫ ( cos θ − cos 2 θ ) dθ = (sin 4x + sin 2 x − sin 6x) dx
= − 2∫ cos θ dθ + ∫ (1 + cos 2 θ ) dθ =−
cos 4x cos 2 x cos 6 x
− +
16 8 24
sin 2θ
= − 2 sin θ + θ + +c I 2 = ∫ sec2 x ⋅ cos 2 2 x dx
2
= − 2 1 − x + cos −1 x + x (1 − x) + c = ∫ sec2 x (2 cos 2 x − 1)2dx
dx dx
Let I = ∫ 2 4
x (x + 1)3/ 4 ∫ 2 3
24. = 3/ 4 = ∫ (4 cos 2 x + sec2 x − 4) dx
1
x ⋅ x 1 + 4
x = ∫ (2 cos 2 x + sec2 x − 2) dx
4 = sin 2 x + tan x − 2 x
Put 1 + x− 4 = t ⇒ − dx = dt
x5
1/ 4
and I3 = ∫ sin 4 x cos 4 x dx
1 dt 1 t1/ 4 1
∴ I=− ∫ =− ⋅ + c = − 1 + 4
x
+c 1
128 ∫
4 t3/ 4
4 1 /4 = (3 − 4 cos 4x + cos 8x) dx
(x4 + 1)1/ 4
=− +c =
3x sin 4x sin 8x
− +
x 128 128 1024
x ∴ I = I1 + I 2 + I3
25. (i) Let I=∫ 1 + sin dx
2 cos 4x cos 2 x cos 6 x
=− − + + sin 2 x + tan x − 2 x
x x x x 16 8 24
=∫ cos 2 + sin 2 + 2 sin cos dx
4 4 4 4 3x sin 4x sin 8 x
+ − +
128 128 1024
Indefinite Integration 273
I=∫
x dx 1
= ∫
2x 1 ln (1 + 6 x )
28. Let dx 3. Let I = ∫ 3 + dx
1+ x 4
2 1 + (x2)2 x+ 4
x 3
x+ x
Put x2 = u ⇒ 2 x dx = du ∴ I = I1 + I 2
1 du 1 1
∴ I= ∫ = tan −1 (u ) + c = tan −1 (x2) + c where, I1 = ∫ 3
1
dx,
2 1 + u2 2 2 x+ 4
x
sin x
29. Let I = ∫ dx ln (1 + 6 x )
sin x − cos x I2 = ∫ dx
3
x+ x
Again, let sin x = A (cos x + sin x) + B(sin x − cos x),
1
then A + B = 1 and A − B = 0 Now, I1 = ∫ 3 dx
x+ 4
x
1 1
⇒ A= , B= Put x = t12 ⇒ dx = 12 t11dt
2 2
1 1 t11
(cos x + sin x) + (sin x − cos x) ∴ I1 = 12 ∫ dt
∴ I=∫ 2 2 dx t + t3
4
(sin x − cos x)
t 8 dt
1 cos x + sin x 1 = 12 ∫
= ∫ dx + ∫ 1 dx + c t+1
2 sin x − cos x 2
1 1 = 12∫ (t7 − t 6 + t5 − t 4 + t3 − t 2 + t − 1) dt
= log (sin x − cos x) + x + c
2 2 dt
+ 12∫
t+1
Topic 2 Some Special Integrals t8 t7 t 6 t5 t 4 t3 t 2
= 12 − + − + − + − t
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2 4 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
dx
1. Let I = ∫ sec3 x cos ec3 x dx = ∫ 2 4 + 12 ln (t + 1)
cos3 x sin3 x ln (1 + 6 x )
dx and I 2 = ∫ 3 dx
∫ 4
4 2
x+ x
sin x 3
cos3 x cos3 x Put x = u6 ⇒ dx = 6 u5 du
cos x
ln (1 + u ) 5 ln (1 + u )
∴ I2 = ∫ 6u du = ∫ 2 . 6 u5 du
[dividing and multiplying by cos 4/3
x in denominator] u +u
2 3
u (1 + u )
dx sec2 x dx u3
=∫ 4
=∫ 4 =6 ∫ ln (1 + u ) du
(u + 1)
tan3 x cos 2 x (tan x)3
u3 − 1 + 1
Now, put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt =6 ∫ ln(1 + u ) du
−4 u+1
+1
dt t3 1
∴I=∫ = +C = 6 ∫ u2 − u + 1 −
t 4/3 −4 ln (1 + u ) du
+1 u + 1
3
ln (1 + u )
1 −3 −
1 = 6 ∫ (u 2 − u + 1) ln (1 + u ) du − 6 ∫ du
= −3 +C = + C = −3 tan 3 x+C II I (u + 1)
1 1
t3 (tan x)3 u3 u 2
=6 − + u ln (1 + u )
2. We have, I n = ∫ tan n x dx 3 2
2 u3 − 3u 2 + 6 u 1
∴ I n + I n + 2 = ∫ tan n x dx + ∫ tan
n+ 2
x dx −∫ du − 6 [ln (1 + u )]2
u+1 2
= ∫ tan n x(1 + tan 2 x) dx = (2 u3 − 3 u 2 + 6 u ) ln (1 + u )
tan n + 1 x 11 u
= ∫ tan n x sec2 x dx = +C −∫ 2 u 2 − 5 u + du − 3 [ln (1 + u )]
2
n+1 u + 1
tan5 x = (2 u3 − 3 u 2 + 6 u ) ln (1 + u )
Put n = 4, we get I 4 + I 6 = +C
5 2 u3 5 2
− − u + 11u − 11 ln (u + 1) − 3 [ln (1 + u )]2
1 3 2
∴ a = and b = 0
5
274 Indefinite Integration
t2 + 1 t2 + 1 x
2t 2 sin 2
∴ I=∫ ⋅ dt = 2 ∫ t 4 + 1 dt sin x 2
t2 t4 + 1 lim f ′ (x) = lim 2
x→ 0 x→ 0 x x2
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1 1
1+ 1+
t2 t2
=2 ∫ dt = 2 ∫ 2
dt x
1 1 sin 2
t2 + −2 + 2 t − + ( 2)
2
t2 t = 4 ⋅ 1 ⋅ lim 2 =1
x→ 0
x
2
Put t−
1 1
= u ⇒ 1 + dt = du 4 ×
2
t t2
du
∴ I =2 ∫
u 2 + ( 2 )2 Topic 3 Integration by Parts
2
2 u 1. Let given integral, I = ∫ x5 e− x dx
⇒ I= tan −1 + c
2 2 Put x2 = t ⇒ 2xdx = dt
tan x − cot x 1
= 2 tan −1 +c So, I = ∫ t 2e− t dt
2 2
1
= [(− t 2e− t ) + ∫ e− t (2t ) dt ] [Integration by parts]
cos 2 x cos 2 x − sin 2 x 2
5. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
sin x sin 2 x 1
= [− t 2e− t + 2t (− e− t ) + ∫ 2e− t dt ]
=∫ cot2 x − 1 dx 2
1
= [− t 2e− t − 2te− t − 2e− t ] + C
Put cot x = sec θ ⇒ − cosec2x dx = sec θ tan θ dθ 2
sec θ ⋅ tan θ e− t 2
∴ I=∫ sec2 θ − 1 ⋅ dθ =− (t + 2t + 2) + C
− (1 + sec2 θ ) 2
2
sec θ ⋅ tan 2 θ e− x
=−∫ dθ =− (x4 + 2x2 + 2) + C [Q t = x2] …(i)
1 + sec2 θ 2
sin 2 θ Q It is given that,
=−∫ dθ 2 2
cos θ + cos3 θ I = ∫ x5 e− x dx = g (x) ⋅ e− x + C
coderguru.in
3
⇒ I = x cos(log e x) + x sin((log e x) − I
1
⇒
x
I = [cos(log e x) + sin(log e x)] + C. = x3 ψ (x3 ) − ∫ x2ψ (x3 ) dx + c
2 3
3 1 −4 x 3 2x + 2
4. Given, ∫ x5 e−4x dx = e f (x) + C 7. Let I = ∫ sin −1 dx
48 4x2 + 8 x + 13
In LHS, put x3 = t
2x + 2
⇒ 3x2dx = dt −1 dx
3 1
= ∫ sin (2x + 2)2 + 9
So, ∫ x5 e−4x dx = ∫ t e−4t dt
3
Put 2x + 2 = 3 tan θ ⇒ 2 dx = 3 sec2θ dθ
1 e−4t e−4t
= t −∫ 3 tan θ 3
dt
3 −4 −4 ∴ I = ∫ sin −1 ⋅ sec2 θ dθ
9 tan 2 θ + 9 2
[using integration by parts]
−4 t −4 t
1 te e 3 tan θ 3 2
= + +C = ∫ sin −1 ⋅ sec θ dθ
3 −4 −16 3 secθ 2
1 −4 t sin θ 3 2
=− e [4t + 1] + C = ∫ sin −1 ⋅ sec θ dθ
48 cos θ ⋅ sec θ 2
3
e−4x 3
sin −1 (sin θ ) ⋅ sec2θ dθ
2∫
=− [4x3 + 1] + C [Q t = x3 ] =
48
3 3
∴ f (x) = −1 − 4x3 (comparing with given equation) = ∫ θ ⋅ sec2θ dθ = [θ ⋅ tan θ − ∫ 1 ⋅ tan θdθ]
2 2
1
1 x + 3
5. ∫ 1 + x − e x dx
x
= [θ tan θ − log sec θ ] + c
2
3 2 x + 2 2 x + 2
1 1
x+ 1 x+
=∫e = tan −1 ⋅
x dx + ∫ x 1 − x2 e x dx
2 3 3
1 1 1 2
x+ x+ d x+ 2 x + 2
=∫e x dx + xe x −∫ (x)e x dx − log 1 + + c1
dx 3
276 Indefinite Integration
θ
2 x + 2
2 1
2x + 2 3 =− cos 2θ + sin 2θ
= (x + 1) tan −1 − log 1 + + c1 2 4
3 4 3
1 1
2 x + 2 3 = − θ (1 − 2 sin 2 θ ) + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ
= (x + 1) tan −1 − log (4x + 8 x + 13) + c
2
2 2
3 4
1 −1 1
3 = − sin x (1 − 2 x) + x 1−x …(ii)
let 2 log 3 + c1 = c
2 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
cos θ + sin θ 4 1 1
8. I = ∫ cos 2 θ ln dθ [given] I = − (1 − 2 x) sin −1 x + x − x2 − x + c
cos θ − sin θ π 2 2
We integrate it by taking parts 2 −1
= [ x − x − (1 − 2 x) sin
2
x] − x + c
cos θ + sin θ π
ln as first function
cos θ − sin θ (x − 1) ex
10. Let I = ∫ dx
sin 2 θ cos θ + sin θ (x + 1)3
= ln
2 cos θ − sin θ x + 1 − 2 x 1 2 x
I=∫ 3
e dx = ∫ − 3
e dx
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x + 1)
2
1 d cos θ + sin θ
2 ∫ dθ cos θ − sin θ
− ln sin 2 θdθ …(i) 1 1
= ∫ ex ⋅ dx − 2 ∫ ex ⋅ dx
(x + 1) 2
(x + 1)3
d cos θ + sin θ
But ln Applying integration by parts,
dθ cos θ − sin θ
1 −2
d = ⋅ ex − ∫ ex ⋅ dx
= [ln (cos θ + sin θ ) − ln (cos θ − sin θ )] (x + 1)
2
(x + 1)3
dθ
coderguru.in
1 (− sin θ − cos θ ) 1 ex
= . (− sin θ + cos θ ) − − 2 ∫ ex ⋅ dx = +c
(cos θ + sin θ ) cos θ − sin θ (x + 1)3
(x + 1)2
(cos θ − sin θ ) (cos θ − sin θ ) − (cos θ + sin θ )
(− sin θ − cos θ ) 11. Let I = ∫ (elog x + sin x) cos x dx
=
(cos θ + sin θ ) (cos θ − sin θ ) = ∫ (x + sin x) cos x dx
cos 2 θ − cos θ sin θ − sin θ cos θ + sin 2 θ + cos θ sin θ 1
+ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ + cos θ ⋅ sin θ = ∫ x cos x dx + ∫ (sin 2x) dx
= 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 x
= (x ⋅ sin x − ∫ 1 ⋅ sin x dx) − +c
2 (cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ ) 2 4
= =
cos 2 θ cos 2θ = x sin x + cos x −
cos 2 x
+c
4
Therefore, on putting this value in Eq.(i), we get
1 cos θ + sin θ 1 2
cos θ − sin θ 2 ∫
I= sin 2θ ln − sin 2 θ dθ Topic 4 Integration, Irrational Function
2 cos 2 θ
and Partial Fraction
1 cos θ + sin θ 1
= sin 2 θ ln + ln (cos 2 θ ) + c 2x12 + 5x9 2x12 + 5x9
2 cos θ − sin θ 2 1. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ 15 dx
(x + x + 1)
5 3 3
x (1 + x− 2 + x− 5 ) 3
sin −1 x − cos −1 x
9. Let I = ∫ dx 2x− 3 + 5x− 6
sin −1 x + cos −1 x =∫ dx
(1 + x− 2 + x− 5 ) 3
π
sin −1 x − − sin −1 x Now, put 1 + x− 2 + x− 5 = t
2
=∫ dx
π ⇒ (− 2x− 3 − 5x− 6 ) dx = dt
2 ⇒ (2x− 3 + 5x− 6 ) dx = − dt
2 π 4 dt
= ∫ 2 sin −1 x − dx = ∫ sin
−1
x dx − x + c …(i) ∴ I = − ∫ 3 = − ∫ t − 3 dt
π 2 π t
Now, ∫ sin −1 x dx t− 3 + 1 1
=− +C= 2+C
−3 + 1 2t
Put x = sin 2 θ ⇒ dx = sin 2θ
θ cos 2 θ 1 x10
= ∫ θ ⋅ sin 2 θ dθ = − = +C
2
+ ∫ 2
cos 2θ dθ
2 (x + x3 + 1) 2
5
Indefinite Integration 277
1 − t 2 + 1 − 2t 2 + t 4 1 dx 1 x+1 dx
⇒ I=∫ dt =−
2 ∫ x + 1 + 2 ∫ x2 + 1 dx + 2 ∫ (x + 1)2
2
t2 + t4
1 1
2 − 3t 2 + t 4 ⇒I = − log|x + 1| + log|x2 + 1|
⇒ I=∫ dt …(i) 2 4
t 2 (t 2 + 1)
1
Using partial fraction for + tan −1 x + 2 I1 …(i)
2
y − 3y + 2
2
A B dx
=1 + + [where, y = t 2] where, I1 = ∫
y ( y + 1) y y+1 (x2 + 1)2
⇒ A = 2, B = − 6 Put x = tan θ
y2 − 3 y + 2 2 6 ⇒ dx = sec2θ dθ
∴ =1 + −
y ( y + 1) y y+1 sec θdθ2
1
∴ I1 = ∫
(tan 2θ + 1)2 ∫
= cos 2 θ dθ = ∫ (1 + cos 2 θ )dθ
2 6 2
Now, Eq. (i) reduces to, I = ∫ 1 + 2 − dt
t 1 + t 2 1 1
coderguru.in
= θ + sin 2θ
2 2 2
=t− − 6 tan −1 (t ) + c
t 1 1 tan θ
= θ+ ⋅
2 2 2 (1 + tan 2 θ)
= sin x − − 6 tan −1 (sin x) + c
sin x 1 1 x
= tan −1 x + ⋅
x + 3x + 2
3
x + 2x + x + 2
3
2 2 (1 + x2)
3. =
(x2 + 1)2 (x + 1) (x2 + 1)2(x + 1) From Eq. (i),
x(x2 + 1) + 2(x + 1) 1 1 3
I = − log|x + 1| + log|x2 + 1|+ tan −1 x + 2
x
+c
=
(x2 + 1)2(x + 1) 2 4 2 x +1
x 2 (x + 1) ex (x + 1)
= + 4. Let I=∫ dx = ∫ x ex (1 + xex )2 dx
(x2 + 1)(x + 1) (x2 + 1)2 x (1 + xex )2
x Ax + B C Put 1 + xex = t ⇒ (ex + x ex ) dx = dt
Again, = +
(x + 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1) (x + 1)
2
dt 1 1 1
∴ I=∫ =∫ − − 2 dt
⇒ x = ( Ax + B) (x + 1) + C (x + 1) 2 (t − 1)t 2
t − 1 t t
On putting x = − 1, we get 1
= log|t − 1| − log|t| + + c
t
−1 = 2 C ⇒ C = − 1 / 2
t − 1
= log + 1 + c
On equating coefficients of x2, we get t t
0= A+C
xex 1
⇒ A = − C = 1 /2 = log + +c
1 + xex
1 + xex
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1 1 0
(a) − (b) 1 (c) (d) −1 a a
2 2 (a) 4∫ f (x) dx (b) ∫ f (x) dx
0 0
π /3
3. The integral ∫ sec 2/ 3 x cosec4/3 x dx is equal to
a
(c) 2∫ f (x) dx
a
(d) − 3∫ f (x) dx
π /6 0 0
(2019 Main, 10 April II)
e e
2x x
10. The integral ∫
(a) 35 / 6 − 32/ 3 (b) 37/ 6 − 35 / 6 x
− log e x dx is
(c) 35 /3 − 31/3 (d) 34/3 − 31/3 1 e x
2π
equal to (2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
4. The value of ∫ [sin 2x (1 + cos 3x)] dx, where [t ] denotes (a)
3
−e− 2
1 1 1
(b) − + − 2
1
0
2 2e 2 e 2e
the greatest integer function, is (2019 Main, 10 April I) 1 1 3 1 1
(a) − π (b) 2π (c) − 2π (d) π (c) −e− 2 (d) − −
2 e 2 e 2e2
1
π /4 dx
5. The value of the integral ∫ x cot−1 (1 − x2 + x4 )dx is 11. The integral ∫ equals
0
π /6 sin 2x(tan5 x + cot5 x)
(2019 Main, 9 April II) (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
π 1 π 1 1 π 1
(a) − tan − 1 tan − 1
(a) − log e 2 (b) − log e 2 1 1
(b)
4 2 2 2 5 4 3 3 20 9 3
π π
(c) − log e 2 (d) − log e 2 1π −1 1 π
4 2 (c) − tan (d)
10 4 9 3 40
π/ 2 sin3 x
6. The value of ∫ dx is sin 2 x
0 sin x + cos x (2019 Main, 9 April I) 12. The value of the integral ∫
2
dx
−2 x 1
π −1 π−2 π −1 π−2 +
(a) (b) (c) (d) π 2
2 8 4 4
x (where, [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
7. Let f (x) = ∫ g (t )dt, where g is a non-zero even function. to x) is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
0 x (a) 4 − sin 4 (b) 4
If f (x + 5) = g (x), then ∫ f (t )dt equals (c) sin 4 (d) 0
0 (2019 Main, 8 April II) b
5 x+5 13. Let I = ∫ (x4 − 2x2) dx. If I is minimum, then the ordered
(a) 5 ∫ g (t )dt (b) ∫ g (t )dt a
x+5 5 pair (a , b) is (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
x+5 5
(a) (− 2 , 0) (b) (0, 2 )
(c) 2 ∫ g (t )dt (d) ∫ g (t )dt (c) ( 2 , − 2 ) (d) (− 2 , 2 )
5 x+5
Definite Integration 279
π /3 tan θ 1 1−x
14. If ∫
1
dθ = 1 − , (k > 0), then the value of k 25. The value of the integral ∫ dx is (2004, 1M)
0 2k sec θ 2 0 1+ x
is (2019 Main, 9 Jan II) π π
(a) +1 (b) −1 (c) −1 (d) 1
1 2 2
(a) 1 (b)
2
1/ 2 1 + x
(c) 2 (d) 4 26. The integral ∫ [x] + log dx equals (2002, 1M)
π
−1/ 2 1 − x
15. The value of ∫ |cos x|3 dx is
(d) log
(2019 Main, 9 Jan I) 1 1
0 (a) − (b) 0 (c) 1
2 4 4 2 2
(a) (b) − (c) 0 (d)
3 3 3 π cos 2 x
π /2 sin x 2 27. The value of ∫ dx, a > 0,is (2001, 1M)
−π 1 + a x
16. The value of ∫ dx is
−π / 2 1 + 2x
(2018 Main) (a) π (b) aπ
π π π π
(a) (b) (c) 4π (d) (c) (d) 2π
8 2 4 2
3 π/ 4 dx ecos x sin x , for | x|≤ 2
17. ∫π / 4 1 + cos x
is equal to 28. If f (x) =
(2017 Main) 2 , otherwise
(a) − 2 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) − 1 3
then ∫ f (x) dx is equal to (2000, 2M)
x2 cos x π /2 −2
18. The value of ∫ dxis equal to
−π / 2 1 + ex (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(2016 Adv.)
π2 π2 log x e2
(a) −2 (b) + 2 29. The value of the integral ∫ −1 e dx is (2000, 2M)
4 4 e x
(c) π 2 − e− π / 2 (d) π 2 + eπ / 2 (a) 3 / 2 (b) 5 / 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
coderguru.in
4 log x2
19. The integral ∫ dx is equal to 30. If for a real number y, [ y] is the greatest integer less
2 log x2 + log(36 − 12x + x2) (2015, Main) than or equal to y, then the value of the integral
3π/2
(a) 2 (b) 4
π /2
(c) 1 (d) 6
∫ π / 2 [2 sin x] dx is (1999, 2M)
20. The integral ∫ (2 cosec x)17dx is equal to (a) − π (b) 0
π /4 (2014 Adv.)
π π
log( 1 + 2) (c) − (d)
(a) ∫0 2(eu + e−u )16 du 2 2
log( 1 + 2) 3 π /4 dx
(b) ∫0 (eu + e−u )17 du 31. ∫ π /4 1 + cos x
is equal to
(1999, 2M)
log( 1 + 2) −u 17
∫0 (e − e ) du 1 1
u
(c) (a) 2 (b) −2 (c) (d) −
log( 1 + 2)
2 2
(d) ∫0 2(eu − e−u )16 du 32. Let f (x) = x − [x] , for every real number x, where [x] is
π 1
coderguru.in
π cos 2 x then degree of polynomial function f (x) atmost is
∫0 e cos3 (2n + 1) x dx has the value (1985, 2M)
(a) 0 (b) 1
(a) π (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 2
(c) 0 (d) None of these 45. If f ′ ′ (x) < 0, ∀x ∈ (a , b), and (c, f (c)) is point of maxima,
π /2 cot x where c ∈ (a , b), then f ′ (c) is
40. The value of the integral ∫ dx is
0 cot x + tan x f (b) − f (a ) f (b) − f (a )
(a) (b) 3
(a) π / 4 (b) π / 2 (1983, 1M) b− a b − a
(c) π (d) None of these f (b) − f (a )
(c) 2 (d) 0
b − a
Assertion and Reason π /2
46. Good approximation of ∫ sin x dx, is
41. Statement I The value of the integral (2013 Main) 0
π /3 dx (a) π / 4 (b) π ( 2 + 1) / 4
∫π / 6 1 + tan x
is equal to π /6 .
(c) π ( 2 + 1) / 8 (d)
π
8
b b
Statement II ∫a f (x) dx = ∫a f (a + b − x) dx Objective Questions II
(a) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct; (One or more than one correct option)
Statement II is a correct explanation for Statement I 47. Let f : R → (0, 1) be a continuous function. Then, which
(b) Statement I is correct; Statement II is correct;
of the following function(s) has (have) the value zero at
Statement II is not a correct explanation for
some point in the interval (0, 1) ? (2017 Adv.)
Statement I π
(c) Statement I is correct; Statement II is false x 2
49. Let f (x) = 7 tan 8 x + 7 tan 6 x – 3 tan 4 x – 3 tan 2 x for all 37 π π sin (π log x)
57. The value of ∫ dx is …… .
π π 1 x (1997, 2M)
x ∈ – , . Then, the correct expression(s) is/are
2 2 2π x sin 2n x
π/4 1 π/ 4
58. For n > 0, ∫ dx = …… .
(a) ∫ x f (x) dx = (b) ∫ f (x) dx = 0 0 sin x + cos 2n x
2n
(1996, 2M)
0 12 0 (2015 Adv.)
59. If for non-zero x, af (x) + bf = − 5, where a ≠ b,
π/4 1 π/ 4 1 1
(c) ∫ x f (x) dx = (d) ∫ f (x) dx = 1 x x
0 6 0
2
192x3 1 then ∫ f (x) dx = …… .
50. Let f ′ (x) = for all x ∈ R with f = 0. If 1 (1996, 2M)
2 + sin πx
4 2
3 x
1 60. The value of ∫ dx is …… .
m≤∫ f (x) dx ≤ M , then the possible values of m and M 2 5−x+ x
1/ 2 (1994, 2M)
are (2015 Adv.) 3 π /4 x
61. The value of ∫ dx …… .
(a) m = 13, M = 24 π /4 1 + sin x (1993, 2M)
1 1
(b) m = , M = 2
4 2 62. The value of ∫ |1 − x | dx is … . 2
−2 (1989, 2M)
(c) m = − 11, M = 0 1.5
∫0
2
(d) m = 1, M = 12 63. The integral [x ] dx, where [.] denotes the greatest
51. The option(s) with the values of a and L that satisfy the function, equals …… . (1988, 2M)
4π
equation
∫0 et (sin 6 at + cos 4 at )dt
= L, is/are
π t Match the Columns
∫0 e (sin at + cos at )dt
6 4
(2015 Adv.) 64. Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with
e4 π − 1 e4 π + 1 statement in Column II.
(a) a = 2, L = π (b) a = 2, L = π
e −1 e +1
coderguru.in
Column I Column II
e4 π − 1 e4 π + 1
log
(c) a = 4, L = π (d) a = 4, L = π 1 dx 1 2
e −1 e +1 A. ∫ −1 1 + x 2 P.
2 3
2 log
1 1 dx 2
52. The value(s) of ∫
x4 (1 − x)4
dx is (are) (2010) B. ∫0 Q. 3
1− x 2
1 + x2
0 3 dx π
(a)
22
−π (b)
2
(c) 0 (d)
71 3 π
−
C. ∫2 1− x 2
R.
3
7 105 15 2 2 dx π
π sin nx D. ∫1 S.
53. If I n = ∫ dx , n = 0 , 1 , 2 ,... , then x x2 −1 2
−π (1 + π x ) sin x (2009)
10 65. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer
(a) I n = I n + 2 (b) ∑ I2 m + 1 = 10 π using codes given below the lists. (2014)
m =1
10 List I List II
(c) ∑ I2 m = 0 (d) I n = I n + 1
P. The number of polynomials f( x ) with (i) 8
m =1
non-negative integer coefficients of degree
1
≤ 2, satisfying f( 0) = 0 and ∫ f( x ) dx = 1, is
Numerical Value 0
Analytical & Descriptive Questions 80. If f and g are continuous functions on [0, a ] satisfying
1 f (x) = f (a − x) and g (x) + g (a − x) = 2, then show that
(5050) ∫ (1 − x50 )100 dx a a
66. The value of 1
0
is (2006, 6M) ∫ 0 f (x) g(x) dx = ∫ 0 f (x) dx. (1989, 4M)
∫0 (1 − x ) 50 101
dx
81. Prove that the value of the integral,
2a
67. Evaluate
π |cos x | 1 1
∫0 [ f (x) /{ f (x) + f (2a − x)}] dx is equal to a. (1988, 4M)
coderguru.in
3/ 2
72. Integrate ∫
π /4
log (1 + tan x) dx.
(ii) Find the value of ∫ −1 | x sin πx| dx. (1982, 3M)
0
(1997C, 2M)
π 2x (1 + sin x) 1
∫ −π ∫ 0 (tx + 1 − x) dx,
n
73. Determine the value of dx. (1995, 5M) 88. Evaluate
1 + cos 2 x
where n is a positive integer and t is a parameter
74. Evaluate the definite integral independent of x. Hence, show that
1/ 3 x4 2x 1 k 1
∫ −1/ cos −1 dx. (1995, 5M) n−k
∫ 0 x (1 − x) dx = nC k (n + 1), for k = 0, 1,... , n(1981,
.
3 1 − x
4
1 + x2 4M)
3 2x5 + x4 − 2x3 + 2x2 + 1
75. Evaluate ∫2 (x2 + 1) (x4 − 1)
dx. (1993, 5M)
Integer Answer Type Questions
[x], x ≤ 2
76. A cubic f (x) vanishes at x = − 2 and has relative 89. Let f : R → R be a function defined by f (x) = ,
minimum / maximum at x = − 1 and x = 1/3. 0 , x > 2
1 where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
If ∫ f (x) dx = 14 / 3, find the cubic f (x). (1992, 4M)
−1 2 xf (x2)
to x. If I = ∫ dx, then the value of (4I − 1)
π −1 2 + f (x + 1 )
x sin (2x) sin cos x
π 2 is
77. Evaluate ∫ dx . (1991, 4M)
(2015 Adv.)
0 2x − π 1 −1 12 + 9x2
90. If α = ∫ (e9x + 3 tan x
) dx,
78. Show that , 0 1 + x2
π /2 π /4
∫0 f (sin 2x) sin x dx = 2 ∫0 f (cos 2x) cos x dx.
(1990, 4M)
where tan −1 x takes only principal values, then the
3π
79. Prove that for any positive integer k, value of log e|1 + α | − is
4 (2015 Adv.)
sin 2kx
= 2 [cos x + cos 3x + K + cos(2k − 1) x]
sin x 1 d2
π /2
91. The value of ∫ 4x3 2
(1 − x2)5 dx is
∫0
0 dx
Hence, prove that sin 2kx ⋅ cot x dx = π /2. (2014 Adv.)
(1990, 4M)
Definite Integration 283
2. Let T > 0 be a fixed real number. Suppose, f is a 5. Given a function f (x) such that it is integrable over
continuous function such that for all every interval on the real line and f (t + x) = f (x), for
T
x ∈ R. f (x + T ) = f (x). If I = ∫ f (x) dx, every x and a real t, then show that the integral
a+ t
∫ f (x) dx is independent of a.
0
3 + 3T
(1984, 4M)
then the value of ∫
a
f (2x) dx is (2002,1M)
3
(a)
3
I (b) I Integer Answer Type Question
2
6. For any real number x, let [x] denotes the largest
(c) 3I (d) 6I
integer less than or equal to x. Let f be a real valued
x 1
3. Let g (x) = ∫ f (t ) dt, where f is such that ≤ f (t ) ≤ 1 for function defined on the interval [− 10, 10] by
0 2
1 x − [x[, if f (x) is odd
t ∈ [0,1] and 0 ≤ f (t ) ≤ for t ∈ [1, 2]. Then, g(2) satisfies f(x) =
1 + [x[− x, if f (x) is even
coderguru.in
2
the inequality (2000, 2M) π 2 10
10 ∫− 10
Then, the value of f (x) cos πx dx is…… (2010)
x 2 + 1 −t 2
7. If f (x) = ∫ e dt, then f (x) increases in (2003, 1M) Passage Based Questions
x2
Let f (x) = (1 − x)2 sin 2 x + x2, ∀ x ∈ R and
(a) (2, 2 ) (b) no value of x x 2 (t − 1 )
(c) (0, ∞ ) (d) (−∞ ,0) g (x) = ∫ − ln t f (t ) dt ∀ x ∈ (1, ∞).
1 t+1
1
8. If I (m, n ) = ∫ tm (1 + t )n dt, then the expression for
0 15. Consider the statements
I (m, n ) in terms of I (m + 1, n − 1) is (2003, 1M) P : There exists some x ∈ R such that,
(a)
2n
−
n
I (m + 1, n − 1)
f (x) + 2x = 2 (1 + x2).
m+1 m+1 Q : There exists some x ∈ R such that,
(b)
n
I (m + 1, n − 1) 2 f (x) + 1 = 2x (1 + x).
m+1 Then,
2n n (a) both P and Q are true (b) P is true and Q is false
(c) + I (m + 1, n − 1)
m+1 m+1 (c) P is false and Q is true (d) both P and Q are false
m
(d) I (m + 1, n − 1) 16. Which of the following is true?
m+1 (a) g is increasing on (1, ∞ )
x (b) g is decreasing on (1, ∞ )
9. Let f (x) = ∫ 2 − t dt. Then, the real roots of the
2
1 (c) g is increasing on (1, 2) and decreasing on (2, ∞ )
equation x − f '(x) = 0 are
2
(2002, 1M) (d) g is decreasing on (1, 2) and increasing on (2, ∞ )
1 1
(a) ±1 (b) ± (c) ± (d) 0 and 1
2 2 Fill in the Blank
x
10. Let f : (0, ∞ ) → R and F (x) = ∫ f (t ) dt. sec x cos x sec2x + cot x cosec x
0
If F (x2) = x2 (1 + x), then f (4) equals (2001, 1M)
17. f (x) = cos 2 x cos 2 x cosec2x .
2 2
coderguru.in
5 1 cos x cos x
(a) (b) 7 (c) 4 (d) 2
4 π /2
x 1
Then, ∫ f (x) dx = K .
0
∫0 f (t ) dt = x + ∫ t f (t ) dt, then the value of f (1) is (1987, 2M)
11.
x
(1998, 2M)
1 1 Analytical & Descriptive Questions
(a) (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) −
ln t x
2 2 18. For x > 0, let f (x) = ∫ dt. Find the function
12. Let f : R → R be a differentiable function and f (1) = 4. 1+ t 1
(a) 8 f ′(1) (b) 4 f ′(1) 19. Let a + b = 4, where a < 2 and let g (x) be a
(c) 2 f ′(1) (d) f ′(1) differentiable function. If
dg
> 0, ∀ x prove that
1 −x 2 dx
13. The value of the definite integral ∫ (1 + e ) dx is a b
(a) −1
0
∫ 0 g(x) dx + ∫ 0 g (x) dx increases as (b − a ) increases.
(1997, 5M)
(b) 2 (1981, 2M)
20. Determine a positive integer n ≤ 5, such that
(c) 1+ e−1 1 x
(d) None of the above ∫ 0e (x − 1)n dx = 16 − 6e
(1992, 4M)
x
Objective Question II 21. If ‘ f ’ is a continuous function with ∫ 0 f (t ) dt → ∞ as
(One or more than one correct option) |x|→ ∞ , then show that every line y = mx intersects the
sin( 2x ) −1 x
14. If g (x) = ∫ sin (t ) dt, then curve y2 + ∫ f (t ) dt = 2
sin x (2017 Adv.) 0 (1991, 2M)
π π
(a) g′ − = 2 π (b) g′ − = − 2 π 22. Investigate for maxima and minima the function,
2 2
x
π π f (x) = ∫ [2(t − 1)(t − 2)3 + 3(t − 1)2(t − 2)2] dt.
(c) g′ = 2 π (d) g′ = − 2 π 1 (1988, 5M)
2 2
Definite Integration 285
Topic 1
1. (a) 2. (d)
coderguru.in 3. (b) 4. (a)
Answers
75.
1
2
log 6 −
1
10
76. f ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 − x + 2 77.
8
π2
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (d) 1 1 π απ π2
82. log 2 − + 83. 84.
9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (d) 2 2 4 sin α 16
13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 3 1 1 3π + 1
17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a) 85. − π + 86. (log 3 ) 87. ( ii )
12 2 20 π 2
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) tn+ 1 − 1
88. 89. (0) 90. (9)
29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (a) (t − 1 )(n + 1 )
33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (d)
91. (2)
37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (d) 42. (a, b, c) 43. (c, d) 44. (b) Topic 2
45. (a) 46. (c) 47. (c, d) 48. (b, d) 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 6. (4)
49. (a, b) 50. (*) 51. (a, c) 52. (a)
53. (a, b, c) 54. (2) 55. (8/3) 56. (k = 16) Topic 3
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c)
1 7
57. (2) 58. π 2 59. a log 2 − 5a + b 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a)
a − b2
2 2
1 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (a)
60. 61. π ( 2 − 1 ) 62. (4) 63. (2 − 2 )
2 13. (d) 14. (*) 15. (c) 16. (b)
15 π + 32 1 2
64. A → S; B → S; C → P; D → R 65. (d) 17. − 18. (ln x ) 20. (n = 3 )
60 2
24 1 e 1
66. 5051 67. e cos + sin − 1
5 2 7
2 2 22. At x = 1 and , f ( x ) is maximum and minimum respectively.
5
4π 1 π
68. tan −1 70. 71. log 2
3 2 2 Topic 4
π π 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b, d)
72. (log 2 ) 73. π 2 74. [ π + 3 log (2 + 3 ) − 4 3 ] 5. (a, d)
8 12
Hints & Solutions
Topic 1 Properties of Definite Integral Alternate Solution
α+1 π /2 cot x
dx Let I = ∫
1. Let I = ∫ (x + α ) (x + α + 1) 0 cot x + cosec x
dx
α
α+1 cos x
(x + α + 1) − (x + α )
= ∫ (x + α ) (x + α + 1)
dx =∫
0
π /2
sin
cos x
x
1
dx
α
+
α+1 sin x sin x
1 1
= ∫ − dx
x + α x + α + 1 =∫
π / 2 cos x
dx
α
α +1
0 cos x + 1
= [ log e (x + α ) − log e (x + α + 1)] α
x
α+1 π /2
2 cos 2 −1
x+ α =∫ 2 dx
= log e
x + α + 1 α
0 x
2 cos 2
2
2α + 1 2α
= log e − log e θ θ
2α + 2 2α + 1 Q cos θ = 2 cos 2 − 1 and cos θ + 1 = 2 cos 2
2 2
2α + 1 2α + 1 9 π /2
= log e × = log e (given) 1 2 x
2α + 2 2α 8 =∫ 1 − sec dx
0 2 2
(2 α + 1)2 9 π
π /2
⇒ = ⇒ 8 [4α 2 + 4α + 1] = 36 (α 2 + α ) x 1
= x − tan = − 1 = (π − 2)
coderguru.in
4α (α + 1) 8
2 0 2 2
⇒ 8α 2 + 8α + 2 = 9α 2 + 9α Since, I = m(π − n )
⇒ α2 + α − 2 = 0 1
∴m(π − n ) = (π − 2)
⇒ (α + 2) (α − 1) = 0 2
⇒ α = 1, − 2 On comparing both sides, we get
From the options we get α = − 2 1
m = and n = − 2
π /2 cot x 2
2. Let I = ∫ dx
0 cot x + cosec x 1
Now, mn = × − 2 = − 1
cos x 2
π /2 π / 2 cos x π /3
=∫ sin x dx = ∫
∫ sec
dx 3. Let I= 2/3
x cosec4/3 x dx
0 cos x
+
1 0 1 + cos x
π /6
sin x sin x
π / 2 cos x(1 − cos x) π /3
=∫ 1
0 1 − cos 2 x
dx = ∫ cos 2/ 3
x sin 4/3 x
dx
π /6
π / 2 cos x − cos 2 x
=∫ dx π /3
sec2 x
= ∫
2
0 sin x dx
π /2 π/6
(tan x)4/ 3
=∫ (cosec x cot x − cot2 x) dx
0
π /2 [multiplying and dividing the denominator by cos 4/3 x]
=∫ (cosec x cot x − cosec2 x + 1) dx
0 Put, tan x = t, upper limit, at x = π / 3 ⇒ t = 3 and
= [− cosec x + cot x + x]π0 / 2 lower limit, at x = π / 6 ⇒ t = 1 / 3
π /2
2 x and sec2 x dx = dt
− 2 sin
2
π /2
cos x − 1 3
= x+ = x + 3
dt t − 1/3
sin x 0 x
2 sin cos
x So, I= ∫ =
t 4/3 − 1 / 3 1/
2 2 0 1/ 3 3
π /2
x π 1 1
= x − tan = − 1 = [π − 2] = − 3 1/ 6 − 31/ 6
2 0 2 2 3
= m[π + n ] [given]
1 = 3 ⋅ 31/ 6 − 3 ⋅ 3− 1/ 6
On comparing, we get m = and n = − 2
2 = 37/ 6 − 35/ 6
∴ m⋅ n = − 1
Definite Integration 287
2π
On applying the property,
∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (a + b − x) dx,
Now, I 2 = ∫ [sin 2x ⋅ (1 + cos 3x)]dx we get
π
coderguru.in
π/ 2
1
1 π 1 π 1
5. Let I = ∫ x cot−1 (1 − x2 + x4 )dx = x + cos 2x = − 0 + (−1 − 1) = −
4 2 4 2 2
0
0
coderguru.in
1 1 1 dt 1
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴I= ⋅ ∫(1/ = (tan −1 (t ))(11/ 3 )5
2 5 3 )5 t 2 + 1 10
π /4 2 − x cos x 2 + cos x
2I = ∫ log e + log e dx 1 −1 1
−π / 4 2 x cos x
−1
2 + x cos x = tan (1) − tan
10 9 3
π /4 2 − x cos x 2 + x cos x
=∫ log e × dx 1 π −1 1
−π / 4 2 + x cos x 2 − x cos x = − tan
10 4 9 3
[Q log e A + log e B = log e AB] 2 sin 2 x
π /4 12. Let I = ∫ dx
⇒ 2I = ∫ log e (1)dx = 0 ⇒ I = 0 = log e (1) −2 1 x
−π / 4 +
a 2 π
9. Let I = ∫ f (x) g (x) dx … (i)
0 sin 2 x
a Also, let f (x) =
1 x
= ∫0 f (a − x) g (a − x) dx +
2 π
Q a f (x) dx = a
∫0 ∫0 f (a − x) dx Then, f (− x) =
sin 2 (− x)
(replacing x by − x)
a 1 x
+ −
⇒ I= ∫0 f (x) [4 − g (x)] dx 2 π
[Q f (x) = f (a − x) and g (x) + g (a − x) = 4]
sin 2 x − [x], if x ∈ I
a a = Q [− x ] =
= ∫0 4f (x) dx − ∫0 f (x) g (x) dx 1 x − 1 − [x], if x ∉ I
+ − 1−
a 2 π
⇒ I = 4 ∫ f (x) dx − I [from Eq. (i)]
0
sin 2 x
⇒ 2I = 4 ∫ f (x) dx ⇒
a a
I = 2 ∫ f (x) dx. ⇒ f (− x ) = − = − f (x )
1 x
0 0 +
e
e x
x 2x 2 π
10. Let I = ∫ − log e x dx
1 e x i.e. f (x) is odd function
x a a 0, if f (x) is odd function
x x ∴ I = 0 Q ∫ f (x) dx =
Now, put = t ⇒ x log e = log t 2 f (x)dx, if f (x) is even function
e e − a ∫0
⇒ x (log e x − log e e) = log t b
1 1 13. We have, I = ∫ (x4 − 2x2)dx
⇒ x x + (log e x − log e e) dx = t dt
a
Let f (x) = x4 − 2x2 = x2(x2 − 2)
1 1
⇒ (1 + log e x − 1) dx = dt ⇒ (log e x) dx = dt = x2(x − 2 ) (x + 2 )
t t
Definite Integration 289
X′ X
X O π/2 π
– √2 √2 ∴
O f(x) < 0 for – √2 < x < √2 Y′
+ – – + π
π
– √2 0 √2 I = ∫ |cos x|3 = 2 ∫ 2|cos x|3 dx
0 0
b π
Note that the definite integral ∫ (x4 − 2x2)dx represent (Q y = |cos x|is symmetric about x = )
a 2
the area bounded byy = f (x) , x = a, b and the X -axis. π
π
But between x = − 2 and x = 2 , f (x) lies below the = 2∫ 2 cos3 x dx Q cos x ≥ 0 for x ∈ 0, 2
0
X-axis and so value definite integral will be negative.
Also, as long as f (x) lie below the X-axis, the value of Now, as cos 3x = 4 cos3 x − 3 cos x
definite integral will be minimum. 1
∴ cos3 x = (cos 3x + 3 cos x)
∴(a , b) = (− 2 , 2 ) for minimum of I. 4
π /3 tan θ 1 π
14. We have, ∫ dθ = 1 − , (k > 0) 2 2
4 ∫0
0 2k sec θ 2 ∴I= ( cos 3x + 3 cos x) dx
tan θ
π /3 1 π /3 tan θ π
Let I = ∫02k sec θ
dθ =
2k ∫0 secθ
dθ
1 sin 3x 2
= + 3 sin x
1 π /3 (sin θ) 1 π /3 sin θ 2 3 0
2k ∫0 2k ∫0
= dθ = dθ
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1 cos θ 1 1 3π π 1
(cos θ)
cosθ = sin + 3 sin − sin 0 + 3 sin 0
2 3 2
2 3
Let cos θ = t ⇒ − sin θ dθ = dt ⇒ sin θ dθ = − dt
for lower limit, θ = 0 ⇒ t = cos 0 = 1 1 1
= (−1) + 3 − [0 + 0]
π
for upper limit, θ = ⇒ t = cos =
π 1 2 3
3 3 2
3π π π
Q sin 2 = sin π + 2 = − sin 2 = − 1
1
1 1/ 2 − dt −1 1/ 2 −
⇒ I=
2k ∫1 t
=
2k ∫1 t 2dt
1 1 1 4
= − +3 =
− +1 2 3
1
2 3
1 t 2
1
1
=− =− [2 t ]12 b b
2k − 1 + 1 2k 16. Key idea Use property = ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
2 1
a a
2 1 2 1 π /2 2
=− 2 − 1 = 1 − sin x
2k 2 k 2 Let I= ∫ 1 + 2x
dx
1 −π/ 2
I = 1− (given) π π
2
Q
2 π / 2 sin − + − x
2 1 2 2
∴ 1 −
2k 2
= 1−
1
2
⇒
2
2k
=1 ⇒ I= ∫ −
π
+
π
−x
dx
−π/ 2
1+2 2 2
⇒ 2 = 2k ⇒ 2k = 4 ⇒ k = 2
b b
15. We know, graph of y = cos x is Q ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx
a a
Y π /2
sin 2 x
⇒ I= ∫ 1 + 2−x dx
−π / 2
π /2
X′ π X 2x sin 2 x
O π/2 ⇒ I= ∫ 2x + 1
dx
−π / 2
π /2
2 x + 1
Y′ ⇒ 2I = ∫ sin 2 x x
2 + 1
dx
−π / 2
∴ The graph of y =|cos x|is π /2
⇒ 2I = ∫ sin
2
x dx
−π / 2
290 Definite Integration
π /2 4log x dx
⇒ 2I = 2 ∫ sin 2 x dx [Qsin 2 x is an even function] ⇒ I=∫ …(i)
[log x + log(6 − x)]
2
0
4 log(6 − x)
π /2
⇒ I=∫ dx …(ii)
⇒ I= ∫ sin xdx 2 log(6 − x) + log x
2
Q b f (x)dx = b f (a + b − x)dx
∫a ∫a
0
π /2 a a
⇒ I= ∫ cos 2xdx Q ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
0 0 0
4 log x + log(6 − x)
π /2
2I = ∫ dx
⇒ 2I = ∫ dx 2 log x + log(6 − x)
0 4
π ⇒ 2I = ∫ dx = [x]42 ⇒ 2I = 2
⇒ 2I = [x]π0 / 2 ⇒ I= 2
4 ⇒ 2I = 2 ⇒ I = 1
3 π /4 dx 3 π / 4 1 − cos x 20. PLAN This type of question can be done using appropriate
17. Let I = ∫ =∫ dx substitution.
π /4 1 + cos x π / 4 1 − cos 2 x
π /2
3 π /4 1 − cos x Given, I = ∫ (2 cosec x)17 dx
=∫ dx π /4
π /4 sin 2 x
π /2 217 (cosec x)16 cosec x (cosec x + cot x)
3 π /4 =∫ dx
=∫ (cosec x − cosec x cot x)dx
2
π /4 (cosec x + cot x)
π /4
coderguru.in
− π / 2 1 + ex 1
⇒ 2 cosec x = t +
t 16
Q b f (x) dx = b f (a + b − x) dx 1
∫a ∫a 1 t + dt
∴ I=−∫ 217 t
2+1
π /2 x cos (− x)
2 2 t
⇒ I=∫ dx …(ii)
−π / 2 1 + e− x Let t = eu ⇒ dt = eudu.
π /2 π /2
∴ I=∫ x2 cos x dx + 0 = 2∫ (x2 cos x) dx 1/ 2 1 + x
− π /2 0 26. ∫ −1/ 2[x] + log 1 − x dx
π /2
= 2 {(x2 sin x)π0 / 2 − ∫ 2x ⋅ sin x dx} 1/ 2 1/ 2 1 + x
0
=∫ [x] dx + ∫ −1/ 2log 1 − x dx
−1/ 2
π 2 π /2
=2 − 2 {(− x ⋅ cos x)0π / 2 − ∫ 1 ⋅ (− cos x) dx}
4 0 1/ 2 1 + x
=∫ [x]dx + 0 Q log 1 − x is an odd function
−1/ 2
π 2 π π 2 2
=2 − 2 (sin x)π0 / 2 = 2 − 2 = − 4
4 4 2 0 1/ 2 0 1/ 2
=∫ [x] dx + ∫0 [x] dx = ∫ (−1) dx + ∫0 (0) dx
−1/ 2 −1/ 2
23. Put x = t ⇒ x dx = dt /2
2
1 1
= − [x]0−1/ 2 = − 0 + = −
sin t ⋅
dt 2 2
log 3
∴ I=∫ 2 ...(i) π cos 2 x
log 2 sin t + sin (log 6 − t )
27. Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
b b
−π 1 + ax
Using, ∫a f (x) dx = ∫a f (a + b − x) dx −π cos 2(− x)
=∫ d (− x)
1 log 3 sin (log 2 + log 3 − t ) π 1 + a −x
=
2 ∫log 2 sin (log 2 + log 3 − t ) + sin dt
π cos 2 x
(log 6 − (log 2 + log 3 − t )) ⇒ I=∫ ax dx …(ii)
1 log 3 sin (log 6 − t )
−π 1 + ax
= ∫ dt
2 log 2 sin (log 6 − t ) + sin (t ) On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
log 3 sin (log 6 − t ) π 1 + ax
∴ I=∫ dt …(ii) 2I = ∫ cos 2x dx
log 2 sin (log 6 − t ) + sin t −π 1 + a x
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On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get π π 1 + cos 2x
=∫ cos 2 x dx = 2 ∫ dx
1 log 3 sin t + sin (log 6 − t ) −π 0 2
2 ∫log 2 sin (log 6 − t ) + sin t
2I = dt π π π
= ∫ (1 + cos 2x) dx = ∫ 1 dx + ∫ 0 cos 2x dx
0 0
1 log 3 1
⇒ 2I = (t ) = (log 3 − log 2) π /2
2 log 2 2 = [x]π0 + 2∫ cos 2x dx = π + 0
0
1 3
∴ I = log ⇒ 2I = π ⇒ I = π /2
4 2
0
ecos x sin x, for | x| ≤ 2
24. Let I = ∫ [x + 3x + 3x + 3 + (x + 1) cos (x + 1)] dx
3 2
−2 28. Given, f (x) = 2 , otherwise
0
=∫ [(x + 1)3 + 2 + (x + 1) cos (x + 1)] dx
−2 3 2 3
Put x + 1 = t
∴ ∫ −2 f (x) dx = ∫ −2 f (x) dx + ∫ 2 f (x) dx
⇒ dx = dt =∫
2 3
1 −2
ecos x sin x dx + ∫ 2 2 dx = 0 + 2 [x]32
∴ I=∫ (t + 2 + t cos t ) dt
3
−1 [Q ecos x sin x is an odd function]
Q 3 f (x) dx = 2
∫ −2
1 1 1
=∫ t3 dt + 2 ∫ = 2 [3 − 2] = 2
−1 −1
dt + ∫ −1 t cos t dt
= 0 + 2 ⋅ 2 [x]10 + 0 e2 2
log e x dx = 1 log e x dx − e log e x dx
=4
29. ∫e −1
x ∫ e x ∫1 x
− 1
[since, t3 and t cos t are odd functions] since, 1 is turning point for
log e x
1 1−x 1 1−x for + ve and − ve values
25. I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx x
0 1+ x 0
1 − x2
log e x e 2 log x
dx + ∫ e
1
1 1 1 x = −∫ dx
=∫ dx − ∫ dx e −1
x 1 x
0
1 − x2 0
1 − x2 1 1 2
= − [(log e x)2]1e−1 + [(log e x)2] 1e
0 t 2 2
= [sin −1 x] 10+ ∫1 dt
t 1 1 5
= − {0 − (−1)2} + (22 − 0) =
[where, t 2 = 1 − x2 ⇒ t dt = − x dx] 2 2 2
−1 −1
= (sin 1 − sin 0) + [t ]10 = π /2 − 1
292 Definite Integration
1 0 1
30. The graph of y = 2 sin x for π /2 ≤ x ≤ 3π / 2 is given in ∴ ∫ −1 [x] dx = ∫ −1 [x] dx + ∫ 0 [x] dx
figure. From the graph, it is clear that 0 1
2, if x = π /2 =∫ (−1) dx + ∫0 0 dx
−1
1, if π / 2 < x ≤ 5π /6 1
[2 sin x] = 0, if 5π / 6 < x ≤ π
= − [x]−01 + 0 = −1; ∴ ∫ −1 f (x) dx = 1
−1, if π < x ≤ 7π / 6 x
33. Given, g (x) = ∫ cos 4 t dt
−2, if 7π / 6 < x ≤ 3π /2 0
π+x
Y ⇒ g (x + π ) = ∫ cos 4 t dt
0
2
π π+x
= ∫ cos 4 t dt + ∫ cos 4 t dt = I1 + I 2
1 0 π
π π
X
π/2 5π/6 7π/6 3π/2 where, I1 = ∫ cos 4 t dt = g (π )
–1 0
π+x
–2 and I2 = ∫ cos 4 t dt
π
Put t=π+ y
3 π /2
Therefore, ∫ π /2 [2 sin x]dx ⇒ dt = dy
x
=∫
5 π /6
dx + ∫
π 7 π /6 3 π /2
I 2 = ∫ cos 4 ( y + π ) dy
π /2 5π / 6
0 dx + ∫π (−1) dx + ∫
7π / 6
(−2) dx 0
x x
= [x] 5π π/ 2/ 6
+ [− x] + 7π / 6
π [−2x] 37ππ //62 = ∫ (− cos y)4 dy = ∫ cos 4 y dy = g (x)
0 0
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5 π π 7 π −2 ⋅ 3 π 2 ⋅ 7 π
= − + − + π + + ∴ g (x + π ) = g (π ) + g (x)
6 2 6 2 6
k
5 1 7 7
= π − + π 1 − + π − 3
6 2
34. Given, I1 = ∫ x f [x (1 − x)] dx
6 3 1−k
k
5 − 3 1 7 − 9
=π
6
+ π − + π
6 3
= −π / 2 ⇒ I1 = ∫ (1 − x) f [(1 − x) x] dx
1−k
3 π /4 dx k k
31. Let I=∫ …(i) =∫ f [(1 − x)]dx] − ∫ xf (1 − x)]dx
π /4 1 + cos x 1−k 1 −k
3 π /4 dx I1 1
⇒ I=∫ ⇒ I1 = I 2 − I1 ⇒ =
π /4 1 + cos (π − x) I2 2
3 π /4 dx
I=∫ …(ii) 35. It is a question of greatest integer function. We have,
π /4 1 − cos x subdivide the interval π to 2π as under keeping in view
that we have to evaluate [2 sin x ]
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Y
3 π /4 1 1
2I = ∫ + dx 1,π/2
π / 4 1 + cos x 1 − cos x
3 π /4 2
⇒ 2I = ∫ dx X'
O
X
π /4 1 − cos x
2
(0,π) 30° 30° (0,2π)
3 π /4
⇒ I=∫ cosec2x dx = [− cot x] 3π π/ 4/ 4
π /4
–1,3π/2 –1/2,11π/6
3π π –1/2,7π/6
Y'
= − cot + cot = − (−1) + 1 = 2
4 4 π 1
1 1 1 1
We know that, sin =
32. Let ∫ −1 f (x) dx = ∫ −1 (x − [x]) dx = ∫ −1 x dx − ∫ −1 [x] dx 6 2
π 7π
1
1 ∴ sin π + = sin =−
=0−∫ [x] dx [Q x is an odd function] 6 6 2
−1
11π π π 1
−1, if −1 ≤ x < 0 ⇒ sin = sin 2π − = − sin = −
6 6 6 2
But [x] = 0, if 0 ≤ x<1
1, if 9π 3π
x=1 ⇒ sin = sin = −1
6 6
Definite Integration 293
π
Hence, we divide the interval π to 2π as 39. Let I = ∫ ecos
2
x
⋅ cos3 {(2n + 1) x} dx
7π 7π 11 π 11π
0
π , , , , , 2π f (a − x) = − f (x)
6 6 6 6 a
0,
Using∫ f (x) dx = a /2
1 1 1
sin x = 0, − , − 1, − , − , 0
0
2 ∫ 0 f (x) dx, f (a − x) = f (x)
2 2 2 2
Again, let f (x) = ecos x
⋅ cos3 {(2n + 1) x}
⇒ 2 sin x = (0, − 1), (−2, − 1), (−1, 0) 2
⇒ [2 sin x] = − 1 ∴ f (π − x) = (ecos x
){ − cos3 (2n + 1) x} = − f (x)
7π / 6 11 π / 6
=∫ ∴ I =0
π
[2 sin x] dx + ∫ 7π / 6 [2 sin x] dx
π /2 cot x
2π 40. Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
+ ∫ 11π / 6 [2 sin x] dx 0 cot x + tan x
7π / 6 11 π / 6 2π π /2 tan x
=∫ ⇒ I=∫
π
(−1) dx + ∫ 7π / 6 (−2) dx + ∫ 11π / 6 (−1) dx 0 cot x + tan x
dx …(ii)
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1 Aπ 4 π /6
π
But f′ = 2 ∴ = 2 ⇒ A= 1 + tan − x
2 2 2 π 2
1 2A 1 π x 2A
Now, ∫ f (x) dx = ⇒ ∫ A sin + B dx = π /3 dx
0 π 0 2 π =∫
π /6 1 + cot x
1
2A πx 2A 2A 2A
⇒ − cos + Bx = ⇒ B+ =
π π π π π /3 tan xdx
2 0 ⇒ I=∫ …(ii)
π /6 1 + tan x
⇒ B =0
π /2 1 π /2 1 On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
37. Let I=∫ dx = ∫ dx π /3
0 1 + tan3 x 0 sin3 x 2I = ∫ dx
1+ π /6
cos3 x
cos3 x
π /2 ⇒ 2I = [x]ππ //36 dx
⇒ I=∫ dx …(i)
0 cos x + sin3 x
3
1 π π π
⇒ I= − =
π 2 3 6 12
cos3 − x
π /2 2
⇒ I=∫ dx Statement I is false.
0 π π
cos3 − x + sin3 − x b b
2 2 But ∫ a f (x)dx = ∫ a f (a + b − x)dx is a true statement by
π /2 sin3 x property of definite integrals.
⇒ I=∫ dx …(ii)
0 sin x + cos3 x
3
42. According to the given data,
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get F ′ (x) < 0, ∀x ∈ (1, 3)
π /2
2I = ∫ 1 dx ⇒ 2I = [x]π0 / 2 = π / 2 ⇒ I = π /4 We have, f (x) = x F (x)
0
⇒ f ′ (x) = F (x) + x F ′ (x) …(i)
π /2
38. Let I = ∫ [f (x) + f (− x) ] [ g (x) − g (− x)] dx ⇒ f ′ (1) = F (1) + F ′ (1 ) < 0
−π / 2
[given F (1) = 0 and F ′ (x) < 0]
Let φ (x) = [ f (x) + f (− x)] [ g (x) − g (− x)]
Also, f (2) = 2F (2) < 0 [using F (x) < 0,∀x ∈ (1, 3)]
⇒ φ (− x) = [ f (− x) + f (x)] [ g (− x) − g (x)]
Now, f ′ (x) = F (x) + x F ′ (x) < 0
⇒ φ (− x) = − φ (x)
[using F (x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ (1, 3)]
⇒ φ(x) is an odd function.
π /2
⇒ f ′ (x) < 0
∴ ∫ −π / 2 φ (x) dx = 0
294 Definite Integration
3 π
∫1 x F ′ (x) dx = − 12
2
43. Given, 2
3
⇒ [x2F (x)]31 − ∫ 2x ⋅ F (x) dx = − 12
(b) f (x) + ∫ f (t )sin t dt always positive
0
1
3 ∴Option (b) is incorrect.
⇒ 9 F (3) − F ( 1 ) − 2∫ f (x) dx = − 12 π
−x
1
2
3
[QxF (x) = f (x), given] (c) Let h (x) = x − ∫ f (t ) cos t dt,
− 36 − 0 − 2 ∫ f (x) dx = −12
0
⇒ π
1
3 3 3 2
∴ ∫1 f (x) dx = − 12 and ∫1 x F ′ ′ (x)dx = 40 h (0) = − ∫ f (t ) cos t dt < 0
0
3 π
⇒ [x3 F ′ (x)] 31 − ∫ 3x2F ′ (x) dx = 40 −1
1 2
coderguru.in
98 k + 1
(k + 1)
a+ h h
∫ a f (x) dx − 2 { f (a + h ) + f (a )} Clearly, I> ∑ ∫ (x + 1)2
dx
k =1 k
⇒ lim =0
h→ 0 h3 98 k+1
1
1 h
f (a + h ) − { f (a + h ) + f (a )} − { f ′ (a + h )}
⇒ I> ∑ (k + 1) ∫ (x + 1)2
dx
k =1 k
⇒ lim 2 2 =0 98 98
h→ 0 3h 2 1 1 1
Again, using L’ Hospital’s rule,
⇒ I> ∑ (−(k + 1)) k + 2 − k + 1 ⇒ I> ∑k+2
k =1 k =1
1 1 h
f ′ (a + h ) − f ′ (a + h ) − f ′ (a + h ) − f ′ ′ (a + h ) ⇒
1
I > +…+
1
>
98
⇒ I>
49
lim 2 2 2 =0 3 100 100 50
h→ 0 6h
98 k + 1 98
k+1
h
− f ′′ (a + h ) Also, I< ∑ ∫ x(k + 1)
dx = ∑ [log e (k + 1) − log e k]
⇒ lim 2 =0 k =1 k k =1
h→ 0 6h
⇒ f ′′ (a ) = 0, ∀ a ∈ R I < log e 99
⇒ f (x) must have maximum degree 1. 49. Here, f (x) = 7 tan 8 x + 7 tan 6 x − 3 tan 4 x − 3 tan 2 x
45. F ′ (c) = (b − a ) f ′ (c) + f (a ) − f (b) −π π
for all x ∈ ,
2 2
F ′ ′ (c) = f ′ ′ (c)(b − a ) < 0
f (b) − f (a ) ∴ f (x) = 7 tan 6 x sec2 x − 3 tan 2 x sec2 x
⇒ F ′ (c) = 0 ⇒ f ′ (c) =
b−a = (7 tan 6 x − 3 tan 2 x) sec2 x
π /4 π /4
π π Now, ∫ x f (x)dx = ∫ x (7 tan 6 x − 3 tan 2 x) sec2 x dx
−0 0 +
π /2 π 0 0 I II
46. ∫ sin x dx = 2 sin 0 + sin + 2 sin
2 π /4
0 4 2 2 = [x (tan x − tan x)]
7 3
0
π /4
π −∫ 1 (tan7 x − tan3 x) dx
= (1 + 2 ) 0
8 π /4
47. x =0 − ∫ tan3 x (tan 4 x − 1)dx
0
Q e ∈ (1, e) in (0, 1) and ∫ f (t )sin t dt ∈ (0, 1) in (0, 1)
x
π /4
0 = –∫ tan 3 x (tan 2 x − 1) sec2 x dx
0
x
∴ ex − ∫ f (t )sin t dt cannot be zero. Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2 x dx = dt
π /4 1
∫0 x f (x)dx = − ∫ t3 (t 2 − 1) dt
0
∴
So, option (a) is incorrect. 0
Definite Integration 295
1
1 t 4 t5 1 1 1 From Eqs. (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get
= ∫ (t3 − t5 )dt = − = − =
0
4 5 0 4 6 12 I1 = I 2 + eπ ⋅ I 2 + e2π ⋅ I 2 + e3 π ⋅ I 2 = (1 + eπ + e2π + e3 π ) I 2
4π
∫ e (sin at + cos at )dt
π /4 π /4 t 6 4
Also, ∫0 f (x) dx = ∫
0
(7 tan 6 x − 3 tan 2 x) sec2 x dx ∴ L = 0π
∫0 e (sin at + cos at )dt
t 6 4
1
= ∫ (7t − 3t )dt = [t
6 2 7
− t3 ]10 =0
0 = (1 + eπ + e2π + e3 π )
192 x3 192x3 192x3 1⋅ (e4π − 1)
50. Here, f ′ (x) = ∴ ≤ f ′ (x) ≤ = for a ∈ R
2 + sin πx eπ − 1
4
3 2
1
On integrating between the limits to x, we get 1 x4 (1 − x)4 1 (x4 − 1 ) (1 − x)4 + (1 − x)4
2 52. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫0 dx
0 1 + x2 (1 + x2)
192x3
x x x 192 x3
∫1/ 2 3 dx ≤ ∫1/ 2 f ′ (x)dx ≤ ∫1/ 2 2 dx 1
= ∫ (x2 − 1) (1 − x)4 dx + ∫
1 (1 + x2 − 2x)2
dx
192 4 1
0 0 (1 + x2)
4 3
⇒ x − ≤ f (x) − f (0) ≤ 24x −
12 16 2 1 4x2
= ∫ (x2 − 1) (1 − x)4 + (1 + x2) − 4x + dx
3 0
(1 + x2)
⇒ 16x4 − 1 ≤ f (x) ≤ 24x4 −
2 1 4
= ∫ (x2 − 1) (1 − x)4 + (1 + x2) − 4x + 4 − dx
1 0 1 + x2
Again integrating between the limits to 1, we get
2 1 6 4
1 1 1 4 3
=∫ x − 4x + 5x − 4x + 4 −
5 4 2
dx
1 + x2
∫1/ 2 (16x − 1) dx ≤ ∫1/ 2 f (x) dx ≤∫1/ 2 24x − 2 dx
4 0
1
x7 4x6 5x5 4x3
+ 4x − 4 tan −1 x
1 1
16x5 24x5 3 = − + −
coderguru.in
1
⇒ − x ≤ ∫ f (x)dx ≤ − x 7 6 5 3 0
5 1/ 2 1/ 2 5 2 1/ 2
1 4 5 4 π 22
11 2 1 33 6 = − + − + 4 − 4 − 0 = −π
⇒ + ≤ ∫ f (x)dx ≤ + 7 6 5 3 4 7
5 5 1/ 2 10 10
π sin nx
1 53. Given In = ∫ dx …(i)
⇒ 2 .6 ≤ ∫ f (x) dx ≤ 3 . 9 −π (1 + π x ) sin x
1/ 2
b b
(*) None of the option is correct. Using ∫ a f (x) dx = ∫ a f (b + a − x) dx, we get
4π
51. Let I1 = ∫ et (sin 6 at + cos 4 at )dt π π x sin nx
0
In = ∫ dx …(ii)
π t −π (1 + π x ) sin x
= ∫ e (sin 6 at + cos 4 at ) dt
0
2π On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
+∫ et (sin 6 at + cos 4 at ) dt π sin nx π sin nx
π
2I n = ∫ dx = 2 ∫ dx
3π t − π sin x 0 sin x
+∫ e (sin 6 at + cos 4 at ) dt
2π sin nx
4π t [Q f (x) = is an even function]
+∫ e (sin 6 at + cos 4 at ) dt sin x
3π
π sin nx
∴ I1 = I 2 + I3 + I 4 + I5 …(i) ⇒ In = ∫ dx
0 sin x
2π
Now, I3 = ∫ e (sin at + cos at ) dt
t 6 4
π sin (n + 2 )x − sin nx
π Now, I n + 2 − I n = ∫ dx
Put t = π + x⇒ dt = dx 0 sin x
π π 2 cos (n + 1 ) x ⋅ sin x
∴ I3 = ∫ e π +x
⋅ (sin 6 at + cos 4 at ) dt = eπ ⋅ I 2 …(ii) =∫ dx
0 0 sin x
3π t π
Now, I4 = ∫ e (sin 6 at + cos 4 at ) dt π sin (n + 1) x
2π = 2 ∫ cos (n + 1) x dx = 2 =0
0
(n + 1) 0
Put t = 2π + x ⇒ dt = dx
π ∴ In + 2 = In …(iii)
∴ I 4 = ∫ ex + 2π (sin 6 at + cos 4 at ) dt = e2π ⋅ I 2 …(iii) π sin nx
In = ∫
0
4π t
Since, dx
and I5 = ∫ e (sin 6 at + cos4 at ) dt
0 sin x
3π
⇒ I1 = π and I 2 = 0
Put t = 3π + x From Eq. (iii) I1 = I3 = I5 = .... = π
π
∴ I5 = ∫ e3 π + x (sin 6 at + cos4 at ) dt = e3 π ⋅ I 2 …(iv) and I 2 = I 4 = I 6 = ... = 0
0
296 Definite Integration
10 10
⇒ 1 = F (k ) − F (1 )
[F (t )]16
⇒ ∑ I 2m + 1 = 10 π and ∑ I 2m = 0 d e sin x
m=1 m =1
Q dx { F (x)} = x , given
∴ Correct options are (a), (b), (c).
1/ 2 1+ 3 ⇒ F (16) − F (1) = F (k) − F (1)
54. (2) Let I=∫ dx
0 [(x + 1)2 (1 − x)6 ]1/ 4 ∴ k = 16
37 π π sin (π log x)
1/ 2 1+ 3 57. Let I = ∫ dx
⇒ I= ∫0 1/ 4
dx 1 x
1 − x 6
Put π log x = t
(1 − x )2 π
1 + x ⇒ dx = dt
x
1−x − 2 dx
Put =t ⇒ = dt ∴ I=∫
37π
sin (t ) dt = − [cos t ]37 π
= − [cos 37π − cos 0]
1+ x (1 + x )2 0
0
1 1 = − [(−1) − 1] = 2
when x = 0, t = 1, x = ,t =
2 3 2π x sin 2n x
58. Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
∴ 0 sin x + cos 2n x
2n
coderguru.in
1 x
55. Given, f (1) = and 6 ∫ f (t )dt = 3x f (x) − x3 , ∀ x ≥ 1
2π 2π sin 2n x 2π x sin 2n x
⇒ I=∫ dx − ∫ dx
3 1 0 sin x + cos x
2n 2n 0 sin n x + cos 2n x
2
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= (− 2 + 2 2 ) = π ( 2 − 1)
2 2
1 b
= a log|x| − x2 − 5(a − b)x 2
2 ∫ −2 |1 − x |dx
2
(a − b )
2
2 1
62.
1 −1 1 2
= [a log 2 − 2b − 10 (a − b) =∫ (x2 − 1) dx + ∫ (1 − x2) dx + ∫ (x2 − 1) dx
(a − b2)2 −2 −1 1
−1 1 2
b x3 x3 x3
− a log 1 + + 5 (a − b) = − x + x − + − x
2 3 3 3
−2 −1 1
1 7 1 8 1 1 8 1
= a log 2 − 5a + b = − + 1 + − 2 + 1 − + 1 − + − 2 − + 1
(a 2 − b2) 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 x =4
60. Let I=∫ dx …(i)
2 5−x+ x 1.5 1 2 1.5
63. ∫0 [x2] dx = ∫ 0 dx + ∫
0 1
1 dx + ∫ 2
2 dx
3 2+3−x
⇒ I=∫ dx = 0 + [x]1 2 + 2 [x]1.52
2 (2 + 3) − (5 − x) + 2 + 3 − x
= ( 2 − 1) + 2 (1.5 − 2 )
3 5−x
⇒ I=∫ dx …(ii) = 2 −1 + 3 −2 2
2 x + 5 −x
=2− 2
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1 dx
64. (A) Let I = ∫
−1 1 + x2
3 x+ 5−x 3 1
2I = ∫ dx ⇒ 2I = ∫ 1 dx = 1 ⇒ I =
2 5−x+ x 2 2 Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec2 θ dθ
π /4 π
3 π /4 x ∴ I = 2∫ dθ =
61. Let I=∫ dx …(i) 0 2
π /4 1 + sin x
1 dx
π 3π
+
− x
(B) Let I=
1 − x2
∫0
3 π /4 4 4
⇒ I=∫ dx
π /4 π 3π Put x = sinθ
1 + sin + − x
4 4 ⇒ dx = cosθ d θ
π/ 2 π
∫0
b b
[Q ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x) dx] ∴ I= 1 dθ =
a a 2
298 Definite Integration
3 a
3 dx1 1 + x (S) PLAN ∫− a f( x ) dx = 0
(C) ∫ 2 1 − x 2 2 log 1 − x
=
If f( − x ) = − f( x ), i.e. f( x ) is an odd function.
2
1 4 3 1 2 1 + x
= log − log = log Let f ( x ) = cos 2x log
2 −2
−1 2 3 1 − x
2 dx π π 1 − x
(D) ∫ = [sec−1 x]12 = −0 = f (− x) = cos 2x log = − f (x)
1
x x −1 2 3 3 1 + x
65. (P) PLAN (i) A polynomial satisfying the given conditions is taken. Hence, f (x) is an odd function.
(ii) The other conditions are also applied and the number 1/ 2
of polynomial is taken out. So, ∫−1/ 2 f (x) dx = 0
Let f ( x ) = ax + bx + c
2
(P) → (ii); (Q) → (iii); (R) → (i); (S) → (iv)
f (0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0 1
1
66. Let I 2 = ∫ (1 − x50)101 dx,
∫0 f (x) dx = 1
0
Now,
1
= [(1 − x50 )101 ⋅ x]10 + ∫ 0 (1 − x 50 ⋅ x49⋅x dx
50 100
)
ax 2 1
3
bx α β
⇒ + =1 ⇒ + =1
3 2 0 3 2 [using integration by parts]
1
⇒ 2a + 3b = 6 =0 − ∫ (50) (101) (1 − x50 )100 (− x50 ) dx
0
coderguru.in
(Q) PLAN Such type of questions are converted into only sine or
cosine expression and then the number of points of ∴ I 2 + 5050I 2 = 5050I1
maxima in given interval are obtained. (5050)I1
⇒ = 5051
f ( x ) = sin ( x 2 ) + cos ( x 2 ) I2
1 1
= 2 cos (x2) + sin (x2) 67. Let
2 2 π 1 1
I = ∫ e |cos x | 2 sin cos x + 3 cos cos x sin x dx
π π 0 2 2
= 2 cos x2 cos + sin sin (x2)
4 4 π 1
⇒ I = ∫ e |cos x | ⋅ sin x ⋅ 2 sin cos x dx
π 0 2
= 2 cos x2 −
4 π |cos x | 1
π π
+ ∫ 0e ⋅ 3 cos cos x ⋅ sin x dx
2
For maximum value, x2 − = 2nπ ⇒ x2 = 2nπ +
4 4 ⇒ I = I1 + I 2 …(i)
π 9π using 2 a
⇒ x=± ,for n = 0 ⇒ x = ± , for n = 1
4 4 ∫ 0 f (x) dx
0, f (2a − x) = − f (x)
So, f (x) attains maximum at 4 points in [− 13 , 13]. = a
(R) PLAN 2 ∫ 0 f (x) dx, f (2a − x) = + f (x)
a a
(i) ∫− a f( x ) dx = ∫− a f( − x ) dx where, I1 = 0 [Q f (π − x) = − f (x)] …(ii)
a a π / 2 cos x 1
(ii) ∫− a f( x ) dx = 2 ∫0 f( x ) dx , if f( − x ) = f( x ) , i.e. f is an even and I 2 = 6∫
0
e ⋅ sin x ⋅ cos cos x dx
2
function.
3x 2 1 t
2 I 2 = 6 ∫ et ⋅ cos dt
I= ∫−2 1 + ex dx Now,
0 2
[put cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt]
2 3x2
and I=∫ dx t t 1 t t
1
−2 1 + e− x = 6 e cos + ∫ e sin dt
2 2 2 0
2 3x2 3x2(ex )
2I = ∫
1
⇒ + dx t 1 t et t
−2 1 + ex ex + 1 = 6 et cos + et sin − ∫ cos dt
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 0
2I = ∫ 3x2 dx ⇒ 2I = 2 ∫ 3x2 dx 1
−2 0 t 1 t I
= 6 et cos + et sin − 2
I = [x3 ]20 = 8 2 2
2 0 4
Definite Integration 299
24 1 e 1 − π /4 π
=
5 e cos 2 + 2 sin
− 1
2
…(iii) ∴ 2I = − 2 ∫ π /4 f cos − 2t cos t dt
2
π /4
From Eq. (i), we get ⇒ 2I = 2 ∫ −π / 4 f (sin 2t ) cos t dt
24 1 e 1
I= e cos + sin − 1 π /4
5 2 2 2 ∴ I= 2 ∫0 f (sin 2t ) cos t dt
π /3 π dx π /3 x3 dx
68. Let I = ∫ + 4∫ π ecos x
− π /3 π − π /3 π 70. Let I = ∫ dx …(i)
2 − cos |x|+ 2 − cos |x|+ 0 ecos x + e− cos x
3 3
f (− x) = − f (x)
π ecos ( π − x )
a 0, =∫ dx
Using ∫ f (x) dx = a 0 ecos ( π − x ) + e− cos ( π − x )
−a
2 ∫ 0 f (x) dx, f (− x) = f (x) a a
[Q∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a − x) dx]
0 0
π /3 π dx
∴ I =2 ∫ +0
π π e− cos x
⇒ I=∫
0
2 − cos |x| + 0 e− cos x
dx …(ii)
3 + ecos x
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x3 dx π ecos x + e− cos x π
Q is odd =∫ dx = ∫ 1 dx = [x] π0 = π
2 − cos |x|+ π 0 ecos x
+e − cos x 0
3
⇒ I = π /2
π /3 dx
I = 2π ∫ 1 −1 1 1 1−x+ x
0 2 − cos (x + π / 3) 71. ∫ 0 tan dx = ∫ tan −1 dx
π
1 − x + x2 0
1 − x(1 − x)
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Put x+ = t ⇒ dx = dt 1
3 = ∫ [ tan −1 (1 − x) − tan −1 x] dx
t 0
2 π /3 2 π /3
sec2 dt
dt 1 1
∴ I = 2π ∫ π /3 = 2π ∫ π /3 2 = ∫ tan −1 [1 − (1 − x) ] dx + ∫ 0 tan
−1
x dx
2 − cos t 1 + 3 tan 2
t 0
t t 0
0 0
Put tan =u ⇒ sec2 dt = 2 du
2 2 1 1
3 2 du 4π Now, ∫ tan −1 dx
[ 3 tan −1 3u ] 13 1 − x + x
∫ 1/
2
⇒ I = 2π = 0
3 1 + 3u 2 3 3 1 π 1
= ∫ − cot−1 dx
4π 4π 1 0 2 1 − x + x
2
= (tan −1 3 − tan −1 1) = tan −1
3 3 2
π 1
π + 4x3 4π = − ∫ tan −1 (1 − x + x2) dx
π /3 1
∫ −π /3 tan −1 2 0
∴ dx =
π 3 2 1 π 1 1
2 − cos |x|+ ∴ ∫ tan −1 (1 − x + x2) dx = − ∫ tan −1 dx
3 0 2 0 (1 − x + x2)
π /2 π
69. Let I = ∫ f (cos 2x) cos x dx …(i) = − 2I1
0 2
π π
1 1 x dx
∫ 0 tan ∫ 0 1 + x2
−1
⇒ I=∫
π /2
f cos 2 − x ⋅ cos − x dx where, I1 = x dx = [x tan−1 x ]10 −
0 2 2
using a f (x) dx = a f (a − x) dx π 1 π 1
∫0 ∫0 =
− [log(1 + x 2 )]10 = − log 2
4 2 4 2
I=∫
π /2 1 π π 1
⇒ f (cos 2x) sin x dx …(ii) ∴ ∫ tan−1(1 − x + x 2 ) dx = − 2 − log 2 = log 2
0 0 2 4 2
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get π /4
72. Let I = ∫ log (1 + tan x) dx …(i)
π /2 0
2I = ∫ f (cos 2x) (sin x + cos x) dx
0 π /4 π
I=∫ log (1 + tan ( − x)) dx
π /2 0 4
= 2 ∫0 f (cos 2x) [cos (x − π / 4)] dx
π /4 1 − tan x
π ∴ I=∫ log 1 + dx
Put − x + = t ⇒ − dx = dt 0 1 + tan x
4
300 Definite Integration
π π 1/ 3 x4
I=∫
2x
dx + ∫
2x sin x
dx ⇒ I = π∫ dx − I [from Eq. (i)]
− π 1 + cos 2 x − π 1 + cos 2 x −1/ 3 1 − x4
x4 1/ 3 1
⇒ I = I1 + I 2 ⇒ 2I = π ∫
1/ 3
dx = π ∫ −1 +
−1/ 3 1 − x4 −1/ 3 dx
π
2x 1 − x4
Now, I1 = ∫ dx
1 + cos 2 x
−π 1/ 3 1/ 3 dx
=−π∫ 1 dx + π ∫
2x −1/ 3 −1/ 3 1 − x4
Let f (x) =
1 + cos 2 x 1/ 3 dx
−2 x − 2x = − π [x]1−/1/3 3 + π I1, where I1 = ∫
−1/ 3 1 − x4
⇒ f (− x) = = = − f (x)
1 + cos 2(− x) 1 + cos 2 x
1 1 2π
⇒ f (− x) = − f (x) which shows that f (x) is an odd ⇒ 2I = − π + + πI1 = − + π I1
3 3 3
function.
∴ I1 = 0 1/ 3 dx 1/ 3 dx
2x sin x
Now, I1 = ∫ −1/ 3 1−x 4
=2 ∫
0 1 − x4
g (x) =
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Again, let
1 + cos 2 x [since, the integral is an even function]
2 (− x)sin (− x) 2x sin x 1 + 1 + x2 − x2
⇒ g (− x) = = = g (x) 1/ 3
1 + cos 2(− x) 1 + cos 2 x
= ∫0 (1 − x2) (1 + x2)
dx
cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt 1 1 + 1 / 3
+ tan −1 1
Put = ln
−1 dt 1 dt 1 dt 2 1 − 1 / 3 3
∴ I2 = − 2 π ∫ =2 π ∫ =4 π ∫ 0 1 + t2
1 1 + t2 −1 1 + t 2
1 3 + 1
+ π = 1 ln ( 3 + 1) + π
2
−1 −1 −1
= ln
= 4π [tan t ] 10 = 4π [tan 1 − tan 0] 2 3 − 1 6 2 3 − 1 6
= 4π (π / 4 − 0) = π 2 1 π
= ln (2 + 3 ) +
∴ I = I1 + I 2 = 0 + π 2 = π 2 2 6
1/ 3 x4 2x − 2π π π2
74. Let I = ∫ cos −1 dx …(i) ∴ 2I = + ln (2 + 3 ) +
− 1/ 3 1 − x4 1 + x2 3 2 6
Put x = − y ⇒ dx = − dy π
= [π + 3 ln (2 + 3 ) − 4 3 ]
−1/ 3 y4 −2 y 6
∴ I=∫ cos −1 (−1) dy π
1/ 3 1 − y4 1 + y2 ⇒ I= [π + 3 ln (2 + 3 ) − 4 3 ]
12
Definite Integration 301
3
1
Alternate Solution 3
1
π = log (x − 1) − log (x + 1)
Since, cos −1 y = − sin −1 y 2 2 2 2
2
−1 2 x π −1 2x π 1 2 1
= log − log
4
∴ cos = − sin = − 2 tan −1 x
1 + x2 2 1 + x2 2 2 1 2 3
π From Eq. (i), I = I1 + I 2
1/ 3 x4 x4
I=∫ 2 ⋅ − 2 tan −1 x dx 1 1 1 4
−1/ 3
1−x
4
1−x 4
= log 2 − + log 2 − log
10 2 2 3
x4 −1/ 2
Q 2 tan −1 x is an odd function 4
= log [2 ⋅ 21/ 2 ]−
1 1
= log 6 −
1
1−x
4
3 10 2 10
π
1
1 76. Since, f (x) is a cubic polynomial. Therefore, f ′ (x) is a
∴ I =2⋅
2 ∫03 −1 +
dx + 0
1 − x4 quadratic polynomial and f (x) has relative maximum
1
π 1/ 3 1 1 and minimum at x = and x = − 1 respectively,
=
2 ∫0 −2 +
+ dx
1 − x2 1 + x2
3
therefore, –1 and 1/3 are the roots of f ′ (x) = 0.
1/ 3 1 1 1
π 1 1+ x −1 ∴ f ′ (x) = a (x + 1) x − = a x2 − x + x −
= −2x + 2 ⋅ 1 log 1 − x + tan x 3 3 3
2 0
2 1
π 2 3 + 1 π = a x2 + x −
=
1 3
− + log + 3
2 3 2 3 −1 6
Now, integrating w.r. t. x, we get
π x3
= [π + 3 log (2 + 3 ) − 4 3 ] x2 x
f (x) = a + − +c
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12
3 3 3
3 2x5 + x4 − 2x3 + 2x2 + 1
75. Let I = ∫ dx where, c is constant of integration.
2 (x2 + 1) (x4 − 1)
Again, f (−2) = 0
3 2x5 − 2x3 + x4 + 1 + 2x2
=∫ dx 8 4 2
2 (x2 + 1) (x2 − 1)(x2 + 1) ∴ f (−2) = a − + + + c
3 3 3
3 2x3 (x2 − 1) + (x2 + 1)2 −8 + 4 + 2
=∫ dx ⇒ 0=a +c
2 (x2 + 1)2 (x2 − 1) 3
3 2x3 (x2 − 1) 3 (x2 + 1)2 −2 a 2a
=∫ dx + ∫ 2 (x2 + 1)2(x2 − 1) dx ⇒ 0= + c ⇒ c=
2 (x + 1 )2 (x2 − 1 )
2
3 3
3 2x3 3 1 x 3
x 2
x 2a a 3
=∫ ∴ f (x) = a + − + = (x + x2 − x + 2)
2 (x2 + 1 )2
dx + ∫ 2 (x2 − 1) dx 3 3 3 3 3
⇒ I = I1 + I 2 1 14
Again, ∫ f (x) dx = [given]
2x3
3 −1 3
Now, I1 = ∫ dx
2 (x2 + 1 )2 1 a 14
⇒ ∫ −1 3 (x + x2 − x + 2) dx =
3
Put x + 1 = t ⇒ 2x dx = dt
2 3
1 a 14
(t − 1) ⇒ ∫ −1 3 (0 + x + 0 + 2) dx = 3
10 10 1 10 1 2
∴ I1 = ∫ 2
dt = ∫ dt − ∫ dt
5 t 5 t 5 t2
10 [Q y = x3 and y = − x are odd functions]
1
= [log t ]10 + a 1 2
2 x dx + 4∫ 1 dx =
1 14
3 ∫ 0
5 t ⇒
5 0 3
1 1 1
= log 10 − log 5 + − a 2x3 14
10 5 ⇒ + 4x =
1
3 3 0 3
= log 2 −
10 a 2 14 a 14 14
⇒ + 4 = ⇒ =
1 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
Again, I 2 = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
2 (x2 − 1 ) 2 (x − 1 )(x + 1 )
⇒ a =3
1 3 1 1 3 1 f (x) = x3 + x2 − x + 2
=
2 ∫ 2 (x − 1) dx − 2 ∫ 2 (x + 1) dx Hence,
302 Definite Integration
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π π 2 ∴∫ (sin 2kx) ⋅ cot x dx
put cos x = t ⇒ − sin x dx = dt ⇒ sin x dx = − dt
2 2 π
0
π /2 π/ 2
2 − π / 2 2t =∫ 1 ⋅ dx + 2 ∫ ( cos 2x + cos 4x K cos (2k − 2) x) dx
∴ I=− ∫ ⋅ sin t dt 0 0
π π /2 π π /2
4 π /2
+ ∫0 cos (2k) x dx
= 2∫ t sin t dt
π −π / 2 sin 2x sin 4x
π /2
π sin (2k − 2) x
= +2 + +K+
(2k − 2) 0
4 4 8
⇒ I = 2 [− t cos t + sin t ]−π π/ 2/ 2 = 2 × 2 = 2 2 2 4
π π π
π /2
π /2 sin (2k) x π
78. Let I=∫ f (sin 2x) sin x dx …(i) +
=
0 2k 0 2
a
π /2 π π 80. Let I = ∫ f (x) ⋅ g (x) dx
Then, I = ∫ f sin 2 − x sin − x dx
0 2 2 0
a a
π /2 I = ∫ f (a − x) ⋅ g (a − x) dx = ∫ f (x) ⋅ {2 − g (x)} dx
=∫ f [sin 2x] ⋅ cos x dx …(ii) 0 0
0
[Q f (a − x) = f (x) and g (x) + g (a − x) = 2]
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get a a
π /2 = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − ∫ f (x) g (x) dx
2I = ∫ f (sin 2x)(sin x + cos x) dx 0 0
0 a
π /4
⇒ I = 2 ∫ f (x) dx − I
=2 ∫
0
f (sin 2x)(sin x + cos x) dx
0 a
⇒ 2I = 2 ∫ f (x) dx
π /4 π 0
=2 2 ∫ f (sin 2x) sin x + dx
0 4 a a
∴ ∫ 0 f (x) g(x) dx = ∫ 0 f (x) dx
π /4 π π π
=2 2 ∫0 f sin 2 − x sin − x + dx
4 4 4 81. Let I=∫
2a f (x)
dx …(i)
π /4
0 f (x) + f (2a − x)
=2 2 ∫0 f (cos 2x) cos x dx
I=∫
2a f (2a − x)
dx …(ii)
π /4 0 f (2a − x) + f (x)
∴ I= 2 ∫0 f (cos 2x) cos x dx
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
π /2 π /4
Hence, ∫ f (sin 2x) ⋅ sin x dx = 2 ∫
2a
0 0
f (cos 2x) cos x dx 2I = ∫ 1 dx = 2a ⇒ I = a
0
Definite Integration 303
1 ∞
82. Let I = ∫ log ( 1 − x + 1 + x ) dx π −1 t + cos α
0 I= tan sin α
sin α 0
Put x = cos 2θ
π
⇒ dx = − 2 sin 2θ dθ = [tan −1 (∞ ) − tan −1 (cot α )]
sin α
0
∴ I = −2 ∫ log [ 1 − cos 2θ + 1 + cos 2θ ] (sin 2θ ) dθ π π π απ
π /4 = − − α =
0 sin α 2 2 sin α
= −2 ∫ log [ 2 (sin θ + cos θ )] sin 2θ dθ
π /4 απ
∴ I=
= −2 ∫
0
[(log 2 ) sin 2θ sin α
π /4 π / 2 x sin x ⋅ cos x
+ log (sin θ + cos θ ) ⋅ sin 2θ ] dθ 84. Let I = ∫ dx
0 cos 4 x + sin 4 x
− cos 2θ
0 π π π
= − 2 log 2 π /2 2
− x sin − x ⋅ cos − x
2 2 2
π /4 ⇒ I=∫ dx
0 4 π 4 π
0 sin − x + cos − x
−2 ∫ log (sin θ + cos θ ) ⋅ sin 2θ dθ 2 2
π /4
I II π
π /2 2
− x ⋅ sin x cos x
cos 2θ
0
⇒ I=∫ dx
= log 2 − 2 − log (sin θ + cos θ ) ⋅ 0 cos 4 x + sin 4 x
2 π / 4
π π /2 sin x cos x π / 2 x sin x ⋅ cos x
cos θ − sin θ − cos 2θ
0
⇒ I=
2 ∫0 sin x + cos x
4 4
dx − ∫
0 sin 4 x + cos 4 x
dx
−∫ × dθ
π / 4 cos θ + sin θ 2 π π /2 sin x ⋅ cos x
= ∫0 dx − I
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1 0 2 sin 4 x + cos 4 x
= log ( 2 ) − 2 0 + ∫ ( cos θ − sin θ )2 dθ
2 π /4
π π / 2 tanx ⋅ sec2x
1 0
⇒ 2I= ∫0 tan 4 x + 1
dx
= log 2 − ∫ (1 − sin 2θ ) dθ 2
2 π /4
π 1 π /2 1
0 ⇒ 2I= ⋅ ∫ d (tan 2 x)
1 cos 2θ 2 2 0 1 + (tan 2 x)2
= log 2 − θ +
2 π / 4
2 π π
⇒ 2 I = ⋅ [tan −1 t ]0∞ = (tan −1 ∞ − tan –1 0)
1 1 π 1 1 π 4 4
= log 2 − − = log 2 − + [where, t = tan 2 x]
2 2 4 2 2 4
π2
π x ⇒ I=
83. Let I = ∫ dx …(i) 16
0 1 + cos α sin x
1/ 2 x sin −1 x
π (π − x) 85. Let I = ∫ dx Put sin −1 x = θ ⇒ x = sin θ
⇒ I=∫ dx
0 1 + cos α sin (π − x)
0
1 − x2
π (π − x) ⇒ dx = cos θ dθ
⇒ I=∫ dx … (ii)
0 1 + cos α sin x π /6 θ sin θ π/6
∴ I=∫ ⋅ cos θ d θ = ∫ θ sin θ d θ
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
0
1 − sin θ
2 0
π dx π/6
2 I = π∫ = [− θ cos θ ]π0 / 6 + ∫0 cos θ d θ
0 1 + cos α sin x
x
sec2 dx π π π 3π 1
π = − cos + 0 + sin − sin 0 = − +
⇒ 2I=π ∫ 2 6 6 6 12 2
0 x x
(1 + tan 2 ) + 2 cos α tan π /4 (sin x + cos x)
2 2 86. Let I=∫ dx
0 9 + 16 sin 2x
x 2x
Put tan = t ⇒ sec dx = 2 dt π /4 sin x + cos x
2 2 I=∫ dx
∞ 2 dt
0 25 − 16 (sin x − cos x)2
∴ 2I = π ∫
0 1 + t 2 + 2 t cos α Put 4 (sin x − cos x) = t ⇒ 4 (cos x + sin x) dx = dt
0
∞ dt 1 0 dt 1 1 5 + t
⇒ 2I = 2π ∫0 (t + cos α )2 + sin 2 α
∴ I=
4 ∫ −4 25 − t 2 = 4 ⋅ 2 (5) log 5 − t
−4
304 Definite Integration
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− x cos πx 3/ 2 3 / 2 − cos πx
− −∫ dx 0 < x < 1 ⇒ 0 < x2 < 1 ⇒ [x2] = 0,
π 1 π
1 1 < x2 < 2 ⇒ [x2] = 1
1 3/ 2 1 < x< 2 ⇒
1 2 sin πx 1 1 sin πx 2 < x + 1 < 1 + 2 ⇒ f (x+ 1) = 0,
=2 + ⋅ − − −
π π π 0 π π π 1
2 < x < 3 ⇒ 2 < x2 < 3 ⇒ f (x2) = 0,
2 2 1 1
= + (0 − 0) + + 2 (+ 1 − 0) and 3 < x < 2 ⇒ 3 < x2 < 4 ⇒ f (x2) = 0
π π2 π π
2
3 1 3π + 1 2 x x2 1 1
= + 2= ⇒ I=∫ dx = = (2 − 1) =
π π π2 1 2 4
1 4 4
1 1
88. Let I = ∫ (t x + 1 − x)n dx = ∫ {(t − 1) x + 1 }n dx ∴ 4I = 1 ⇒ 4I − 1 = 0
0 0
1 ( 9 x + 3 tan −1 x ) 12 + 9x2
((t − 1) x + 1)n + 1
1
1 t n + 1 − 1 90. Here, α = ∫ e dx
= = 0 1 + x2
(n + 1) (t − 1) 0 n + 1 t − 1 Put 9x + 3 tan −1 x = t
=
1
(1 + t + t 2 + K + t n ) 3
…(i) ⇒ 9 + dx = dt
n+1 1 + x2
1 1 9+3π /4 t
Again, I = ∫ (t x + 1 − x)n dx = ∫ [(1 − x) + t x]n dx ∴ α=∫ e dt = [et ]90 + 3 π / 4 = e9 + 3 π / 4 − 1
0 0 0
1 3π
=∫ [nC 0 (1 − x)n + nC1 (1 − x)n − 1 (t x) ⇒ log e 1 + α = 9 +
0 4
3π
n
C 2(1 − x)n − 2(tx)2+ ... + nC n (tx)n + ] dx ⇒ log e α + 1 − =9
4
n n
rΣ
1
=∫ C r (1 − x)n − r (t x)r dx 91. PLAN Integration by parts
=0
0
d
n ∫ f(x ) g (x ) dx = f(x ) ∫ g (x ) dx − ∫ dx [f(x )] ∫ g (x ) dx dx
Σ C r ∫ (1 − x)n − r ⋅ xr dx t r
1
= n
…(ii)
r=0 0 1 d2
Given, I = ∫ 4x3 (1 − x2)5 dx
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 0 I dx2 II
n 1
C r ∫ (1 − x)n − r ⋅ xr dx t r=
1 d d
Σ
1 1
n
(1 + t + K + t n ) = 4x3 (1 − x2)5 − ∫ 12 x2 (1 − x2)5 dx
r=0 0 n+1 dx 0 0 dx
Definite Integration 305
1 11 1 1
= 4x3 × 5 (1 − x2)4 (− 2x) We get ∫ 0 2 dt ≤ ∫ 0 f (t ) dt ≤ ∫ 0 1 dt
0
1
− 12 [x2 (1 − x2)5 ]10 − ∫ 2x (1 − x2)5 dx
1 1
⇒ ≤ ∫ f (t ) dt ≤ 1 …(i)
0 2 0
1 1
= 0 − 0 − 12 (0 − 0) + 12 ∫ 2x (1 − x2)5 dx Again, 0 ≤ f (t ) ≤ for t ∈ [1, 2] …(ii)
0 2
1
(1 − x2)6 1 2 2 2
= 12 × − = 12 0 + 6 = 2
⇒ ∫ 10 dt ≤ ∫ 1 f (t ) dt ≤ ∫ 1 dt
6 0
2 1
⇒ 0 ≤ ∫ f (t ) dt ≤
1 2
Topic 2 Periodicity of Integral Functions
π From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
dx
1. Let I = ∫ 2 1 1 2
≤ ∫ f (t ) dt + ∫ f (t ) dt ≤
3
−π [x] + [sin x] + 4 2 0 1 2
2
−1 dx 0 dx 1 3
=∫ ⇒ ≤ g (2) ≤
−π
[x] + [sin x] + 4
+ ∫−1 [x] + [sin x] + 4 2 2
2
π ⇒ 0 ≤ g (2) < 2
1 dx dx
+∫ +∫2 nπ + v π 2π
0 [x] + [sin x] + 4 1 [x] + [sin x] + 4 4. ∫0 |sin x|dx = ∫
0
|sin x|dx + ∫
π
|sin x|dx + ...
nπ nπ + v
− 2 , − π / 2 < x < −1 +∫ |sin x|dx + ∫ |sin x|dx
Q [x] = 0−,1, −1 ≤ x < 0
0 ≤ x<1
( n − 1 )π nπ
1, 1 ≤ x < π /2 n
rπ nπ + v
=∑∫ |sin x| dx + ∫ nπ |sin x| dx
( r − 1 )π
− 1 , − π / 2 < x < −1
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r =1
and [sin x] = −01, , − 01 << xx << 10 rπ
Now to solve, ∫ ( r −1) π| sin x |dx , we have
0, 1 < x < π / 2
x = ( r − 1)π + t
[Q For x < 0,−1 ≤ sin x < 0 and for x > 0, 0 < sin x ≤ 1]
−1 dx 0 dx 1 dx ⇒ sin x = sin [(r − 1) π + t ] = (−1)r − 1 sin t
So, I = ∫ −π +∫ +∫
− 2 − 1 + 4 − 1 − 1 − 1 + 4 0 0 + 0+4 and when x = (r − 1) π, t = 0 and when
2
π x = r π, t = π
dx
+∫ 2 rπ π r −1
1 1+0+4 ∴ ∫ ( r − 1)π|sin x| dx = ∫ 0 |(−1) sin t| dt
π π π
−1 dx dx dx dx = ∫ |sin t| dt = ∫
0 1
= ∫ −π ∫ −1 ∫0 4 ∫
+ + + 2
0 0
sin t dt
2
1 2 1 5
= [− cos t ] π0 = − cos π + cos 0 = 2
π 1 1 1 π nπ + v
= −1 + + (0 + 1) + (1 − 0) + − 1 Again, ∫ | sin x|dx, putting x = nπ + t
2 2 4 5 2 nπ
1 1 1 π π nπ + v v v
= −1 + + − + +
2 4 5 2 10
Then, ∫ nπ | sin x|dx = ∫ |(−1)n sin t|dt = ∫
0 0
sin t dt
1 6 + 6T 6I = 2n + 1 − cos v
2∫6
∴ f ( y) dy = = 3I a+ t
2 5. Let φ (a ) = ∫ f (x) dx
a
x
3. Given, g (x) = ∫ f (t ) dt On differentiating w.r.t. a, we get
0
2 1 2 φ ′ (a ) = f (a + t ) ⋅ 1 − f (a ) ⋅ 1 = 0 [given, f (x + t ) = f (x)]
⇒ g (2) = ∫ f (t ) dt = ∫ f (t ) dt + ∫ f (t )dt
0 0 1
∴ φ (a ) is constant.
1 a+ t
≤ f (t ) ≤ 1 for t ∈ [0,1]
Now,
2
⇒ ∫a f (x) dx is independent of a.
306 Definite Integration
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and F (2) = ∫ et dt = [et ]40 = e4 − 1
1 1 0
1 x
3. Given, y = ∫ |t| dt
= − ∫ u cos π u du 0
0 dy
10 1 ∴ = | x|⋅ 1 − 0 = |x| [by Leibnitz’s rule]
40 dx
∴ ∫ f (x) cos πx dx = − 20 ∫ u cos π u du = π 2 x
− 10 0 Q Tangent to the curve y = ∫ |t| dt , x ∈ R are parallel
0
π2
10 to the line y = 2x
10 −∫10
⇒ f (x) cos π x dx = 4
∴ Slope of both are equal ⇒ x = ± 2
± 2
Points, y=∫ | t | dt = ± 2
0
Topic 3 Estimation, Gamma Function and Equation of tangent is
Derivative of Definite Integration y − 2 = 2 (x − 2) and y + 2 = 2 (x + 2)
x 1
1. Given, ∫ f (t ) dt = x2 + ∫ t 2f (t )dt For x intercept put y = 0, we get
0 x
∴ f (x) = ± sin x tm + 1 1
1
( n − 1) t
m+ 1
m + 1 0 ∫ 0
∴ I (m, n ) = (1 + t )n ⋅ − n (1 + t ) ⋅ dt
but f (x) ≥ 0, ∀ x ∈ [0, 1] m+1
∴ f (x) = sin x 2n n 1
= − ∫ (1 + t )( n − 1) ⋅ tm + 1 dt
As we know that, m+1 m+1 0
5. Since ∫
1
t 2 f (t ) dt = 1 − sin x, thus to find f (x). ∴ x2 = 2 − x2 ⇒ x4 = 2 − x2
sin x
⇒ x4 + x2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 1
On differentiating both sides using Newton Leibnitz
x
formula 10. Given, F (x) = ∫ f (t ) dt
d 1 d 0
dx ∫ sin x
i.e. t 2 f (t ) dt = (1 − sin x) By Leibnitz’s rule,
dx
⇒ {12 f (1)} ⋅ (0) − (sin 2 x) ⋅ f (sin x) ⋅ cos x = − cos x F ′ (x) = f (x) …(i)
1 But F (x ) = x (1 + x) = x + x
2 2 2 3
[given]
⇒ f (sin x) =
sin 2 x 3
1 ⇒ F (x) = x + x 3/ 2
⇒ F ′ (x) = 1 + x1/ 2
For f is obtained when sin x = 1 / 3 2
3 3 1/ 2
⇒ f (x) = F ′ (x) = 1 + x [from Eq. (i)]
1 2
i.e. f = ( 3 )2 = 3
3
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3 1/ 2 3
⇒ f (4) = 1 + (4) ⇒ f (4) = 1 + × 2 = 4
t 2
2 5 2 2
6. Here, ∫0 x f (x) dx =
t x 1
∫ 0 f (t )dt = x + ∫ x t f (t ) dt
5 11. Given,
Using Newton Leibnitz's formula, differentiating both
sides, we get On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
d d f (x) 1 = 1 − x f (x) ⋅ 1 ⇒ (1 + x) f (x) = 1
t 2{ f (t 2)} (t 2) − 0 ⋅ f (0) (0) = 2t 4 1 1 1
dt dt ⇒ f (x) = ⇒ f (1) = =
1+ x 1+1 2
⇒ t 2f (t 2)2t = 2t 4 ⇒ f (t 2) = t f ( x)
4 2 2 f ( x) 2t ∫4 2t dt
∴ f =−
putting t = 12. lim ∫ dt = lim
25 5 5 x→1 4 x−1 x→1 x−1
4 2 [using L’ Hospital’s rule]
⇒ f = 2 f (x) ⋅ f ′ (x)
25 5 = lim = 2 f (1) ⋅ f ′ (1)
x→1 1
x 2 + 1 −t 2
7. Given, f (x) = ∫ e dt = 8 f ′ (1) [Q f (1) = 4]
x2
On differentiating both sides using Newton’s Leibnitz’s 13. If f (x) is a continuous function defined on [a , b], then
formula, we get b
m (b − a ) ≤ ∫ f (x) dx ≤ M (b − a )
+ 1 )2 d 2 a
2 d 2 − ( x 2 )2
f ′ (x) = e− ( x (x + 1) − e (x )
dx dx where, M and m are maximum and minimum values
2 2 2 2 respectively of f (x) in [a , b].
= e− ( x + 1)
⋅ 2x − e− ( x )
⋅ 2x 2
− ( x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 ) 2x 2 + 1
Here, f (x) = 1 + e−x is continuous in [0, 1].
= 2xe (1 − e ) 2 2
2x 2 + 1 − ( x 4 + 2x 2 + 1 )
Now, 0 < x < 1 ⇒ x2 < x ⇒ ex < ex ⇒ e− x > e− x
[where, e > 1, ∀ x and e > 0, ∀ x] 2 2
Again, 0 < x < 1 ⇒ x2 > 0 ⇒ ex > e0 ⇒ e− x < 1
∴ f ′ (x) > 0 2
14. g (x) = ∫
sin 2x
sin −1 (t )dt = (cosecx ⋅ cot x + sec2 x − cos x) ⋅ (cos3 x − cos x) ⋅ cos x
sin x
sin 2 x + cos3 x − cos3 x ⋅ sin 2 x
g′ (x) = 2 cos 2x sin −1 (sin 2x) − cos x sin −1 (sin x) =− ⋅ cos x ⋅ sin x
2 2
sin 2 x ⋅ cos 2 x
π
g′ = − 2 sin −1 (0) = 0
2 = − sin 2 x − cos3 x (1 − sin 2 x) = − sin 2 x − cos5 x
π /2 π /2
π
g′ − = − 2 sin −1 (0) = 0
2
∴ ∫0 f (x) dx = − ∫0 (sin 2 x + cos5 x) dx
n +2
m+ 1
No option is matching. π /2
2 2
15. Here, f (x) + 2x = (1 − x)2 ⋅ sin 2 x + x2 + 2x …(i) Q
∫0 sinm x ⋅ cos n x dx =
m +n+2
where, P : f (x) + 2x = 2 (1 + x)2 2
…(ii) 2
∴ 2 (1 + x2) = (1 − x)2 sin 2 x + x2 + 2x 3 1 6 1
⋅ ⋅
⇒ (1 − x)2 sin 2 x = x2 − 2x + 2 π /2 2 2 2 2
⇒ (1 − x)2 sin 2 x = (1 − x)2 + 1
∫0 f (x) dx = −
2 2
+
7
2
2
⇒ (1 − x)2 cos 2 x = − 1
which is never possible.
1 /2 ⋅ π 2 π π 8 15π + 32
∴ P is false. =− + = − + = −
2 5 3 1
2⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ π 4 15 60
Again, let Q : h (x) = 2 f (x) + 1 − 2x (1 + x) 2 2 2
where, h (0) = 2 f (0) + 1 − 0 = 1 x ln t
h (1) = 2 f (1) + 1 − 4 = − 3, as h (0) h (1) < 0 18. f (x) = ∫ dt for x > 0 [given]
1 1+ t
⇒ h (x) must have a solution. 1/ x ln t
Now, f (1 / x) = ∫ dt
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∴ Q is true. 1 1+ t
16. Here, f (x) = (1 − x)2 ⋅ sin 2 x + x2 ≥ 0, ∀ x. Put t = 1 / u ⇒ dt = (−1 / u 2) du
x 2 (t − 1 ) x ln (1 / u ) (−1 )
and g (x) = ∫ − log t f (t ) dt ∴ f (1 / x) = ∫ ⋅ 2 du
1 t + 1 1 1 + 1 /u u
2 (x − 1) x ln u x ln t
⇒ g′ (x) = − log x ⋅ f {
(x) …(i) =∫ du = ∫ dt
(x + 1 ) + ve 1 u (u + 1) 1 t (1 + t )
a b x
Now, ∫ g (x) dx + ∫ g (x) dx As x → ∞, ∫ f (t ) dt → ∞ for a particular x (say xn ), then
0 0 0
x
∫0
2 − t/ 2 2 + t/ 2
=∫ f (t ) dt = 2 and for this value of x, y = 0
0
g (x) dx + ∫0 g (x) dx
2 − t/ 2 2 + t/ 2
F (x) = ∫ The curve is symmetrical about X-axis.
Let
0
g (x) dx + ∫0 g (x) dx
Thus, we have that there must be some x, such that
1 t 1 t f (xn ) = 2.
For t > 0, F ′ (t ) = − g 2 − + g 2 +
2 2 2 2 Thus, y = mx intersects this closed curve for all values of
m.
[using Leibnitz’s rule] x
1 t 1 t 22. Given, f (x) = ∫ [2(t − 1) (t − 2)3 + 3 (t − 1)2(t − 2)2] dt
= g 2 + − g 2 − 1
2 2 2 2
∴ f ′ (x) = [2 (x − 1) (x − 2)3 + 3 (x − 1)2(x − 2)2] ⋅ 1 − 0
dg
Again, > 0, ∀ x ∈ R [given] = (x − 1) (x − 2)2 [2 (x − 2) + 3 (x − 1)]
dx
= (x − 1) (x − 2)2 (5x − 7)
Now, 2 − t / 2 < 2 + t / 2 ∴ t > 0
+ – +
We get g (2 + t / 2) − g (2 − t / 2) > 0, ∀ t > 0
So, F ′ (t ) > 0, ∀ t > 0 1 7/5
Hence, F (t ) increases with t, therefore F (t ) increases as ∴ f (x) attains maximum at x = 1 and f (x) attains
7
(b − a ) increases. minimum at x = .
1 5
20. Let I n = ∫ ex (x − 1)n dx
0
Put x − 1 = t ⇒ dx = dt
Topic 4 Limits as the Sum
(n + 1)1/3 (n + 2)1/3 (2n )1/3
coderguru.in
0 t+1 0 n t
∴ In = ∫ e ⋅ t ndt = e ∫ t e dt 1. Let p = lim + +…+
−1 −1 n→ ∞ n 4/3
n 4/3
n 4/3
lim 2n 1 1 2 dx 1a + 2a + K + n a 1
= ∑ ⋅ =∫ lim =
n→ ∞ r =1 r
2
n 0 1 + x2 n→ ∞ (n + 1) a −1
{(na + 1) + (na + 2) + K + (na + n )} 60
1+
n n
pn
1 r p ∑ ra
Q lim ∑ f = ∫ 0 f (x)dx ⇒ lim
r =1
=
1
n→∞ n n
r =1 n→ ∞ a −1 n (n + 1) 60
= [tan −1 x]20 = tan −1 2 (n + 1) ⋅ n 2a +
2
1 a
n
(n + 1) ⋅ (n + 2) K (3n ) n r
3. Let l = lim 2∑
n
n→ ∞ n 2n r =1 1
1 ⇒ lim a −1
=
n→ ∞
1 60
(n + 1) ⋅ (n + 2) ... (n + 2n ) n
1 + ⋅ (2na + n + 1)
= lim
n→ ∞ n 2n n
1 n
1 a
r 1 1
n + 1 n + 2 n + 2n n ⇒ lim 2 ∑ ⋅ lim =
= lim K n→ ∞ n n→ ∞ n a −1
n→ ∞ n n n r =1 1
1 +
1 60
⋅ 2a + 1 +
n n
Taking log on both sides, we get 1 a 1 1
1 1 2 2 n ⇒ 2∫ (x ) dx ⋅ =
0 1 ⋅ (2a + 1) 60
log l = lim log 1 + 1 + ... 1 +
n→ ∞ n n n n 2 ⋅ [xa+ 1 ] 10 1
⇒ =
⇒ log l = lim
1 (2a + 1) ⋅ (a + 1) 60
n→ ∞ n 2 1
∴ = ⇒ (2a + 1) (a + 1) = 120
1 2 2n (2a + 1) (a + 1) 60
log 1 + n + log 1 + n + ... + log 1 + n
⇒ 2a 2 + 3a + 1 − 120 = 0 ⇒ 2a 2 + 3a − 119 = 0
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2n −17
1 r ⇒ (2a + 17) (a − 7) = 0 ⇒ a = 7,
⇒ log l = lim
n→ ∞ n ∑ log 1 + n 2
r =1
n
n
⇒
2
log l = ∫ log (1 + x) dx 5. Given, S n = ∑
k = 0 n + kn + k
2 2
0
2
1
⇒ log l = log (1 + x) ⋅ x − ∫ ⋅ x dx
1+ x 0 n n
∑ n k k 2
1 1 1 1
= ∑ ⋅ < lim
2 x+ 1 −1 n k k2 n → ∞
⇒ log l = [log (1 + x) ⋅ x]20 − ∫ dx k=0
1 + + 2 k=0
1 + +
0 1+ x n n n n
2 1
⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 − ∫ 1 − dx =∫
1 1
dx
0 1 + x 0 1 + x + x2
⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 − [x − log 1 + x ]20 1
⇒ log l = 2 ⋅ log 3 − [2 − log 3] 2 2 1
= tan −1 x +
⇒ log l = 3 ⋅ log 3 − 2 3 3 2 0
⇒ log l = log 27 − 2
2 π π π π
27 = ⋅ − = i.e. S n <
∴ l = elog 27 − 2 = 27 ⋅ e− 2 = 2 3 3 6 3 3 3 3
e
π
4. PLAN Converting Infinite series into definite Integral Similarly, Tn >
3 3
h( n)
i.e. lim
n→ ∞ n 1 1 1 5n 1
6n ∑
h ( n) 6. lim + +K+ =
1 r n→ ∞ n + 1 n+2 n+r
lim
n→ ∞ n
∑ f n = ∫ f(x )dx r =1
r = g ( n) 5n
1 1
lim
g ( n) = lim
n→ ∞ n ∑ r
n→ ∞ n r =1 1 +
r n
where, is replaced with x.
n 5 dx
=∫ = [log (1 + x)] 50 = log 6 − log 1 = log 6
Σ is replaced with integral. 0 1+ x
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2. The area (in sq units) of the region {(x, y) : y2 ≥ 2x
and x2 + y2 ≤ 4x, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0} is (2016 Main) Objective Questions II
(a) π −
4
(b) π −
8 (One or more than one correct option)
3 3
4 2 π 2 2
8. Let P and Q be distinct points on the parabola y2 = 2x such
(c) π − (d) − that a circle with PQ as diameter passes through the vertex
3 2 3
O of the parabola. If P lies in the first quadrant and the
3. The common tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = 2 and area of ∆OPQ is 3 2, then which of the following is/are the
the parabola y2 = 8x touch the circle at the points coordinates of P ? (2015 Adv.)
P,Q and the parabola at the points R, S. Then, the
(c) ,
1 1
area (in sq units) of the quadrilateral PQRS is (a) (4 , 2 2 ) (b) (9 , 3 2 ) (d) (1, 2 )
4 2
(2014 Adv.)
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d)15
Numerical Value
4. The area of the equilateral triangle, in which three
coins of radius 1 cm are placed, as shown in the 9. A farmer F1 has a land in the shape of a triangle with
figure, is vertices at P(0, 0), Q(1, 1) and R(2, 0). From this land, a
neighbouring farmer F2 takes away the region which lies
between the sides PQ and a curve of the form y = xn (n > 1).
If the area of the region taken away by the farmer F2 is
exactly 30% of the area of ∆PQR, then the value of n is
.................... . (2018 Adv.)
(2005, 1M)
(a) (6 + 4 3 ) sq cm (b) (4 3 − 6) sq cm Fill in the Blanks
(c) (7 + 4 3 ) sq cm (d) 4 3 sq cm 10. The area of the triangle formed by the positive X-axis and
5. The area of the quadrilateral formed by the the normal and the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at (1, 3 )
tangents at the end points of latusrectum to the is … . (1989, 2M)
x2 y2 11. The area enclosed within the curve|x| + | y| = 1 is ....... .
ellipse + = 1, is
9 5 (2003, 1M) (1981, 2M)
(a) 27/4 sq units (b) 9 sq units Analytical & Descriptive Question
(c) 27/2 sq units (d) 27 sq units 1
12. Let O (0, 0), A (2, 0) and B (1, ) be the vertices of a
6. The area (in sq units) bounded by the curves 3
y = | x | − 1 and y = − | x | + 1 is (2002, 2M) triangle. Let R be the region consisting of all those points P
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 4 inside ∆ OAB which satisfy d (P , OA ) ≥ min
312 Area
{ d (P , OB), d (P , AB)}, where d denotes the distance 14. The area of the region bounded by the curve y = f (x),
from the point to the corresponding line. Sketch the the X-axis and the lines x = a and x = b, where
region R and find its area. (1997C, 5M) − ∞ < a < b < − 2, is
b x
(a) ∫ dx + bf (b) − af (a )
Passage Based Questions a 3[{f (x)}2 − 1]
b x
Consider the functions defined implicity by the
equation y3 − 3 y + x = 0 on various intervals in the real
(b) − ∫a 3[{f (x)}2 − 1] dx + bf (b) − af (a)
line. If x ∈ (−∞ , − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ), the equation implicitly (c) ∫
b x
dx − bf (b) + af (a )
defines a unique real-valued differentiable function a 3[{f (x)}2 − 1]
y = f (x). If x ∈ (− 2, 2), the equation implicitly defines a b x
unique real-valued differentiable function y = g (x), (d) − ∫a 3[{f (x)}2 − 1] dx − bf (b) + af (a)
satisfying g (0) = 0. (2008, M)
1
13. If f (− 10 2 ) = 2 2 , then f′′ (− 10 2 ) is equal to 15. ∫− 1 g ′ (x) dx is equal to
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 (a) 2 g(− 1) (c) − 2 g(1)
(a) (b) − (c) (d) − (b) 0 (d) 2 g(1)
73 32 73 32 73 3 73 3
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(a) 2 6 (b) 48 (c) 24 (d) 4 3 9. The area (in sq units) of the region bounded by the
2. If the area (in sq units) of the region parabola, y = x2 + 2 and the lines, y = x + 1, x = 0 and
{(x, y): y2 ≤ 4x, x + y ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0} is a 2 + b, then x = 3, is (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
a − b is equal to (2019 Main, 12 April I) (a)
15
(b)
17
(c)
21
(d)
15
10 8 2 2 4 2 4
(a) (b) 6 (c) (d) −
3 3 3 10. The area (in sq units) in the first quadrant bounded by
3. The area (in sq units) of the region bounded by the the parabola, y = x2 + 1, the tangent to it at the point
curves y = 2 and y = | x + 1|, in the first quadrant is
x
(2, 5) and the coordinate axes is (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
(2019 Main, 10 April II) 14 187 8 37
3 3 1 3 1 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) (b) log e 2 + (c) (d) − 3 24 3 24
2 2 2 2 log e 2
11. The area (in sq units) of the region bounded by the curve
4. The area (in sq units) of the region x2 = 4 y and the straight line x = 4 y − 2 is
y2 (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
A = (x, y) : ≤ x ≤ y + 4 is 7 9 5 3
2 (a) (b) (c) (d)
(2019 Main, 9 April II) 8 8 4 4
53
(a) 30 (b) (c) 16 (d) 18 12. The area of the region A = {(x, y); 0 ≤ y ≤ x| x| + 1 and
3
− 1 ≤ x ≤ 1} in sq. units, is (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
5. The area (in sq units) of the region 4 1 2
A = {(x, y) : x2 ≤ y ≤ x + 2} is (2019 Main, 9 April I) (a) 2 (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3
13 9 31 10
(a) (b) (c) (d) 13. The area (in sq units) bounded by the parabola
6 2 6 3
y = x2 − 1, the tangent at the point (2, 3) to it and the
6. Let S (α ) = {(x, y) : y ≤ x, 0 ≤ x ≤ α} and A(α ) is area of the
2
Y -axis is (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
region S(α ). If for λ, 0 < λ < 4, A (λ ) : A (4) = 2 : 5, then λ 8 56 32 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
equals (2019 Main, 8 April II) 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
(a) 2
4 3
(b) 4
2 3
(c) 4
4 3
(d) 2
2 3 14. Let g (x) = cos x2, f (x) = x and α , β (α < β) be the roots of
25 5 25 5 the quadratic equation 18x2 − 9πx + π 2 = 0. Then, the
area (in sq units) bounded by the curve y = ( gof )(x) and
7. The tangent to the parabola y = 4x at the point where it
2
the lines x = α, x = β and y = 0, is (2018 Main)
intersects the circle x2 + y2 = 5 in the first quadrant, 1 1
passes through the point (a) ( 3 − 1) (b) ( 3 + 1)
2 2
(a) ,
3
(b) ,
7
(c) − ,
4
(d) − ,
1 3 1 1 1 1 1
(c) ( 3 − 2 ) (d) ( 2 − 1)
4 4 4 4 3 3 4 2 2 2
Area 313
15. The area (in sq units) of the region 25. The area enclosed between the curves y = ax2 and
{(x, y) : x ≥ 0, x + y ≤ 3, x2 ≤ 4 y and y ≤ 1+ x } is x = ay2 (a > 0) is 1 sq unit. Then, the value of a is
(2017 Main) (2004, 1M)
59 3 7 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1 1 1
12 2 3 2 (a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
3 2 3
16. Area of region {(x, y)} ∈ R2 : y ≥ |x + 3|,
the
26. The area bounded by the curves y = f (x),the X-axis and
5 y ≤ (x + 9) ≤ 15} is equal to (2016 Adv)
the ordinates x = 1 and x = b is (b − 1) sin (3b + 4). Then,
1 4 3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) f (x) is equal to (1982, 2M)
6 3 2 3
(a) (x − 1) cos (3x + 4)
17. The area (in sq units) of region described by (x, y) y2 ≤ 2x (b) 8sin (3x + 4)
and y ≥ 4x − 1 is (2015 JEE Main) (c) sin (3x + 4) + 3(x − 1) cos (3x + 4)
7 5 15 9 (d) None of the above
(a) (b) (c) (d)
32 64 64 32 27. The slope of tanget to a curve y = f (x) at [x, f (x)] is 2x + 1.
18. The area (in sq units) of the region described by If the curve passes through the point (1, 2), then the
A = {(x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ 1 and y2 ≤ 1 − x } is (2014 Main) area bounded by the curve, the X-axis and the line x = 1
π 4 π 4 π 2 π 2 is
(a) + (b) − (c) − (d) +
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 4 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 6 12
19. The area enclosed by the curves y = sin x + cos x and
π
y = | cos x − sin x|over the interval 0, is (2014 Adv.) Objective Questions II
2
(One or more than one correct option)
(a) 4( 2 − 1) (b) 2 2 ( 2 − 1)
(c) 2 ( 2 + 1) (d) 2 2 ( 2 + 1) 28. If the line x = α divides the area of region
R = {(x, y) ∈ R : x ≤ y ≤ x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1} into two equal
2 3
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20. The area (in sq units) bounded by the curves
y = x, 2 y − x + 3 = 0, X-axis and lying in the first parts, then (2017 Adv.)
quadrant, is (2013 Main, 03) (a) 2α 4 − 4α 2 + 1 = 0 (b) α 4 + 4α 2 − 1 = 0
27 1 1
(a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 18 (d) (c) < α < 1 (d) 0 < α ≤
4 2 2
21. Letf : [−1, 2] → [0, ∞ ) be a continuous function such that 29. If S be the area of the region enclosed by
2
2 y = e− x , y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1. Then,
f (x) = f (1 − x), ∀x ∈ [−1, 2]. If R1 = ∫ xf (x) dx and R2 are (2012)
−1 1 1
(a) S ≥ (b) S ≥ 1 −
the area of the region bounded by y = f (x), x = − 1, x = 2 e e
and the X-axis. Then, (2011) 1 1 1 1 1
(c) S ≤ 1 + (d) S ≤ + 1 −
(a) R1 = 2R2 (b) R1 = 3R2 4 e 2 e 2
(c) 2R1 = R2 (d) 3R1 = R2
30. Area of the region bounded by the curve y = ex and lines
22. If the straight line x = b divide the area enclosed by x = 0 and y = e is (2009)
y = (1 − x)2, y = 0 and x = 0 into two parts R1 (0 ≤ x ≤ b) e
1
and R2(b ≤ x ≤ 1) such that R1 − R2 = . Then, b equals
(a) e − 1 (b) ∫1 ln (e + 1 − y) dy
1 e
4 (c) e − ∫ e dx x
(d) ∫1 ln y dy
3 1 1 1 0
(a) (b) (c) (d) (2011)
4 2 3 4 31. For which of the following values of m, is the area of the
23. The area of the region between the curves region bounded by the curve y = x − x2 and the line
9
1 + sin x 1 − sin x y = mx equals ? (1999, 3M)
y= and y = and bounded by the 2
cos x cos x
(a) – 4 (b) –2 (c) 2 (d) 4
π
lines x = 0 and x = is
4 (2008, 3M) Analytical & Descriptive Questions
2 −1 t 2 −1 4t
(a) ∫ dt (b) ∫ dt 4a 2 4a 1 f (−1) 2
3a + 3a
32. If 4b2 4b 1 f (1) = 3b2 + 3b ,
0 0
(1 + t 2 ) 1 − t 2 (1 + t 2 ) 1 − t 2
2+1 2+1 2
4c2 4c 1 f (2) 3c + 3c
4t t
(c) ∫ dt (d) ∫ dt
0 0
(1 + t 2 ) 1 − t 2 (1 + t 2 ) 1 − t 2
f (x) is a quadratic function and its maximum value
24. The area bounded by the curves y = (x − 1)2, y = (x + 1)2 occurs at a point V. A is a point of intersection of y = f (x)
1 with X-axis and point B is such that chord AB subtends
and y = is (2005, 1M)
4 a right angle at V. Find the area enclosed by f (x) and
1 2 1 1 chord AB. (2005, 5M)
(a) sq unit (b) sq unit (c) sq unit (d) sq unit
3 3 4 5
314 Area
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left on the line 8x + 1 = 0. (1999, 5M) y = x (x − 1)2, the Y-axis and the line x = 2 . (1989, 5M)
38. Let C1 and C 2 be the graphs of functions y = x2 and 48. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve
y = 2x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, respectively. Let C3 be the graph of a C: y = tan x, tangent drawn to C at x = π / 4 and the
function y = f (x), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, f (0) = 0. For a point P on C1, X-axis. (1988, 5M)
let the lines through P, parallel to the axes, meet C 2 and 49. Find the area bounded by the curves
C3 at Q and R respectively (see figure). If for every x2 + y2 = 25, 4 y = |4 − x2|and x = 0 above the X-axis.
position of P(on C1) the areas of the shaded regions OPQ (1987, 6M)
and ORP are equal, then determine f (x). (1998, 8M) 50. Find the area bounded by the curves x2 + y2 = 4,
Y
x2 = − 2 y and x = y. (1986, 5M)
(0,1) (1/2,1) (1,1)
C2 C1 51. Sketch the region bounded by the curves y = 5 − x2 and
y = |x − 1|and find its area. ( 1985, 5M)
Q P 52. Find the area of the region bounded by the X-axis
π π
and the curves defined by y = tan x, − ≤x≤ and
X 3 3
(0,0) O C (1,0) π π
3 y = cot x, ≤x≤ . (1984, 4M)
R 6 3
39. Letf (x) = max { x2, (1 − x)2, 2x (1 − x)}, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. 53. Find the area bounded by the X-axis, part of the curve
8
Determine the area of the region bounded by the curves y = 1 + 2 and the ordinates at x = 2 and x = 4. If the
y = f (x), X-axis, x = 0 and x = 1. (1997, 5M)
x
ordinate at x = a divides the area into two equal parts,
40. Find all the possible values of b > 0, so that the area of then find a. (1983, 3M)
the bounded region enclosed between the parabolas
x2 54. Find the area bounded by the curve x2 = 4 y and the
y = x − bx2 and y = is maximum. (1997C, 5M) straight line x = 4 y − 2.
b
et + e– t et – e– t
41. If An is the area bounded by the curve y = (tan x) and n
55. For any real t, x = ,y= is a point on the
π 2 2
the lines x = 0, y = 0 and x = . hyperbola x2 – y2 = 1. Find the area bounded by this
4
1 hrperbola and the lines joining its centre to the points
Then, prove that for n > 2 , An + An + 2 = corresponding to t1 and – t1. (1982, 3M)
n+1
Area 315
Answers
Topic 1 761
37. sq units 38. f ( x ) = x 3 − x 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 192
5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a,d) 17 1
39. sq unit 40. b = 1 42. (16 2 − 20 ) sq units
9. (4) 10. 2 3 sq units 27 3
12. (2 − 3 ) sq unit 2
11. 2 sq units 13. (b) 43. 121 : 4 44. π − sq units
3
14. (a) 15. (d)
4 − 2 5 3 e 2 − 5
Topic 2 45. − log 2 + sq units 46. sq units
log 2 2 2 4e
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d)
4 10
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 47. y max = , y min = 0, sq units
27 3
9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (a) 14. (a) 1 4
48. log 2 − sq units 49. 4 + 25 sin −1 sq units
15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (d) 18.(a) 4 5
19. (b) 20. (a) 21. (c) 22.(b) 1 5π 1
50. − π sq units 51. − sq units
23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (a) 26.(c) 3 4 2
27. (c) 28. (a, c) 29. (b, d) 30.(b, c, d) 1 9
125 1 52. loge 3 sq units 53. 2 2 54. sq units
31. (b, d) 32. sq units 33. sq unit 2 8
4 3 3
34. y = x – 2 x, sq units
2 e 2t1 − e −2t1 1 2t1
3 55. − (e − e −2t1 − 4t1 )
4 4
20 − 12 2 π (1 + e ) (en + 1 − 1 )
35. sq units 36. ⋅
e − 1
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3 (1 + π )
2
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(2 + 8) × 3
∴ Area of quadrilateral = = 15 sq units
2
(0,1) y = –IxI + 1
4. Since, tangents drawn from external points to the circle y = IxI –1
subtends equal angle at the centre. X′ X
A
(1,0)
(–1,0)
(0,–1)
O3 Y′
∴ Area of square = 2 × 2 = 2 sq units
O1 O2 7. Let y = f (x) = x2 + bx − b
1cm 1cm Y
B 30° 30° C B
3 cm D 2 cm E 3 cm
(1,1)
∴ ∠ O1BD = 30° P
OD
In ∆O1BD, tan 30° = 1 ⇒ BD = 3 cm O A
X
BD
Also, DE = O1O2 = 2 cm and EC = 3 cm The equation of the tangent at P (1, 1)
Now, BC = BD + DE + EC = 2 + 2 3 to the curve 2 y = 2x2 + 2bx − 2b is
y + 1 = 2x ⋅ 1 + b (x + 1) − 2b
3 3
⇒ Area of ∆ABC = (BC )2 = ⋅ 4 (1 + 3 )2 ⇒ y = (2 + b) x − (1 + b)
4 4
Its meet the coordinate axes at
= (6 + 4 3 ) sq cm
1+ b
x2 y2 xA = and yB = − (1 + b)
5. Given, + =1 2+ b
9 5 1
To find tangents at the end points of latusrectum, we ∴Area of ∆ OAB = OA × OB
2
find ae.
1 (1 + b)2
i.e. ae = a 2 − b2 = 4 = 2 =− × =2 [given]
2 (2 + b)
4 5 ⇒ (1 + b)2 + 4(2 + b) = 0 ⇒ b2 + 6b + 9 = 0
and b2(1 − e2) = 5 1 − =
9 3 ⇒ (b + 3)2 = 0 ⇒ b = − 3
Area 317
8. Since, ∠ POQ = 90° Thus, area of ∆ formed by (0, 0) (1, 3 ) and (4, 0)
Y 0 0 1
t 12 1 1
P 2 , t1 = 1 3 1 = |(0 − 4 3 )|= 2 3 sq units
2 2
4 0 1
11. The area formed by| x| + | y| = 1 is square shown as below
X′ X :
O
Y
(0, 0)
t 22
Q 2 , t2 −x + y = 1 x+y=1
Y′
X' X
t1 − 0 t2 − 0 −1 O 1
⇒ ⋅ 2 = − 1 ⇒ t1t2 = − 4 …(i)
t12 t x+y=1 x−y=1
−0 2 −0
2 2
Q ar (∆OPQ ) = 3 2 Y'
0 0 1 ∴ Area of square = ( 2 )2 = 2 sq units
1 2 1 t12t2 t1t22
∴ t1 / 2 t1 1 = ± 3 2 ⇒ − =±3 2
2 2 2 2 2 12. Let the coordinates of P be (x, y) .
t2 / 2 t2 1
1 4
⇒ ( −4t1 + 4t2) = ± 3 2 ⇒ t1 + = 3 2 [Q t1 > 0 for P]
4 t1
⇒ t12 − 3 2t 1 + 4 = 0 ⇒ (t1 − 2 2 ) (t1 − 2 ) = 0
⇒ t1 = 2 or 2 2
∴ P (1, 2 ) or P (4, 2 2 )
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9. We have, y = xn , n > 1
Q P ( 0, 0 ) Q (1, 1) and R( 2, 0 ) are vertices of ∆ PQR.
y Equation of line OA be y = 0.
Q(1,1) Equation of line OB be 3 y = x.
Equation of line AB be 3 y = 2 − x.
x
F2 F1
y = xn | 3 y − x|
x′ x d (P , OB) = Distance of P from line OB =
P(0,0) (1,0) R(2,0) 2
| 3 y + x − 2|
d (P , AB) = Distance of P from lineAB =
2
Given, d (P , OA ) ≤ min { d (P , OB), d (P , AB)}
y′ | 3 y − x| | 3 y + x − 2|
y ≤ min ,
∴ Area of shaded region = 30% of area of ∆ PQR 2 2
1
⇒ ∫ ( x − xn ) dx =
30 1
× × 2×1 | 3 y − x| | 3 y + x − 2|
0
⇒ y≤ and y ≤
100 2 2 2
1
x2 xn + 1 3 1 1 3 | 3 y − x|
⇒ − Case I When y ≤ [since, 3 y − x < 0]
= ⇒ − = 2
2 n + 1 0 10 2 n + 1 10
x − 3y
1 1 3 2 1 y≤ ⇒ (2 + 3 ) y ≤ x ⇒ y ≤ x tan 15°
⇒ = − = = ⇒ n + 1= 5 ⇒ n = 4 2
n + 1 2 10 10 5 | 3 y + x − 2|
Case II When y ≤ ,
2
10. Equation of tangent at the point (1, 3 ) to the curve
2 y ≤ 2 − x − 3 y [since, 3 y + x − 2 < 0]
x2 + y2 = 4 is x + 3y = 4
⇒ (2 + 3 ) y ≤ 2 − x ⇒ y ≤ tan 15°⋅ (2 − x)
whose X-axis intercept (4, 0).
Y
Y
B (1, 1/ 3)
P (1,√3)
X′ P
X
(0,0) O A (4,0)
A
X′ X
O (0, 0) C (2, 0)
(1, 0)
Y′ Y′
318 Area
From above discussion, P moves inside the triangle as Topic 2 Area Using Integration
shown below :
⇒ Area of shaded region 1. Given, equation of curves are
= Area of ∆OQA y2 = 4λx …(i)
1 and y = λx …(ii)
= (Base) × (Height)
2 λ> 0
1
= (2) (tan 15° ) = tan 15° = (2 − 3 ) sq unit Area bounded by above two curve is, as per figure
2
Y
13. Given, y3 − 3 y + x = 0 A y2=4λx
dy dy
⇒ 3 y2 −3 + 1 =0 …(i)
dx dx O
X
2 dy 2 2
dy d 2y
⇒ 3 y 2 + 6 y − 3 =0 …(ii)
dx dx dx2
y=λx
At x = − 10 2 , y = 2 2
On substituting in Eq. (i) we get
dy dy the intersection point A we will get on the solving Eqs. (i)
3(2 2 )2 ⋅ − 3⋅ + 1 =0 and (ii), we get
dx dx
λ2x2 = 4λx
dy 1
⇒ =− ⇒
4
x = , so y = 4.
dx 21
λ
Again, substituting in Eq. (ii), we get
A , 4
4
So,
d 2y 1 d 2y
2
λ
3(2 2 )2 + 6 (2 2 ) ⋅ − − 3 ⋅ 2 = 0
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dx 2 21 dx Now, required area is
2 4/ λ
d y 12 2
⇒ 21 ⋅ =− = ∫ (2 λx − λx) dx
dx2 (21)2 0
4/ λ
d 2y − 12 2 − 4 2
⇒ = = 3 2 x3 / 2 x2
4/ λ
dx2 (21)3 7 ⋅3 =2 λ −λ
3
b b 2 0
14. Required area = ∫ y dx = ∫ f (x) dx 2 0
a a 2
4 4 4 λ 4
= [ f (x) ⋅ x]ba
b
− ∫ f ′ (x)x dx = λ −
a 3 λ λ 2 λ
b 32 8 32 − 24 8
= bf (b) − af (a ) − ∫ f ′ (x)x dx = − = =
a 3λ λ 3λ 3λ
b xdx 1
= bf (b) − af (a ) + ∫a 3[{ f (x)}2 − 1] It is given that area =
9
8 1
dy −1 −1 ⇒ =
3λ 9
Q f ′ (x) = dx = =
3 ( y2
− 1 ) 3 [{ f (x )} 2
− 1 ] ⇒ λ = 24
15. Let I = ∫
1
g′ (x) dx = [ g (x)]1− 1 = g (1) − g (− 1) 2. Given region is {(x, y) : y2 ≤ 4x, x + y ≤ 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0}
−1
B(0,1)
Since, y3 − 3 y + x = 0 …(i)
and y = g (x) P
y2=4x
∴ { g (x)}3 − 3 g (x) + x = 0 [from Eq. (i)] x+y=1
At x = 1, { g (1)}3 − 3 g (1) + 1 = 0 …(ii)
X
At x = − 1, { g (− 1)}3 − 3 g (− 1) − 1 = 0 …(iii) O A(1,0)
On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Now, for point P, put value of y = 1 − x to y2 = 4x, we get
{ g (1)}3 + { g (− 1)}3 − 3 { g (1) + g (− 1)} = 0 (1 − x)2 = 4x ⇒ x2 + 1 − 2x = 4x
⇒ [ g (1) + g (− 1)][{ g (1)} + { g (− 1)} − g (1) g (− 1) − 3] = 0
2 2
⇒ x2 − 6x + 1 = 0
⇒ g (1) + g (− 1) = 0
6 ± 36 − 4
⇒ g (1) = − g ( − 1) ⇒ x=
2
∴ I = g (1) − g (− 1)
= 3 ± 2 2.
= g (1) − { − g (1)} = 2 g (1)
Area 319
3 −2 2 1
x3/ 2 x2 X' X
=2 + x − O
3 /2 0 2 3 − 2 2
P
(3 − 2 2 ) 2
(3 − 2 2 ) 3/ 2 + 1 − − (3 − 2 2 ) +
4
4 1
=
y+
2
x=
3 2 Y'
4 1 1
= [( 2 − 1)2]3/ 2 + − 3 + 2 2 + (9 + 8 − 12 2 ) On substituting y = x − 4 from Eq. (ii) to Eq. (i), we get
3 2 2
(x − 4)2 = 2x
4 5 17 ⇒ x − 8x + 16 = 2x
2
= ( 2 − 1) − + 2 2 +
3
−6 2
3 2 2 ⇒ x2 − 10x + 16 = 0
4 ⇒ (x − 2)(x − 8) = 0
= (2 2 − 3(2) + 3( 2 ) − 1) − 4 2 + 6
3 ⇒ x = 2, 8
4 8 2 10 ∴ y = − 2, 4 [from Eq. (ii)]
= (5 2 − 7) − 4 2 + 6 = −
3 3 3 So, the point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and
=a 2+b (given) (ii) are P (2, − 2) and Q(8, 4).
8 10 Now, the area enclosed by the region A
So, on comparing a = and b = − 4
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3 3 4
y2 y2 y3
8 10
= ∫ ( y + 4) −
2
dy =
2
+ 4 y −
6 −2
∴ a−b= + =6 −2
3 3
=
16 64 4 8
+ 16 − − − 8+
3. Given, equations of curves 2 6 2 6
x + 1 ,x ≥ − 1 32 4
= 8 + 16 − − 2+ 8−
y = 2x and y = | x + 1| = 3 3
− x − 1 , x < − 1 = 30 − 12 = 18 sq unit.
Q The figure of above given curves is 5. Given region is A = {(x, y) : x2 ≤ y ≤ x + 2}
Y y=x+1 Now, the region is shown in the following graph
(1,2) Y y=x+2
y=–x–1 y=2x x2=y
(0,1) B(2,4)
X′ X (0,2)
(–1,0) O A
(–2,0)
In first quadrant, the above given curves intersect each X' X'
–1 O 2
other at (1, 2).
1 Y'
So, the required area = ∫ ((x + 1) − 2x ) dx
0 For intersecting points A and B
x2 2x
1
ax Taking, x2 = x + 2 ⇒ x2 − x − 2 = 0
= + x− ∫ = + C
x
a dx
log e 2 0
Q ⇒ x2 − 2x + x − 2 = 0
2 log e a
⇒ x(x − 2) + 1(x − 2) = 0
1 2 1 ⇒ x = −1, 2 ⇒ y = 1, 4
= +1− +
2 log e 2 log e 2 So, A(−1, 1) and B (2, 4).
2
3 1
= − Now, shaded area = ∫ [(x + 2) − x
2
] dx
2 log e 2
−1
y2 x2 x3
2
= + 2x − = + 4 − − − 2 +
4. Given region A = (x, y) : ≤ x ≤ y + 4 4 8 1 1
2 2 3 −1 2 3 2 3
y2
∴ =x 1 9 1 1 9
2 =8− − = 8 − − 3 = 5 − = sq units
2 3 2 2 2
320 Area
0 1 0
1 3 2+9 11 59
= + + 4(3 − 1) = +8 = +8= sq units
X 3 2 6 6 6
O
A(λ) 9. Given equation of parabola is y = x2 + 2, and the line is
y = x+1
y y=x2 +2
x=λ y=x+1
(0,2)
λ
x 3/ 2 λ
4 3/ 2
Clearly, A (λ ) = 2∫ x dx = 2 =3λ 1
0 3 / 2 0
A (λ ) 2 x
Since, = , (0 < λ < 4) 1 O (3,0)
A (4) 5
λ3/ 2 2
3 2 The required area = area of shaded region
λ 2
⇒ = ⇒ = 3 3
43/ 2 5 4 5 =∫ ((x2 + 2) − (x + 1)) dx = ∫ (x2 − x + 1) dx
0 0
1/3 1/3 3
λ 4 4 x3 x2 27 9
⇒ = ⇒ λ =4 = − + x = − + 3 − 0
4 25 25
3 2 0 3 2
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7. Given equations of the parabola y2 = 4x …(i) 9 9 15
= 9 − + 3 = 12 − = sq units
and circle x + y =5
2 2
…(ii) 2 2 2
So, for point of intersection of curves (i) and (ii), put 10. Given, equation of parabola is y = x2 + 1, which can be
y2 = 4x in Eq. (ii), we get written as x2 = ( y − 1). Clearly, vertex of parabola is
x2 + 4x − 5 = 0 (0, 1) and it will open upward.
⇒ x2 + 5x − x − 5 = 0 y+5
⇒ (x − 1)(x + 5) = 0 Now, equation of tangent at (2, 5) is = 2x + 1
2
⇒ x = 1, − 5
[Q Equation of the tangent at (x1 , y1 ) is given by
For first quadrant x = 1 , so y = 2 . 1
T = 0. Here, ( y + y1 ) = xx1 + 1]
Now, equation of tangent of parabola (i) at point (1, 2) 2
is T = 0 y = 4x − 3
⇒ 2 y = 2(x + 1)
y= 4x–3
⇒ x− y+ 1 =0
Y
3 7
The point , satisfies, the equation of line
4 4
P (2, 5)
x− y+ 1 =0
8. Given, y ≤ x2 + 3x
2 2
3 9 3 9 (0, 1)
⇒ y ≤ x + − ⇒ x + ≥ y +
2 4 2 4 R
O X
Q (2, 0)
Since, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 and 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 3,
0
∴The diagram for the given inequalities is 4
Y
y=x2+3x
Required area = Area of shaded region
2
y=4 = ∫ y(parabola) dx − (Area of ∆PQR)
0
–3/2 2
O X = ∫ (x2 + 1) dx − (Area of ∆PQR)
(–3, 0) 1 3 0
9 2
–
4 x=3 x3 1 3
= + x − 2 − ⋅ 5
3 0 2 4
Area 321
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⇒ y = 4x − 5
⇒ x = − 1, x = 2
1
When x = − 1, then y = y=x2–1
4 (2, 3)
and when x = 2, then y = 1
Thus, the points of intersection are A − 1, and B (2, 1).
1
4 2
Now, required area = area of shaded region
2
= ∫−1 {y (line) − y (parabola)} dx (0, –1)
y=4x–5
2
2x + 2 x 2
1 x x 2 3
= ∫−1 4
− dx = + 2x −
4 42
3 −1
1 8 1 1
= 2 + 4 − − − 2 +
4 3 2 3 Now, required area = area of shaded region
1 1 1 1 9 2
= ∫ (y(parabola) − y(tangent)) dx
= 8 − −3 = 5− = sq units.
4 2 4 2 8 0
2
= ∫ [(x2 − 1) − (4x − 5)] dx
12. We have, 0
A = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ y ≤ x| x|+ 1and − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1} 2
= ∫ (x2 − 4x + 4) dx = ∫ (x − 2)2 dx
2
When x ≥ 0, then 0 ≤ y ≤ x2 + 1 0 0
2
and when x < 0, then 0 ≤ y ≤ − x2 + 1 (x − 2)3 (2 − 2)3 (0 − 2)3 8
= = − = sq units.
Now, the required region is the shaded region. 3 0
3 3 3
y
14. We have,
2 ⇒ 18x2 − 9πx + π 2 = 0
⇒ 18x − 6πx − 3πx + π 2 = 0
2
y=–x2+1 1 y=x2+1
(6x − π )(3x − π ) = 0
π π
x ⇒ x= ,
–1 1 6 3
y=0 π
Now, α < β α= ,
6
[Q y = x2 + 1⇒ x2 = ( y − 1), parabola with vertex (0, 1) and
π
y = − x2 + 1⇒ x2 = − ( y − 1) , β=
parabola with vertex (0,1) but open downward] 3
322 Area
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2 4 3
−3 1
Y′
15 (− 3 − x)3/ 2 (x + 3)3/ 2
= − −
2
1 2 2
x3/ 2 x2 x3 3 3
= x + + 3x − − −
3 /2 0 2 1 12 0 2 − 4 2 –3
15 2 2 15 2 16 15 18 3
2 1 8 = + [0 − 1] − [8 − 0] = − − = − =
= 1 + + 6 − 2 − 3 + − 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2
3 2 12
5 3 2 3 5 17. Given region is {(x, y) : y2 ≤ 2x and y ≥ 4x − 1}
= + − = 1 + = sq units
3 2 3 2 2 y2 ≤ 2x repressents a region inside the parabola
16. Here, {(x, y) ∈ R2 : y ≥ |x + 3|, 5 y ≤ (x + 9) ≤ 15} y2 = 2x …(i)
and y ≥ 4x − 1 represents a region to the left of the line
∴ y ≥ x+3
y = 4x − 1 …(ii)
x + 3 , when x ≥ − 3 The point of intersection of the curves (i) and (ii) is
⇒ y≥
− x − 3 , when x ≤ − 3 (4x − 1)2 = 2x ⇒ 16x2 + 1 − 8x = 2x
1 1
x + 3 , when x ≥ − 3 ⇒ 16x2 − 10x + 11 = 0 ⇒ x = ,
or y2 ≥ 2 8
− 3 − x, when x ≤ − 3 1
So, the points where these curves intersect are , 1
Shown as 2
1 1
and , .
y2=–x–3
Y 8 2
y2=x+3 Y
−1
4x
1,1
y=
2
1 y 2 = 2x
X′ X
–3 0
1
2
−1 1
Y′ −1 2 2 1
X′ X
O
Also, 5 y ≤ (x + 9) ≤ 15 1 −1
,
−1 8 2
⇒ (x + 9) ≥ 5 yand x ≤ 6 2
−1
Y′
Area 323
π /4
1 y + 1 y2 ∴ Area bounded = ∫ {(sin x + cos x) − (cos x − sin x)} dx
∴ Required area = ∫ − dy 0
−1/ 2 4 2 π /2
1 y2 1
−1 + ∫π / 4 {(sin x + cos x) − (sin x − cos x)} dx
= + y − ( y3 )1−1/ 2 π /4 π /2
42 −1/ 2 6 =∫ 2 sin x dx + ∫π / 4 2 cos x dx
0
1 1 1 1 1 1 = − 2 [cos x]π0 / 4 + 2 [sin x ⋅ n ]ππ // 24
= + 1 − − − 1 +
4 2 8 2 6 8 = 4 − 2 2 = 2 2( 2 − 1) sq units
1 3 3 1 9
= + − 20. Given curves are y = x …(i)
4 2 8 6 8
1 15 3 9 and 2y − x + 3 = 0 …(ii)
= × − = sq units Y
4 8 16 32
x
18. Given, A = {(x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ 1 and y2 ≤ 1 − x} y=
=0
Y x +3
X' 2y – X
3
–3
2
X′ X
(–1,0) (0,1) Y'
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2 0
1 [since, x = − 1 is not possible]
1 y3
= π (1)2 + 2 y − ∴ y=3
2 3 0
Hence, required area
π 4 3 3
= + sq units = ∫ (x2 − x1 ) dy = ∫ {(2 y + 3) − y2} dy
2 3 0 0
3
y3
19. PLAN To find the bounded area between y = f( x ) and y = g ( x ) = y2 + 3 y − = 9 + 9 − 9 = 9 sq units
between x = a to x = b. 3 0
Y 2
f(x) 21. R1 = ∫ x f (x) dx …(i)
−1
g(x) b b
g(x)
Using ∫ a f (x) dx = ∫ a f (a + b − x) dx
f(x) 2
R1 = ∫ (1 − x) f (1 − x) dx
X −1
O a c b 2
∴ R1 = ∫ (1 − x) f (x) dx …(ii)
c b −1
∴ Area bounded = ∫a[g (x ) − f(x )]dx + ∫c [f(x ) − g (x )]dx [f (x) = f (1 − x), given]
b
= ∫a | f( x ) − g ( x )|dx Given, R2 is area bounded by f (x), x = − 1 and x = 2.
2
π ∴ R2 = ∫ f (x) dx …(iii)
Here, f (x) = y = sin x + cos x, when 0 ≤ x ≤ −1
2
and g (x) = y = | cos x − sin x| On adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
π 2R1 = ∫
2
cos x − sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ f (x) dx …(iv)
4 −1
=
π π From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
sin x − cos x, ≤x≤
4 2 2R1 = R2
could be shown as
Y
22. Here, area between 0 to b is R1 and b to 1 is R2.
y = sin x + cos x b 1 1
√2
f(x)
= √2 sin x + π
∴ ∫0 (1 − x)2 dx − ∫b (1 − x)2 dx =
4
4 b 1
1 (1 − x)3 (1 − x)3 1
⇒ −3 − −3 = 4
g(x) g(x) 0 b
X
O π/4 π/2
324 Area
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x x x 1/a x 2
π /4
1 + tan − 1 + tan π /4
2 tan ⇒ ∫ 0 a − ax dx = 1 [given]
=∫ 2 2 dx = ∫ 2 dx
0 x 0 x 1/ a
1 − tan 2 1 − tan 2 1 x3/ 2 ax3
2 2 ⇒ ⋅ − =1
π a 3 /2 3 0
x 1 x tan 4t dt
Put tan = t ⇒ sec2 dx = dt = ∫ 8
2 1
2 2 2 0
(1 + t 2) 1 − t 2 ⇒ 2
− =1
3a 3a 2
2 −1 4t dt π
As ∫0 (1 + t 2) 1 − t 2
[Q tan
8
= 2 − 1] ⇒ a2 =
1
3
⇒ a=
1
[Q a > 0]
3
b
24. The curves y = (x − 1)2, y = (x + 1)2 and y = 1 /4 are 26. Since, ∫ f (x) dx = (b − 1) sin (3b + 4)
1
shown as
2 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. b, we get
Y y = (x + 1)2 y = (x – 1)
f (b) = 3(b − 1) ⋅ cos (3b + 4) + sin (3b + 4)
∴ f (x) = sin (3x + 4) + 3(x − 1) cos (3x + 4)
dy
1/4 P
27. Given, = 2x + 1
dx
R Q On integrating both sides
y = 1/4
–1 –1/2 O 1/2 1
X ∫ dy = ∫ (2x + 1) dx
⇒ y = x2 + x + C which passes through (1, 2)
where, points of intersection are ∴ 2 =1+1+C
1 1 1 1 ⇒ C =0
(x − 1)2 = ⇒ x = and (x + 1)2 = ⇒ x = −
4 2 4 2 ∴ y = x2 + x
1 1 1 1
i.e. Q , and R − , Y
2 4 2 4
1/ 2 1 y = x (x + 1)
∴ Required area = 2 ∫ (x − 1)2 − dx
0 4
1/ 2
(x − 1)3 1
=2 − x X' X
3 4 0 −1 O x=1
1 1 1 8 1
= 2 − − − − − 0 = = sq unit Y'
8 ⋅ 3 8 3 24 3
Area 325
X
O B
y = f (x)
1
1 x2 x3 1 1 1 9
∴ A = ∫ (x − x2) dx = − = − = ≠
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a a 1 a 2 a3 D
0
2 3 0 2 3 6 2
b
∫a f(x )dx = Sum of areas of rectangle shown in shaded part. Hence, no solution exists.
(ii) If f( x )≥ g ( x ) when defined in [a, b ], then Case II When m < 0
b b In this case, area between y = x − x2 and y = mx is
∫a f(x )dx ≥ ∫a g (x )dx
2
OABCO and points of intersection are (0,0) and
Description of Situation As the given curve y = e − x {1 − m, m(1 − m)}.
1 −m
cannot be integrated, thus we have to bound this function by
∴ Area of curve OABCO = ∫ [x − x2 − mx] dx
using above mentioned concept. 0
2
Graph for y = e− x Y
1
A
1
—
√e B
X
X (0, 0) O {1 – m, m (1 – m)}
O 1 1
—
√2 C
y= y = mx
x – x2
Since, x2 ≤ x when x ∈ [0, 1]
2
⇒ − x2 ≥ − x or e− x ≥ e− x 1 −m
x2 x3
1 − x2 1 −x = (1 − m) −
∴ ∫0 e dx ≥ ∫ e
0
dx
2 3 0
1 1 1 1
⇒ S ≥ − (e− x )10 = 1 − …(i) = (1 − m)3 − (1 − m)3 = (1 − m)3
e 2 3 6
1 − x2
∫0 e dx ≤ Area of two rectangles 1 9
Also, ∴ (1 − m) =
3
[given]
6 2
1 1 1
⇒ (1 − m)3 = 27
≤ 1 × + 1 − ×
2 2 e ⇒ 1 −m =3
1 1 1 ⇒ m = −2
≤ + 1 − …(ii)
2 e 2
326 Area
128 2
B = 8 − + 48 + 24 − −2 + + 3 − 6
y = x − x2 3 3
125
= sq units
0 3
∴ Area of shaded region = ∫ (x − x2 − mx) dx
1 −m 33. The region bounded by the curves y = x2, y = − x2 and
x2 x 3 0 y2 = 4 x − 3 is symmetrical about X-axis, where y = 4x − 3
= (1 − m) − meets at (1, 1).
2 3 1−m
∴ Area of curve (OABCO )
1 1
= − (1 − m) (1 − m)2 + (1 − m)3
= 2 ∫ x2 dx − ∫ ( 4x − 3 ) dx
1 1
2 3 0 3/ 4
1
= − (1 − m) 3
y = x2 Y
6
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9 1
⇒ = − (1 − m)3 [given]
2 6 (1,1) A
⇒ (1 − m)3 = − 27
X' B (3/4, 0)
⇒ (1 − m) = − 3 X
O
⇒ m =3 + 1 =4 C
Therefore, (b) and (d) are the answers. y 2 = 4x – 3
4a 2 4a 1 Y′
f (−1) 3a + 3a
2 y = –x 2
32. Given, 4b2 4b 1 f (1) = 3b2 + 3b
2 x3 1 (4x − 3)3/ 2 1
4c2 4c 1 f (2) 3c + 3c = 2 −
3 0 3 ⋅ 4 / 2 3/ 4
⇒ 4a 2 f (−1) + 4a f (1) + f (2) = 3a 2 + 3a , …(i)
4b2 f (−1) + 4b f (1) + f (2) = 3b2 + 3b …(ii) 1 1
=2 −
3 6
and 4c2 f (−1) + 4cf (1) + f (2) = 3c2 + 3c …(iii)
1 1
where, f (x) is quadratic expression given by, = 1 ⋅ = sq unit
6 3
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c and Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii).
⇒ 4x2 f (−1) + 4x f (1) + f (2) = 3x2 + 3x 34. Here, slope of tangent,
dy (x + 1)2 + y − 3
or {4 f (−1) − 3} x + {4 f (1) − 3} x + f (2) = 0
2
…(iv) =
dx (x + 1)
As above equation has 3 roots a, b and c.
dy ( y − 3)
So, above equation is identity in x. ⇒ = (x + 1) + ,
dx (x + 1)
i.e. coefficients must be zero.
⇒ f (−1) = 3 / 4, f (1) = 3 / 4, f (2) = 0 …(v) Put x + 1 = X and y − 3 = Y
dy dY
Q f (x) = ax2 + bx + c ⇒ =
dx dX
∴ a = − 1 / 4, b = 0 and c = 1, using Eq. (v) dY Y
4 − x2 ∴ =X +
Thus, f (x) = shown as, dX X
4 dY 1
Let A (−2, 0), B = (2t , − t 2 + 1) ⇒ − Y =X
dX X
1
Since, AB subtends right angle at vertex V (0, 1). ∫ − dX 1
IF = e X = e− log X =
1 −t 2 X
⇒ ⋅ = −1
2 2t
Area 327
x = e – ay x = e – ay
y = x 2 _ 2x
S3
S2
S1
S0
X′ X X′ X
O 2 O
Y′
Y′
y − 3 = (x + 1)2 + c(x + 1), which passes through (2, 0). In this case, if we take a and b positive, the values − e− ay
⇒ − 3 = (3)2 + 3c and e− ay become left bond and right bond of the curve
⇒ c= −4 and due to oscillating nature of sin by, it will oscillate
∴ Required curve between x = e− ay and x = − e−ay
( j + 1 ) π /b
y = (x + 1)2 − 4(x + 1) + 3 Now, Sj = ∫ sin by ⋅ e−ay dy
jπ /b
⇒ y = x2 − 2x
since, I = sin by ⋅ e−ay dy
x3
2 ∫
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∴ Required area = ∫ (x2 − 2x)dx=
2 − ay
− x2 I = − e
0 3 0 (a sin by + b cos by)
a 2 + b2
8 4
= − 4 = sq units − 1 −a ( j + 1)π
3 3 ∴ S j = 2 2
e b
a + b
35. The points in the graph are {a sin ( j + 1)π + b cos ( j + 1) π}
A (1, 1), B ( 2, 0), C (2, 2), D ( 2, 2) − ajπ
Y
−e b (a sin jπ + b cos jπ )
a
y = |2 – x 2| 1 − ( j + 1 )π
y = x2 Sj = − [e b {0 + b(−1) j + 1 }
D (√2,2) a + b2
2
C (2,2)
− e− ajπ / b{0 + b(− 1) j }]
y=2 −
a
jπ
− j b −aπ
= e b + 1
A b ( 1 ) e
a 2 + b2
X′ X
x = 1 B (√2,0)
[Q (−1) j + 2 = (−1)2 (−1) j = (−1) j ]
Y′ a
− jπ
be b − aπ
∴ Required area = e b + 1
a + b
2 2
2 2
=∫ { x2 − (2 − x2)} dx + ∫ {2 − (x2 − 2)} dx
1 2 a
− jπ − aπ
be b e b + 1
2 2
=∫ (2x2 − 2) dx + ∫ (4 − x2) dx a
1 2 − jπ
Sj a 2 + b2 e b
2x3
2
x 3 2 ∴ = − π
= a
− ( j − 1 )π
a a
= − 2x + 4x − Sj −1 − ( j − 1 )π
3 3 be b e b + 1 e b
1 2
4 2 2 8 2 2
= − 2 2 − + 2 + 8 − − 4 2 + a 2 + b2
3 3 3 3 a
− π
20 − 12 2 =e b = constant
= sq units
3 ⇒ S 0 , S1 , S 2, K , S j form a GP.
For a = − 1 and b = π
328 Area
1
. πj 38. Refer to the figure given in the question. Let the
π ⋅ eπ 1 ⋅π
eπ + 1 = π ⋅ e (1 + e)
j
Sj = coordinates of P be (x, x2), where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
(1 + π 2) (1 + π 2)
For the area (OPRO ),
n n Upper boundary: y = x2 and
π ⋅ (1 + e) π (1 + e)
⇒ ∑ Sj = (1 + π )2
∑ e j = (1 + π 2) (e0 + e1 + ...+ en ) lower boundary : y = f (x)
j=0 j=0 Lower limit of x : 0
π (1 + e) (en + 1 − 1) Upper limit of x : x
= ⋅ x x
(1 + π 2) e−1 ∴ Area (OPRO ) = ∫0 t 2 dt − ∫
0
f (t ) dt
|x| ≤ 1
37. Given, f (x) = 2x2 , t3
x
x + ax + b,|x| > 1
x
= − ∫ f (t ) dt
Y
3
0 0
1 x3 x
x=–
3 ∫0
x= – 2y2 8 = − f (t ) dt
y = f (x)
For the area (OPQO ),
X′ –2 –1 X The upper curve : x = y
O
and the lower curve : x = y /2
Lower limit of y : 0
and upper limit of y : x2
x2 x2 t
Y′ ∴ Area (OPQO ) = ∫ t dt − ∫ dt
0 0 2
x2 + ax + b, if x < − 1
2 2 1 2
⇒ f (x) = 2x, if − 1 ≤ x < 1 = [t3/ 2]0x − [t 2]x0
3 4
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x2 + ax + b, if x ≥ 1
2 3 x4
= x −
f is continuous on R, so f is continuous at –1 and 1. 3 4
According to the given condition,
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (−1)
x → −1 − x → −1 + x3 x 2 x4
− ∫ f (t ) dt = x3 −
3 0 3 4
and lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (1)
x → 1− x →1+ On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
x2 − f (x) ⋅ 1 = 2x2 − x3
⇒ 1 − a + b = − 2 and 2 = 1 + a + b
⇒ f (x) = x3 − x2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
⇒ a − b = 3 and a + b = 1
∴ a =2, b = −1
39. We can draw the graph of y = x2, y = (1 − x2) and
y = 2x(1 − x) in following figure
x2 + 2x − 1, if x < −1
Y
Hence, f (x) = 2x, if −1 ≤ x < 1
(1, 1)
x2 + 2x − 1, if x≥1 (0, 1) 2
y = (1 – x)
Next, we have to find the points x = − 2 y2 and y = f (x). y = x2
Q (1/2, 1/2)
The point of intersection is (–2, –1).
A B
−1/ 8 − x
∴ Required area = ∫ − f (x) dx
−2 2 y = 2x (1 – x)
−1/ 8 −x −1 −1/ 8 X′ X
=∫ dx − ∫ (x + 2x − 1)dx − ∫
2
2x dx O 1/3 2/3 1
−2 2 −2 −1
−1 Y′
2 x3
=− [(− x)3/ 2]−−12/ 8 − + x2 − x − [x2] −−11/ 8 Now, to get the point of intersection of y = x2 and
3 2 3 −2 y = 2x (1 − x), we get
2 1
3/ 2 1 x2 = 2x (1 − x)
=− − 2 − − + 1 + 1
3/ 2
⇒ 3x2 = 2x
3 2 8 3
⇒ x (3x − 2) = 0
8 1
+ − + 4 + 2 − −1 ⇒ x = 0, 2 / 3
3 64
Similarly, we can find the coordinate of the points of
2 5 63
= [2 2 − 2−9/ 2] + + intersection of
3 3 64 y = (1 − x2) and y = 2x (1 − x) are x = 1 / 3 and x = 1
63 509 761
= + = sq units
16 × 3 64 × 3 192
Area 329
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b
⇒ x = 0,
1 + b2
Y (π/4, 1)
x2
y=
b
B
X
y = x – bx 2 O π/4
X′ X π /4
–1 O b =∫ (tan x)n sec2 x dx
2 0
1+ b
π /4
1
= (tan x)n + 1
(n + 1 ) 0
Y′ 1 1
= (1 − 0) =
(n + 1) n+1
Thus, the area enclosed between the parabolas
b/(1 + b )2 x2 Since, An + 2 < An + 1 < An,
A=∫ x − bx2 − dx then An + An + 2 < 2 An
0 b
1
b/(1 + b )2 ⇒ < 2 An
x2 x3 1 + b2 1 b2 n+1
= − ⋅ = ⋅
2 3 b 0 6 (1 + b2)2 1
⇒ < An …(i)
2n + 2
On differentiating w.r.t. b, we get
1
dA 1 (1 + b2)2 ⋅ 2b − 2b2 ⋅ (1 + b2) ⋅ 2b Also, for n > 2 An + An < An + An − 2 =
= ⋅ n −1
db 6 (1 + b2)4
1
1 b (1 − b2) ⇒ 2 An <
⋅ = n −1
3 (1 + b2)3
1
dA ⇒ An < …(ii)
For maximum value of A, put =0 2n − 2
db
1 1
⇒ b = − 1, 0, 1, since b > 0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), < An <
2n + 2 2n − 2
330 Area
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Now, in y2 = 1 − 2x and y2 = 1 + 2x, the first equation vertex at (2,4) and its axis is x = 2
represents a parabola with vertex at ( 1/2,0) and second 2
1 1
equation represents a parabola with vertex ( –1/2, 0) and y = x2 − x ⇒ y = x − −
2 4
and in x2 = 1 − 2 y and x2 = 1 + 2 y, the first equation
Y y = x2 − x
represents a parabola with vertex at (0, 1/2) and second
equation represents a parabola with vertex at (0, –1 /2) . (2,4)
Therefore, the region S is lying inside the four parabolas
y2 = 1 − 2x, y2 = 1 + 2x, x2 = 1 + 2 y, x2 = 1 − 2 y
Y
A(1,1)
(0,1)
y = 4x − x2
y
2
=
2x
X' X
–1
O 1 5/2
G (1/2,–1/4)
I E x2
=
2y
–1
Y'
X 2
O H F (1,0) 1 1
⇒ x − = y +
2 4
where, S is the shaded region.
1 1
Now, S is symmetrical in all four quadrants, therefore This is a parabola having its vertex at , − ⋅
2 4
S = 4 × Area lying in the first quadrant.
1
Now, y2 = 1 − 2x and x2 = 1 − 2 y intersect on the line Its axis is at x = and opening upwards.
2
y = x. The point of intersection is E ( 2 − 1, 2 − 1).
Area of the region OEFO The points of intersection of given curves are
= Area of ∆ OEH + Area of HEFH 4x − x2 = x2 − x ⇒ 2x2 = 5x
1 5
= ( 2 − 1 )2 + ∫
1/ 2
1 − 2x dx ⇒ x (2 − 5x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0,
2 2 −1 2
1 2 1
1/ 2 Also, y = x2 − x meets X-axis at (0,0) and (1, 0).
= ( 2 − 1)2 + (1 − 2x)3/ 2 ⋅ (− 1)
2 3 2 2−1 5/ 2
1 1 ∴ Area, A1 = ∫ [(4x − x2) − (x2 − x)] dx
= (2 + 1 − 2 2 ) + (1 + 2 − 2 2 )3/ 2 0
2 3
Area 331
5/ 2
=∫ (5x − 2x2) dx 45. The required area is the shaded portion in following
0
figure
5/ 2 2 3
5 2 2 3 5 5 2 5
= x − x = − . Y y = 2x
2 3 0 2 2 3 2
5 25 2 125
= ⋅ − ⋅
2 4 3 8
125 2 125 y = loge x
= 1 − = sq units
8 3 24
X′ X
This area is considering above and below X-axis both. O 1/2 1 2
Now, for area below X-axis separately, we consider
1
1 x2 x3 1 1 1
A2 = − ∫ (x2 − x) dx = − = − = sq units
0
2 3 0 2 3 6
Y′
Therefore, net area above the X-axis is
125 − 4 121 ∴ The required area
A1 − A2 = = sq units 2
24 24 2 2x
=∫ (2x − log x) dx = − (x log x − x)
Hence, ratio of area above the X-axis and area below 1/ 2 log 2 1/ 2
X-axis
121 1 4 − 2 5 3
= : = 121 : 4 = − log 2 + sq units
24 6 log 2 2 2
44. The curve y = x2 is a parabola. It is symmetric about 46. Both the curves are defined for x > 0.
Y-axis and has its vertex at (0, 0) and the curve Both are positive when x > 1 and negative when 0 < x < 1.
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2 We know that, lim (log x) → −∞
y= is a bell shaped curve. X-axis is its asymptote
1 + x2 x→ 0 +
log x
and it is symmetric about Y-axis and its vertex is (0, 2). Hence, lim → −∞. Thus, Y-axis is asymptote of
x→ 0 + ex
Y
second curve.
And lim ex log x [(0) × ∞ form]
y = x2 x→ 0 +
e log x ∞
= lim − form
A 2 x→ 0 + 1 / x
∞
1
e
(–1, 1) C B (1,1) x
y= 2 2 = lim =0 [using L’Hospital’s rule]
1+ x x→ 0 + 1
− 2
X′ X x
O M
Thus, the first curve starts from (0, 0) but does not
Since, y = x2 …(i) include (0, 0).
2 Now, the given curves intersect, therefore
and y= …(ii) log x
1 + x2 ex log x =
2 ex
⇒ y= i.e. (e2x2 − 1) log x = 0
1+ y
1
⇒ y2 + y − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 1, [Qx > 0]
e
⇒ ( y − 1) ( y + 2) = 0 ⇒ y = − 2, 1 Y
But y ≥ 0, so y = 1 ⇒ x = ± 1
log x
Therefore, coordinates of C are (–1, 1) and coordinates y=
ex
of B are (1,1).
y = ex log x
∴ Required area OBACO = 2 × Area of curve OBAO
X′ X
O 1/e 1
1 2 1
= 2 ∫ dx − ∫ x2 dx
01 + x
2 0
3 1
x 2π 1 2
= 2 [2 tan −1 x]10 − = 2 − = π − sq unit
3 4 3 3 Y′
0
332 Area
47. Given, y = x (x − 1) 2
dy A
⇒ = x ⋅ 2 (x − 1) + (x − 1)2 O 1
dx X′ X
B L
Y y = x(x – 1) 2 −1
2
Y′
4 max
27 π
⇒ (2x − y) = − 1
X′ X 2
O 1/3 1 min
∴ Required area is OABO
π /4
=∫ ( tan x) dx − area of ∆ ALB
0
Y′
1
= (x − 1) ⋅ (2x + x − 1) = [log|sec x|]π0 / 4 −
⋅ BL ⋅ AL
2
= (x − 1) (3x − 1) 1 π π − 2
+• − • + = log 2 − − ⋅1
2 4 4
1 /3 1 1
∴ Maximum at x = 1 / 3 = log 2 − sq unit
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4
2
1 2 4
ymax = − = 49. Given curves, x2 + y2 = 25, 4 y = |4 − x2| could be
3 3 27
sketched as below, whose points of intersection are
Minimum at x = 1
(4 − x2)2
ymin = 0 x2 + = 25
16
Now, to find the area bounded by the curve y = x (x − 1)2,
Y
the Y-axis and line x = 2 .
4y = 4 – x 2
Y
5
4y = x 2 – 4 4y =x 2 – 4
C B
2
4 O
27 X′ X
–5 –4 –2 2 4
X′ X
O 1 A x 2 + y 2 = 25
x=2
Y′ –5
2
∴ Required area = Area of square OABC − ∫ y dx Y′
0
2
= 2 × 2 − ∫ x (x − 1)2 dx ⇒ (x2 + 24) (x2 − 16) = 0
0
⇒ x=±4
x (x − 1)3 2 1 2 4 2 4 − x2
= 4 − − ∫ (x − 1)3 ⋅ 1 dx ∴ Required area = 2 ∫ 25 − x2 dx − ∫ dx
3 0 3 0
0 0 4
x (x − 1)4
2
4 x2 − 4
= 4 − (x − 1)3 − −∫ dx
3 12 0 2 4
2 1 1 10 x x
4
=4− − + = sq units = 2 25 − x2 +
25
sin −1
3 12 12 3
2 2 5
0
dy
48. Given, y = tan x ⇒ = sec2x
2
4
dx 1 x3 1 x3
dy
− 4 x − −
3 0 4 3 − 4 x
∴ =2
4 2
dx x = π
4
Area 333
25 4 1 8 ⇒ x = 2, − 1
= 2 6 + sin −1 − 8 −
2 5 4 3 ∴ Required area
2 1 2
1 64 8 =∫ 5 − x2 dx − ∫ ( − x + 1) dx − ∫ (x − 1) dx
− − 16 − − 8 −1 −1 1
4 3 3
2 1 2
x 5 x − x2 x2
25 4 4 4 4 = 5 − x2 + sin −1 − + x − − x
= 2 6 + sin −1 − − − 2 2
5 −1 2 −1 2 1
2 5 3 3 3
5 2 5 −1 − 1
4 = 1 + sin −1 − −1 + sin
= 4 + 25 sin −1 sq units 2 5 2 5
5
1 1 1
− − + 1 + + 1 − 2 − 2 − + 1
50. Given curves are x2 + y2 = 4, x2 = − 2 y and x = y. 2 2 2
5 2 1 1
Y = sin −1 + sin −1 −
2 5 5 2
2 y=x
5 2 1 1 4 1
= sin −1 1− + 1− −
2 5 5 5 5 2
x + y2 = 4
5 1 5π 1
−√ 2 O √2 = sin −1 (1) − = − sq units
X′ X 2 2 4 2
−2 2
π π
tan x, − ≤ x ≤
3 3
52. Given, y =
π π
cot x, ≤x≤
−2 6 2
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x 2 − √ 2y which could be plotted as Y-axis.
Y′
Y
Thus, the required area
2 0 2 − x2 y = cot x y = tan x
= ∫− 2
4 − x2 dx − ∫− 2
x dx − ∫0 2
dx
2 x2 0 x3 2 π/2 π
X′
=2 ∫ 4 − x2 dx − − O π/4
X
− 2
0 2 3 2 0 –π/2 –π/4
π/3
2
x 4 x 2
=2 4 − x2 − sin −1 − 1 −
2 2 2 0 3
5
= (2 − π ) − Y′
3
π /4 π /3
1 ∴ Required area = ∫ ( tan x) dx + ∫ π / 4 ( cot x) dx
= − π sq units 0
3
= [− log|cos x|]0π / 4 + [log sin x] ππ //34
51. Given curves y = 5 − x and y = |x − 1| could be
2
1 3 1
= − log − 0 + log − log
sketched as shown, whose point of intersection are 2 2 2
5 − x2 = (x − 1)2 3 1
Y = log − 2 log
2 2
3 1 1
= log − log = log e 3 sq units
y = –x + 1 y=x–1 2 2 2
a 8 4 8
53. Here, ∫ 2 1 + x2 dx = ∫ a 1 + 2 dx
x
X′ X a 4
√5 –1 1 2 √5 8 8
⇒ x− = x−
x 2 x a
1
Y′ 8 8
⇒ a − − (2 − 4) = (4 − 2) − a −
⇒ 5 − x = x2 − 2x + 1
2 a a
⇒ 2x − 2x − 4 = 0
2
334 Area
8 8 16 Y
⇒ a− + 2 =2 − a + ⇒ 2a − =0
a a a
⇒ 2 (a − 8) = 0
2 P (t1)
⇒ a = ±2 2 [neglecting –ve sign]
∴ a =2 2 A
X′ X
54. The point of intersection of the curves x2 = 4 y and −1 C 1 N
x = 4 y − 2 could be sketched are x = − 1 and x = 2.
∴ Required area Q (−t1)
2 x + 2 x2
= ∫ − dx
−1 4 4 Y′
3 2 Required area
1 x2 x
= 2 + 2x − 3 e t1 + e – t1
4 −1 = 2 area of ∆PCN – ∫ 2 ydx
8 1 1 1
1
= 2 + 4 − 3 − 2 − 2 +
4 3 1 et1 + e– t1 et1 – e– t1 t1 dy
=2 –∫ y ⋅ dt
1 10 −7 1 9 9
2 2 2 dt
1
= − = ⋅ = sq units
4 3 6 4 2 8
e2t1 – e–2t1 t1 et – e– t
et1 + e– t1 et1 – e– t1 =2 –∫ dt
55. Let P = , 8 2
2 2 0
e2t1 – e–2t1 1 t1 2t
e– t + et1 e– t1 – et = – ∫ (e + e–2t – 2)dt
and Q = , 4 2 0
coderguru.in
2 2
e2t1 – e–2t1 1 e2t e–2t
We have to find the area of the region bounded by the = – – – 2t
4 22 2
curve x2 – y2 = 1 and the lines joining the centre x = 0,
y = 0 to the points (t1 ) and (– t1 ). e2t1 – e–2t1 1 2t1
= – (e – e–2t1 – 4t1 )
4 4
coderguru.in
dx
when y(1) = 1, is (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) 2 + sin x dy
8. If y = y (x) and = − cos x , y (0) = 1, then
y + 1 dx
2− y 1+ x − y π
(a) log e = 2( y − 1) (b) − log e =x+ y−2 y equals (2004, 1M)
2− x 1− x + y 2
2− x 1− x + y (a) 1/3 (b) 2/3
(c) log e =x− y (d) − log e = 2(x − 1) (c) − 1 / 3 (d) 1
2− y 1+ x − y
9. A solution of the differential equation
3. Let f : [0, 1] → R be such that f (xy) = f (x). f ( y), for all dy
2
dy
x, y ∈ [0, 1] and f (0) ≠ 0. If y = y (x) satisfies the −x + y = 0 is (1999, 2M)
dx dx
dy
differential equation, = f (x) with y(0) = 1, then (a) y = 2 (b) y = 2x
dx
1 3 (c)y = 2x − 4 (d) y = 2x2 − 4
y + y is equal to
4 4 (2019 Main, 9 Jan II) 10. The order of the differential equation whose general
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4 solution is given by y = (c1 + c2) cos (x + c3 ) − c4 ex + c5 ,
where c1 , c2, c3 , c4 , c5 are arbitrary constants, is
dy π
4. If (2 + sin x) + ( y + 1) cos x = 0 and y(0) = 1, then y (a) 5 (b) 4 (1998, 2M)
dx 2 (c) 3 (d) 2
is equal to (2017 Main)
(a)
1
(b) −
2
(c) −
1
(d)
4 Objective Questions II
3 3 3 3 (One or more than one correct option)
5. If y = y(x) satisfies the differential equation 11. Let f : [0, ∞ ) → R be a continuous function such that
( )
−1
x x− t
8 x 9 + x dy = 4 + 9 +
x
dx, x>0 and f (x) = 1 − 2x + ∫0 e f (t ) dt for all x ∈ [0, ∞ ). Then,
y(0) = 7, then y(256) = (2017 Adv.) which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE?
(2018 Adv.)
(a) 16 (b) 3 (a) The curve y = f (x) passes through the point (1, 2)
(c) 9 (d) 80 (b) The curve y = f (x) passes through the point (2, − 1)
13
1 (c) The area of the region
6. The value of ∑ π (k − 1)π π kπ
is equal {(x, y) ∈ [0, 1] × R : f (x) ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 } is
π−2
k =1 sin + sin + 4
4 6 4 6 (d) The area of the region
π −1
to (2016 Adv.) {(x, y) ∈ [0, 1] × R : f (x) ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 } is
(a) 3 − 3 (b) 2(3 − 3) (c) 2( 3 − 1) (d) 2(2 + 3) 4
336 Differential Equations
12. Let y(x) be a solution of the differential equation Analytical & Descriptive Questions
(1 + ex ) y′ + yex = 1. If y(0) = 2, then which of the dP (x)
following statement(s) is/are true? (2015 Adv.) 17. If P(1) = 0 and > P (x), ∀ x ≥ 1 , then prove that
dx
(a) y (−4) = 0 P (x) > 0, ∀ x > 1. (2003, 4M)
(b) y (−2) = 0 18. Let y = f (x) be a curve passing through (1, 1) such that
(c) y(x) has a critical point in the interval (−1 , 0) the triangle formed by the coordinate axes and the
(d) y(x) has no critical point in the interval (−1 , 0) tangent at any point of the curve lies in the first
13. Consider the family of all circles whose centres lie on the quadrant and has area 2 unit. Form the differential
straight line y = x.If this family of circles is represented by equation and determine all such possible curves.
the differential equation Py′ ′+ Qy′ + 1 = 0, where P , Q are (1995, 5M)
dy d 2y
the functions of x, y and y′ (here, y′ = , y′ ′ = ), then
dx dx2 Integer Answer Type Question
which of the following statement(s) is/are true? (2015 Adv.)
19. Let f : R → R be a continuous function, which satisfies
(a) P = y + x x
(b) P = y − x f (x) = ∫ f (t ) dt . Then, the value of f (ln 5) is … .
0 (2009)
(c) P + Q = 1 − x + y + y′ + ( y′ )2
(d) P – Q = x + y – y′ – ( y′ )2
Passage Based Problems
14. The differential equation representing the family of
curves y2 = 2c (x + c), where c is a positive parameter, Passage
is of (1999, 3M) Let f : [0, 1] → R (the set of all real numbers) be a function.
(a) order 1 (b) order 2 Suppose the function f is twice differentiable,
(c) degree 3 (d) degree 4 f ( 0) = f (1) = 0 and satisfies
f ′ ′ (x) − 2 f ′ (x) + f (x) ≥ ex , x ∈ [0, 1] (2013 Adv.)
Numerical Value
coderguru.in
−x
20. If the function e f (x) assumes its minimum in the
15. Let f : R → R be a differentiable function with f (0) = 0. interval [0, 1] at x = 1 / 4, then which of the following is
If y = f (x) satisfies the differential equation true?
dy 1 3 1
= (2 + 5 y) (5 y − 2), then the value of lim f (x) is ...... . (a) f ′ (x) < f (x), < x< (b) f ′ (x) > f (x), 0 < x <
dx x→− ∞ (2018 Adv.) 4 4 4
1 3
(c) f ′ (x) < f (x), 0 < x < (d) f ′ (x) < f (x), < x<1
Assertion and Reason 4 4
For the following question, choose the correct answer 21. Which of the following is true?
from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows. 1 1
(a) 0 < f (x) < ∞ (b) − < f (x ) <
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; 2 2
Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I. 1
(c) − < f (x ) < 1 (d) − ∞ < f (x) < 0
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; 4
Statement II is not the correct explanation of 22. Which of the following is true?
Statement I. (a) g is increasing on (1, ∞ )
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false. (b) g is decreasing on (1, ∞ )
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true.
(c) g is increasing on (1, 2) and decreasing on (2, ∞ )
16. Let a solution y = y(x) of the differential equation (d) g is decreasing on (1, 2) and increasing on (2, ∞ )
2
x x2 − 1 dy − y y2 − 1 dx = 0 satisfy y(2) = 23. Consider the statements.
3
I. There exists some x ∈ R such that, f (x) + 2x = 2(1 + x2)
π
Statement I y(x) = sec sec−1 x − and II. There exists some x ∈ R such that,
6
1 2 3 1 2 f (x) + 1 = 2x (1 + x)
Statement II y(x) is given by = − 1− 2 (a) Both I and II are true (b) I is true and II is false
y x x
(2008, 3M)
(c) I is false and II is true (d) Both I and II are false
Topic 2 Linear Differential Equation and
Exact Differential Equation
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 8. If a curve passes through the point (1, − 2) and has slope
1. The general solution of the differential equation x2 − 2 y
of the tangent at any point (x, y) on it as , then
( y − x )dx − xydy = 0 (x ≠ 0) is (where, C is a constant of
2 3
x
integration) (2019 Main, 12 April II) the curve also passes through the point
(a) y2 − 2x2 + Cx3 = 0 (b) y2 + 2x3 + Cx2 = 0 (2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
(c) y2 + 2x2 + Cx3 = 0 (d) y2 − 2x3 + Cx2 = 0 (a) ( 3 , 0) (b) (− 1, 2)
(c) (− 2 , 1) (d) (3, 0)
1
2. Consider the differential equation, y2dx + x − dy = 0. 9. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation,
y
dy
If value of y is 1 when x = 1, then the value of x for which x + y = x log e x, (x > 1). If 2 y(2) = log e 4 − 1, then y(e)
y = 2, is (2019 Main, 12 April I)
dx
5 1 3 1 1 1 3 is equal to (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
(a) + (b) − (c) + (d) − e e e2 e e2
2 e 2 e 2 e 2 (a) − (b) − (c) (d)
2 2 4 4
3. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation,
dy π π 10. If y(x) is the solution of the differential equation
+ y tan x = 2x + x2 tan x, x ∈− , , such that dy 2x + 1 −2x
dx 2 2 + y = e , x > 0,
dx x
y(0) = 1. Then (2019 Main, 10 April II)
1
π π where y (1) = e−2, then
(a) y ′ − y ′ − = π −
(2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
2 (b) 2
4 4
(a) y(x) is decreasing in , 1
1
π π
y ′ + y ′ − = − 2
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2
4 4
(b) y(x) is decreasing in (0, 1)
π π π2 π π (c) y(log e 2) = log e 4
(c) y + y − = + 2 (d) y − y − = 2
4 4 2 4 4 log e 2
(d) y(log e 2) =
4. If y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation 4
dy π π 11. Let f be a differentiable function such that
= (tan x − y) sec2 x, x ∈ − , , such that y (0) = 0,
dx 2 2 3 f (x) 1
f ′ (x) = 7 − , (x > 0) and f (1) ≠ 4. Then, lim x f
π 4 x x→ 0 + x
then y − is equal to (2019 Main, 10 April I)
4 (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
4
1 1 1 (a) does not exist (b) exists and equals
(a) − 2 (b) −e (c) 2 + (d) e − 2 7
e 2 e (c) exists and equals 0 (d) exists and equals 4
π
5. If cos x − y sin x = 6x, 0 < x < and y = 0, then
dy x dy 3 1 −π π π 4
dx 2 3 12. If + y= ,x ∈ , and y = , then
dx cos 2 x cos 2 x 3 3 4 3
π π
y is equal to (2019 Main, 9 April II)
y − equals
6 4 (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
π2 π2 π2 π2 1 4 1 1
(a) (b) − (c) − (d) − (a) + e6 (b) − (c) + e3 (d)
2 3 2 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3
6. The solution of the differential equation 13. If y = y(x) is the solution of the differential equation,
dy
x + 2 y = x2(x ≠ 0) with y(1) = 1, is (2019 Main, 9 April I) dy 1
dx x + 2 y = x2 satisfying y(1) = 1, then y is equal to
dx 2
x2 3 x3 1
(a) y = + (b) y = + (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
4 4x2 5 5x2 (a)
13
(b)
1
(c)
49
(d)
7
3 1 4 1
(c) y = x2 + (d) y = x3 + 16 4 16 64
4 4x2 5 5x2
14. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation
7. Let y = y(x) be the solution of the differential equation, dy
dy sin x + y cos x = 4x, x ∈ (0, π ).
(x + 1)
2
+ 2x(x2 + 1) y = 1 such
2
that y(0) = 0. If dx
dx π π
π If y = 0, then y is equal to
a y(1) = , then the value of ‘a’ is (2019 Main, 8 April I) 2 6 (2018 Main)
32 4 −8 2 8 4 2
1 1 1 (a) π 2
(b) π (c) − π 2 (d) − π
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 9 3 9 3 9 9
4 2 16
338 Differential Equations
coderguru.in
1/ 2 (2013 Adv.) 3 3
9 3 3 3
(a) (2e − 1, 2e) (b) (e − 1, 2e − 1)
e−1 e − 1
(c) , e − 1 (d) 0, Analytical & Descriptive Question
2 2
24. Let u (x) and v (x) satisfy the differential equations
19. Let f (x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ∞) such that du dv
t 2f (x) − x2f (t ) + p (x) u = f (x) and + p (x) v = g (x), where
f (1) = 1, and lim = 1 for each x > 0 . Then, dx dx
t→ x t−x p (x), f (x) and g (x) are continuous functions. If
f (x) is (2007, 3M) u (x1 ) > v (x1 ) for some x1 and f (x) > g (x) for all x > x1,
1 2x2 1 4x2 prove that any point (x, y) where x > x1 does not satisfy
(a) + (b) − +
3x 3 3x 3 the equations y = u (x) and y = v (x). (1997, 5M)
1 2 1
(c) − + (d)
x x2 x Integer Answer Type Question
20. If x dy = y (dx + y dy), y (1) = 1 and y (x) > 0. Then, y (−3) 25. Let y′ (x) + y(x) g′ (x) = g (x) g′ (x), y(0) = 0, x ∈ R, where
is equal to d f (x)
(2005, 1M) f ′ (x) denotes and g (x) is a given non-constant
(a) 3 (b) 2 dx
(c) 1 (d) 0 differentiable function on R with g (0) = g (2) = 0. Then,
the value of y(2) is …… (2011)
3. Let the population of rabbits surviving at a time Analytical & Descriptive Questions
t be governed by the differential equation
dp(t ) 1
= p(t ) − 200. If p(0) = 100, then p(t ) is equal to 9. If length of tangent at any point on the curve y = f (x)
dt 2 intercepted between the point and the X-axis is of
(2014 Main)
t t
length 1. Find the equation of the curve. (2005, 4M)
−
(a) 400 − 300 e 2 (b) 300 − 200 e 2 10. A right circular cone with radius R and height H
t t
− contains a liquid which evaporates at a rate
(c) 600 − 500 e 2 (d) 400 − 300 e 2
proportional to its surface area in contact with air
π (proportionality constant = k > 0). Find the time after
4. A curve passes through the point 1, . Let the slope of which the cone is empty.
6 (2003, 4M)
y y 11. A hemispherical tank of radius 2 m is initially full of
the curve at each point (x, y) be + sec , x > 0.
x x water and has an outlet of 12 cm2 cross-sectional area at
Then, the equation of the curve is (2013 Adv.) the bottom. The outlet is opened at some instant. The
flow through the outlet is according to the law
(a) sin = log x + (b) cosec = log x + 2
y 1 y
x 2 x v (t ) = 0.6 2 gh (t ), where v (t ) and h (t) are respectively
the velocity of the flow through the outlet and the
2y
(c) sec = log x + 2 (d) cos = log x +
2y 1
height of water level above the outlet at time t and g is
x x 2 the acceleration due to gravity. Find the time it takes to
5. At present, a firm is manufacturing 2000 items. It is empty the tank. (2001, 10M)
estimated that the rate of change of production P with Hint Form a differential equation by relating the
respect to additional number of workers x is given by decreases of water level to the outflow.
dP
= 100 − 12 x. If the firm employees 25 more 12. A country has food deficit of 10%. Its population grows
dx
workers, then the new level of production of items is continuously at a rate of 3% per year. Its annual food
production every year is 4% more than that of the last
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(2013 Main)
year. Assuming that the average food requirement per
(a) 2500 (b) 3000 (c) 3500 (d) 4500
person remains constant, prove that the country
will become self- sufficient in food after n years, where n
Objective Questions II is the smallest integer bigger than or equal to
(One or more than one correct option) ln 10 − ln 9
.
6. A solution curve of the differential equation ln (1.04) − (0.03) (2000, 10M)
dy
(x + xy + 4x + 2 y + 4)
2
− y2 = 0, x > 0, passes through 13. A curve passing through the point (1, 1) has the property
dx that the perpendicular distance of the origin from the
the point (1, 3). Then, the solution curve (2016 Adv.)
normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the
(a) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point distance of P from the X-axis. Determine the equation of
(b) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two points the curve. (1999, 10M)
(c) intersects y = (x + 2)2
(d) does not intersect y = (x + 3)2 14. A and B are two separate reservoirs of water. Capacity
of reservoir A is double the capacity of reservoir B. Both
7. Tangent is drawn at any point P of a curve which passes the reservoirs are filled completely with water, their
through (1, 1) cutting X-axis and Y-axis at A and B, inlets are closed and then the water is released
respectively. If BP : AP = 3 : 1, then (2006, 3M) simultaneously from both the reservoirs. The rate of
dy
(a) differential equation of the curve is 3x + y =0 flow of water out of each reservoir at any instant of time
dx is proportional to the quantity of water in the reservoir
dy
(b) differential equation of the curve is 3x − y=0 at the time.
dx
One hour after the water is released, the quantity of
(c) curve is passing through , 2
1
1
8 water in reservoir A is 1 times the quantity of water in
2
(d) normal at (1, 1) is x + 3 y = 4.
reservoir B. After how many hours do both the
reservoirs have the same quantity of water ?
Fill in the Blank (1997, 7M)
8. A spherical rain drop evaporates at a rate proportional 15. Determine the equation of the curve passing through
to its surface area at any instant t. The differential the origin in the form y = f (x), which satisfies the
equation giving the rate of change of the rains of the dy
differential equation = sin (10x + 6 y) (1996, 5M)
rain drop is …. . (1997C, 2M) dx
340 Differential Equations
Column I Column II
π /2
A.
∫0 {cos x cot x − log (sin x ) p. 1
cos x sin x
(sin x ) }dx
Answers
Topic 1 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (a)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a, d) 25. (0)
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a) Topic 3
9. (c) 10. (c) 11. (b, c) 12. (a, c)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a)
13. (b, c)
5. (c) 6. (a, d) 7. (a, c)
14. (a, c) 15. (0.40) 16. (b)
dr 1 + 1 −y2
d 2y dy 8. = − λ 9. 1 − y 2 − log = ± x + c
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18. Differential Equation: 2 = 0, x 2 +1 = 0 dt
dx dx 1 − 1 −y2
Curves : x + y = 2, xy = 1 14 π × 10 5
H
19. (0) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (b) 10. T = 11. unit
k 27 g
23. (c)
1
Topic 2 13. ( x 2 + y 2 = 2 x ) 14. log 3
2
4
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d)
1 4 3 3 5x
5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (a) 15. tan −1 tan 4 x + tan −1 − −
3 5 4 5 3
9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (a)
13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (c) 16. A → p; B → s; C → q; D → r
e e dy
= f (x) ⇒
dy
=1
⇒ | f (x)|= 2ex −1 Q 2 f (x) = 2 | f (x)|
So,
dx dx
f (x) = 2ex −1 or −2ex −1 ⇒ ∫ dy = ∫ dx
Now, h (x) = f ( f (x)) ⇒ y= x + C
⇒ h′ (x) = f ′ ( f (x)) ⋅ f ′ (x) Q y(0) = 1
[on differentiating both sides w.r.t. ‘x’] ∴ 1 =0 + C
⇒ h′ (1) = f ′ ( f (1)) ⋅ f ′ (1) ⇒ C =1
= f ′ (2) ⋅ f ′ (1) [Q f (1) = 2 (given)] ∴ y=x+1
= 2e2−1 ⋅ 2e1−1 [Q f ′ (x) = 2ex −1 or −2ex −1] 1 1 5 3 3 7
Now, y = + 1 = and y = + 1 =
= 4e 4 4 4 4 4 4
dy 1 3 5 7
2. We have, = (x − y)2 which is a differential equation of ⇒ y + y = + =3
dx 4 4 4 4
the form dy
dy 4. We have, (2 + sin x) + ( y + 1) cos x = 0
= f (ax + by + c) dx
dx dy cos x − cos x
Put x − y = t ⇒ + y=
dx 2 + sin x 2 + sin x
dy dt dy dt
⇒ 1− = ⇒ =1 − which is a linear differential equation.
dx dx dx dx
cos x
dt dy ∫ dx
⇒ 1− =t 2
[ Q = (x − y)2] ∴ IF = e 2 + sin x
= elog ( 2 + sin x ) = 2 + sin x
dx dx
dt dt ∴Required solution is given by
= 1 − t2 ⇒ ∫
1 − t2 ∫
⇒ = dx
dx − cos x
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y ⋅ (2 + sin x) = ∫ ⋅ (2 + sin x)dx + C
[separating the variables] 2 + sin x
1 1+ t ⇒ y(2 + sin x) = − sin x + C
⇒ log e =x+C
2 1 − t Also, y(0) = 1
dx 1 a+x ∴ 1(2 + sin 0) = − sin 0 + C
∫ 2 = log e + C
a − x2
2 a a − x ⇒ C =2
1 1 + x − y π
⇒ log e =x+C [Q t = x − y] 2 − sin
2 − sin x π 2 =1
2 1 − x + y ∴ y= ⇒ y =
2 + sin x 2 π 3
Since, y = 1 when x = 1, therefore 2 + sin
2
1 1 + 0 dy 1
log e =1 + C 5. =
2 1 + 0 dx 8 x 9 + x 4+ 9+ x
⇒ C = −1 [Q log 1 = 0]
1 1 + x − y ⇒ y= 4 + 9+ x + c
∴ log e = x −1
2 1 − x + y
Now, y(0) = 7 + c
1−x+ y ⇒ c=0
⇒ − log e = 2(x − 1)
1+ x− y
y(256) = 4 + 9 + 16 = 4 + 5 = 3
1
[Q log = log x−1 = − log x] 13
1
x 6. Here, ∑ π (k − 1 )π π kπ
3. Given, f (xy) = f (x) ⋅ f ( y), ∀ x, y ∈ [0, 1] ...(i) k = 1 sin
+ sin +
4 6 4 6
Putting x = y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get
Converting into differences, by multiplying and dividing
f (0) = f (0) ⋅ f (0)
π k π π (k − 1)π π
⇒ f (0) [ f (0) − 1] = 0 by sin + − + , i.e. sin .
4 6 4 6 6
⇒ f (0) = 1 as f (0) ≠ 0
π π π π
Now, put y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get sin + k − + (k − 1)
4 6 4
13
6
f (0) = f (x) ⋅ f (0) ∴ ∑ π π π π π
⇒ f (x) = 1 k =1 sin sin + (k − 1) sin + k
6 4 6 4 6
342 Differential Equations
π kπ π π (a) y = 2 ⇒
dy
=0
sin 4 + 6 cos 4 + (k − 1) 6 dx
π π π kπ
− sin + (k − 1) cos + On putting in Eq. (i),
13
4 6 4 6
= 2∑ 02 − x (0) + y = 0
π π π π
k =1 sin + (k − 1) sin + k ⇒ y = 0 which is not satisfied.
4 6 4 6
dy
13 (b) y = 2x ⇒ =2
π π π π
= 2 ∑ cot + (k − 1) − cot + k dx
k =1 4 6 4 6
On putting in Eq. (i),
π π π (2)2 − x ⋅ 2 + y = 0
= 2 cot − cot +
4 4 6 ⇒ 4 − 2x + y = 0
⇒ y = 2x which is not satisfied.
π π π 2π
+ cot + − cot + dy
4 6 4 6 (c) y = 2x − 4 ⇒ =2
dx
π π π π
+ K + cot + 12 − cot + 13 On putting in Eq. (i)
4 6 4 6
(2)2 − x − 2 + y
π π π
= 2 cot − cot + 13 4 − 2x + 2x − 4 = 0 [Q y = 2x − 4]
4 4 6
y = 2x − 4 is satisfied.
29 π 5 π (d) y = 2x2 − 4
= 2 1 − cot = 2 1 − cot 2π +
12 12 dy
= 4x
5π 5π dx
= 2 1 − cot Q cot 12 = (2 − 3 )
12
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On putting in Eq. (i),
= 2 (1 − 2 + 3 ) (4x)2 − x ⋅ 4x + y = 0
= 2 ( 3 − 1) ⇒ y = 0 which is not satisfied.
dy 1 − y2 10. Given, y = (c1 + c2) cos (x + c3 ) − c4 ex + c5 …(i)
7. Given, =
dx y ⇒ y = (c1 + c2) cos (x + c3 ) − c4 e ⋅ e x c5
y c1 + c2 = A , c3 = B, c4ec5 = c
⇒ ∫ 1 − y2
dy = ∫ dx Now, let
⇒ y = A cos (x + B) − cex …(ii)
⇒ − 1 − y = x + c ⇒ (x + c) + y = 1
2 2 2
On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Here, centre (– c, 0) and radius = 1 dy
= − A sin ( A + B) − cex …(iii)
dy − cos x ( y + 1) dx
8. Given, =
dx 2 + sin x Again, on differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy − cos x d 2y
⇒ = dx = − A cos (x + B) − cex …(iv)
y + 1 2 + sin x dx2
d 2y
On integrating both sides ⇒ = − y − 2 cex …(v)
dy cos x dx2
∫ y + 1 = − ∫ 2 + sin x dx ⇒
d 2y
+ y = − 2 cex
dx2
⇒ log ( y + 1) = − log (2 + sin x) + log c
Again, on differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
When x = 0, y = 1 ⇒ c = 4
d3 y dy
⇒ y+1=
4 + = − 2 cex …(vi)
2 + sin x dx3 dx
d3 y dy d 2y
π 4 ⇒ + = + y [from Eq. (v)]
∴ y = −1 dx2 dx dx2
2 3
which is a differential equation of order 3.
π 1
⇒ y =
2 3 11. We have,
x
∫0 e
x −t
f ( x ) = 1 − 2x + f ( t ) dt
9. Given differential equation is
dy
2
dy On multiplying e− x both sides, we get
−x + y=0 …(i) x
dx dx e− x f ( x ) = e− x − 2xe− x + ∫ e− t f ( t ) dt
0
Differential Equations 343
coderguru.in
–1
On putting x = 0 and y = 1, we get
1=1+C ⇒ C = 0
∴ y=1− x
y = 1 − x passes through ( 2, − 1) Y′
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25 2
2 ⇒ P (x) ⋅ e−x is an increasing function.
y − 2
⇒ P (x) ⋅ e− x > P (1) ⋅ e−1 , ∀ x ≥ 1
5
1 1 y − 2/ 5 ⇒ P (x) > 0, ∀ x > 1 [Q P (1) = 0 and e−x > 0]
⇒ × log = x+C
25 2 × 2 y + 2/ 5 18. Equation of tangent to the curve y = f (x) at point
5 dy
5y − 2 A (x, y) is Y − y = (X − x)
⇒ log = 20( x + C ) dx
5y + 2 y
5y − 2 (1, 1)
⇒ = Ae20x [Q e20C = A]
5y + 2
Q
(x, y) y = f(x)
when x = 0 ⇒ y = 0, then A = 1 A
5 y −2 x ′' x
∴ = e20x O P
5y + 2
5 f ( x ) −2
lim = lim e20x y′
x → −∞ 5 f(x) + 2 x → −∞
dx
whose, x-intercept x − y ⋅ , 0
5 f(x) − 2 dy
⇒ lim = 0
n → −∞ 5 f(x) + 2 dy
y-intercept 0, y − x
⇒ lim 5 f ( x ) −2 = 0 dx
n→−∞
Given, ∆OPQ = 2
2
⇒ lim f (x) = = 0.4 1 dx dy
n→ − ∞ 5 ⇒ ⋅ x − y y − x = 2
2 dy dx
dy y y − 1
2
16. Given, = 1 dy
dx x x2 − 1 ⇒ x − y ( y − xp) = 4, where p=
p dx
dy dx ⇒ p2x2 − 2 pxy + 4 p + y2 = 0
∫ y y −12
=∫
x x −12
⇒ ( y − px)2 + 4 p = 0
⇒ sec −1
y = sec −1
x+ c ∴ y − px = 2 − p
⇒ y = px + 2 − p …(i)
Differential Equations 345
coderguru.in
x 2 (t − 1 )
19. From given integral equation, f (0) = 0 . and g (x) = ∫ − log t f (t )dt
1 t + 1
Also, differentiating the given integral equation w.r.t. x
2(x − 1)
f ′ (x) = f (x) ⇒ g′ (x) = − log x ⋅ f{
(x) …(i)
(x + 1 ) + ve
If f (x) ≠ 0
f ′ (x) For g′ (x) to be increasing or decreasing.
⇒ =1 ⇒ log f (x) = x + c
f (x) 2(x − 1)
Let φ(x) = − log x
⇒ f (x) = ecex x+1
4 1 − (x − 1)
Q f (0) = 0 ⇒ ec = 0 , a contradiction φ′ (x) = − =
(x + 1) 2
x x (x + 1)2
∴ f (x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R
φ′ (x) < 0, ∀ x > 1
⇒ f (ln 5) = 0
⇒ φ (x) < φ (1)
Alternate Solution
x ⇒ φ(x) < 0 …(ii)
Given, f (x) = ∫ f (t ) dt
0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), g′ (x) < 0, x ∈ (1, ∞ )
⇒ f (0) = 0 and f ′ (x) = f (x) ∴g (x) is decreasing on x ∈ (1, ∞ ).
If f (x) ≠ 0 23. Here, f (x) + 2x = (1 − x)2 ⋅ sin 2 x + x2 + 2x …(i)
f ′ (x)
⇒ = 1 ⇒ ln f (x) = x + c where, I: f (x) + 2x = 2(1 + x) 2
…(ii)
f (x)
∴ 2(1 + x2) = (1 − x)2 sin 2 x + x2 + 2x
⇒ f (x) = ec ⋅ ex
⇒ (1 − x)2 sin 2 x = x2 − 2x + 2
Q f (0) = 0
⇒ (1 − x)2 sin 2 x = (1 − x)2 + 1
⇒ ec = 0, a contradiction
⇒ (1 − x)2 cos 2 x = − 1
∴ f (x) = 0, ∀ x ∈ R
which is never possible.
⇒ f (ln 5) = 0
∴I is false.
20. Let φ(x) = e−x f (x) Again, let h (x) = 2 f (x) + 1 − 2x(1 + x)
1 h (0) = 2 f (0) + 1 − 0 = 1
Here, φ′ (x) < 0, x ∈ 0, where,
4
h(1) = 2(1) + 1 − 4 = − 3 as [h (0)h (1) < 0]
1 ⇒ h (x) must have a solution.
and φ′ (x) > 0, x ∈ , 1
4
∴ II is true.
346 Differential Equations
1 − 1/ y
Topic 2 Linear Differential Equation and ⇒ x e− 1/ y = e + e− 1/ y + C … (i)
y
Exact Differential Equation Now, at y = 1, the value of x = 1, so
1. Given differential equation is 1
1 ⋅ e− 1 = e− 1 + e− 1 + C ⇒ C = −
( y2 − x3 ) dx − xy dy = 0, (x ≠ 0) e
dy
⇒ xy − y2 = − x3 On putting the value of C, in Eq. (i), we get
dx
1 e1/ y
dy dt dy 1 dt x= +1−
Now, put y2 = t ⇒ 2 y = ⇒y = y e
dx dx dx 2 dx
x dt 1 e1/ 2 3 1
∴ − t = − x3 So, at y = 2, the value of x = +1− = −
2 dx 2 e 2 e
dt 2
⇒ − t = − 2x2 3. Given differential equation is
dx x
dy
which is the linear differential equation of the form + y tan x = 2x + x2 tan x , which is linear differential
dt dx
+ Pt = Q. dy
dx equation in the form of + Py = Q .
2 dx
Here, P = − and Q = − 2x2.
x Here, P = tan x and Q = 2x + x2 tan x
∴IF = e∫ tan x dx = elog e (sec x ) = sec x
2
−∫ dx 1
Now, IF = e x =
x2 Now, solution of linear differential equation is given as
Q Solution of the linear differential equation is y × IF = ∫ (Q × IF)dx + C
(IF) t = ∫ Q (IF)dx + λ [where λ is integrating constant]
∴ y(sec x) = ∫ (2x + x2 tan x) sec x dx + C
t 2 = − 2 ∫ x2 × 2 dx + λ
1 1
∴
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x x = ∫ (2x sec x) dx + ∫x
2
sec x tan x dx + C
t
⇒ = − 2x + λ Q ∫ x2 sec x tan x dx = x2 sec x − ∫ (2x sec x) dx
x2
y2
⇒ + 2x = λ [Q t = y2] Therefore, solution is
x2
y sec x = 2∫ x sec x dx + x2 sec x − 2∫ x sec x dx + C
⇒ y2 + 2x3 − λx 2 = 0
or y2 + 2x3 + Cx 2 = 0 [let C = − λ] ⇒ y sec x = x2 sec x + C …(i)
Q y(0) = 1 ⇒ 1(1) = 0(1) + C ⇒ C = 1
2. Given differential equation is Now, y = x2 + cos x [from Eq. (i)]
1 and y′ = 2x − sin x
y2dx + x − dy = 0
y According to options,
π − π π 1
⇒
dx 1 1
+ 2 x = 3 , which is the linear differential y′ − y′ = 2 −
dy y 4 4 4 2
y
dx π 1
equation of the form + Px = Q. − 2 − + =π− 2
dy 4 2
1 1 π π π 1 π 1
Here, P = and Q = 3 and y′ + y′ − = 2 − + 2 − + =0
y2 y 4 4 4 2 4 2
π π π π2 1 π2
1 1 2
∫ 2 dy − 1
and y + y − = + + + = + 2
Now, IF = e y
=e y
4 4 16 2 16 2 4
∴The solution of linear differential equation is π π π π2
2
1 1
and y − y − = + − − =0
x ⋅ (IF) ∫ Q (IF)dy + C 4 4 16 2 16 2
2
IF = e∫
sec x dx which is a linear differential equation of the form
= etan x
dy
So, solution of given differential equation is + Py = Q
dx
y × IF = ∫ (Q × IF)dx + C
2
Here, P = and Q = x
y(etan x ) = ∫ etan x ⋅ sec2 x tan x dx + C x
Let tan x = t ⇒ sec2x dx = dt 2
∫ dx
yetan x = ∫ et ⋅ t dt + C = tet − ∫ et dt + C ∴ IF = e x = e2log x = x2
[using integration by parts method] Since, solution of the given differential equation is
= et (t − 1) + C
y × IF = ∫ (Q × IF) dx + C
⇒ y ⋅ etan x = etan x (tan x − 1) + C [Q t = tan x]
y(0) = 0 x4
∴ y(x2) = ∫ (x × x2) dx + C ⇒ yx2 =
Q
+C
⇒ 0 = 1(0 − 1) + C ⇒ C =1 4
∴ y ⋅ etan x = etan x (tan x − 1) + 1 1 3
Q y(1) = 1, so 1 = + C ⇒C =
π 4 4
Now, at x = −
4 x 4
3 x 2
3
ye−1 = e−1 (−1 − 1) + 1 ∴ yx2 = + ⇒y= + 2
4 4 4 4x
⇒ ye−1 = − 2e−1 + 1⇒ y = e − 2
7. Given differential equation is
dy
(x2 + 1)2 + 2x(x2 + 1) y = 1
5. Key Idea (i) First convert the given differential equation into
dy dx
linear differential equation of the form + Py = Q
dx dy 2x 1
⇒ + y =
(ii) Find IF dx 1 + x2 (1 + x2 )2
(iii) Apply formula, y( IF) = ∫ Q( IF) dx + C [dividing each term by (1 + x2 )2] …(i)
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This is a linear differential equation of the form
Given differential equation
dy
dy + P⋅y =Q
cos x − (sin x) y = 6x dx
dx
2x 1
dy 6x Here, P = and Q =
⇒ − (tan x) y = , which is the linear (1 + x2 ) (1 + x2 )2
dx cos x
2x
differential equation of the form ∫ x2
dx
dy ∴Integrating Factor (IF) = e 1 +
+ Px = Q,
x2)
dx = eln(1 + = (1 + x2 )
6x
where P = − tan x and Q = and required solution of differential Eq. (i) is given by
cos x
So, IF = e ∫
− tanx dx
= e− log(sec x ) = cos x
y ⋅ (IF) = ∫ Q (IF)dx + C
∴Required solution of differential equation is 1
cos x x2
⇒ y(1 + x2 ) = ∫
(1 + x2 )2
(1 + x2 )dx + C
y(cos x) = ∫ (6x) dx + C = 6 + C = 3x2 + C
dx
cos x 2 ⇒ y(1 + x2 ) = ∫ +C
π 1 + x2
Given, y = 0
3 ⇒ y(1 + x2 ) = tan −1 (x) + C
2
π π
2
y(0) = 0
0 = 3 + C ⇒C = −
Q
So,
3 3 ∴ C=0
π 2
∴ y(1 + x2 ) = tan −1 x [Q C = 0]
∴ y(cos x) = 3x2 −
3 tan −1 x
π ⇒ y=
Now, at x = 1 + x2
6 tan −1 x
3 π2 π2 π2 π2 ⇒ ay = a
y =3 − =− ⇒ y=− 1 + x2
2 36 3 4 2 3
[multiplying both sides by a]
6. Given differential equation is Now, at x = 1
dy
+ 2 y = x2, (x ≠ 0)
x π
dx tan −1 (1) aπ π
a y (1) = a = a 4 = = (given)
dy 2 1+ 1 2 8 32
⇒ + y = x,
dx x 1 1
∴ a= ⇒a =
4 16
348 Differential Equations
8. We know that, slope of the tangent at any point (x, y) on From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
the curve is C =0
dy x2 − 2 y So, required solution is
= (given)
dx x x2 x2
yx = log e x −
dy 2 2 4
⇒ + y=x …(i)
dx x e2 e2
Now, at x = e, ey(e) = log e e −
which is a linear differential equation of the form 2 4
dy
+ P (x) ⋅ y = Q (x), [where, y(e) represents value of y at x = e]
dx e
2 ⇒ y(e) = [Q log e e = 1].
where P (x) = and Q (x) = x 4
x
Now, integrating factor dy 2x + 1 − 2x
10. We have, + y=e
2
∫ dx dx x
(IF) = e∫
P ( x )dx
= e x = e2log e x dy
2 which is of the form + Py = Q, where
= elog e x [Q m log a = log am ] dx
2x + 1
= x2 [Q elog e f ( x ) = f (x)] P= and Q = e−2x
x
and the solution of differential Eq. (i) is 1 + 2x 1
∫ dx ∫ + 2 dx
Now, IF = e∫ =e x
= e x
Pdx
y(IF) = ∫ Q (x)(IF)dx + C ⇒ y(x ) = ∫ x ⋅ x dx + C 2 2
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1 9
−2 = + C ⇒C = − x2
4 4 = ∫ x dx + C = +C … (i)
2
∴ Equation of required curve is 4 yx = x4 − 9.
2
1 −2
Now, checking all the option, we get Since, y = e when x = 1
2
only ( 3 , 0) satisfy the above equation. 1 −2 2 1
∴ e . e = + C ⇒ C = 0 (using Eq. (i))
9. Given differential equation is 2 2
dy x2 x
+ y = x log e x, (x > 1)
x ∴ y (xe ) =
2x
⇒ y = e−2x
dx 2 2
dy 1 −2x x −2x 1
⇒
dy 1
+ y = log e x …(i) Now, = e + e (− 2) = e−2x − x < 0,
dx x dx 2 2 2
1
Which is a linear differential equation. if < x < 1 [by using product rule of derivative]
1 2
∫ dx
So, if = e x = elog e x = x and y(log e 2) =
log e 2 −2log e 2 1
e = log e 2 elog e 2
−2
and solution of differential Eq. (i) is given by 13. Given differential equation can be rewritten as
dy 2
y(IF) = ∫ (Q ⋅ (IF))dx + C + ⋅ y = x, which is a linear differential equation of
dx x
yx3/ 4 = ∫ 7x3/ 4dx + C dy 2
the form + Py = Q, where P = and Q = x.
3 dx x
+1
x4 Now, integrating factor
⇒ yx 3/ 4
=7 +C 2
3 ∫
+1 dx 2
(IF) = e x = e2log x = elog x = x2
4
7 [Q elog f ( x ) = f (x) ]
⇒ y x3/ 4 = 4x 4 + C and the solution is given by
⇒ y = 4x + C x−3/ 4 y(IF ) = ∫ (Q × IF ) dx + C
So, y = f (x) = 4x + C ⋅ x−3/ 4
⇒ yx2 = ∫ x3 dx + C
1 4
Now, f = + C ⋅ x3/ 4
x x x4
⇒ yx2 = +C …(i)
1 4
∴ lim x f = lim x + Cx3/ 4 = lim (4 + Cx7/ 4 ) = 4 4
x→ 0 + x x→ 0 + x x→ 0 + Since, it is given that y = 1 when x = 1
12. Given, differential equation is ∴ From Eq. (i), we get
dy 3 1 1 3
+ y= , which is a linear differential 1 = + C ⇒C = …(ii)
dx cos 2 x cos 2 x 4 4
dy 3 ∴ 4x2y = x4 + 3 [using Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
equation of the form + Py = Q, where P = and
dx cos 2 x x4 + 3
1 ⇒ y=
Q= . 4x2
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cos 2 x 1
Now, Integrating factor +3
1 16 49
3
∫ 2 dx Now, y = =
2
IF = e cos x = e∫
3 sec 2 x dx 1 16
= e3 tan x and the solution of 4×
4
differential equation is given by
y(IF) = ∫ (Q. (IF)) dx 14. We have,
dy dy
sin x + y cos x = 4x ⇒ + y cot x = 4xcosec x
⇒ e3 tan x . y = ∫ e3 tan x sec2 x dx … (i) dx dx
This is a linear differential equation of form
dy
Let I = ∫ e3 tan x sec2 x dx + Py = Q
dx
Put 3 tan x = t where P = cot x, Q = 4x cosec x
⇒ 3 sec2 x dx = dt
Now, IF = e∫ Pdx = e∫
cotxdx
= elogsin x = sin x
et et e3 tan x
∴ I = ∫ dt = +C= +C Solution of the differential equation is
3 3 3
y ⋅ sin x = ∫ 4x cosec x sin xdx + C
From Eq. (i)
e3 tan x ⇒ y sin x = ∫ 4xdx + C = 2x2 + C
e3 tan x . y = +C
3 π
Put x = , y = 0, we get
It is given that when, 2
π 4 π2 π2
x = , y is C=− ⇒ y sin x = 2x2 −
4 3 2 2
3 4 e3 π
⇒ e = +C Put x=
3 3 6
⇒ C = e3 1 π 2 π 2
∴ y = 2 −
e3 tan x 2 36 2
Thus, e3 tan x y = + e3
3 π2 8π 2
⇒ y= − π2 ⇒ y = −
π e−3 9 9
Now, when x = − , e−3 y = + e3
4 3 Alternate Method
dy
1 π We have, sin x + y cos x = 4x, which can be written as
⇒ y = e6 + Q tan − 4 = − 1 dx
3 d
(sin x ⋅ y) = 4x
dx
350 Differential Equations
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y 2
y x5
f (0) = 0 ⇒ c = 0 ⇒ f (x) 1 − x2 = + x2
On integrating both sides, we get 5
3 /2 3 /2 x2
x x2 Now, ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ dx
− = +C …(i) − 3 /2 − 3 /2
1 − x2
y 2
[using property]
Q It passes through (1, − 1). 3 /2 x2
1 1 =2 ∫ dx
∴ 1= +C ⇒ C = 0
1 − x2
2 2
x x2 1 π /3 sin 2 θ
Now, from Eq. (i) − = + =2 ∫ cos θ dθ [taking x = sin θ ]
y 2 2 0 cos θ
2x π /3 π /3
⇒ x2 + 1 = − =2 ∫ sin 2 θ dθ = ∫ (1 − cos 2θ ) dθ
y 0 0
π /3
2x sin 2θ π sin 2π / 3 π 3
⇒ y=− 2 = θ − = − = −
x +1 2 0 3 2 3 4
1 4 18. PLAN Whenever we have linear differential equation containing
∴ f − =
2 5 inequality, we should always check for increasing or
decreasing,
16. Given differential equation is dy dy
i.e. for + Py < 0 ⇒ + Py > 0
dy dx dx
(x log x) + y = 2x log x
Multiply by integrating factor, i.e. e ∫
Pdx
dx and convert into
dy y total differential equation.
⇒ + =2 Here, f ′ (x) < 2 f (x), multiplying by e− ∫ 2dx
dx x log x
d
This is a linear differential equation. f ′ (x) ⋅ e−2x − 2e−2x f (x) < 0 ⇒ ( f (x) ⋅ e−2x ) < 0
dx
1
∫ x log x dx 1
∴ IF = e = elog(log x ) = log x ∴ φ (x) = f (x)e−2x is decreasing for x ∈ , 1
2
Now, the solution of given differential equation is given
1
by Thus, when x >
2
y ⋅ log x = ∫ log x ⋅ 2dx
1 1
φ (x) < φ ⇒ e−2x f (x) < e−1 ⋅ f
⇒ y ⋅ log x = 2∫ log xdx 2 2
⇒ y ⋅ log x = 2 [x log x − x] + c
Differential Equations 351
1 Since, y (0) = − 1
⇒ f (x) < e2x −1 ⋅ 1, given f = 1
2 ⇒ −1 ⋅ e0 (1 + 0) = − e0 + c
1 1
⇒ 0<∫ f (x) dx < ∫ e2x − 1 dx c=0
1/ 2 1/ 2
1 1
1 ∴ y=− ⇒ y (1) = −
1 e2x − 1 (1 + t ) 2
⇒ 0<∫ f (x) dx <
1/ 2 2 1/ 2 f (x)
22. Here, f ′ (x) = 2 −
1 e−1 x
⇒ 0 < ∫ f (x) dx <
1/ 2 2 dy y
or + = 2 [i.e. linear differential equation in y]
t f (x) − x f (t )
2 2 dx x
19. Given, lim =1 1
t→ x t−x ∫ dx
Integrating Factor, IF = e x = elog x = x
⇒ x2f ′ (x) − 2x f (x) + 1 = 0
∴ Required solution is y ⋅ (IF) = ∫ Q (IF)dx + C
x2f ′ (x) − 2x f (x) 1
⇒ + 4 =0
(x2)2 x ⇒ y(x) = ∫ 2(x) dx + C
d f (x) 1 ⇒ yx = x2 + C
⇒ =− 4
dx x2 x C
∴ y=x+ [QC ≠ 0, as f (1) ≠ 1]
On integrating both sides, we get x
1 1
f (x) = cx2 + (a) lim f ′ = lim (1 − Cx2) = 1
3x x→ 0 + x x → 0 +
2 ∴ Option (a) is correct.
Also, f (1) = 1, c=
3 1
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2 1 (b) lim x f = lim (1 + Cx2) = 1
Hence, f (x) = x2 + x → 0+ x x → 0 +
3 3x
∴ Option (b) is incorrect.
20. Given, x dy = y(dx + y dy), y > 0 (c) lim x2f ′ (x) = lim (x2 − C ) = − C ≠ 0
x → 0+ x → 0+
⇒ x dy − y dx = y2dy
∴ Option (c) is incorrect.
x dy − y dx x
⇒ = dy ⇒ d = − dy C
y2 y (d) f (x) = x + , C ≠ 0
x
On integrating both sides, we get For C > 0, lim f (x) = ∞
x x → 0+
=− y+ c …(i) ∴ Function is not bounded in (0, 2).
y
∴ Option (d) is incorrect.
Since, y (1) = 1 ⇒ x = 1, y = 1
23. PLAN Linear differential equation under one variable.
∴ c=2
+ Py = Q; IF = e ∫
dy Pdx
x
Now, Eq. (i) becomes, + y = 2 dx
y ∴ Solution is, y (IF) = ∫ Q ⋅ (IF) dx + C
Again, for x = − 3 y ′ − y tan x = 2x sec x and y (0) = 0
⇒ –3 + y2 = 2 y dy
⇒ − y tan x = 2x sec x
⇒ y2 − 2 y − 3 = 0 dx
⇒ ( y + 1) ( y − 3) = 0 ∴ IF = ∫ e− tan x dx = elog|cos x| = cos x
As y > 0, take y = 3, neglecting y = − 1. Solution is y ⋅ cos x = ∫ 2x sec x ⋅ cos x dx + C
dy t 1
21. Given, − y= and y (0) = − 1 ⇒ y ⋅ cos x = x2 + C
dt 1 + t (1 + t )
As y(0) = 0 ⇒ C = 0
Which represents linear differential equation of first ∴ y = x2 sec x
order.
π π2
t
∫ − 1 + t dt Now, y =
∴ IF = e = e−t + log (1 + t ) = e− t ⋅ (1 + t ) 4 8 2
Required solution is, π π π2
⇒ y′ = +
1 4
ye− t (1 + t ) = ∫ ⋅ e− t (1 + t ) dt + c = ∫ e− t dt + c 2 8 2
1+ t
π 2π π 4π 2π
2 2
−t −t y = ⇒ y′ = +
⇒ ye (1 + t ) = − e +c 3 9 3 3 3 3
352 Differential Equations
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Put y = vx [Q it is in homogeneous form]
and h (x) = f (x) − g (x) > 0, for x > x1
dy dv
d ⇒ = v+ x
Thus, [r (x) w (x)] > 0, ∀ x > x1 dx dx
dx
Now, differential equation becomes
r (x) w (x) increases on the interval [x, ∞ [ dv v2x2 − x2 dv (v2 − 1)x2
Therefore, for all x > x1 v+ x = ⇒ v+ x =
dx 2x(vx) dx 2vx2
r (x) w (x) > r (x1 ) w (x1 ) > 0 dv v2 − 1 v2 − 1 − 2v2
⇒ x = −v=
[Q r (x1 ) > 0 and u (x1) > v (x1)] dx 2v 2v
⇒ w (x) > 0 ∀ x > x1 dv 1 + v2 2v dv dx
⇒ x =− ⇒ ∫ = −∫
⇒ u (x) > v (x) ∀ x > x1 [Q r (x) > 0] dx 2v 1+ v 2
x
Hence, there cannot exist a point (x, y) such that x > x1 ⇒ ln (1 + v2) = − ln x − ln C
and y = u (x) and y = v (x). f ′ (x)
Q ∫ f (x) dx ⇒ ln| f (x)|+ C
dy
25. + y ⋅ g′ (x) = g (x) g′ (x)
dx ⇒ ln|(1 + v2)Cx|= 0 [Q ln A + ln B = ln AB]
IF = e∫
g ′( x ) dx
= e g( x ) ⇒ (1 + v )Cx = 1
2
[log e x = 0 ⇒ x = e0 = 1]
∴ Solution is y (e g( x ) ) = ∫ g (x) ⋅ g′ (x) ⋅ e g( x ) dx + C y
Now, putting v = , we get
x
Put g (x) = t, g′ (x) dx = dt
y2
y(eg( x ) ) = ∫ t ⋅ et dt + C 1 + 2 Cx = 1 ⇒ C (x2 + y2) = x
x
= t ⋅ et − ∫ 1 ⋅ et dt + C = t ⋅ et − et + C Q The curve passes through (1, 1), so
g( x )
= ( g (x) − 1) e +C g( x ) 1
ye …(i) C (1 + 1) = 1 ⇒ C =
Given, y(0) = 0, g (0) = g (2) = 0 2
∴ Eq. (i) becomes, Thus, required curve is x2 + y2 − 2x = 0, which represent
a circle having centre (1, 0)
y(0) ⋅ eg( 0) = ( g (0) − 1) ⋅ eg( 0) + C
⇒ 0 = (− 1) ⋅ 1 + C ⇒ C = 1 ∴ The solution of given differential equation represents
a circle with centre on the X-axis.
∴ y(x) ⋅ eg( x ) = ( g (x) − 1) eg( x ) + 1
dp 1
⇒ y(2) ⋅ eg( 2) = ( g (2) − 1) eg( 2) + 1, where g(2) = 0 3. Given, differential equation is − p(t ) = −200 is a
dt 2
⇒ y(2) ⋅ 1 = (− 1) ⋅ 1 + 1
linear differential equation.
y(2) = 0
Differential Equations 353
−1 dy
Here, p(t ) = , Q (t ) = −200 ⇒ [(x + 2)2 + y(x + 2)] − y2 = 0
2 dx
1 t Put x + 2 = X and y = Y , then
∫ − dt −
IF = e 2 = e 2 dY
(X 2 + XY ) −Y 2 = 0
Hence, solution is dX
p (t ) ⋅ IF = ∫ Q (t ) ⋅ IF dt ⇒ X 2dY + XYdY − Y 2dX = 0
t t ⇒ X 2dY + Y (XdY − YdX ) = 0
− −
p(t )⋅ e 2 = ∫ −200 ⋅ e 2dt dY XdY − YdX
⇒ − =
t t
Y X2
− −
p(t )⋅ e 2 = 400 e 2 +K Y
⇒ − d (log|Y |) = d
X
⇒ p(t ) = 400 + ke−1/ 2
If p(0) = 100, then k = − 300 On integrating both sides, we get
t Y
⇒ p(t ) = 400 − 300 e2 − log|Y| = + C, where x + 2 = X and y = Y
X
4. PLAN To solve homogeneous differential equation, i.e. substitute y
y ⇒ − log| y| = +C …(i)
=v x+ 2
x
dy dv Since, it passes through the point (1, 3).
∴ y = vx ⇒ =v +x
dx dx ∴ − log 3 = 1 + C
Here, slope of the curve at (x, y) is ⇒ C = − 1 − log 3 = − (log e + log 3)
dy y y
= + sec = − log 3e
dx x x
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∴ Eq. (i) becomes
y
Put =v y
x log| y| + − log (3e) = 0
x+2
dv dv
∴ v+ x = v + sec (v) ⇒ x = sec (v) | y| y
dx dx ⇒ log + =0 …(ii)
3e x + 2
dv dx dx
⇒ ∫ sec v = ∫ x ⇒ ∫ cos v dv = ∫ x Now, to check option (a), y = x + 2 intersects the curve.
y |x + 2| x + 2 |x + 2|
⇒ sin v = log x + log c ⇒ sin = log(cx) ⇒ log + = 0 ⇒ log = −1
x 3e x + 2 3e
π π |x + 2| 1
As it passes through 1, ⇒ sin = log c ⇒ = e−1 =
6 6 3e e
1 ⇒ |x + 2| = 3 or x + 2 = ± 3
⇒ log c =
2
∴ x = 1, − 5 (rejected), as x > 0 [given]
y 1
∴ sin = log x + ∴ x = 1 only one solution.
x 2
Thus, (a) is the correct answer.
dP
5. Given, = (100 − 12 x ) ⇒dP = (100 − 12 x ) dx To check option (c), we have
dx
| y| y
On integrating both sides, we get y = (x + 2)2 and log + =0
3e x + 2
∫ dP = ∫ (100 − 12 x ) dx
|x + 2|2 (x + 2 )2 |x + 2|2
⇒ log + = 0 ⇒ log = − (x + 2)
P = 100x − 8x 3/ 2
+C 3e x+2 3e
When x = 0, then P = 2000 ⇒ C = 2000 (x + 2)2 3e
Now, when x = 25, then is ⇒ = e−( x + 2) or (x + 2)2 ⋅ ex + 2 = 3e ⇒ex+ 2 =
3e (x + 2)2
P = 100 × 25 − 8 × (25)3/ 2 + 2000 Y
e x +2
= 2500 − 8 × 125 + 2000
= 4500 − 1000 = 3500 e2
dy
6. Given, (x2 + xy + 4x + 2 y + 4) − y2 = 0 3e /4
dx 3e /( x + 2)2
dy X
⇒ [(x2 + 4x + 4) + y(x + 2)] − y2 = 0 O
dx
354 Differential Equations
coderguru.in
t2
The intercept on the coordinate axes are ∴ −∫ dt = ± x + C
1 − t2
y
A x − , 0
f ′ (x) 1
⇒ ∫ 1 −
dt = ± x + C
1 − t 2
and B [0, y − x f ′ (x)]
1+ t
Since, P is internally intercepts a line AB, ⇒ t − log =± x+C
1−t
y
3 x − + 1 ×0
f ′ (x) 1 + 1 − y2
∴ x= ⇒ 1 − y2 − log =±x+C
3+1 1 − 1 − y2
Y
(1, 1) 10. Given, liquid evaporates at a rate proportional to its
B
3 (x, y) surface area.
P y = f (x) dV
⇒ ∝ −S …(i)
1 dt
X
A 1 2
We know that, volume of cone = πr h
dy y dy 1 3
⇒ = ⇒ =− dx
dx − 3x y 3x R
On integrating both sides, we get
xy3 = c
Since, curve passes through (1, 1), then c = 1. r
H
∴ xy = 1
3
1 h
At x= ⇒ y=2
8
Hence, (a) and (c) are correct answers.
8. Since, rate of change of volume ∝ surface area and surface area = πr 2
1
⇒
dV
∝ SA or V = πr 2h and S = πr 2 …(ii)
dt 3
R r
⇒ 4 πr 2 ⋅
dr
= − λ 4 πr 2 Where, tan θ = and = tan θ …(iii)
dt H h
Differential Equations 355
1
⇒ T=
A (0.6) 2 gr ∫1 [1 − (1 + t14 − 2t12)] dt1
V = πr3 cot θ and S = πr 2
…(iv)
3
−2πr3 0
On substituting Eq. (iv) in Eq. (i), we get ⇒ T=
A (0.6) 2 gr ∫1 [1 − 1 − t14 + 2t12] dt1
1 dr
cot θ ⋅ 3r 2 = − kπ r 2 2πr3 0
3 dt
0 T
⇒ T=
A (0.6) 2 gr ∫1 (t14 − 2t12) dt1
⇒ cot θ ∫ dr = − k ∫ dt 0
R 0
2πr3 t15 2t13
⇒ cot θ (0 − R) = − k (T − 0) ⇒ T= −
A (0.6) 2 gr 5 3 1
⇒ R cot θ = kT ⇒ H = kT [from Eq. (iii)]
2π ⋅ r5/ 2 1 2
H ⇒ T= ⋅ 0 − − 0 +
⇒ T= 6 5 3
k A 2 gr
10
H
∴ Required time after which the cone is empty, T =
k 2π ⋅ 25/ 2 (102) 5/ 2 2 1
⇒ T= −
12 ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g 3 5
3
11. Let O be the centre of hemispherical tank. Let at any
instant t, water level be BAB1 and at t + dt, water level 5
is B′ A′ B1. Let ∠ O1OB1 = θ. 2π × 105 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 5 10 − 3
=
O O1 (12 × 3) g 15
θ
2π × 105 × 7 14π × 105
B
A
B1 = = unit
B ′1 3⋅3⋅ g ⋅3 27 g
B' A′
12. Let X 0 be initial population of the country andY 0 be its
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initial food production. Let the average consumption be
a unit. Therefore, food required initially aX 0. It is given
O2
90
Y p = aX 0 = 0.9 aX 0 …(i)
⇒ AB1 = r cos θ and OA = r sin θ decrease in the water 100
volume in time dt = π AB12 ⋅ d (OA )
Let X be the population of the country in year t.
[πr 2 is surface area of water level and d (OA ) is depth
dX
of water level] Then, = Rate of change of population
dt
= πr 2 ⋅ cos 2 θ ⋅ r cos θ dθ
3
= πr3 ⋅ cos3 θ dθ = X = 0.03 X
100
Also, h (t ) = O2A = r − r sin θ = r (1 − sin θ ) dX dX
⇒ = 0.03 dt ⇒ ∫ = ∫ 0.03 dt
Now, outflow rate Q = A ⋅ v (t ) = A ⋅ 0.6 2 gr (1 − sin θ ) X X
Where, A is the area of the outlet. ⇒ log X = 0.03 t + c
Thus, volume flowing out in time dt. ⇒ X = A ⋅ e0. 03 t , where A = ec
⇒ Q dt = A ⋅ (0.6) ⋅ 2 gr ⋅ 1 − sin θ dt At t = 0, X = X 0, thus X 0 = A
We have, πr3 cos3 θ dθ = A (0.6) ⋅ 2 gr ⋅ 1 − sin θ dt ∴ X = X 0 e0. 03 t
V ′A
Distance of perpendicular from the origin to Eq. (i) ⇒ log = − K 1t ⇒ V A′ = V A ⋅ e−K1 t …(i)
dx VA
y+ ⋅x
dy Similarly for B, VB′ = VB ⋅ e−K 2t …(ii)
=
dx
2 On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
1+ V A′ V A − (K1
dy = ⋅e − K2) t
VB′ VB
Also, distance between P and X-axis is |y|.
dx It is given that at t = 0, V A = 2 VB and at
y+ ⋅x 3 3
dy t = , V A′ = VB′
∴ = | y| 2 2
2
dx 3 − (K1 − K 2 )t 3
1+ Thus, = 2⋅ e ⇒ e− (K1 − K 2 ) = …(iii)
dy 2 4
Now, let at t = t0 both the reservoirs have some quantity
dx
2
dx 2 dx
⇒ y2 + ⋅ x + 2xy = y2 1 + of water. Then,
dy dy dy
V A′ = VB′
−(K − K 2 )
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dx
2
dx From Eq. (iii), 2e =1
⇒ (x − y ) + 2xy
2 2
=0 t0
dy dy 3
⇒ 2⋅ =1
4
dx dx 2
⇒ dy (x − y ) + 2xy = 0
2
t0 = log3/ 4 (1 / 2)
dy
dy
dx dy y2 − x2 15. Given, = sin (10x + 6 y)
⇒ = 0 or = dx
dy dx 2xy
dx Let 10x + 6 y = t …(i)
But =0 dy dt
dy ⇒ 10 + 6 =
dx dx
⇒ x = c, where c is a constant.
dy 1 dt
Since, curve passes through (1, 1), we get the equation ⇒ = − 10
of the curve as x = 1. dx 6 dx
dy y2 − x2 Now, the given differential equation becomes
The equation = is a homogeneous equation.
dx 2xy 1 dt
sin t = − 10
dy dv 6 dx
Put y = vx ⇒ =v+ x
dx dx dt
⇒ 6 sin t = − 10
dv v2x2 − x2 dx
v+ x = dt
dx 2x2v ⇒ = 6 sin t + 10
dx
dv v2 − 1 v2 − 1 − 2v2 v2 + 1
⇒x = −v= =− dt
dx 2v 2v 2v ⇒ = dx
6 sin t + 10
−2 v dx
⇒ dv = On integrating both sides, we get
v2 + 1 x
1 dt
2 ∫ 3 sin t + 5
⇒ c1 − log (v + 1) = log|x|
2
=x+ c …(ii)
y2
⇒ log| x|(v2 + 1) = c1 ⇒ | x| 2 + 1 = ec1 dt dt
I1 = ∫
3 sin t + 5 ∫
x Let =
2 tan t / 2
⇒ x2 + y2 = ± ec1 x or x2 + y2 = ± ecx is passing through 3 +5
1 + tan t / 2
2
(1, 1).
∴ 1 + 1 = ± ec ⋅ 1 (1 + tan 2 t / 2) dt
=∫
⇒ ± ec = 2 t 2 t
6 tan + 5 + 5tan
Hence, required curve is x2 + y2 = 2x . 2 2
Differential Equations 357
π /2
Put tan t /2 = u 17. A. I = ∫
x
(sin x)cos {cos x ⋅ cot x − log (sin x)sin x } dx
0
1 2 du
⇒ sec2 t / 2 dt = du ⇒ dt = π /2 d
2 sec2 t / 2 =∫ (sin x)cos x dx = 1
0 dx
2 du 2 du
⇒ dt = ⇒ dt = B. The point of intersection of − 4 y2 = x and
1 + tan 2 t / 2 1 + u2
x − 1 = − 5 y2 is (− 4, − 1) and (− 4, 1).
2 (1 + u 2)du 2 du Y
∴ I1 = ∫ = ∫
(1 + u 2) (5u 2 + 6u + 5) 5 6
u + u+1
2
(– 4, 1)
5
2 du
=
5 ∫
6 9 9
u + u+ 2
− +1
5 25 25 X′ X
(1, 0)
2 du 2 5 u + 3 / 5
= ∫ = ⋅ tan −1 (– 4, –1)
5 3
2
4
2
5 4 4 /5
u + +
5 5
1 5u + 3 1 5 tan t / 2 + 3
= tan −1 = tan −1
Y′
2 4 2 4 ∴Required area
= 2 ∫ (1 − 5 y2) dy − ∫ − 4 y2 dy
On putting this in Eq. (ii), we get 1 1
t 0 0
5 tan + 3
−1
1 1
2 y3
=x+ c 4
tan 1
4 4 = 2 ∫ (1 − y2)dy = 2 y − = sq units
0
3 0 3
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t C. The point of intersection y = 3x −1 log x and y = xx − 1
5 tan 2 + 3 is (1, 0).
⇒ tan −1 = 4x + 4c
4 dy 3x −1
Hence, = + 3x −1 ⋅ log 3 ⋅ log x
dx x
1 dy
⇒ [5 tan (5x + 3 y) + 3] = tan (4x + 4c) ∴ =1
4 dx (1, 0)
⇒ 5 tan (5x + 3 y) + 3 = 4 tan (4x + 4c)
For y = xx − 1
When x = 0, y = 0, we get dy
⇒ = xx (1 + log x)
5 tan 0 + 3 = 4 tan (4c) dx
3 dy
⇒ = tan 4c ∴ =1
4 dx (1, 0)
3 If θ is angle between the curves, then tan θ = 0.
⇒ 4c = tan −1
4
⇒ θ = 0°
3
Then, 5 tan (5x + 3 y) + 3 = 4 tan 4x + tan −1 D.
dy
=
2
⇒
dx x y
− =
4 dx x + y dy 2 2
4 3 3 1
⇒ tan (5x + 3 y) = tan 4x + tan − ⇒ xe− y/ 2 = ⋅ ∫ y ⋅ e− y/ 2dy
5 4 5 2
4 1 ye− y 2 e− y/ 2
−1 3 3 ⇒ xe− y/ 2 = − + k
⇒ 5x + 3 y = tan −1 tan 4x + tan − 2 − 1 / 2 (1 / 2)2
5 4 5
⇒ x + y + 2 = key/ 2
−1 4 −1 3 3
⇒ 3 y = tan tan 4x + tan − − 5x It passing through (1, 0).
5 4 5
⇒ k =3
1 4 3 3 5x ∴ x + y + 2 = 3e y/ 2
⇒ y= tan −1 tan 4x + tan −1 − −
3 5 4 5 3
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of 60° with the line x + y = 0. Then, an equation of the line 2 2
(a) (b)
L is (2019 Main, 12 April II) 5 5
(a) x + 3 y = 8 2 2
(c) (d)
(b) ( 3 + 1) x + ( 3 − 1) y = 8 2 5 5
(c) 3x + y = 8 6. Slope of a line passing through P (2, 3) and
(d) ( 3 − 1)x + ( 3 + 1) y = 8 2 intersecting the line, x + y = 7 at a distance of 4 units
from P, is (2019 Main, 9 April I)
2. The equation y = sin x sin(x + 2) − sin 2(x + 1) represents a
1− 5 7−1
straight line lying in (2019 Main, 12 April I) (a) (b)
1+ 5 7+1
(a) second and third quadrants only
(b) first, second and fourth quadrants 1− 7 5−1
(c) (d)
(c) first, third and fourth quadrants 1+ 7 5+1
(d) third and fourth quadrants only
7. If a point R(4, y, z ) lies on the line segment joining the
3. Lines are drawn parallel to the line 4x − 3 y + 2 = 0, at a points P(2, − 3, 4) and Q(8, 0, 10), then the distance of R
3 from the origin is
distance from the origin. Then which one of the (2019 Main, 8 April II)
5 (a) 2 21 (b) 53
following points lies on any of these lines? (c) 2 14 (d) 6
(2019 Main, 10 April I)
8. Suppose that the points (h , k), (1, 2) and (−3, 4) lie on
(a) − , − (b) − ,
1 2 1 2 the line L1. If a line L 2 passing through the points (h , k)
4 3 4 3 and (4, 3) is perpendicular to L1, then k /h equals
1
(c) , −
1
(d) ,
1 1 (2019 Main, 8 April II)
4 3 4 3 1 1
(a) − (b)
7 3
4. The region represented by |x − y| ≤ 2 and |x + y| ≤ 2 is
(c) 3 (d) 0
bounded by a (2019 Main, 10 April I)
9. A point on the straight line, 3x + 5 y = 15 which is
(a) rhombus of side length 2 units
equidistant from the coordinate axes will lie only in
(b) rhombus of area 8 2 sq units (2019 Main, 8 April I)
(c) square of side length 2 2 units (a) IV quadrant (b) I quadrant
(d) square of area 16 sq units (c) I and II quadrants (d) I, II and IV quadrants
Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines 359
10. If a straight line passing through the point P(− 3, 4) is 19. Let k be an integer such that the triangle with vertices
such that its intercepted portion between the (k, − 3k), (5, k) and (− k, 2) has area
coordinate axes is bisected at P, then its equation is 28 sq units. Then, the orthocentre of this triangle is at
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II) the point (2017 Main)
x− y+ 7= 0
(a) 2, − (b) 1,
3
(c) 1, − (d) 2,
(a) 1 3 1
(b) 4x − 3 y + 24 = 0 2 4 4 2
(c) 3x − 4 y + 25 = 0
(d) 4x + 3 y = 0
20. Let a , b, c and d be non-zero numbers. If the point of
intersection of the lines 4ax + 2ay + c = 0 and
11. If the straight line, 2x − 3 y + 17 = 0 is perpendicular to 5bx + 2by + d = 0 lies in the fourth quadrant and is
the line passing through the points (7, 17) and (15, β), equidistant from the two axes, then (2014 Main)
then β equals (2019 Main, 12 Jan I) (a) 2bc − 3ad = 0 (b) 2bc + 3ad = 0
35 35
(a) (b) − 5 (c) − (d) 5 (c) 2ad − 3bc = 0 (d) 3bc + 2ad = 0
3 3
21. If PS is the median of the triangle with vertices P(2, 2),
12. If in a parallelogram ABDC, the coordinates of A , B and
Q(6, – 1) and R(7, 3), then equation of the line passing
C are respectively (1, 2), (3, 4) and (2, 5), then the through (1, – 1) and parallel to PS is (2014 Main, 2000)
equation of the diagonal AD is (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
(a) 4x − 7 y − 11 = 0 (b) 2x + 9 y + 7 = 0
(a) 3x + 5 y − 13 = 0 (c) 4x + 7 y + 3 = 0 (d) 2x − 9 y − 11 = 0
(b) 3x − 5 y + 7 = 0 22. The x-coordinate of the incentre of the triangle that has
(c) 5x − 3 y + 1 = 0 the coordinates of mid-points of its sides as (0, 1), (1, 1)
(d) 5x + 3 y − 11 = 0 and (1, 0) is (2013 Main)
2
13. The tangent to the curve, y = xex passing through (a) 2 + 2 (b) 2 − 2 (c) 1 + 2 (d) 1 − 2
the point (1, e) also passes through the point 23. A straight line L through the point (3, −2) is inclined at
(2019 Main, 10 Jan II) an angle 60° to the line 3x + y = 1. If L also intersects
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(a) , 2e
4 the X-axis, then the equation of L is (2011)
(b) (3, 6e)
3 (a) y + 3x + 2 − 3 3 = 0 (b) y − 3x + 2 + 3 3 = 0
(d) , 2e (c) 3 y − x + 3 + 2 3 = 0 (d) 3 y + x − 3 + 2 3 = 0
5
(c) (2, 3e)
3
24. The locus of the orthocentre of the triangle formed by
14. Two sides of a parallelogram are along the lines, the lines (1 + p) x − py + p (1 + p) = 0 ,
x + y = 3 and x − y + 3 = 0. If its diagonals intersect at (2, (1 + q) x − qy + q (1 + q) = 0 and y = 0, where p ≠ q , is (2009)
4), then one of its vertex is (2019 Main, 10 Jan II) (a) a hyperbola (b) a parabola
(a) (3, 6) (b) (2, 6) (c) an ellipse (d) a straight line
(c) (2, 1) (d) (3, 5) 25. Let O(0, 0), P(3, 4) and Q(6, 0) be the vertices of a ∆OPQ.
15. The shortest distance between the point , 0 and the The point R inside the ∆OPQ is such that the triangles
3
2 OPR, PQR and OQR are of equal area. The coordinates
curve y = x , (x > 0), is (2019 Main, 10 Jan I) of R are (2007, 3M)
30. If A0 , A1 , A2, A3 , A4 and A5 be a regular hexagon 39. The point (4, 1) undergoes the following three
inscribed in a circle of unit radius. Then, the product of transformations successively
the lengths of the line segments A0 A1 , A0 A2 and A0 A4 is I. Reflection about the line y = x.
(a) 3 / 4 (b) 3 3 (1998, 2M) II. Transformation through a distance 2 units along
3 3 the positive direction of X-axis.
(c) 3 (d)
2 π
III. Rotation through an angle about the origin in the
31. If the vertices P , Q , R of a ∆PQR are rational points, 4
which of the following points of the ∆PQR is/are always counter clockwise direction.
rational point(s) (1998, 2M) Then, the final position of the point is given by the
(a) centroid (b) incentre coordinates (1980, 1M)
(c) circumcentre (d) orthocentre
(a)
1 7
, (b) (− 2, 7 2)
(A rational point is a point both of whose coordinates are 2 2
(c) −
rational numbers) 1 7
, (d) ( 2, 7 2)
32. If P (1, 2), Q (4, 6), R (5, 7) and S (a , b) are the vertices of 2 2
a parallelogram PQRS, then (1998, 2M) 40. The points (−a , − b), (0, 0), (a , b) and (a 2, a3 ) are
(a) a = 2, b = 4 (b) a = 3, b = 4 (a) collinear (1979, 2M)
(c) a = 2, b = 3 (d) a = 3, b = 5 (b) vertices of a rectangle
33. The diagonals of a parallelogram PQRS are along the (c) vertices of a parallelogram
lines x + 3 y = 4 and 6x − 2 y = 7. Then, PQRS must be a (d) None of the above
(a) rectangle (b) square (1998, 2M)
(c) cyclic quadrilateral (d) rhombus Objective Questions II
34. The graph of the function cos x cos (x + 2) − cos (x + 1) 2 (One or more than one correct option)
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is (1997, 2M) 41. Let a, λ, µ ∈R. Consider the system of linear equations
(a) a straight line passing through (0, − sin 1) with slope 2
2
ax + 2 y = λ and 3x − 2 y = µ.
(b) a straight line passing through (0, 0)
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(c) a parabola with vertex (1, − sin 2 1) (2016 Adv.)
π
(d) a straight line passing through the point , − sin 2 1 (a) If a = − 3, then the system has infinitely many
2
solutions for all values of λ and µ
and parallel to the X-axis (b) If a ≠ − 3, then the system has a unique solution for all
35. The orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines values of λ and µ
xy = 0 and x + y = 1,is (1995, 2M) (c) If λ + µ = 0, then the system has infinitely many
solutions for a = − 3
(a) ,
1
(b) ,
1 1 1
(d) If λ + µ ≠ 0, then the system has no solution for a = − 3
2 2 3 3
(c) (0, 0) (d) ,
1 1 42. For a > b > c > 0, the distance between (1, 1) and the
4 4 point of intersection of the lines ax + by + c = 0 and
36. If the sum of the distance of a point from two bx + ay + c = 0 is less than 2 2. Then, (2014 Adv.)
perpendicular lines in a plane is 1, then its locus is (a) a + b − c > 0 (b) a − b + c < 0
(a) square (b) circle (1992, 2M) (c) a − b + c > 0 (d) a + b − c < 0
(c) straight line (d) two intersecting lines 43. All points lying inside the triangle formed by the points
37. Line L has intercepts a and b on the coordinate axes. (1, 3), (5, 0) and (– 1, 2) satisfy (1986, 2M)
When, the axes are rotated through a given angle, (a) 3x + 2 y ≥ 0 (b) 2x + y − 13 ≥ 0
keeping the origin fixed, the same line L has intercepts (c) 2x − 3 y − 12 ≤ 0 (d) −2x + y ≥ 0
p and q, then (1990, 2M)
1 1 1 1 Fill in the Blanks
(a) a 2 + b2 = p 2 + q2 (b) + = +
a2 b2 p2 q2
1 1 1 1 44. Let the algebraic sum of the perpendicular distance
(c) a 2 + p 2 = b2 + q2 (d) 2
+ 2
= 2
+ 2 from the points (2, 0) , (0, 2) and (1, 1) to a variable
a p b q
straight line be zero, then the line passes through a
38. If P = (1, 0), Q = (−1, 0) and R = (2, 0) are three given fixed point whose coordinates are… . (1991, 2M)
points, then locus of the points satisfying the relation 45. The orthocentre of the triangle formed by the lines
SQ 2 + SR2 = 2 SP 2, is (1988, 2M) x + y = 1, 2 x + 3 y = 6 and 4x − y + 4 = 0 lies in quadrant
(a) a straight line parallel to X-axis number… . (1985, 2M)
(b) a circle passing through the origin
46. If a, b and c are in AP, then the straight line
(c) a circle with the centre at the origin
a x + by + c = 0 will always pass through a fixed point
(d) a straight line parallel to Y-axis whose coordinates are (…) . (1984, 2M)
Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines 361
47. y = 10x is the reflection of y = log10 x in the line whose 59. A line cuts the X-axis at A (7, 0) and the Y-axis at
equation is .... . (1984, 2M) B (0, − 5). A variable line PQ is drawn perpendicular to
AB cutting the X-axis in P and the Y-axis in Q. If AQ
True/False and BP inters at R, find the locus of R. (1990, 4M)
48. The lines 2x + 3 y + 19 = 0 and 9x + 6 y − 17 = 0 cut the 60. Let ABC be a triangle with AB = AC. If D is mid point of
coordinate axes in concyclic points. (1988, 1M) BC, the foot of the perpendicular drawn from D to AC
49. No tangent can be drawn from the point (5/2, 1) to the and F the mid-point of DE. Prove that AF is
circumcircle of the triangle with vertices (1, 3 ), perpendicular to BE. (1989, 5M)
(1, − 3 ) and (3, 3 ). (1985, 1M) 61. The equations of the perpendicular bisectors of the
50. The straight line 5x + 4 y = 0 passes through the point of sides AB and AC of a ∆ABC are x − y + 5 = 0 and
intersection of the straight lines x + 2 y − 10 = 0 and x + 2 y = 0, respectively. If the point A is (1, – 2), find the
2x + y + 5 = 0. (1983, 1M) equation of the line BC. (1986, 5M)
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points P and Q. Find the absolute minimum value of side passes through the point (1, −10). Determine the
OP + OQ, as L varies, where O is the origin. (2002, 5M) equation of the third side.
53. For points P = (x1 , y1 ) and Q = (x2, y2) of the coordinate (1984, 4M)
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PQR is (2001, 1M)
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
(a)
3
x+ y = 0 (b) x + 3y = 0
6. The area of the triangle formed by the intersection of
2 line parallel to X-axis and passing through (h, k) with
3 the lines y = x and x + y = 2 is 4h 2. Find the locus of point
(c) 3 x + y = 0 (d) x + y=0
2 P. (2005)
Assertion and Reason 7. Find the equation of the line which bisects the obtuse
angle between the lines x − 2 y + 4 = 0 and 4x − 3 y + 2 = 0.
For the following questions choose the correct answer (1993, 2M)
from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as follows.
8. Lines L1 ≡ ax + by + c = 0 and L 2 ≡ lx + my + n = 0
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true;
Statement II is the correct explanation of Statement I intersect at the point P and makes an angle θ with each
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; other. Find the equation of a line L different from L 2
Statement II is not the correct explanation of which passes through P and makes the same angle θ
Statement I with L1.y (1988, 5M)
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8. Three lines px + qy + r = 0, qx + ry + p = 0 and 12. Using coordinate geometry, prove that the three
rx + py + q = 0 are concurrent, if (1985, 2M) altitudes of any triangle are concurrent. (1998, 8M)
(a) p + q + r = 0 (b) p 2 + q2 + r 2 = pr + rq 13. The coordinates of A , B, C are (6, 3), (−3, 5), (4, − 2)
(c) p3 + q3 + r3 = 3 pqr (d) None of these
respectively and P is any point (x, y). Show that the
ratio of the areas of the triangles ∆ PBC and ∆ ABC is
Match the Columns x+ y−2
. (1983, 2M)
Match the conditions/expressions in Column I with 7
statement in Column II. 14. A straight line L is perpendicular to the line in
9. Consider the lines given by 5x − y = 1. The area of the triangle formed by the line L
L1 : x + 3 y − 5 = 0, L 2 : 3x − ky − 1 = 0, and the coordinate axes is 5. Find the equation of the
L3 : 5x + 2 y − 12 = 0 line L. (1980, 3M)
Answers
Topic 1 65. [( −a, a (t1 + t 2 + t 3 + t1t 2t 3 )] 67. c = − 4,( 4, 4 ),(2, 0 )
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 68. ( − 4, − 7 )
5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c) 69. 7 x − 4y + 25 = 0, 4 x + 7y = 11 = 0, 7 x − 4y − 3 = 0
9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (c)
70. 6 sq units
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (d)
17. (a) 18. (c) Topic 2
19. (d) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (b) 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c)
23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (c) 26. (c) 5. 7y = x + 2
27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (c) 6. 2 x = ± (y − 1 )
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (d) 7. ( 4 + 5 ) x − (2 5 + 3 ) y + ( 4 5 + 2 ) = 0
35. (c) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (d) 8. 2 (al + bm )(ax + by + c ) − (a 2 + b 2 ) (lx + my + n ) = 0
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39. (c) 40. (a) 41. (b, c, d) 42. (a, c)
43. (a, c) 44. (1, 1) 45. Ist 46. (1, − 2 ) Topic 3
47. (y = x ) 48. True 49. True 50. True 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d)
5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (a, c)
52. (OP + OQ = 18)
9. A → s; B → p, q; C → r; D → p, q, s
54. (m − 1 ) x − my + b (m + 1 ) + am = 0
2 2
3 1
10. , 11. False 14. x + 5y = ±5 2
55. 2 x + 3y + 22 = 0
3 1
56. − < α < −1 ∪ < α < 1 4 2
2 2
57. x = 2 and 3 x + 4y = 18 Topic 4
58. x − 7y + 13 = 0 and 7 x + y − 9 = 0 1. (b) 2. (a)
3. (1, − 2 )
59. x + y − 7 x + 5y = 0
2 2
61. 14 x + 23y − 40 = 0
5 Topic 5
62. 32 sq units 63. 0, or ( 0, 0 )
2 1. (b)
64. x − 3y − 31 = 0 or 3 x + y + 7 = 0
3 1 3 1 5.
⇒ x − + y + =4 Key Idea
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (i) If lines are perpendicular to each other, then
⇒ ( 3 − 1) x + y ( 3 + 1) = 8 2 product of their slopes is −1, i.e. m1m2 = − 1
(ii) Distance between two points ( x 1, y 1) and (x 2, y 2)
Key Idea Use formulae : = (x 2 − x 1) 2 + (y 2 − y 1) 2
2. 2sin A sin B = cos( A − B) − cos( A + B) and cos 2 θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ
Given, lines x + (a − 1) y = 1
Given equation is y = sin x sin(x + 2) − sin 2(x + 1) and 2x + a 2y = 1, where a ∈ R − {0, 1}
1 1 are perpendicular to each other
= [cos 2 − cos(2x + 2)] − [1 − cos(2x + 2)]
2 2 1 2
∴ − × − = −1
[Q2 sin A sin B = cos( A − B) − cos( A + B) and a − 1 a 2
cos 2 θ = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ ⇒ 2 sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ] [Q If lines are perpendicular, then product of their
1 1 1 1 slopes is −1]
= cos 2 − cos(2x + 2) − + cos(2x + 2)
2 2 2 2 ⇒ a 2(a − 1) = − 2 ⇒ a3 − a 2 + 2 = 0
1 1 ⇒ (a + 1)(a 2 − 2a + 2) = 0 ⇒ a = − 1
= (cos(2) − 1) = − (2 sin 2(1))
2 2 ∴Equation of lines are
x − 2y = 1 …(i)
= − sin 2(1) < 0 ⇒ y < 0
and 2x + y = 1 …(ii)
and as we know that y < 0, is in third and fourth On solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), we get
quadrants only. 3 1
x = and y = −
3. Since, equation of a line parallel to line ax + by + c = 0 is 5 5
ax + by + k = 0 ∴ Point of intersection of the lines (i) and (ii) is
∴Equation of line parallel to line 3 1
P , − .
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4x − 3 y + 2 = 0 is 4x − 3 y + k = 0 …(i)
5 5
3 1
Now, distance of line (i) from the origin is Now, required distance of the point P , − from
| k| 3 5 5
=
4 + 3
2 2 5 9 1 10 2
origin = + = =
25 25 25 5
[as per question’s requirement]
⇒ | k| = 3 6. Let the slope of line is m, which is passing through
⇒ k=± 3 P(2, 3).
So, possible lines having equation, either 4x − 3 y + 3 = 0 Y
or 4x − 3 y − 3 = 0
8
Now, from the given options the point − , lies on the
1 2
4 3 7
line 4x − 3 y + 3 = 0. 6
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2
10. Let the equation of required line having intercepts a
⇒ y= −2
and b with the axes is
and z=6
x y
So, point R is (4, − 2, 6), therefore the distance of point R + =1 …(i)
a b
from origin is Y
OR = 16 + 4 + 36 B (0,b)
= 56 = 2 14
8. Given, points (1, 2), (−3, 4) and (h , k) are lies on line L1, b P (–3,4)
so slope of line L1 is
4− 2 k − 2
m1 = = A (a , 0 )
−3 − 1 h − 1 X
O a
−1 k − 2
⇒ m1 = = …(i)
2 h −1 Now, according to given information,
⇒ 2(k − 2) = − 1(h − 1) P is the mid-point of AB
P = , = (−3, 4)
a b
⇒ 2k − 4 = − h + 1 ∴ [given]
2 2
⇒ h + 2k = 5 …(ii)
and slope of line L2 joining points (h , k ) and ⇒ (a , b) = (−6, 8)
3− k On putting the value of a and b in Eq. (i), we get
(4, 3), is m2 = …(iii) x y
4− h + = 1 ⇒ 8x − 6 y = −48
−6 8
Since, lines L1 and L2 are perpendicular to each other. ⇒ 4x − 3 y + 24 = 0
∴ m1 m2 = − 1
11. Slope of the line 2x − 3 y + 17 = 0 is
− 1 3 − k
⇒ = − 1[from Eqs. (i) and (iii)]
2 4 − h
2
= m1, (let) and the slope of line joining the points (7, 17)
3
⇒ 3 − k = 8 − 2h β − 17 β − 17
and (15, β ) is = = m2 (let)
⇒ 2h − k = 5 …(iv) 15 − 7 8
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get According to the question, m1m2 = − 1
(h , k ) = (3, 1) 2 β − 17
⇒ × = − 1 ⇒ β − 17 = − 12 ⇒ β = 5.
k 3 3 8
So, = =3
h 1
Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines 367
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(1, e).
Now, let the given point be A , 0 , then
3
Now, slope of tangent, at point (1, e), to the curve (i) is 2
= x(2x) ex + ex
dy 2 2
2
(1 , e ) PA = y2 − 3 + y2
dx (1 , e ) 1
2
1
= 2e + e = 3e
9
Now, equation of tangent is given by = y14 − 3 y12 + + y12
4
( y − y1 ) = m (x − x1 )
y − e = 3e(x − 1) ⇒ y = 3ex − 2e 9
= y14 − 2 y12 +
4
4
On checking all the options, the option , 2e satisfy
3 = ( y12 − 1)2 +
5
the equation of tangent. 4
Clearly, PA will be least when
14. According to given information, we have the following
figure y12 − 1 = 0
5 5
D C (x2 , y2 )
⇒ PAmin = 0+ =
4 2
M 16. Given equation of line is
x–y+3=0 (2,4)
3x + 4 y − 24 = 0
B For intersection with X-axis put y = 0
A x+y=3 ⇒ 3x − 24 = 0
[Note that given lines are perpendicular to each other as ⇒ x=8
m1 × m2 = −1] For intersection withY -axis, put x = 0
Clearly, point A is point of intersection of lines ⇒ 4 y − 24 = 0 ⇒ y = 6
x+ y = 3 …(i)
∴ A(8, 0) and B (0, 6)
and x − y = −3 …(ii)
So, A = (0, 3) [solving Eqs. (i) and (ii)] B(0,6)
Now, as point M (2, 4) is mid-point of line joining the
points A and C, so
0 + x2 3 + y2
(2, 4) = ,
2 2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 O
Qmid- point = 2 , A(8,0)
2
368 Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines
Let AB = c = 82 + 62 = 10 19. Given, vertices of triangle are (k, − 3k), (5, k) and (− k, 2).
OB = a = 6 k − 3k 1
1
and OA = b = 8 ∴ 5 k 1 = ± 28
2
Also, let incentre is (h k ), then −k 2 1
ax + bx2 + cx3 k − 3k 1
h= 1 (here, x1 = 8, x2 = 0, x3 = 0)
a+ b+ c ⇒ 5 k 1 = ± 56
6 × 8 + 8 × 0 + 10 × 0 48 −k 2 1
= = =2
6 + 8 + 10 24 ⇒ k(k − 2) + 3k(5 + k) + 1(10 + k2) = ± 56
ay1 + by2 + cy3 ⇒ k2 − 2k + 15k + 3k2 + 10 + k2 = ± 56
and k= (here, y1 = 0, y2 = 6, y3 = 0)
a+ b+ c ⇒ 5k2 + 13k + 10 = ± 56
6 × 0 + 8 × 6 + 10 × 0 48 ⇒ 5k2 + 13k − 66 = 0
= = =2
6 + 8 + 10 24 or 5k2 + 13k − 46 = 0
⇒ k =2 [Qk ∈ I]
∴Incentre is (2, 2).
Thus, the coordinates of vertices of triangle are
17. Let the coordinates of point P be (x1 , y1 ) A(2, − 6), B(5, 2) and C (− 2, 2).
Q P lies on the line 2x − 3 y + 4 = 0 Now, equation of altitude from vertex A is
∴ 2x1 − 3 y1 + 4 = 0 −1
2x + 4 y − (− 6) = (x − 2) ⇒ x = 2 …(i)
⇒ y1 = 1 …(i) 2 −2
3
− 2 − 5
Now, let the centroid of ∆PQR be G (h , k ), then
x + 1+ 3 Y
h= 1
3
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⇒ x1 = 3h − 4 …(ii) C (–2, 2) D
B (5, 2)
y + 4− 2
and k= 1 (2, 1/2)
3
E
2x1 + 4
+ 2 X′ X
3 O
⇒ k= [from Eq. (i)]
3 A (2, –6)
2x + 4 + 6
⇒ 3k = 1
3 Y′
⇒ 9k − 10 = 2x1 …(iii)
Now, from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get Equation of altitude from vertex C is
−1
2(3h − 4) = 9k − 10 y−2 = [x − (− 2)]
⇒ 6h − 8 = 9k − 10 2 − (− 6)
5 −2
⇒ 6h − 9k + 2 = 0
Now, replace h by x and k by y. ⇒ 3x + 8 y − 10 = 0 …(ii)
⇒ 6x − 9 y + 2 = 0, which is the required locus and slope of 1
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get x = 2 and y = .
this line is
2 Q slope of ax + by + c = 0 is − a 2
3 b 1
∴ Orthocentre = 2,
18. 2
7 + 6 3 − 1 13
21. Coordinate of S = , = , 1 and
y+2
=
− 3− 3
2 2 2 x − 3 1 + (− 3)( 3 )
[QS is mid-point of line QR] ⇒ y+ 2 =0
P (2,2) y+ 2 −2 3
and = = 3
x−3 1 − 3
y+ 2 = 3 x−3 3
Neglecting, y + 2 = 0, as it does not intersect Y-axis.
Q R
(6,–1)
S
(7,3)
24. Given, lines are (1 + p) x − py + p (1 + p) = 0 ... (i)
−2 and (1 + q) x − qy + q (1 + q) = 0 ... (ii)
Slope of the line PS is .
9 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Required equation passes through (1 , − 1) and parallel C { pq , (1 + p) (1 + q)}
to PS is ∴ Equation of altitude CM passing through C and
−2 perpendicular to AB is
y+1= (x − 1)
9 x = pq ... (iii)
⇒ 2x + 9 y + 7 = 0 1 + q
Q Slope of line (ii) is .
q
22. Given mid-points of a triangle are (0, 1), (1, 1) and
(1, 0). Plotting these points on a graph paper and −q
∴ Slope of altitude BN (as shown in figure) is .
make a triangle. 1+ q
Y
So, the sides of a triangle will be 2, 2 and 22 + 22 i.e.
2 2.
Y N C
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1)
e(
Lin H(h,k) (-p, 0)
C (0,2) X
A O M B
Line (2)
2 (0, 1) (1, 1)
X′ X
B (1, 0) A (2, 0) −q
(0, 0) 2 ∴ Equation of BN is y − 0 = (x + p)
1+ q
Y′
−q
⇒ y= (x + p) ... (iv)
2 × 0 + 2 2 ⋅0 + 2 ⋅2 (1 + q)
x-coordinate of incentre =
2+2+2 2 Let orthocentre of triangle be H(h, k), which is the point
2 2− 2 of intersection of Eqs. (iii) and (iv).
= × =2 − 2
2+ 2 2− 2 On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
x = pq and y = − pq
23. A straight line passing through P and making an angle
⇒ h = pq and k = − pq
of α = 60º , is given by
y − y1 ∴ h+ k =0
= tan (θ ± α ) ∴ Locus of H (h, k) is x + y = 0 .
x − x1
25. Since, triangle is isosceles, hence centroid is the desired
point.
Y
P (3, –2)
60°
⇒ tan α = √3
60° P (3, 4)
√3x + y = 1
R
⇒ 3 x+ y=1 X' X
⇒ y = − 3 x + 1, then tan θ = − 3 (0, 0) O Q (6, 0)
y+2 tan θ ± tan α
⇒ =
x − 3 1 m tan θ tan α Y'
y+2 − 3+ 3 4
= ∴ Coordinates of R 3, .
x − 3 1 − (− 3)( 3 ) 3
370 Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines
2
26. To find orthocentre of the triangle formed by (0, 0) (3, 4) 1
2
3
and (4, 0). ( A 0 A 2 )2 = 1 + + 0 −
2 2
B(3, 4) 2
Y 3
2
3 9 3 12
= + − = + = =3
2 2 4 4 4
P
y) ⇒ A0 A2 = 3
(3,
H 2
1
2
3
and ( A 0 A 4 )2 = 1 + + 0 +
A 2 2
X' O X
Q (4, 0) 2
(0, 0) 3 3 9 3 12
= + = + = =3
Y' 2 4 4 4 4
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⇒ a = 2 and b = 3.
5
x= 33. Slope of line x + 3 y = 4 is − 1 / 3
3 + 4m
and slope of line 6x − 2 y = 7 is 3.
Now, for x to be an integer,
−1
3 + 4m = ± 5 or ± 1 Here, 3 × = −1
3
The integral values of m satisfying these conditions are
Therefore, these two lines are perpendicular which
−2 and −1.
show that both diagonals are perpendicular.
28. Now, distance of origin from 4x + 2 y − 9 = 0 is Hence, PQRS must be a rhombus.
| − 9| 9
= 34. Let y = cos x cos (x + 2) − cos 2 (x + 1)
4 +2
2 2 20
= cos (x + 1 − 1) cos (x + 1 + 1) − cos 2 (x + 1)
and distance of origin from 2x + y + 6 = 0 is = cos 2 (x + 1) − sin 2 1 − cos 2 (x + 1) ⇒ y = − sin 2 1
|6| 6
= This is a straight line which is parallel to X-axis.
22 + 12 5 It passes through (π / 2, − sin 2 1).
9 / 20 3 35. Orthocentre of right angled triangle is at the vertex of
Hence, the required ratio = =
6/ 5 4 right angle. Therefore, orthocentre of the triangle is at
(0, 0).
29. Let the vertices of triangle be A(1, 3 ), B(0, 0) and
C (2, 0). Here, AB = BC = CA = 2 . 36. By the given conditions, we can take two perpendicular
lines as x and y axes. If (h , k) is any point on the locus,
Therefore, it is an equilateral triangle. So, the incentre
then |h| + |k| = 1.Therefore, the locus is |x| + | y| = 1.
coincides with centroid.
This consist of a square of side 1.
0 + 1 + 2 0 + 0 + 3
∴ I ≡ , Hence, the required locus is a square.
3 3
37. Since, the origin remains the same. So, length of the
⇒ I ≡ (1, 1 / 3 ) perpendicular from the origin on the line in its position
x y x y
3
2 2 + = 1 and + = 1 are equal. Therefore,
30. Now, ( A0 A1 )2 = 1 − + 0 −
1 a b p q
2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ⇒ + = +
1
2
3 1 3
2
1 1 1 1 a 2 b 2 p2 q 2
= + = + = 1 ⇒ A0 A1 = 1 + +
2 2 4 4 a 2 b2 p2 q 2
Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines 371
3 ⇒ 1 + + 1 + <2 2
⇒ 2x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = − a + b a + b
2
a + b + c
Hence, it is a straight line parallel to Y-axis. ⇒ 2 <2 2
a+b
39. Let B, C , D be the position of the point A(4, 1) after the
three operations I, II and III, respectively. Then, B is ⇒ a + b + c < 2a + 2b
(1, 4), C (1 + 2, 4) i.e. (3, 4). The point D is obtained from ⇒ a + b−c>0
C by rotating the coordinate axes through an angle π/4 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), option (a) is correct.
in anti-clockwise direction.
Therefore, the coordinates of D are given by 43. Since, 3x + 2 y ≥ 0 …(i)
π π 1 where (1, 3) (5, 0) and (− 1, 2) satisfy Eq. (i).
X = 3 cos − 4 sin = −
4 4 2 ∴ Option (a) is true.
π π 7
and Y = 3 sin + 4 cos = Again, 2x + y − 13 ≥ 0
4 4 2
is not satisfied by (1, 3),
1 7
∴ Coordinates of D are − , . ∴ Option (b) is false.
2 2
2x − 3 y − 12 ≤ 0
40. The point O(0, 0) is the mid-point of A (− a , − b) and is satisfied for all points,
B(a , b). Therefore, A , O , B are collinear and equation of ∴ Option (c) is true.
line AOB is
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b and − 2x + y ≥ 0
y= x is not satisfied by (5, 0),
a
Since, the fourth point D (a 2, ab) satisfies the above ∴ Option (d) is false.
equation. Thus, (a) and (c) are correct answers.
Hence, the four points are collinear.
44. Let the variable straight line be ax + by + c = 0 ...(i)
41. Here, ax + 2 y = λ where, algebraic sum of perpendiculars from (2, 0), (0, 2)
and 3x − 2 y = µ and (1, 1) is zero.
For a = − 3, above equations will be parallel or 2a + 0 + c 0 + 2b + c a + b + c
∴ + + =0
coincident, i.e. parallel for λ + µ ≠ 0and coincident, if a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
λ + µ = 0 and if a ≠ − 3, equations are intersecting, i.e.
⇒ 3a + 3b + 3c = 0
unique solution.
⇒ a + b + c=0 ... (ii)
42. PLAN Application of inequality sum and differences, along with
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) ax + by + c = 0 always passes
lengths of perpendicular. For this type of questions involving
inequality we should always ckeck all options. through a fixed point (1, 1).
Situation analysis Check all the inequalities 45. Let H (h , k) be orthocentre.
according to options and use length of perpendicular
⇒ (slope of AH ) ⋅ (slope of BC ) = − 1
from the point (x1 , y1) to ax + by + c = 0
ax1 + by1 + c A (–3/7, 16/7)
i.e.
a 2 + b2
0
4=
2x
H (h,k)
4x
⇒ a + b−c>0
6
…(i)
a − b > 0 and c > 0 ...(ii) x+y=1 C
B
a + c− b > 0 (–3/5, 8/5) (–3, 4)
∴ Option (c) are correct.
16
Also, the point of intersection for ax + by + c = 0 and k−
⇒ 7 ⋅ (−1) = −1
bx + ay + c = 0 3
h+
−c –c 7
i.e. ,
a + b a + b
372 Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines
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coordinate axes at concyclic points. By eliminating m from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get locus of R
⇒ a1a 2 = b1b2 as x − 3 y + 5 = 0, which represents a straight line.
or a1b2 + b1a 2 = 0 52. Let L : ( y − 2) = m(x − 8), m < 0
Given lines are, 2x + 3 y + 19 = 0
2
and 9x + 6 y − 17 = 0 The ponts P and Q are 8 – , 0 and (0, 2 – 8 m),
m
Here, a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = 19 respectively.
and a 2 = 9, b2 = 6, c2 = − 17 2 2
Then,OP + OQ = 8 – + (2 − 8 m) = 10 + – + (–8 m)
∴ a1a 2 = 18 m m
and b1b2 = 18 [using AM ≥ GM]
⇒ a1a 2 = b1b2. Thus, points are concyclic.
2 2
Hence, given statement is true. ⇒ + (– 8 m) ≥ 2 16 [Q and −8m are positive]
– m m
49. Since, (1, 3 ), (1, − 3 ) and (3, 3 ) form a right angled 2
triangle at (1, 3 ) ⇒ – + 8 m ≥ 8
m
∴ Equation of circumcircle taking (3, 3 ) and (1, − 3 ) as
2
end points of diameter. ⇒ 10 – + 8 m ≥ 10 + 8
m
∴ (x − 3) (x − 1) + ( y − 3 ) ( y + 3 ) = 0
⇒ OP + OQ ≥ 18
⇒ x2 − 4x + 3 + y2 − 3 = 0
⇒ x + y − 4x = 0
2 2 53. NOTE d : (P, Q ) = | x1 − x 2 | + | y1 − y2 |.
2 y=2 m
x + ite s
⇒ am + m2 (b + h ) = km + (h − b)
Fin
y = egm
1 ⇒ (m2 − 1) h − mk + b (m2 + 1) + am = 0
5/2 ent
X (m2 − 1) x − my + b (m2 + 1) + am = 0
O 1/2 (5/2,0) 3
55. Let equation of line AC is
Now, Eq. (i) becomes y+4 x+5
= =r
x+ y= x−3 + 2 − y sin θ cos θ
⇒ 2 y = − 1 or y = − 1 / 2 Let line AE make angle θ with X-axis and intersects
Hence, no solution. x + 3 y + 2 = 0 at B at a distance r1 and line 2x + y + 4 = 0
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Case IV When x ≥ 3, y ≥ 2 at C at a distance r2 and line x − y − 5 = 0 at D at a
In this case, case I changes to distance r3 .
x+ y= x−3 + y−2⇒ 0 = −5 ∴ AB = r1 , AC = r2, AD = r3 .
which is not possible. −5 − 3 × 4 + 2 I′
r1 = − Q r = − (a cos θ + b sin θ )
Hence, the solution set is 1 ⋅ cos θ + 3 ⋅ sin θ
{(x, y)| x = 12, y ≥ 2 } ∪ {(x, y)}| 15
⇒ r1 = …(i)
x + y = 5 / 2, 0 < x < 3, 0 < y > 2} cos θ + 3 sin θ
The graph is given in adjoining figure. 2 × (−5) + 1 (−4) + 4
Similarly, r2 = −
54. Let the coordinates of Q be (b, α ) and that of S be (−b, β). 2 cos θ + 1 ⋅ sin θ
Dx–y
Suppose, PR and SQ meet in G. Since, G is mid point of –5=
0
SQ, its x-coordinate must be 0. Let the coordinates of R r3
be (h, k). =0
y+4
C 2x +
Since, G is mid point of PR, the x-coordinate of P must
be −h and as P lies on the line y = a, the coordinates of P r2
are (−h , a ) . Since, PQ is parallel to y = mx, slope of B x+ 3 y + 2 = 0
PQ = m r1
α−a
⇒ =m …(i) A (–5,–4)
b+ h
Again, RQ ⊥ PQ
E
Y 10
P(–h,a) ⇒ r2 = …(ii)
2 cos θ + sin θ
−5 × 1 − 4 (−1) − 5
and r3 = −
S(–b,β) cos θ − sin θ
O 6
X′ X ⇒ r3 = …(iii)
G cos θ − sin θ
But it is given that,
2 2 2
Q (– b,α) 15 10 6
+ =
AB AC AD
Y′ 2 2 2
R(h,k) 15 10 6
⇒ + =
r1 r2 r3
374 Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines
, and
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1=
2
x+
y–
P (a, a2)
2x
y−3
= tan (θ + α )
0
x−2
B(1/3,1/9) 5x – 6y – 1 = 0 C(5/4,7/8) y−3 tan θ + tan α
⇒ =
On solving Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get the vertices of a x − 2 1 − tan θ tan α
1 1 5 7 y−3 tan θ − tan α
triangle are A(−7, 5), B , and C , . and =
3 9 4 8 x − 2 1 + tan θ tan α
Let P (α , α 2) be a point inside the ∆ABC. Since, A and P y−3 3 y−3 1
⇒ =− and =
are on the same side of 5x − 6 y − 1 = 0, both x−2 4 x−2 0
5 (−7) − 6 (5) − 1 and 5α − 6α 2 − 1 must have the same
sign, therefore ⇒ 3x + 4 y = 18 and x=2
5α − 6α 2 − 1 < 0 58. Let m1 and m2 be the slopes of the lines 3x + 4 y = 5 and
⇒ 6 α 2 − 5α + 1 > 0 4x − 3 y = 15, respectively.
⇒ (3α − 1) (2α − 1) > 0 3 4
Then, m1 = − and m2 =
1 1 4 3
⇒ α < or α > …(iv) Clearly, m1m2 = − 1. So, lines AB and AC are at right
3 2
5 7 angle. Thus, the ∆ABC is a right angled isosceles
Also, since P (α , α 2) and C , lie on the same side of triangle.
4 8 Y
5 7
2x + 3 y − 1 = 0, therefore both 2 + 3 − 1 and C
4 8
4x − 3y − 15 = 0
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x 5y
The equations of lines AQ and BP are + = 1 and
7 λ − (a 2 + 2h 2)
⇒ m1 = …(iii)
7x y ah
− = 1, respectively.
λ 5 2
a h
−0
Let R(h , k) be their point of intersection of lines a + h2
2
a 2h
AQ and BP. and slope of BE , m2 = =
ah 2
ah + a3 + ah 2
2
h 5k +a
Then, + =1 a +h
2 2
7 λ
ah
and
7h k
− =1 ⇒ m2 = 2 …(iv)
λ 5 a + 2h 2
Now, F lies on x − y + 5 = 0. 63. Let the coordinates of A be (0, α ). Since, the sides AB
x1 + 1 y1 − 2 and AD are parallel to the lines y = x + 2 and y = 7x + 3,
⇒ − = −5
2 2 respectively.
⇒ x1 − y1 + 13 = 0 …(i) Y
Since, AB is perpendicular to x − y + 5 = 0.
D C
∴ (slope of AB) ⋅ (slope of x − y + 5 = 0) = − 1.
y1 + 2
⇒ ⋅ (1) = − 1
x1 − 1
E(
1,
⇒ y1 + 2 = − x1 + 1
2)
A (0, α) B
⇒ x1 + y1 + 1 = 0 …(ii)
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get X′ X
O
x1 = − 7, y1 = 6.
So, the coordinates of B are (−7, 6). Y′
Now, E lies on x + 2 y = 0.
∴ The diagonal AC is parallel to the bisector of the angle
x2 + 1 y − 2
∴ +2 2 =0 between these two lines. The equation of the bisectors
2 2 are given by
x− y+2 7x − y + 3
⇒ x2 + 2 y2 − 3 = 0. …(iii) =±
2 50
Since, AC is perpendicular to x + 2 y = 0
∴ (slope of AC) ⋅ (slope of x + 2 y = 0) = − 1 ⇒ 5 (x − y + 2) = ± (7x − y + 3)
y2 + 2 1 ⇒ 2x + 4 y − 7 = 0 and 12x − 6 y + 13 = 0.
⇒ ⋅ − = − 1 Thus, the diagonals of the rhombus are parallel to the
x2 − 1 2
lines 2x + 4 y − 7 = 0 and 12x − 6 y + 13 = 0.
⇒ 2x2 − y2 = 4
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… (iv)
2 12
On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get ∴ Slope of AE = − or
4 6
11 2
x2 = and y2 = 2 −α 1 2 −α
5 5 ⇒ =− or =2
1 −0 2 1 −0
11 2
So, the coordinates of C are , . 5
5 5 ⇒ α= or α = 0.
2
Thus, the equation of BC is Hence, the coordinates are (0, 5 /2) or (0, 0).
2 /5 − 6
y −6 = (x + 7) 64. The equation of any line passing through (1, − 10) is
11 / 5 + 7
⇒ − 23 ( y − 6) = 14 (x + 7) y + 10 = m (x − 1).
⇒ 14x + 23 y − 40 = 0 Since, it makes equal angles, say θ, with the given lines,
therefore
62. Let O be the centre of circle and M be mid-point of AB. m−7 m − (−1) 1
tan θ = = ⇒ m = or –3
1 + 7m 1 + m(−1) 3
A M B Hence, the equations of third side are
(– 3, 4) (5, 4) 1
y + 10 = (x − 1) or y + 10 = − 3 (x − 1)
O
3
i.e. x − 3 y − 31 = 0 or 3x + y + 7 = 0
D C 65. Let ABC be a triangle whose vertices are
(a, b)
A [at1t2, a (t1 + t2)], B [at2t3 , a (t2 + t3 )] and
C [at1t3 , a (t1 + t3 )].
Then, OM ⊥ AB ⇒ M (1, 4) a (t 2 + t3 ) − a (t1 + t3 ) 1
Then, Slope of BC = =
Since, slope of AB = 0 at 2t3 − at1t3 t3
Equation of straight line MO is x = 1 and equation of a (t1 + t3 ) − a (t1 + t2) 1
Slope of AC = =
diameter is 4 y = x + 7. at1t3 − at1t2 t1
⇒ Centre is (1, 2). Also, O is mid-point of BD So, the equation of a line through A perpendicular to BC
α + 5 β + 4 is y − a (t1 + t2) = − t3 (x − at1t2) … (i)
⇒ , = (1, 2) ⇒ α = − 3, β = 0
2 2 and the equation of a line through B perpendicular to
∴ AD = (−3 + 3)2 + (4 − 0)2 = 4 AC is
y − a (t2 + t3 ) = − t1 (x − at2t3 ) …(ii)
and AB = 64 + 0 = 8 The point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii), is the
Thus, area of rectangle = 8 × 4 = 32 sq units orthocentre.
Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines 377
B
(0,b) P(a,b)
Q
)
(h
0,0
,k
H(
)
X′ X
O A(a,0)
Y′
⇒ Slope of AB ⋅ Slope of PQ = − 1 A (5,–1) B (–2,3)
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0−b k−b
⇒ ⋅ = −1 Since, CH is ⊥ AB,
a −0 h − a
b 4
⇒ bk − b2 = ah − a 2 ∴ = −1
a −7
⇒ ah − bk = a 2 − b2 …(ii)
x y ⇒ 4b = 7a ...(i)
Equation of line AB is + = 1. Also, AH ⊥ BC
a b
1 3 − b
Since, Q lies on AB, therefore ∴ − = −1
h k 5 −2 − a
+ =1
a b ⇒ 3 − b = −10 − 5a ...(ii)
⇒ bh + ak = ab …(iii) On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get a = −4 , b = −7
h k 1
= = 69. Since, the side AB is perpendicular to AD.
ab2 + a (a 2 − b2) − b(a 2 − b2) + a 2b a 2 + b2
D C (1,1)
h k 1
4 x + 7y + 5 = 0
⇒ 3
= 3 = 2 [from Eq. (i)]
a b c
⇒ a = (hc2)1/3 and b = (kc2)1/3
On substituting the values of a and b in a 2 + b2 = c2,
we get h 2 / 3 + k2 / 3 = c2 / 3
Hence, locus of a point is x2 / 3 + y2 / 3 = c2 / 3 . A (–3,1) B
67. Since, diagonals of rectangle bisect each other, so ∴ Its equation is of the form 7x − 4 y + λ = 0
mid point of (1, 3) and (5, 1) must satisfy y = 2x + c, i.e. Since, it passes through (−3, 1).
(3, 2) lies on it. ∴ 7(−3) − 4(1) + λ = 0.
⇒ λ = 25
D C(5,1)
∴ Equation of AB is
7x − 4 y + 25 = 0
Now, BC is parallel to AD. Therefore, its equation is
y= 4x + 7 y + λ = 0
2x
A(1,3) B + Since, it passes through (1, 1).
c
∴ 4(1) + 7(1) + λ = 0
⇒ 2 =6 + c
⇒ λ = − 11
378 Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines
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6 3
Case II x < y
⇒ 3 y − 3 = 4x − 20
2 2 ≤ y − x + (x + y) ≤ 4 2 ⇒ 3 y − 4x + 17 = 0
y ∈[ 2, 2 2]
Equation of the line BC is
⇒ A = (2 2 )2 − ( 2 )2 = 6 sq units 4 −1 3
y−4 = (x − 1) ⇒ y−4 = − (x − 1)
1 −5 4
Topic 2 Angle between Straight Lines and ⇒ 4 y − 16 = − 3x + 3 ⇒ 3x + 4 y − 19 = 0
Equation of Angle Bisector
Again, equation of the bisectors of the angles between
1. Take any point B (0, 1) on given line. two given lines AB and BC are
3 y − 4x + 17 4 y + 3x − 19
B (0, 1) √ 3y =x – 1 =±
3 +4
2 2
42 + 32
⇒ 3 y − 4x + 17 = ± (4 y + 3x − 19)
A (√ 3, 0) ⇒ 3 y − 4x + 17 = 4 y + 3x − 19
and 3 y − 4x + 17 = − (4 y + 3x − 19)
B′ (0, –1) ⇒ 36 = y + 7x and 7 y − x = 2
Out of these two, equation of the bisector of angle ABC is
Equation of AB′ is
7 y = x + 2.
−1 −0
y−0 = (x − 3 )
0− 3 6. Here, the triangle formed by a line parallel to X-axis
passing through P (h , k) and the straight line y = x and
⇒ − 3y = − x + 3 y = 2 − x could be as shown below:
⇒ x − 3y = 3
Y
⇒ 3y = x − 3
y=x
2. For collinear points (1, 1)
− sin( β − α ) − cos β 1 A
∴
1
AB ⋅ AC = 4h 2 (a 2 + b2)
(ax + by + c) − (lx + my + n ) = 0
2 2 (al + bm)
where, AB = 2 |k – 1| and AC = 2 (|k – 1|) ⇒ 2 (al + bm) (ax + by + c) − (a 2 + b2) (lx + my + n ) = 0
1 which is the required equation of line L.
⇒ ⋅ 2(k − 1)2 = 4h 2
2
⇒ 4h 2 = (k − 1)2 Topic 3 Area and Family of
⇒ 2h = ± (k − 1) Concurrent Lines
The locus of a point is 2x = ± ( y − 1).
1. Let a ∆ABC is such that vertices
7. Given equations of lines are A (1, 2), B(x1 y1 ) and C (x2, y2).
x − 2 y + 4 = 0 and 4x − 3 y + 2 = 0
A(1,2)
Here, a1a 2 + b1b2 = 1(4) + (−2)(−3) = 10 > 0
For obtuse angle bisector, we take negative sign.
x −2y + 4 4x − 3 y + 2
∴ =−
5 5 B(x1,y1) C(x2,y2)
⇒ 5 (x − 2 y + 4) = − (4x − 3 y + 2)
⇒ (4 + 5 )x − (2 5 + 3) y + (4 5 + 2) = 0 It is given that mid-point of side AB is (− 1, 1).
x1 + 1
8. Since, the required line L passes through the So, = −1
2
intersection of L1 = 0 and L 2 = 0. y1 + 2
L2 and =1
2
⇒ x1 = − 3 and y1 = 0
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A P θ So, point B is (− 3, 0)
L
(x1,y1) θ Also, it is given that mid-point of side AC is
(2, 3), so
x2 + 1 y +2
L1 = 2 and 2 =3
2 2
So, the equation of the required line L is ⇒ x2 = 3 and y2 = 4
L1 + λL 2 = 0. So, point C is (3, 4).
i.e. (ax + by + c) + λ (lx + my + n ) = 0 … (i) Now, centroid of ∆ABC is
where, λ is a parameter. 1 + (− 3) + 3 2 + 0 + 4
G , 1
= G , 2
Since, L1 is the angle bisector of L = 0 and L 2 = 0. 3 3 3
∴ Any point A (x1 , y1 ) on L1 is equidistant from L1 = 0 2 Given, px + qy + r = 0 is the equation of line such that
and L 2 = 0. 3 p + 2q + 4r = 0
| lx1 + my1 + n |
⇒ Consider, 3 p + 2q + 4r = 0
l2 + m 2 3 p 2q
⇒ + + r=0
|(ax1 + by1 + c) + λ (lx1 + my1 + n )| 4 4
= …(ii)
(a + λl)2 + (b + λm)2 (dividing the equation by 4)
p + q + r = 0
3 1
⇒
But, A (x1 , y1 ) lies on L1. So, it must satisfy the equation 4 2
of L1 , ie, ax1 + by1 + c1 = 0. ⇒ ,
3 1
satisfy px + qy + r = 0
On substituting ax1 + by1 + c = 0 in Eq. (ii), we get 4 2
So, the lines always passes through the point , .
3 1
| lx1 + my1 + n | |0 + λ (lx1 + my1 + n )| 4 2
=
l2 + m 2 (a + λl)2 + (b + λm)2 3. As the given lines x − y + 1 = 0 and 7x − y − 5 = 0 are not
parallel, therefore they represent the adjacent sides of
⇒ λ2(l2 + m2) = (a + λl)2 + (b + λm)2
the rhombus.
(a + b )
2 2
∴ λ=− On solving x − y + 1 = 0 and 7x − y − 5 = 0, we get x = 1
2 (al + bm)
and y = 2. Thus, one of the vertex is A(1, 2).
380 Straight Line and Pair of Straight Lines
D C (x, y)
6. The points of intersection of three lines are
=0
A (1, 1), B(2, − 2), C (−2, 2).
y–5
7x – (–1, –2) Now, | AB| = 1 + 9 = 10 ,
|BC| = 16 + 16 = 4 2,
A x − y + 1=0 B and |CA| = 9 + 1 = 10
(1, 2) ∴ Triangle is an isosceles.
Let the coordinate of point C be (x, y). 7. Given lines, x + 2 y − 3 = 0 and 3x + 4 y − 7 = 0 intersect
x+1 y+2 at (1,1), which does not satisfy 2x + 3 y − 4 = 0 and
Then, −1 = and − 2 =
2 2 4x + 5 y − 6 = 0.
⇒ x + 1 = − 2 and y = − 4 − 2 Also, 3x + 4 y − 7 = 0 and 2x + 3 y − 4 = 0 intersect at
⇒ x= −3 (5, –2) which does not satisfy x + 2 y − 3 = 0 and
and y= −6 4x + 5 y − 6 = 0 .
Hence, coordinates of C = (− 3, − 6) Lastly, intersection point of x + 2 y − 3 = 0 and
Note that, vertices B and D will satisfy x − y + 1 = 0 and 2x + 3 y − 4 = 0 is (–1, 2) which satisfy 4x + 5 y − 6 = 0.
Hence, only three lines are concurrent.
7x − y − 5 = 0, respectively.
8. Given lines px + qy + r = 0, qx + ry + p = 0
Since, option (c) satisfies 7x − y − 5 = 0, therefore
1 − 8 and rx + py + q = 0 are concurrent.
coordinate of vertex D is , . p q r
3 3
∴ q r p =0
4. Let lines OB : y = mx r p q
CA : y = mx + 1
Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 and taking common from
BA : y = nx + 1
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R1
and OC : y = nx 1 1 1
The point of intersection B of OB and AB has x ( p + q + r) q r p = 0
1 r p q
coordinate ⋅
m−n
⇒ ( p + q + r ) ( p2 + q2 + r 2 − pq − qr − pr ) = 0
Y
⇒ p3 + q3 + r3 − 3 pqr = 0
A Therefore, (a) and (c) are the answers.
Alternate Solution 1 λ
⇒ λ⋅ =5
As, ax + by + c = 0, satisfy 3a + 2b + 4c = 0 which 2 5
represents system of concurrent lines whose point of ⇒ λ2 = 50
concurrency could be obtained by comparison as, ⇒ |λ | = 5 2
3a 2 ∴ Equation of the line L is, x + 5 y = ± 5 2
ax + by + c ≡ + b+ c
4 4
3 1
⇒ x = , y = is point of concurrency. Topic 4 Homogeneous Equation of
4 2
3 1
Pair of Straight Lines
∴ , is the required point.
4 2 1. Let a and b be non-zero real numbers.
x1 y1 1 a1 b1 1 Therefore the given equation
11. Since, x2 y2 1 = a 2 b2 1 (ax2 + by2 + c) (x2 − 5xy + 6 y2) = 0 implies either
x3 y3 1 a3 b3 1
x2 − 5xy + 6 y2 = 0
represents area of triangles are equal, which does not ⇒ (x − 2 y)(x − 3 y) = 0
impies triangles are congrvent. Hence, given statement ⇒ x = 2y
is false. and x = 3y
12. Let the vertices of a triangle be, O (0, 0) A (a , 0) and represent two straight lines passing through origin or
B (b, c) equation of altitude BD is x = b. ax2 + by2 + c = 0 when c = 0 and a and b are of same
c signs, then
Slope of OB is .
b
b ax2 + by2 + c = 0,
Slope of AF is − . x=0
c
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and y = 0.
Now, the equation of altitude AF is
b which is a point specified as the origin.
y − 0 = − (x − a )
c When, a = b and c is of sign opposite to that of a,
Suppose, BD and OE intersect at P. ax2 + by2 + c = 0 represents a circle.
(a − b) Hence, the given equation,
Coordinates of P are b, b
c
(ax2 + by2 + c)(x2 − 5xy + 6 y2) = 0
a−b may represent two straight lines and a circle.
Let m1 be the slope of OP =
c
c 2. Given, x2 − y2 + 2 y = 1
and m2 be the slope of AB =
b−a ⇒ x2 = ( y − 1)2
⇒ x = y − 1 and x = − y + 1
a − b c
Now, m1m2 = = −1 Y
c b − a
1
|x (5 + 2) + (−3) (−2 − y) + 4 ( y − 5)|
3
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and y − 1 = − (x − 2)
isosceles. 3
or 3 ( y − 1) + (x − 2) = 0
Therefore, PS ⊥ QR and S is mid-point of hypotenuse, Therefore, joint equation of PQ and PR is
therefore S is equidistant from P , Q , R.
[3 (x − 2) − ( y − 1)] [(x − 2) + 3 ( y − 1)] = 0
∴ PS = QS = RS
⇒ 3 (x − 2)2 − 3 ( y − 1)2 + 8 (x − 2) ( y − 1) = 0
Since, ∠ P = 90° and ∠ Q = ∠ R
⇒ 3x2 − 3 y2 + 8xy − 20x − 10 y + 25 = 0
But ∠ P + ∠ Q + ∠ R = 180°
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(2019 Main, 8 April I) (a) x2 + y 2 + 2x − 2 y = 62 (b) x2 + y 2 + 2x − 2 y = 47
(a) 8x − 9 y + 9 y = 18
2 2
(b) 9x − 8 y + 8 y = 16
2 2 (c) x2 + y 2 − 2x + 2 y = 47 (d) x2 + y 2 − 2x + 2 y = 62
(c) 9x2 + 8 y 2 − 8 y = 16 (d) 8x2 + 9 y 2 − 9 y = 18 10. AB is a diameter of a circle and C is any point on the
3. If a circle of radius R passes through the origin O and circumference of the circle. Then, (1983, 1M)
intersects the coordinate axes at A and B, then the locus (a) the area of ∆ ABC is maximum when it is isosceles
of the foot of perpendicular from O on AB is (b) the area of ∆ ABC is minimum when it is isosceles
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II) (c) the perimeter of ∆ ABC is minimum when it is
(a) (x2 + y 2 )2 = 4R 2x 2 y 2 isosceles
(b) (x2 + y 2 )3 = 4R 2x 2 y 2 (d) None of the above
(c) (x2 + y 2 )(x + y) = R 2xy 11. The centre of the circle passing through the point (0, 1)
(d) (x2 + y 2 )2 = 4Rx 2 y 2 and touching the curve y = x2 at (2, 4) is (1983, 1M)
4. A square is inscribed in the circle
(a) − ,
16 27
(b) − ,
16 53
x2 + y2 − 6x + 8 y − 103 = 0 with its sides parallel to the
5 10 7 10
coordinate axes. Then, the distance of the vertex of this
(c) −
16 53
square which is nearest to the origin is , (d) None of the above
(2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
5 10
(a) 6 (b) 13 (c) 41 (d) 137
Objective Questions II
5. If the area of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the
circle, x + y + 10x + 12 y + c = 0
2 2 (One or more than one correct option)
is 27 3 sq units, then c is equal to (2019 Main, 10 Jan II) 12. Circle(s) touching X-axis at a distance 3 from the origin
(a) 20 (b) −25 (c) 13 (d) 25 and having an intercept of length 2 7 on Y-axis is/are
6. Let the orthocentre and centroid of a triangle be A(−3, 5) (a) x2 + y 2 − 6x + 8 y + 9 = 0 (2013 Adv.)
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G3 . Then, the points E3 , F3 and G3 lie on the curve
line segment AC as its diameter. A line passing through
(a) x + y = 4
A intersects the chord BC at a point D inside the circle. If
angles DAB and CAB are α and β respectively and the (b) (x − 4)2 + ( y − 4)2 = 16
distance between the point A and the mid-point of the (c) (x − 4) ( y − 4) = 4
line segment DC is d, prove that the area of the circle is (d) xy = 4
πd 2 cos 2 α 25. Let P be a point on the circle S with both coordinates
(1996, 5M) being positive. Let the tangent to S at P intersect the
cos α + cos β + 2 cos α cos β cos (β − α )
2 2
coordinate axes at the points M and N . Then, the
20. If (mi , 1 / mi ), mi > 0, i = 1, 2, 3, 4 are four distinct points mid-point of the line segment MN must lie on the
on a circle , then show that m1 m2 m3 m4 = 1. (1989, 2M) curve
(a) (x + y)2 = 3xy
21. The abscissae of the two points A and B are the roots of
the equation x + 2ax − b = 0 and their ordinates are the
2 2 (b) x23
/
+ y23/
= 24/3
roots of the equation y2 + 2 py − q2 = 0. Find the equation (c) x + y = 2xy
2 2
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2 2 2 4 Then, (2014 Adv.)
10. If the circle x2 + y2 + 2x + 2ky + 6 = 0 and (a) radius of S is 8
x + y + 2ky + k = 0 intersect orthogonally, then k is
2 2 (b) radius of S is 7
(c) centre of S is (−7,1)
(a) 2 or − 3 / 2 (b) −2 or − 3 / 2 (2000, 2M)
(d) centre of S is (−8,1)
(c) 2 or 3 / 2 (d) −2 or 3 / 2
11. The ∆ PQR is inscribed in the circle x2 + y2 = 25. If Q and Passage Based Problems
R have coordinates (3, 4) and (− 4, 3) respectively, then
∠ QPR is equal to (2000, 2M) Passage
(a) π / 2 (b) π / 3 (c) π / 4 (d) π / 6 Let ABCD be a square of side length 2 unit. C 2 is the
circle through vertices A , B, C , D and C1 is the circle
12. The number of common tangents to the circles
touching all the sides of square ABCD. L is the line
x2 + y2 = 4 and x2 + y2 − 6x − 8 y = 24 is (1998, 2M)
through A. (2006, 5M)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
18. If P is a point of C1 and Q is a point on C 2 , then
13. The angle between a pair of tangents drawn from a
point P to the circle PA 2 + PB2 + PC 2 + PD 2
is equal to
x2 + y2 + 4 x − 6 y + 9 sin 2 α + 13 cos2 α = 0 QA 2 + QB2 + QC 2 + QD 2
is 2α. The equation of the locus of the point P is (a) 0.75 (b) 1.25
(1996, 1M) (c) 1 (d) 0.5
(a) x2 + y2 + 4x − 6 y + 4 = 0 (b) x2 + y2 + 4x − 6 y − 9 = 0 19. A circle touches the line L and the circle C1 externally
(c) x2 + y2 + 4x − 6 y − 4 = 0 (d) x2 + y2 + 4x − 6 y + 9 = 0 such that both the circles are on the same side of the
14. If the two circles (x − 1)2 + ( y − 3)2 = r 2 and line, then the locus of centre of the circle is
x + y2 − 8x + 2 y + 8 = 0 intersect in two distinct points,
2 (a) ellipse (b) hyperbola
then (1989, 2M) (c) parabola (d) parts of straight line
(a) 2 < r < 8 (b) r < 2 (c) r = 2 (d) r > 2 20. A line M through A is drawn parallel to BD. Point S
15. If a circle passes through the point (a, b) and cuts the moves such that its distances from the line BD and the
circle x + y = k orthogonally, then the equation of the
2 2 2 vertex A are equal. If locus of S cuts M at T2 and T3 and
locus of its centre is (1988, 2M) AC at T1, then area of ∆T1T2T3 is
(a) 2ax + 2by − (a 2 + b2 + k 2 ) = 0 1 2
(a) sq unit (b) sq unit
(b) 2ax + 2by − (a 2 − b2 + k 2 ) = 0 2 3
(c) x2 + y2 − 3ax − 4by + a 2 + b2 − k 2 = 0 (c) 1sq unit (d) 2 sq units
(d) x2 + y2 − 2ax − 3by + (a 2 − b2 − k 2 ) = 0
386 Circle
2. A rectangle is inscribed in a circle with a diameter lying 9. Let PQ and RS be tangents at the extremities of the
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along the line 3 y = x + 7. If the two adjacent vertices of diameter PR of a circle of radius r. If PS and RQ
the rectangle are (–8, 5) and (6, 5), then the area of the intersect at a point X on the circumference of the circle,
rectangle (in sq units) is (2019 Main, 9 April II ) then 2r equals (2001, 1M)
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(c) x − 3 y = − 1 (d) x + 3y = 5 2x + 3 y + 1 = 0 at the point (1, –1) and is orthogonal to
the circle which has the line segment having end points
14. A common tangent of the two circles is (0, –1) and (–2, 3) as the diameter. (2004, 4M)
(a) x = 4 (b) y = 2
(c) x + 3 y = 4 (d) x + 2 2 y = 6
21. Find the coordinates of the point at which the circles
x2 − y2 − 4x − 2 y + 4 = 0 and x2 + y2 − 12x − 8 y + 36 = 0
Passage 2 touch each other. Also, find equations of common
A circle C of radius 1 is inscribed in an equilateral tangents touching the circles the distinct points.
∆PQR. The points of contact of C with the sides PQ, QR, (1993, 5M)
RP are D, E, F respectively. The line PQ is given by the 22. Two circles, each of radius 5 units, touch each other at
3 3 3 (1, 2). If the equation of their common tangent is
equation 3 x + y − 6 = 0 and the point D is , . 4x + 3 y = 10, find the equations of the circles. (1991, 4M)
2 2
Further, it is given that the origin and the centre of C
are on the same side of the line PQ. (2008, 12M) Integer Answer Type Question
15. The equation of circle C is 23. The centres of two circles C1 and C 2 each of unit radius
(a) (x − 2 3 ) + ( y − 1) = 1
2 2 are at a distance of 6 units from each other. Let P be the
2 mid-point of the line segment joining the centres of C1
(b) (x − 2 3 )2 + y + = 1
1
2 and C 2 and C be a circle touching circles C1 and C 2
externally. If a common tangents to C1 and C passing
(c) (x − 3 )2 + ( y + 1)2 = 1
through P is also a common tangent to C 2 and C , then the
(d) (x − 3 )2 + ( y − 1)2 = 1
radius of the circle C is … (2009)
3. Two circles with equal radii are intersecting at the Fill in the Blanks
points (0, 1) and (0, −1). The tangent at the point (0,1) to
one of the circles passes through the centre of the other 13. For each natural number k. Let C k denotes the circle
circle. Then, the distance between the centres of these with radius k centimetres and centre at origin. On the
circles is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I) circle C k a particle moves k centimetres in the
(a) 2 (b) 2 2 (c) 1 (d) 2 counter-clockwise direction. After completing its
motion on C k the particle moves to C k + 1 in the radial
4. Three circles of radii a , b, c(a < b < c) touch each other
direction. The motion of the particle continue in this
externally. If they have X-axis as a common tangent, manner. The particle starts at (1, 0). If the particle
then (2019 Main, 9 Jan I) crosses the positive direction of the X-axis for the first
1 1 1 time on the circle C n, then n = …
(a) a , b, c are in AP (b) = + (1997, 2M)
a b c
1 1 1 14. The intercept on the line y = x by the circle x2 + y2 − 2x = 0
(c) a , b , c are in AP (d) = +
b a c is AB. Equation of the circle with AB as a diameter is… .
(1996, 1M)
5. The circle passing through (1, − 2) and touching the axis
of x at (3, 0) also passes through the point (2013 Main) 15. If the circle C1 : x2 + y2 = 16 intersects another circle C 2
(a) (− 5, 2) (b) (2, − 5) of radius 5 in such a manner that the common chord is
(c) (5, − 2) (d) (− 2, 5) of maximum length and has a slope equal to 3/4, then
the coordinates of the centre of C 2 are… . (1988, 2M)
6. The circle passing through the point (− 1, 0) and
16. The points of intersection of the line 4x − 3 y − 10 = 0 and
touching the Y-axis at (0, 2) also passes through the
point (2011)
the circle x2 + y2 − 2x + 4 y − 20 = 0 are…and… .
(1983, 2M)
(a) − , 0 (b) − , 2 (c) − ,
3 5 3 5
(d) (− 4, 0)
2 2 2 2
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
7. The locus of the centre of circle which touches
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( y − 1) + x = 1 externally and also touches X-axis, is
2 2 17. Consider the family of circles x2 + y2 = r 2 , 2 < r < 5. If in
(a) {x = 4 y, y ≥ 0} ∪ {(0, y), y< 0}
2
(2005, 2M) the first quadrant, the common tangent to a circle of
(b) x2 = y this family and the ellipse 4x2 + 25 y2 = 100 meets the
(c) y = 4x2 coordinate axes at A and B, then find the equation of the
(d) y2 = 4x ∪ (0, y), y∈R locus of the mid-points of AB. (1999, 5M)
8. If two distinct chords, drawn from the point ( p, q) on the 18. Consider a family of circles passing through two fixed
points A (3, 7) and B (6, 5). Show that the chords in
circle x + y = px + qy (where, pq ≠ 0) are bisected by
2 2
which the circle x2 + y2 − 4x − 6 y − 3 = 0 cuts the
the X-axis, then (1999, 2M) members of the family are concurrent at a point. Find
(a) p 2 = q2 (b) p 2 = 8q2 the coordinates of this point. (1993, 5M)
(c) p 2 < 8q2 (d) p 2 > 8q2
19. A circle touches the line y = x at a point P such that
9. The locus of the centre of a circle, which touches OP = 4 2, where O is the origin. The circle contains the
externally the circle x2 + y2 − 6x − 6 y + 14 = 0 and also point (− 10, 2) in its interior and the length of its chord
touches the Y-axis, is given by the equation (1993, 1M) on the line x + y = 0 is 6 2. Determine the equation of
(a) x2 − 6x − 10 y + 14 = 0 (b) x2 − 10x − 6 y + 14 = 0 the circle. (1990, 5M)
(c) y2 − 6x − 10 y + 14 = 0 (d) y2 − 10x − 6 y + 14 = 0
20. Let S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 be a given circle. Find
10. The centre of a circle passing through the points (0, 0),
the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the
(1, 0) and touching the circle x2 + y2 = 9 is (1992, 2M)
origin upon any chord of S which subtends a right angle
(a) (3/2, 1/2) (b) (1/2, 3/2)
at the origin. (1988, 5M)
(c) (1/2, 1/2) (d) (1 / 2, − 21/ 2 )
21. Let a given line L1 intersect the X and Y-axes at P and Q
11. The equation of the circle passing through (1, 1) and
the points of intersection of x + y + 13x − 3 y = 0 and
2 2 respectively. Let another line L 2, perpendicular to L1,
2x2 + 2 y2 + 4x − 7 y − 25 = 0 is (1983, 1M)
cut the X and Y-axes at R and S, respectively. Show that
the locus of the point of intersection of the line PS and
(a) 4x2 + 4 y2 − 30x − 10 y = 25
QR is a circle passing through the origin. (1987, 3M)
(b) 4x2 + 4 y2 + 30x − 13 y − 25 = 0
(c) 4 x2 + 4 y2 − 17x − 10 y + 25 = 0 22. Find the equations of the circles passing through (−4, 3)
(d) None of the above and touching the lines x + y = 2 and x − y = 2. (1982, 3M)
12. Two circles x2 + y2 = 6 and x2 + y2 − 6x + 8 = 0 are given. 23. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the
Then the equation of the circle through their points of point (2, 0) and whose centre is the limit of the point of
intersection and the point (1, 1) is (1980, 1M) intersection of the lines 3x + 5 y = 1, (2 + c)x + 5c2y = 1 as c
(a) x2 + y2 − 6 x + 4 = 0 (b) x2 + y2 − 3x + 1 = 0 tends to 1. (1979, 3M)
(c) x2 + y2 − 4 y + 2 = 0 (d) None of these
Circle 389
3. The centres of those circles which touch the circle, where, p is a real number and
x2 + y2 − 8x − 8 y − 4 = 0, externally and also touch the C : x2 + y2 − 6x + 10 y + 30 = 0
X-axis, lie on (2016 Main) Statement I If line L1 is a chord of circle C, then line L 2
(a) a circle is not always a diameter of circle C.
(b) an ellipse which is not a circle
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Statement II If line L1 is a diameter of circle C, then
(c) a hyperbola line L 2 is not a chord of circle C. (2008, 3M)
(d) a parabola
4. The locus of the mid-point of the chord of contact of Fill in the Blanks
tangents drawn from points lying on the straight line
9. The chords of contact of the pair of tangents drawn from
4x − 5 y = 20 to the circle x2 + y2 = 9 is (2012) each point on the line 2x + y = 4 to the circle x2 + y2 = 1
(a) 20 (x2 + y2 ) − 36x + 45 y = 0 pass through the point… . (1997, 2M)
(b) 20 (x2 + y2 ) + 36x − 45 y = 0
10. The equation of the locus of the mid-points of the chords
(c) 36 (x2 + y2 ) − 20 y + 45 y = 0
of the circle 4x2 + 4 y2 − 12x + 4 y + 1 = 0 that subtend an
(d) 36 (x2 + y2 ) + 20x − 45 y = 0 angle of 2π / 3 at its centre is … . (1993, 2M)
5. Tangents drawn from the point P (1, 8) to the circle
11. The area of the triangle formed by the tangents from
x2 + y2 − 6x − 4 y − 11 = 0 touch the circle at the points A
the point (4, 3) to the circle x2 + y2 = 9 and the line
and B. The equation of the circumcircle of the ∆PAB is
(2009)
joining their points of contact is… . (1987, 2M)
(a) x2 + y2 + 4x − 6 y + 19 = 0 12. From the point A (0, 3) on the circle x2 + 4x + ( y − 3)2 = 0,
(b) x2 + y2 − 4x − 10 y + 19 = 0 a chord AB is drawn and extended to a point M such
(c) x2 + y2 − 2x + 6 y − 29 = 0 that AM = 2 AB. The equation of the locus of M is… .
(d) x2 + y2 − 6x − 4 y + 19 = 0 (1986, 2M)
6. The locus of the mid-point of a chord of the circle 13. The equation of the line passing through the points of
x2 + y2 = 4 which subtends a right angle at the origin, is intersection of the circles 3x2 + 3 y2 − 2x + 12 y − 9 = 0
(a) x + y = 2 (1984, 2M) and x2 + y2 + 6x + 2 y − 15 = 0 is… . (1986, 2M)
(b) x2 + y2 = 1
14. Let x2 + y2 − 4x − 2 y − 11 = 0 be a circle. A pair of
(c) x2 + y2 = 2
(d) x + y = 1 tangents from the point (4, 5) with a pair of radii form a
quadrilateral of area... . (1985, 2M)
Objective Question II 15. From the origin chords are drawn to the circle
(One or more than one correct option) (x − 1)2 + y2 = 1. The equation of the locus of the mid
points of these chords is… . (1985, 2M)
7. The equations of the tangents drawn from the origin to
the circle x2 + y2 + 2rx + 2hy + h 2 = 0, are (1988, 2M) Analytical & Descriptive Questions
(a) x = 0 16. Let 2x2 + y2 − 3xy = 0 be the equation of a pair of
(b) y = 0
tangents drawn from the origin O to a circle of radius 3
(c) (h 2 − r 2 ) x − 2rhy = 0
with centre in the first quadrant. If A is one of the points
(d) (h 2 − r 2 ) x + 2rhy = 0
of contact, find the length of OA. (2001, 5M)
390 Circle
17. Let T1 , T2 and be two tangents drawn from (−2, 0) onto 21. Lines 5x + 12 y − 10 = 0 and 5x − 12 y − 40 = 0 touch a
the circle C : x2 + y2 = 1. Determine the circles touching circle C1 of diameter 6. If the centre of C1 lies in the first
C and having T1 , T2 as their pair of tangents. Further, quadrant, find the equation of the circle C 2 which is
find the equations of all possible common tangents to concentric with C1 and cuts intercepts of length 8 on
these circles when taken two at a time. (1999, 10M) these lines. (1986, 5M)
18. C1 and C 2 are two concentric circles, the radius of C 2 22. Through a fixed point (h , k) secants are drawn to the
circle x2 + y2 = r 2. Show that the locus of the mid-points
being twice that of C1. From a point P on C 2, tangents PA
of the secants intercepted by the circle is
and PB are drawn to C1. Prove that the centroid of the
x2 + y2 = hx + ky. (1983, 5M)
∆PAB lies on C1. (1998, 8M)
23. Let A be the centre of the circle x2 + y2 − 2x − 4 y − 20 = 0.
19. Find the intervals of values of a for which the line
Suppose that, the tangents at the points B (1, 7) and D
y + x = 0 bisects two chords drawn from a point
(4, −2 ) on the circle meet at the point C. Find the area of
1 + 2a 1 − 2a
, to the circle the quadrilateral ABCD. (1981, 4M)
2 2
Integer Answer Type Question
2x2 + 2 y2 − (1 + 2a ) x − (1 − 2a ) y = 0. (1996, 6M)
24. Two parallel chords of a circle of radius 2 are at a
20. Let a circle be given by distance 3 + 1 apart. If the chords subtend at the centre,
2x (x − a ) + y (2 y − b) = 0, (a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0) angles of π /k and
2π
, where k > 0, then the value of [k]
Find the condition on a and b if two chords, each bisected k
by the X-axis can be drawn to the circle from (a , b /2). is…… (2010)
(1992, 6M) NOTE [k ] denotes the largest integer less than or equal to k]
Answers
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Topic 1 Topic 4
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b)
5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (d)
9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (a, c) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (b)
3
13. (b, c) 14. 15. k ≠ 1 16. True 13. n = 7
4
21. x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + 2 py − (b 2 + q 2 ) = 0, 9 12 9 12
14. x 2 + y 2 − x − y = 0 15. − , and ,−
5 5 5 5
radius = a 2 + p 2 + b 2 + q 2
16. ( −2, − 6 ) and ( 4, 2 ) 17. 4 x 2 + 25y 2 = 4 x 2y 2
22. 2 23. 2 24. (a) 25. (d)
18. x = 2 and y = 23 / 3 19. x 2 + y 2 + 18 x − 2y + 32 = 0
Topic 2 c
20. x 2 + y 2 + gx + f y + =0
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 2
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 22. x 2 + y 2 + 2 (10 ± 3 6 ) x + (55 ± 24 6 ) = 0
9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (b)
13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (a) 16. (a,d) 23. 25 ( x 2 + y 2 ) − 20 x + 2y − 60 = 0
17. (b, c) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
Topic 5
21. A→p, q; B→p, q; C→q, r; D→q, r
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a)
22. Ellipse having foci are (a, b) and (0, 0)
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a,c) 8. (c)
23. 16 : 1
1 1
9. , 10. 16 x 2 + 16y 2 − 48 x + 16y + 31 = 0
Topic 3 2 4
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 192
11. sq units
5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 25
9. (a) 10. (a ,c) 11. (a, b, c) 12. (a) 12. x 2 + y 2 + 8 x − 6y + 9 = 0 13. 10 x − 3y − 18 = 0
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a)
14. 8 sq units 15. x + y − x = 0
2 2
16. 3 (3 + 10 )
a2 1
17. (a) 18. sq unit 19. λ = 2 or − 2 2
6 2 4 1 5 4
17. x + + y 2 = ; y = ± x +
20. 2 x 2 + 2y 2 − 10 x − 5y + 1 = 0 21. y = 0 and 7y − 24 x + 16 = 0 3 3 39 5
19. a ∈ ( −∞, − 2 ) ∪ (2, ∞ ) 20. a 2 > 2b 2
22. ( x − 5 ) 2 + (y − 5 ) 2 = 5 2 and ( x + 3 ) 2 + (y + 1 ) 2 = 5 2
23. 8 21. ( x − 5 ) 2 + (y − 2 ) 2 = 5 2 22. x 2 + y 2 = hx + ky
23. 75 sq units 24. 3
Hints & Solutions
Topic 1 Equation of Circle 3. Let the foot of perpendicular be P (h , k). Then, the slope
1. It is given that the circle touches the X-axis at (3, 0) and k
of line OP =
making an intercept of 8 on the Y -axis. h
Y Y
B B
P(h, k)
M
8 C
r r A
A X
X O
O (3,0)
Q Line AB is perpendicular to line OP, so slope of line
Let the radius of the circle is ‘r’, then the coordinates of h
AB = − [Qproduct of slopes of two
centre of circle are (3, r ). k
From the figure, we have perpendicular lines is (−1)]
CM = 3, Now, the equation of line AB is
CA = radius = r h
y − k = − (x − h ) ⇒ hx + ky = h 2 + k2
AB k
and AM = BM = =4 x y
2 or + =1
h + k h + k2
2 2 2
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Then, r 2 = CM 2 + AM 2 = 9 + 16 = 25
⇒ r=±5 h k
Now, the equation of circle having centre (3, ± 5) and
h 2 + k2 h 2 + k2
radius = 5 is So, point A , 0 and B0,
(x − 3)2 + ( y ± 5)2 = 25 h k
Now, from the options (3, 10) satisfy the equation of Q ∆AOB is a right angled triangle, so AB is one of the
circle diameter of the circle having radius R (given).
(x − 3)2 + ( y − 5)2 = 25 ⇒ AB = 2R
2 2
2. Given vertices of ∆AOP are O(0, 0) and A(0, 1) h 2 + k2 h 2 + k2
⇒ + = 2R
Let the coordinates of point P are (x, y). h k
Clearly, perimeter = OA + AP + OP = 4 (given) 1 1
⇒ (h 2 + k2)2 2 + 2 = 4R2
h k
⇒ (0 − 0)2 + (0 − 1)2 + (0 − x)2 + (1 − y)2 + x2 + y2 = 4
⇒ (h + k2)3 = 4R2h 2k2
2
⇒1 + x2 + ( y − 1)2 + x2 + y2 = 4
On replacing h by x and k by y, we get
⇒ x + y − 2y + 1 +
2 2
x + y =3
2 2
(x2 + y2)3 = 4R2x2y2,
⇒ x2 + y2 − 2 y + 1 = 3 − x2 + y2 which is the required locus.
4. Given equation of circle is x2 + y2 − 6x + 8 y − 103 = 0,
⇒ x2 + y2 − 2 y + 1 = 9 + x2 + y2 − 6 x2 + y2
which can be written as (x − 3)2 + ( y + 4)2 = 128 = (8 2 )2
[squaring both sides]
∴ Centre = (3, − 4) and radius = 8 2
⇒ 1 − 2 y = 9 − 6 x2 + y2 Now, according to given information, we have the
following figure.
⇒ 6 x2 + y2 = 2 y + 8
Y
⇒ 3 x2 + y2 = y + 4
⇒ 9(x2 + y2) = ( y + 4)2 [squaring both sides] D C
O X
⇒ 9x2 + 9 y2 = y2 + 8 y + 16
45°
⇒ 9x2 + 8 y2 − 8 y = 16 G
Thus, the locus of point P (x, y) is (3,–4)
9x + 8 y − 8 y = 16
2 2
A B
392 Circle
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which could be plotted as
[Q in an equilateral triangle circumcentre and centroid
coincide] Y D (2,9) C (6,9)
y=9
C
60°
y=5
(–5,–6) A (2,5) B (6,5)
G X X
r r O Y
120°
where, ABCD clearly forms a square.
A B
∴ Centre of inscribed circle
= Point of intersection of diagonals
Also, we know that = Mid-point of AC or BD
∆AGB ≅ ∆BGC ≅ ∆CGA [by SAS congruence rule] 2 + 6 5 + 9
= , = (4, 7)
2 2
∴ ar (∆ABC ) = 3 ar (∆AGB)
1 ⇒ Centre of inscribed circle is (4, 7).
= 3 r 2 sin 120°
2 8. Choosing OA as X-axis, A = (r , 0), B = (0, r ) and any
1
[Q area of triangle = ab sin (∠C )] point P on the circle is (r cos θ , r sin θ ). If (x, y) is the
2 centroid of ∆ PAB, then
Q ar (∆ABC ) = 27 3 [given] Y B (0,r )
3 2 3
∴ r = 27 3 P
2 2
3
[sin 120° = sin (180° − 60° ) = sin 60° = ]
2 X′ O X
A (r,0)
⇒ r2 = 4 × 9
⇒ r =6
Now, radius of circle, Y′
r= g2 + f 2 − c 3x = r cos θ + r + 0
and 3 y = r sin θ + 0 + r
⇒ 6 = 25 + 36 − c
∴ (3x − r )2 + (3 y − r )2 = r 2
[Q in the given equation of circle 2 g = 10 Hence, locus of P is a circle.
and 2 f = 12 ⇒ g = 5 and f = 6]
Circle 393
7 x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
⇒ r 2 = 154 × ⇒ r=7 Here,
22
∴ Required equation of circle is
A
(x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 72
2√7
⇒ x2 + y2 − 2x + 2 y = 47
10. Clearly, ∠C = 90° as angle in semi-circle is right angled. B
Now, area of triangle is maximum when AC = BC. A′ (3, 0)
i.e. Triangle is right angled isosceles. 2√7
C
B′
A B
passes through (3, 0).
⇒ 9 + 6g + c = 0 …(i)
g2 = c …(ii)
and 2 f2 − c =2 7
11. Let centre of circle be (h , k) .
f2 − c = 7 …(iii)
so that OA 2 = OB2
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From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
B (0,1) g 2 + 6 g + 9 = 0 ⇒ ( g + 3 )2 = 0
⇒ g = − 3 and c = 9
∴ f 2 = 16 ⇒ f =±4
A (2,4)
O (h,k ) ∴ x + y − 6x ± 8 y + 9 = 0
2 2
15. Since, P lies on circle and A and B are points in plane Here, ax12 + 2hx1 y1 + by12 − 1 ≠ 0, as (x1 , y1 ) does not lie on
PA Eq. (i),
such that, = k, then the locus of P is perpendiular
PB Also, a cos 2 θ + 2h sin θ cos θ + b sin 2 θ
bisector of AB. Thus, the value of k ≠ 1. = a + 2 h sin θ cos θ + (b − a )sin 2 θ
16. Since, centre of circle is (3, − 1) which lies on x + 3 y = 0 = a + sin θ {2h cos θ + (b − a ) sin θ }
⇒ x + 3 y = 0 is diameter of x + y − 6x + 2 y = 0
2 2
= a + sin θ ⋅ 4h 2 + (b − a )2 ⋅ (cos θ sin φ + sin θ cos φ )
Hence, given statement is true.
b−a
17. Equations of any circle C with centre at (0, 2 ) is given where, tan θ =
2h
by
= a + 4h 2 + (b − a )2 sin θ sin (θ + φ )
(x − 0)2 + ( y − 2 )2 = r 2
which will be independent of θ, if
or x2 + y2 − 2 2 y + 2 = r 2 …(i)
4h 2 + (b − a )2 = 0
where, r > 0.
⇒ h = 0 and b = a
Let (x1 , y1 ), (x2, y2), (x3 , y3 ) be three distinct rational
1
points on circle. Since, a straight line parallel to X-axis ∴ Eq. (i) reduces to x2 + y2 =
meets a circle in at most two points, either a
y1 , y2 or y1 , y3 . which is a equation of circle.
On putting these in Eq. (i), we get
19. Let the radius of the circle be r. Take X-axis along AC
x12 + y12 − 2 2 y1 = r 2 − 2 …(ii) and the O (0, 0) as centre of the circle. Therefore,
x22 + y22 − 2 2 y2 = r − 2
2
…(iii) coordinate of A and C are (− r , 0) and (r , 0), respectively.
Now, ∠ BAC = β , ∠ BOC = 2 β
x32 + y32 − 2 2 y3 = r 2 − 2 …(iv)
Therefore, coordinates of B are (r cos 2 β , r sin 2 β ).
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On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iii), we get And slope of AD is tan (β − α ).
p1 − 2 q1 = 0 Let (x, y) be the coordinates of the point D. Equation of
where, p1 = x22 + y22 − x12 − y12, AD is
Y
q1 = y2 − y1 B (r cos 2 β, r sin 2 β)
P
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (iv), we get
D E
p2 − 2q2 = 0 X′ X
A(−r, 0) O C (r,0)
where p2 = x32 + y32 − x12 − y12, q2 = y3 − y1
Now, p1 , p2 , q1 , q2 are rational numbers. Also, either
q1 ≠ 0 or q2 ≠ 0. If q1 ≠ 0, then 2 = p1 / q1 and if q2 ≠ 0,
then 2 = p2 / q2. In any case 2 is a rational number. Y′
This is a contradiction. y = tan (β − α ) (x + r ) …(i)
18. The given circle is ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 1 …(i) [Q slope = tan (β − α ) and point is (− r, 0)]
Let the point P not lying on Eq. (i) be (x1 , y1 ), let θ be Now, equation of BC is
the inclination of line through P which intersects the r sin 2 β − 0
y= (x − r )
given curve at Q and R. r cos 2 β − r
Then, equation of line through P is r ⋅ 2 sin β cos β
⇒ y= (x − r )
x − x1 y − y1 r (− 2 sin 2 β )
= =r
cos θ sin θ 2 sin β cos β
⇒ x = x1 + r cos θ , y = y1 + r sin θ ⇒ y= (x − r )
−2 sin 2 β
For points Q and R, above point must lie on Eq. (i).
⇒ y = − cot β (x − r ) …(ii)
⇒ a (x1 + r cos θ )2 + 2h (x1 + r cos θ ) ( y1 + r sin θ )
To obtain the coordinate of D, solve Eqs. (i) and (ii)
+ b ( y1 + r sin θ )2 = 1
simultaneously
⇒ (a cos 2 θ + 2h sin θ cos θ + b sin 2 θ )r 2 ⇒ tan (β − α ) (x + r ) = − cot β (x − r )
+ 2 (ax1 cos θ + hx1 sin θ + hy1 cos θ + by1 sin θ )r
⇒ x tan (β − α ) + r tan (β − α ) = − x cot β + r cot β
+ (ax12 + 2hx1 y1 + by12 − 1) = 0 ⇒ x [tan (β − α ) + cot β ] = r [cot β − tan (β − α )]
It is quadratic in r, giving two values of r as PQ and PR.
sin (β − α ) cos β cos β sin(β − α )
a x12 + 2hx1 y1 + by12 − 1 ⇒ x + =r −
∴ PQ ⋅ PR = cos (β − α ) sin β
sin β cos (β − α )
a cos θ + 2h sin θ cos θ + b sin 2 θ
2
Circle 395
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r cos (2 β − α ) 2r cos β sin (α − β )
,− 22. The circle and coordinate axes can have 3 common
cos α cos α points, if it passes through origin. [ p = 0]
Thus, coordinates of E are If circle is cutting one axis and touching other axis.
r cos (2 β − α ) + r cos α cos β sin (α − β ) Only possibility is of touching X-axis and cutting
,−r
2 cos α cos α Y -axis. [ p = − 1]
2β − α + α 2β − α − α
2 cos ⋅ cos 23. x2 + y2 ≤ 6 and 2x − 3 y = 1 is shown as
2 2
⇒ r ,
2 cos α L
cos β sin (β − α )
r
cos α
cos β ⋅ cos (β − α ) cos β sin (β − α ) 1/3 1/2
⇒ r ,r
cos α cos α
Since, AE = d, we get For the point to lie in the shade part, origin and the
2 2 point lie on opposite side of straight line L.
cos β cos (β − α ) cos β sin (β − α )
d2 = r2 + 1 + r 2 ∴ For any point in shaded part L > 0 and for any point
cos α cos α
inside the circle S < 0.
r2 3
= [cos 2 β cos 2 (β − α ) + cos 2 α Now, for 2, L : 2x − 3 y − 1
cos 2 α 4
+ 2 cos β cos (β − α ) cos α + cos 2 β sin 2 (β − α )] 9 3
L :4 − − 1 = > 0
r2 4 4
= [cos 2 β {cos 2 (β − α ) + sin 2 (β − α ) } + cos 2 α
cos 2 α 9
+ 2cos β cosα cos ( β − α )] and S : x + y − 6, S : 4 +
2 2
−6 <0
16
r2
= [cos 2 β + cos 2 α + 2 cos α cos β cos (β − α )] 3
cos 2 α ⇒ 2, lies in shaded part.
4
d 2 cos 2 α
⇒ r2 = 5 3
cos β + cos α + 2 cos α cos β cos (β − α )
2 2 For , , L : 5 − 9 − 1 < 0 [neglect]
2 4
Therefore, area of the circle
1 1 1 3
π d 2 cos 2 α For ,− , L: + − 1 > 0
πr 2 = 4 4 2 4
cos β + cos α + 2 cos α cos β cos (β − α )
2 2
396 Circle
1 1 ∴ h=
1
and k =
1
∴ ,− lies in the shaded part.
4 4 cos θ sin θ
1 1
1 1 1 3 ⇒ cos θ = and sin θ =
For , , L : − − 1 < 0 [neglect] h k
8 4 4 4 1 1 h 2 + k2
⇒ cos θ + sin θ = 2 + 2 ⇒ 1 = 2 2
2 2
⇒ Only 2 points lie in the shaded part. h k h ⋅k
24. ⇒ h 2 + k2 = h 2 k2
Y ∴ Mid-point of MN lie on the curve x2 + y2 = x2 y2
E3(0,4)
Topic 2 Relation between Two Circles
G1 (0,2) 1. Equation of given circles
F2(1, 3)
x2 + y2 + 5Kx + 2 y + K = 0 …(i)
E1(– 3,1) E2( 3,1) and 2(x2 + y2) + 2Kx + 3 y − 1 = 0
Po(1,1) 3 1
⇒ x2 + y2 + Kx + y − = 0 …(ii)
x′ x 2 2
(–2,0) O G2(2, 0)
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
1 1
4Kx + y + K + = 0
2 2
F1(1, – 3)
(0, –2)
⇒ 8Kx + y + (2K + 1) = 0 …(iii)
Y′
[Q if S1 = 0 and S 2 = 0 be two circles, then their common
chord is given by S1 − S 2 = 0.]
Eq. (iii) represents equation of common chord as it is
Equation of tangent at E1 (− 3 , 1) is
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given that circles (i) and (ii) intersects each other at
− 3x + y = 4 and at E 2( 3 , 1) is points P and Q.
3x + y = 4 Since, line 4x + 5 y − K = 0 passes through point P and Q.
Intersection point of tangent at E1 and E 2 is (0, 4). 8K 1 2K + 1
∴ = =
∴ Coordinates of E3 is (0, 4) 4 5 −K
Similarly, equation of tangent at F1 (1, − 3 ) and ⇒ K =
1
[equating first and second terms]
F2(1, 3 ) are x − 3 y = 4 and x + 3 y = 4, respectively 10
and intersection point is (4, 0), i.e., F3 (4, 0) and equation and − K = 10K + 5
of tangent at G1 (0, 2) and G2(2, 0) are 2 y = 4 and 2x = 4, [equating second and third terms]
respectively and intersection point is (2, 2) i.e., G3 (2, 2). 5
Point E3 (0, 4), F3 (4, 0) and G3 (2, 2) satisfies the line ⇒ 11K + 5 = 0 ⇒ K = −
11
x + y = 4.
1 5
Q ≠ − , so there is no such value of K, for which line
25. We have, 10 11
x2 + y2 = 4 4x + 5 y − K = 0 passes through points P and Q.
Let P(2 cos θ , 2 sin θ ) be a point on a circle.
∴ Tangent at P is 2. Equation of given circle is x2 + y2 = 1, then equation of
2 cos θ x + 2 sin θ y = 4 tangent at the point (cos θ ,sin θ ) on the given circle is
⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = 2 x cos θ + y sin θ = 1 …(i)
Y [QEquation of tangent at the point P(cos θ , sin θ ) to
N the circle x2 + y2 = r 2 is x cos θ + y sin θ = r]
P(2 cos θ, 2 sin θ)
Now, the point of intersection with coordinate axes are
P(sec θ , 0) and Q(0, cos ec θ ).
Q Mid-point of line joining points P and Q is
X′ X
O M sec θ cos ecθ
M , = (h , k) (let)
2 2
x2 + y2 = 4
1 1
So, cos θ = and sin θ =
2h 2k
Y′ Q sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1
1 1 1 1
∴ + =1⇒ 2 + 2 =4
2 2 4h 2 4k2
∴ The coordinates at M , 0 and N 0, h k
cos θ sin θ
Let (h , k) is mid-point of MN
Circle 397
Now, locus of mid-point M is ⇒ C 2(4, 7) is the centre of 2nd circle and r2 = 6 is its
1 1 radius.
+ 2 =4
x 2
y Two circles intersect if|r1 − r2| < C1C 2 < r1 + r2
⇒ x2 + y2 − 4x2y2 = 0 ⇒| r − 6|< (8 − 4)2 + (10 − 7)2 < r + 6
3. The given circles, ⇒| r − 6| < 16 + 9 < r + 6
x2 + y2 − 2x − 2 y + 1 = 0 ... (i) ⇒| r − 6| < 5 < r + 6
and x + y − 18x − 2 y + 78 = 0,
2 2
... (ii) Now as, 5 < r + 6 always, we have to solve only
are on the opposite sides of the variable line | r − 6| < 5 ⇒ − 5 < r − 6 < 5
3x + 4 y − λ = 0. So, their centres also lie on the opposite
⇒ 6 − 5 < r < 5 + 6 ⇒ 1 < r < 11
sides of the variable line.
⇒ [3(1) + 4(1) − λ ] [3(9) + 4(1) − λ ] < 0 6. Given equation of a circle is x2 + y2 − 4x + 6 y − 12 = 0,
[Q The points P (x1 , y1 ) and Q (x2, y2) lie on the opposite whose centre is (2, − 3) and radius
sides of the line ax + by + c = 0, = 2 2 + (− 3) 2 + 12 = 4 + 9 + 12 = 5
if (ax1 + by1 + c)(ax2 + by2 + c) < 0]
⇒ (λ − 7)(λ − 31) < 0 S
⇒ λ ∈ (7, 31) ... (iii) Now, according to given information,
A (–3, 2) C
3(1) + 4(1) − λ we have the following figure.
Also, we have ≥ 1 + 1 −1
5 x2 + y2 − 4x + 6 y − 12 = 0 O
(2,–3)
QDistance of centre from the given line is Clearly, AO ⊥ BC, as O is mid-point B
ax1 + by1 + c of the chord.
greater than the radius,i.e. ≥ r
a +b
2 2 Now, in ∆AOB, we have
⇒ |7 − λ|≥ 5 ⇒ λ ∈ (− ∞, 2] ∪ [12 , ∞ ) OA = (− 3 − 2) 2 + (2 + 3) 2
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... (iv)
3(9) + 4(1) − λ = 25 + 25 = 50 = 5 2
and ≥ 81 + 1 − 78 and OB = 5
5
⇒ |λ − 31 | ≥ 10 ∴ AB = OA 2 + OB2 = 50 + 25 = 75 = 5 3
⇒ λ ∈ (− ∞ , 21] ∪ [41, ∞ ) ... (v) 7. Here, radius of smaller circle, AC = 12 + 32 − 6 = 2
From Eqs. (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
Clearly, from the figure the radius of bigger circle
λ ∈ [ 12, 21 ]
r 2 = 22 + [(2 − 1)2 + (1 − 3)2]
4. Given circles, r2 = 9 ⇒ r =3
x2 + y2 − 2x − 2 y − 2 = 0 … (i)
and x2 + y2 − 6x − 6 y + 14 = 0 … (ii)
A
are intersecting each other orthogonally, because
r
2(1)(3) + 2(1)(3) = 14 − 2 2
[Q two circles are intersected C C1 (2,1)
(1,3)
orthogonally if 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2] 2
P B
2 2
C1 (3,3)
C2 8. PLAN Number of common tangents depend on the position of the
(1,1)
circle with respect to each other.
Q (i) If circles touch externally ⇒ C1C 2 = r1 + r2, 3 common
tangents.
(ii) If circles touch internally ⇒ C1C 2 = r2 − r1,1 common tangent.
So, area of quadrilateral
(iii) If circles do not touch each other, 4 common tangents.
PC1QC 2 = 2 × ar (∆PC1C 2).
Given equations of circles are
1 x2 + y2 − 4x − 6 y − 12 = 0
= 2 × × 2 × 2 = 4 sq units ...(i)
2
x + y2 + 6x + 18 y + 26 = 0
2
...(ii)
5. Circle I is x2 + y2 − 16x − 20 y + 164 = r 2 Centre of circle (i) is C1 (2, 3) and radius
⇒ (x − 8)2 + ( y − 10)2 = r 2 = 4 + 9 + 12 = 5(r1 ) [say]
⇒C1 (8, 10) is the centre of Istcircle and r1 = r is its radius Centre of circle (ii) is C 2(–3, – 9) and radius
Circle II is (x − 4)2 + ( y − 7)2 = 36 = 9 + 81 – 26 = 8(r2) [say]
398 Circle
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O (1,0) A
C2
Y′ , 3)
−2
P (h, k) C(
⇒ k + 1 = k2 + 2 − 2k
⇒ k + 1 + 2k = k2 + 2 − 2k
2 B
1
⇒ k= Let (h , k) be any point P and
4
∠ APC = α , ∠ PAC = π /2
1
So, the radius of circle T is k, i. e. . That is, triangle APC is a right angled triangle.
4
AC 2 sin α
∴ sin α = =
10. Since, the given circles intersect orthogonally. PC (h + 2)2 + (k − 3)2
∴ 2 (1) (0) + 2 (k) (k) = 6 + k
⇒ (h + 2)2 + (k − 3)2 = 4
[Q 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2]
⇒ h + 4 + 4h + k2 + 9 − 6k = 4
2
3
⇒ 2k − k − 6 = 0 ⇒ k = − , 2
2
⇒ h 2 + k2 + 4h − 6k + 9 = 0
2
Thus, required equation of the locus is
11. Let O is the point at centre and P is the point at
circumference. Therefore, angle QOR is double the x2 + y2 + 4x − 6 y + 9 = 0
angle QPR. So, it is sufficient to find the angle QOR. 14. As, the two circles intersect in two distinct points.
Y
⇒ Distance between centres lies between | r1 − r2| and
| r1 + r2|.
Q (3,4) i.e. | r − 3|< (4 − 1)2 + (−1 − 3)2 < | r + 3|
4,3)
∴ 2 < r <8
X′ X
O (0,0)
15. Let x + y + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, cuts x2 + y2 = k2
2 2
orthogonally.
⇒ 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2
P
⇒ −2 g ⋅ 0 − 2 f ⋅ 0 = c − k 2
Y′ ⇒ c = k2 …(i)
Circle 399
Also, x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + k2 = 0 passes through (a , b). 18. Let the, equation of circles are
∴ a 2 + b2 + 2 ga + 2 fb + k2 = 0 …(ii) C1 : (x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = (1)2
⇒ Required equation of locus of centre is and C 2 : (x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 = ( 2 )2
−2ax − 2by + a + b + k = 0
2 2 2
A(0, 0) B(2, 0)
s1 M s2
∴ Coordinates of P(1 + cos θ , 1 + sin θ )
T and Q(1 + 2 cos θ , 1 + 2 sin θ )
P(–2,7) N Q(2,–5)
∴ PA 2 + PB2 + PC 2 + PD 2
∴ MN = NP = NQ = {(1 + cos θ )2 + (1 + sin θ )2} + {(cos θ − 1)2 + (1 + sin θ )2}
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xh + yk − ( y + k) − 39 = h 2 + k2 − 2k − 39
⇒ xh + yk − y − k = h 2 + k2− 2k C1
Since, chord is passing through (1, 1).
∴ Locus of mid-point of chord (h , k) is
C
h + k − 1 − k = h 2 + k2 − 2k
L
⇒ h 2 + k2 − 2k − h + 1 = 0
Locus is E 2 : x2 + y2 − x − 2 y + 1 = 0
A
Now, after checking options, (a) and (d) are correct.
17. PLAN Now, draw a line parallel to L at a distance of r1
(i) The general equation of a circle is (radius of C1) from it.
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 f y + c = 0
Now, CC1 = AC ⇒ C lies on a parabola.
where, centre and radius are given by ( − g , − f ) and 20. Since, AG = 2
g 2 + f 2 − c , respectively. 1
∴ AT1 = T1G =
2
(ii) If the two circles x 2 + y 2 + 2 g 1x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 + 2 g 2x + 2 f2 y + c 2 = 0 are orthogonal, then As, A is the focus, T1 is the vertex and BD is the directrix
2 g 1g 2 + 2 f1f2 = c1 + c 2. of parabola.
Let circle be x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
It passes through (0, 1). D C
∴ 1 + 2f + c = 0 …(i)
Orthogonal with x2 + y2 − 2x − 15 = 0 G
2 g (− 1) = c − 15 T1
T2
⇒ c = 15 − 2 g …(ii)
B
Orthogonal with x2 + y2 − 1 = 0 A
c=1 …(iii)
T3
⇒ g = 7 and f = − 1
Also, T2T3 is latusrectum.
Centre is (− g , − f ) ≡ (− 7, 1)
1
∴ Radius = g2 + f 2 − c ∴ T2T3 = 4 ⋅
2
= 49 + 1 − 1 = 7 1 1 4
∴ Area of ∆T1T2T3 = × × = 1 sq unit
2 2 2
400 Circle
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R1 + R2 + R3
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xx1 + yy1 + 2 (x + x1 ) − 3 ( y + y1 ) − 12 = 0, where x1 = 1
So, equation of tangent (T = 0) is and y1 = − 1
3x + y = 4 …(i) ⇒ x − y + 2 (x + 1) − 3( y − 1) − 12 = 0
For point A, put y = 0, we get ⇒ 3x − 4 y − 7 = 0
4 This will also a tangent to the required circle.
x=
3 Now, equation of family of circles touching the line
1 3x − 4 y − 7 = 0 at point (1, − 1) is given by
Q Area of required ∆OPA = (OA )(PM )
2 (x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 + λ (3x − 4 y − 7) = 0
1 4 So, the equation of required circle will be
= × ×1
2 3 (x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 + λ (3x − 4 y − 7) = 0, for some λ ∈ R
[QPM = y-coordinate of P] …(i)
2 Q The required circle passes through (4, 0)
= sq unit
3 ∴(4 − 1)2 + (0 + 1)2 + λ (3 × 4 − 4 × 0 − 7) = 0
⇒ 9 + 1 + λ (5) = 0 ⇒ λ = − 2
4. According to given information, we have the following
figure. Substituting λ = − 2 in Eq. (i), we get
Y
(x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 − 2 (3x − 4 y − 7) = 0
(0,1/2)
⇒ x2 + y2 − 8x + 10 y + 16 = 0
B On comparing it with
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0, we get
g = − 4, f = 5, c = 16
N
∴ Radius = g 2 + f 2 − c = 16 + 25 − 16 = 5
A
x
O 6. Key Idea Equation of tangent to the curve
y + y1
x 2 = 4 ay at ( x 1, y 1) is xx 1 = 4 a
(1, 0) x+2y=1
2
M
From figure, equation of circle (diameter form) is Tangent to the curve x2 = y − 6 at (1, 7) is
y+ 7
1 x= −6
(x − 1) (x − 0) + ( y − 0) y − = 0 2
2
⇒ 2x − y + 5 = 0 …(i)
402 Circle
Equation of circle is x2 + y2 + 16x + 12 y + c = 0 9. From figure, it is clear that ∆ PRQ and ∆ RSP are
Centre (−8, − 6) similar.
r = 82 + 62 − c = 100 − c
Since, line 2x − y + 5 = 0 also touches the circle.
2(−8) − (−6) + 5
∴ 100 − c = r r
22 + 12 P
θ
R
90 − θ
°
⇒ −16 + 6 + 5
100 − c =
5
⇒ 100 − c = |− 5| X
θ
−
⇒ 100 − c = 5
90 °
θ
⇒ c = 95
Q S
1
7. 18 = (3α ) (2r )
2 PR PQ
∴ =
⇒αr = 6 RS RP
2r
Line, y = − (x − 2α ) is tangent to circle ⇒ PR2 = PQ ⋅ RS
α
(x − r )2 + ( y − r )2 = r 2 ⇒ PR = PQ ⋅ RS
2α = 3r , αr = 6 and r = 2 ⇒ 2r = PQ ⋅ RS
Y 10. Given, RS is the diameter of x2 + y2 = 1.
Here, equation of the tangent at P(cos θ , sin θ ) is
C (a, 2r)
D x cos θ + y sin θ = 1.
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(0, 2r)
X′ X
(0, 0) A B (2a, 0) Q
E
Y′ (h, k)
R O S(1,0)
Alternate Solution (–1,0) x cos θ + y sin θ = 1
1
(x + 2x) × 2r = 18
2 x
r x−r
xr = 6 ... (i) B A
x−r
In ∆ AOB, tan θ = Intersecting with x = 1 ,
r 1 − cos θ
θ
and in ∆ DOC ,
r y=
2r sin θ
2x − r O
tan (90°− θ ) = 90
°− 1 − cos θ
r r θ ∴ Q 1,
x−r r sin θ
∴ =
r 2x − r C 2x–r D ∴ Equation of the line through Q parallel to RS is
2x
⇒ x (2x − 3r ) = 0 θ
2 sin 2
3r 1 − cos θ 2 θ
⇒ x= ... (ii) y= = = tan …(i)
2 sin θ θ θ 2
2 sin cos
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2 2
sin θ
r =2 Normal at P : y = ⋅x
cos θ
8. The line 5x − 2 y + 6 = 0 meets the Y-axis at the point
⇒ y = x tan θ …(ii)
(0, 3) and therefore the tangent has to pass through the
Let their point of intersection be (h , k).
point (0, 3) and required length θ
Then, k = tan and k = h tan θ
= x12 + y12 + 6x1 + 6 y1 − 2 2
θ
= 02 + 32 + 6 (0) + 6 (3) − 2 2 tan
∴ k=h 2 ⇒ k = 2h ⋅ k
θ
1 − tan 2 1 − k2
= 25 = 5
2
Circle 403
− 3 O 3 d
R3
− 3
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On solving x2 + y2 = 3 and x2 = 2 y, we get Q3 (0, −3)
y2 + 2 y = 3
⇒ y2 + 2 y − 3 = 0 C3
⇒ ( y + 3)( y − 1) = 0 ∴ Option (b) is correct.
∴ y = 1, − 3 [neglecting y = − 3, as − 3 ≤ y ≤ 3] Q Length of perpendicular from O(0, 0) to R2R3 is equal
∴ y=1 ⇒x= ± 2 to radius of C1 = 3.
⇒ P( 2 , 1) ∈ I quadrant 1 1
∴ Area of ∆OR2R3 = × R2R3 × 3 = × 4 6 × 3 = 6 2
Equation of tangent at P( 2 , 1)to C1 : x2 + y2 = 3 is 2 2
2x + 1 ⋅ y = 3 …(i) ∴ Option (c) is correct.
Now, let the centres of C 2 and C3 be Q2 and Q3 , and 1 2
Also, area of ∆PQ2Q3 = Q2Q3 × 2 = × 12 = 6 2
tangent at P touches C 2 and C3 at R2 and R3 shown as 2 2
below ∴ Option (d) is incorrect.
Y 12. As locus of point of intersection for perpendicular
tangents is directors circle.
i.e. x2 + y2 = 2r 2
Q2 Here, (17, 7) lie on directors circle x2 + y2 = 338
R2 C2 ⇒ Tangents are perpendicular.
13. Here, tangent to x2 + y2 = 4 at ( 3 , 1) is 3x + y = 4 …(i)
As, L is perpendicular to 3x + y = 4
⇒ x − 3 y = λ which is tangent to
O P( 2,1) (x − 3)2 + y2 = 1
X
C1 |3 − 0 − λ |
⇒ =1
Q3 1+3
C3 ⇒ |3 − λ | = 2
2x + y = 3 ⇒ 3 − λ =2,−2
∴ λ = 1, 5
Let Q2 be (0, k) and radius is 2 3. ⇒ L : x − 3 y = 1, x − 3 y = 5
404 Circle
E D
14. Here, equation of common tangent be
Y
30°
(√3,1)
X
O 2 3
F
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2 2
Therefore, area of the square inscribed in this circle
1 1
∴ y=± x±2 1+ 2a 2 a 2
2 2 8 = 2 (radius of circle)2 = = sq unit
4 ⋅3 6
x 6
⇒ y=± ±
2 2 2 2 19. Since, the point of intersection of the coordinate axes
with the line λx − y + 1 = 0 and x − 2 y + 3 = 0 forms the
⇒ 2 2 y = ± (x + 6) circle.
∴ x + 2 2y = 6 ∴ (λx − y + 1) (x − 2 y + 3) = 0
15. Let centre of circle C be (h , k). represents a circle, if coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2
and coefficient of xy = 0
3h + k − 6
Then, =1 ⇒ λ = 2 or −2 λ − 1 = 0
3+1
1
⇒ λ = 2 or λ = −
⇒ 3h + k − 6 = 2, − 2 2
⇒ 3h + k = 4 …(i) 20. The equation of circle having tangent 2x + 3 y + 1 = 0 at
[rejecting 2 because origin and centre of (1, − 1)
C are on the same side of PQ] ⇒ (x − 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 + λ (2x + 3 y + 1) = 0
The point ( 3 , 1) satisfies Eq. (i). x + y + 2x(λ − 1) + y(3λ + 2) + (λ + 2) = 0
2 2
…(i)
∴ Equation of circle C is (x − 3 )2 + ( y − 1)2 = 1. which is orthogonal to the circle having end point of
Clearly, points E and F satisfy the equations given in diameter (0, − 1) and (−2, 3).
option (d). ⇒ x(x + 2) + ( y + 1)( y − 3) = 0
16. Slope of line joining centre of circle to point D is or x2 + y2 + 2x − 2 y − 3 = 0 …(ii)
3 2(2λ − 2) 2(3λ + 2)
−1 ∴ ⋅1 + (−1) = λ + 2 − 3
1 2 2
tan θ = 2 =
3 3 3 ⇒ 2λ − 2 − 3λ − 2 = λ − 1
− 3
2 ⇒ 2λ = − 3
It makes an angle 30° with X-axis. ⇒ λ = − 3 /2
From Eq. (i) equation of circle,
∴ Points E and F will make angle 150° and −90° with
X-axis. 2x2 + 2 y2 − 10x − 5 y + 1 = 0
Circle 405
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Since, C1 and C 2 are points on Eq. (i) at a distance of
1 −4 −3 3
5 units from P.
1 ×4 −4 ×1
and y2 = =0 So, the coordinates of C1 and C 2 are given by
1 −4 x−1 y−2
= = ± 5 ⇒ x=1 ± 4
Now, let m be the slope of the tangent and this line 4 /5 3 /5
passing through (2 / 3, 0) is and y = 2 ± 3.
y − 0 = m (x − 2 / 3) Thus, the coordinates of C1 and C 2 are (5, 5) and (−3, − 1),
2 respectively.
⇒ y − mx + m = 0
3 Hence, the equations of the two circles are
This is tangent to the Ist circle, if perpendicular (x − 5)2 + ( y − 5)2 = 52
distance from centre = radius. and (x + 3)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 52
1 − 2m + (2 / 3)m 23. (r + 1)2 = α 2 + 9
∴ =1 [Q C1 ≡ (2, 1) and r1 = 1]
1 + m2
⇒ 1 − 2m + (2 / 3) m = 1 + m2 3 C
P 2
4 1
⇒ 1−m = 1 + m2 C1
3
16 2 8 α r
⇒ 1+ m − m = 1 + m2
9 3 C
7 2 8
⇒ m − m =0
9 3
7 8
r2 + 8 = α 2
⇒ m m − =0
9 3
⇒ r 2 + 2r + 1 = r 2 + 8 + 9
24
⇒ m = 0, m = ⇒ 2r = 16 ⇒ r = 8
7
Hence, the equations of the two tangents are
Topic 4 Radical Axis and Family of Circle
24 2
y = 0 and y = x − 1. Let (h , k) be the centre of the circle and radius r = h, as
7 3
circle touch theY -axis and other circle x2 + y2 = 1 whose
⇒ y = 0 and 7 y − 24x + 16 = 0 centre (0, 0) and radius is 1.
406 Circle
Y Now, 2(α ) (− α ) + 2 ⋅ 0 ⋅ 0 = (− 1) + (− 1) ⇒ α = ± 1
[Q condition of orthogonality is 2 g1 g2 + 2 f1 f2 = c1 + c2]
(h,k) ∴ C1 (1, 0) and C 2(− 1, 0) ⇒ C1C 2 = 2
C r=h>O
r 4. According to given information, we have the following
k>O
for first figure.
quadrant
X
O
x2+y2=1
C
B
F
∴ OC = r + 1 c
b E
[Q if circles touch each other externally, D a
A
then C1C 2 = r1 + r2]
where A , B, C are the centres of the circles
⇒ h 2 + k2 = h + 1, h > 0
Clearly, AB = a + b (sum of radii) and BD = b − a
and k > 0, for first quadrant.
∴ AD = (a + b)2 − (b − a )2
⇒ h 2 + k2 = h 2 + 2h + 1
(using Pythagoras theorem in ∆ABD)
⇒ k2 = 2h + 1
= 2 ab
⇒ k = 1 + 2h , as k > 0
Similarly, AC = a + c and CE = c − a
Now, on taking locus of centre (h , k), we get
∴In ∆ACE, AE = (a + c)2 − (c − a )2 = 2 ac
y = 1 + 2x, x ≥ 0
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Similarly, BC = b + c and CF = c − b
2. Since, the equation of a family of circles touching line
L =0 at their point of contact(x1 , y1 ) is ∴In ∆BCF, BF = (b + c)2 − (c − b)2 = 2 bc
(x − x1 )2 + ( y − y1 )2 + λ L = 0, where λ ∈ R. Q AD + AE = BF
∴Equation of circle, touches the x = y at point (1, 1) is ∴ 2 ab + 2 ac = 2 bc
(x − 1)2 + ( y − 1)2 + λ (x − y) = 0 1 1 1
⇒ + =
⇒ x2 + y2 + (λ − 2)x + (− λ − 2) y + 2 = 0 …(i) c b a
Q Circle (i) passes through point (1, − 3).
∴ 1 + 9 + (λ − 2) + 3(λ + 2) + 2 = 0 5. Let the equation of circle be
⇒ 4λ + 16 = 0 (x − 3)2 + ( y − 0)2 + λy = 0
⇒ λ = −4
So, equation of circle (i) at λ = − 4 , is Y
x2 + y2 − 6x + 2 y + 2 = 0
A (3, 0)
Now, radius of the circle = 9 + 1 − 2 = 2 2. X X
P
3. Clearly, circles are orthogonal because tangent at one (1, –2)
point of intersection is passing through centre of the Y
other. As it passes through (1, − 2)
Y ∴ (1 − 3)2 + (− 2)2 + λ (− 2) = 0
S2 S1 ⇒ 4 + 4 − 2λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 4
(0, 1)
r r ∴ Equation of circle is
X (x − 3)2 + y2 + 4 y = 0
(α, 0)
(–α, 0) By hit and trial method, we see that point (5, − 2)
(0,–1) satisfies equation of circle.
6. Equation of circle passing through a point (x1 , y1 ) and
Let C1 (α, 0) and C 2(− α , 0) are the centres. touching the straight line L, is given by
Then, S1 ≡ (x − α )2 + y2 = α 2 + 1 (x − x1 )2 + ( y − y1 )2 + λ L = 0
⇒ S1 ≡ x2 + y2 − 2 αx − 1 = 0 ∴ Equation of circle passing through (0, 2) and touching
x=0
[Q radius, r = (α − 0) + (0 − 1) ] 2 2
⇒ 9 p2 − 8 p2 − 8 q 2 > 0
⇒ p2 − 8 q 2 > 0 ⇒ p2 > 8 q 2
(0, 1) |k| (h, k )
O 1 A 9. Let (h , k) be the centre of the circle which touches the
|k| circle x2 + y2 − 6x − 6 y + 14 = 0 and Y-axis.
X′ X
O B The centre of given circle is (3, 3) and radius is
32 + 32 − 14 = 9 + 9 − 14 = 2
Y′
Clearly, from figure, Since, the circle touches Y-axis, the distance from its
Distance between C and A is always 1 + | k|, centre to Y-axis must be equal to its radius, therefore its
radius is h. Again, the circles meet externally, therefore
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i.e. (h − 0)2 + (k − 1)2 = 1 + | k|, the distance between two centres = sum of the radii of
⇒ h 2 + k2 − 2k + 1 = 1 + k2 + 2| k| the two circles.
⇒ h 2 = 2| k| + 2k ⇒ x2 = 2| y| + 2 y Hence, (h − 3)2 + (k − 3)2 = (2 + h )2
h + 9 − 6h + k2 + 9 − 6k = 4 + h 2 + 4h
2
y , y≥0
where | y| = i.e. k2 − 10h − 6k + 14 = 0
− y , y < 0
Thus, the locus of (h, k) is
∴ x2 = 2 y + 2 y, y ≥ 0 y2 − 10x − 6 y + 14 = 0
and x2 = − 2 y + 2 y, y < 0 10. Let C1 (h , k) be the centre of the required circle. Then,
⇒ x2 = 4 y, when y ≥ 0
(h − 0)2 + (k − 0)2 = (h − 1)2 + (k − 0)2
and x2 = 0, when y < 0
⇒ h 2 + k2 = h 2 − 2h + 1 + k2
∴ {(x, y): x2 = 4 y, when y ≥ 0} ∪ {(0, y): y < 0}
⇒ −2 h + 1 = 0 ⇒ h = 1 / 2
8. NOTE In solving a line and a circle there oftengenerate a
Since, (0, 0) and (1, 0) lie inside the circle x2 + y2 = 9.
quadratic equation and further we have to apply
Therefore, the required circle can touch the given circle
condition of Discriminant so question convert from
internally.
coordinate to quadratic equation.
i.e. C1 ⋅ C 2 = r1 ~ r2
From equation of circle it is clear that circle passes
through origin. Let AB is chord of the circle.
Y ⇒ h 2 + k2 = 3 − h 2 + k2
1
⇒ 2 h 2 + k2 = 3 ⇒ 2 + k2 = 3
4
1 3 1 9
⇒ + k2 = ⇒ + k2 =
4 2 4 4
A (p,q)
⇒ k2 = 2 ⇒ k = ± 2
11. The required equation of circle is
C (h,0) 1 25
X′ X (x2 + y2 + 13x − 3 y) + λ 11x + y + =0 …(i)
O 2 2
B
Its passing through (1, 1),
Y′ ⇒ 12 + λ (24) = 0
A ≡ ( p, q) ⋅ C is mid-point and coordinate of C is (h , 0) 1
⇒ λ=−
2
408 Circle
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17. Equation of any tangent to circle x2 + y2 = r 2 is
Now, n ≥ 2π because particle crosses the X-axis for the
first time on C n, then n is least positive integer. x cos θ + y sin θ = r … (i)
Therefore, n = 7. Suppose Eq. (i) is tangent to 4x + 25 y = 100
2 2
18. The equation of the circle on the line joining the points k+4
⇒ ⋅ (1) = − 1
A(3, 7) and B (6, 5) as diameter is h+4
(x − 3) (x − 6) + ( y − 7) ( y − 5) = 0 …(i) ⇒ k + 4 = − h −4
and the equation of the line joining the points A (3, 7) ⇒ h + k = −8 …(i)
7 −5
and B (6, 5) is y − 7 = (x − 3) Also, CP 2 = (h + 4)2 + (k + 4)2
3 −6
⇒ (h + 4)2 + (k + 4)2 = r 2 …(ii)
⇒ 2x + 3 y − 27 = 0 …(ii)
In ∆ACM , we have
Now, the equation of family of circles passing through 2
the point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii) is h + k
AC 2 = (3 2 )2 +
S + λP = 0 2
⇒ (x − 3)(x − 6) + ( y − 7)( y − 5) + λ (2x + 3 y − 27) = 0 ⇒ r 2 = 18 + 32
⇒ x2 − 6x − 3x + 18 + y2 − 5 y − 7 y + 35 ⇒ r =5 2 …(iii)
+ 2λx + 3λy − 27λ = 0 Also, CP = r
⇒ S1 ≡ x2 + y2 + x (2λ − 9) + y (3λ − 12)
h − = r
k
⇒
+ (53 − 27λ ) = 0 …(iii) 2
Again, the circle,which cuts the members of family of ⇒ h − k = ± 10 …(iv)
circles, is From Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get
S 2 ≡ x2 + y2 − 4x − 6 y − 3 = 0 …(iv) (h = − 9, k = 1)
and the equation of common chord to circles S1 and S 2 is or (h = 1, k = − 9)
S1 − S 2 = 0 Thus, the equation of the circles are
⇒ x (2λ − 9 + 4) + y (3λ − 12 + 6) + (53 − 27λ + 3) = 0 (x + 9)2 + ( y − 1)2 = (5 2 )2
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⇒ 2λx − 5x + 3λy − 6 y + 56 − 27λ = 0 or (x − 1)2 + ( y + 9)2 = (5 2 )2
⇒ x + y2 + 18x − 2 y + 32 = 0
2
⇒ (− 5x − 6 y + 56) + λ (2x + 3 y − 27) = 0
or x2 + y2 − 2x + 18 y + 32 = 0
which represents equations of two straight lines
Clearly, (−10, 2) lies interior of
passing through the fixed point whose coordinates are
obtained by solving the two equations x2 + y2 + 18x − 2 y + 32 = 0
5x + 6 y − 56 = 0 and 2x + 3 y − 27 = 0, Hence, the required equation of circle, is
x2 + y2 + 18x − 2 y + 32 = 0
we get x = 2 and y = 23 /3
19. The parametric form of OP is 20. Let P (h , k) be the foot of perpendicular drawn from
x−0 y−0 origin O(0, 0) on the chord AB of the given circle such
= that the chord AB subtends a right angle at the origin.
cos 45° sin 45°
x2 + y2 + 2g x + 2fy + c = 0
Since, OP = 4 2
So, the coordinates of P are given by B
x−0 y−0
= = −4 2
cos 45° sin 45°
So, P(−4, − 4) P (h, k)
Let C (h , k) be the centre of circle and r be its radius.
Now, CP ⊥ OP A
Y O
y=x The equation of chord AB is
B (x2, y2) h
y − k = − (x − h ) ⇒ hx + ky = h 2 + k2
M k
3 3 √ 2 A (x , y )
(h,k)C 1 1 The combined equation of OA and OB is homogeneous
X equation of second degree obtained by the help of the
P O
given circle and the chord AB and is given by,
4 √2 2
hx + ky hx + ky
x2 + y2 + (2 gx + 2 fy) 2 + c 2 =0
4)
h + k h + k
2 2
4,−
y = −x
(−
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Y′
From Eq. (iii), we get
x sin α − y cos α = p2
⇒ f 2 = 2 (4 + f 2 − c)
where, p2 is a variable.
⇒ f 2 − 2c + 8 = 0 …(vi)
Then, L1 meets X-axis at P ( p1 sec α ,0) and Y-axis at On putting g = − 2 in Eq. (ii), we get
Q (0, p1cosec α). c = − 6 f − 41
Similarly, L 2 meets X-axis at R ( p2 cosec α , 0) and On substituting c in Eq. (vi), we get
Y-axis at S (0, − p2 sec α ). f 2 + 12 f + 90 = 0
Now, equation of PS is,
x y x y This equation gives imaginary values of f.
+ =1 ⇒ − = secα …(i) Thus, there is no circle in this case.
p1 sec α − p2 sec α p1 p2
Hence, the required equations of the circles are
Similarly, equation of QR is
x y x y x2 + y2 + 2 (10 ± 3 6 ) x + (55 ± 24 6 ) = 0
+ =1 ⇒ + = cosec α …(ii)
p2cosec α p1cosec α p2 p1 23. Given lines are
3x + 5 y − 1 = 0 ...(i)
Locus of point of intersection of PS and QR can be
and (2 + c)x + 5c2y − 1 = 0 ...(ii)
obtained by eliminating the variable p2 from Eqs. (i)
x y 1
and (ii). ∴ = =
x x y −5 + 5 c2
− (2 + c) + 3 15c − 5c − 10
2
∴ − secα + = cosec α
p1 y p1 5(c2 − 1) 1−c
⇒ x= and y =
⇒ (x − p1 secα ) x + y2 = p1 y cosec α 5(3c2 − c − 2) 15c2 − 5c − 10
⇒ x + y − p1x sec α − p1 y cosec α = 0
2 2 2c
⇒ lim x = lim
c→1 c→1 6 c − 1
which is a circle through origin.
−1 2
22. Let the equation of the required circle be and lim y = lim ⇒ lim x =
c→1 c→1 30 c − 5 c→1 5
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i) 1
and lim y = −
It passes through (−4, 3). c→1 25
∴ 25 − 8 g + 6 f + c = 0 …(ii) 2 1
∴ Centre = lim x, lim y = , −
Since, circle touches the line x + y − 2 = 0 and c→1 c→1 5 25
x − y − 2 = 0. 2 2
2 1 64 1 1601
∴ −g − f − 2 −g + f − 2
= = g2 + f 2 − c ∴ Radius = 2 − + 0 + = + =
…(iii) 5 25 25 625 25
2 2
Circle 411
2 2 1
2 1 1601 Also, area of ∆C1 AC 2 = C1C 2 × AM
∴ Equation of the circle is x − + y + =
5 25 625 2
1 AB AB
4x 2 y 4 1 1601 = × 13 × Q AM =
⇒ x2 + y2 − + + + − =0 2 2 2
5 25 25 625 625 1
∴ × 13 × AM = 30 cm
⇒ 25(x2 + y2) − 20x + 2 y − 60 = 0 4
120
AM = cm
Topic 5 Equation of Chord Bisected at a 13
Point, Product of Pair of Tangents, 2. Given equation of line is x + y = n,n ∈ N …(i)
Chord of Contact of Tangent, Pole and equation of circle is x2 + y2 = 16 …(ii)
and Equations of Polar Now, for intercept, made by circle (ii) with line (i)
B d <4
n
⇒ <4
Now, C1C 2 = AC12 + AC 22 … (i) 2
[Qcircles intersect each other at 90º] [Q d = perpendicular distance from (0, 0) to the line
|0 + 0 − n| n
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and C1C 2 = C1M + MC 2 x + y = n and it equal to =
12 + 12 2
⇒ C1C 2 = 122 − AM 2 + 52 − AM 2 … (ii)
⇒ n <4 2 …(iii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Q n ∈ N , so n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
AC12 + AC 22 = 144 − AM 2 + 25 − AM 2 Clearly, length of chord AB = 2 42 − d 2
⇒ 144 + 25 = 144 − x2 + 25 − x2 n2 n
= 2 16 − Q d = 2
⇒ 13 = 144 − x + 25 − x
2 2 2
∴ Sum of square of all possible lengths of chords (for
On squaring both sides, we get
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
169 = 144 − x2 + 25 − x2 + 2 144 − x2 25 − x2 1
= 4 (16 × 5) − (12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52)
2
⇒ x2 = 144 − x2 25 − x2
5(6)(11)
Again, on squaring both sides, we get = 320 − 2 = 320 − 110 = 210
6
x4 = (144 − x2) (25 − x2) = (144 × 25) − (25 + 144)x2 + x4
3. Given equation of circle is
144 × 25 12 × 5 60
⇒ x2 = ⇒ x= = cm x2 + y2 − 8x − 8 y − 4 = 0, whose centre is C (4, 4) and
169 13 13
120 radius = 42 + 42 + 4 = 36 = 6
Now, length of common chord 2x = cm
13 Let the centre of required circle be C1 (x, y). Now, as it
Alternate Solution touch the X-axis, therefore its radius = y . Also, it
Given, AC1 = 12 cm and AC 2 = 5 cm touch the circle
In ∆C1 AC 2, x2 + y2 − 8x − 8 y − 4 = 0, therefore CC1 = 6 + y
(h , k )
O
⇒ (x − 4) 2 = 20 − 4 y C
⇒ (x − 4)2 = − 4( y − 5), which is again a parabola. 2
B
4. PLAN If S : ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + C
then equation of chord bisected at P ( x 1, y1 ) is T = S1
or a xx 1 + h( xy1 + yx 1 ) + b yy1 + g ( x + x 1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + C OC
2 2 In ∆ OAC , = sin 45°
= ax 1 + 2 hx 1 y1 + by1 + 2 gx 1 + 2 fy1 + C OA
2
Description of Situation As equation of chord of ⇒ OC = = 2
contact is T = 0 2
Equation of polar Also, h 2 + k2 = OC 2
P
Hence, x2 + y2 = 2 is required equation of locus of
mid-point of chord subtending right angle at the centre.
7. Since, tangents are drawn from origin. So, the equation
P' of tangent be y = mx.
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Equation of chord of contact
⇒ Length of perpendicular from origin = radius
A
Here, equation of chord of contact w.r.t. P is ius
4λ − 20 (0, 0) Rad
xλ + y. =9 = r
5 O (– r, h)
5λx + (4λ − 20) y = 45 …(i)
B
A
|mr + h |
l, 4l–20 P
Q ⇒ =r
9
y 2=
(h,k) (0,0)
5 m2 + 1
x 2+
B
⇒ m2r 2 + h 2 + 2mrh = r 2 (m2 + 1)
S1=T
r 2 − h 2
and equation of chord bisected at the point Q (h , k) is ⇒ m = , m = ∞
2rh
xh + yk − 9 = h 2 + k2 − 9
⇒ xh + ky = h 2 + k2 r 2 − h 2
…(ii) ∴ Equation of tangents are y = x, x = 0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 2rh
5λ 4λ − 20 45 Therefore (a) and (c) are the correct answers.
= = 2
h k h + k2 8. Equation of given circle C is
20h 9h (x − 3)2 + ( y + 5)2 = 9 + 25 − 30
∴ λ= and λ = 2 i.e. (x − 3)2 + ( y + 5)2 = 22
4h − 5k h + k2
20h 9h Centre = (3, − 5)
⇒ =
4h − 5k h 2 + k2 If L1 is diameter, then 2(3) + 3(−5) + p − 3 = 0 ⇒ p = 12
or 20 (h + k ) = 9 (4h − 5k)
2 2 ∴ L1 is 2x + 3 y + 9 = 0
or 20 (x2 + y2) = 36x − 45 y L 2 is 2x + 3 y + 15 = 0
5. For required circle, P (1, 8) Distance of centre of circle from L 2 equals
A
and O (3, 2) will be the end
2(3) + 3(−5) + 15 6
point of its diameter. (1, 8)P O(3 ,2) = <2 [radius of circle]
∴ (x − 1) (x − 3) + ( y − 8) ( y − 2) 2 +3
2 2 13
B
=0 ∴ L 2 is a chord of circle C.
⇒ x + y − 4x − 10 y + 19 = 0
2 2 Statement II is false..
Circle 413
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=
sin π / 3 sin π / 2
3 3 C
⇒ DA = CA sin π / 3 = ⋅
2 2
Now, in ∆ACD ∴ Area of quadrilateral ABOC = 2 area of ∆ABO
9 27 9 1
CD = CA − AD = −
2 2
=2 = 2 ⋅ ( AB) (OB)
4 16 16 2
= 2 ⋅ 4 = 8 sq units
But CD 2 = (h − 3 / 2)2 + (k + 1 / 2)2
9 15. For the equation of circle x2 + y2 − 2x = 0. Let the
⇒ (h − 3 / 2)2 + (k + 1 / 2)2 = mid-point of chords be (h , k).
16
∴ Equation of chord bisected at the point is S1 = T .
Hence, locus of a point is
2 2 ∴ h 2 + k2 − 2h = xh + yk − (x + h ) which passes through
3 1 9 (0, 0).
x − + y + =
2 2 16 ⇒ h 2 + k2 − 2h = − h
⇒ 16x2 + 16 y2 − 48x + 16 y + 31 = 0
11. Area of triangle formed by the tangents from the point M
(h , k) to the circle x2 + y2 = a 2 and their chord of contact (0, 0) O
(1, 0)
(h 2 + k2 − a 2)3/ 2
=a
h 2 + k2
Thus, area of triangle formed by tangents from (4, 3) to
the circle x2 + y2 = 9 and their chord of contact ∴ The required locus of a chord is x2 + y2 − x = 0
3 (42 + 32 − 9)3/ 2 3 (16 + 9 − 9)3/ 2 16. 2x2 + y2 − 3xy = 0 [given]
= =
42 + 32 25 ⇒ 2x − 2xy − xy + y = 0
2 2
3 (64) 192
= = sq units ⇒ 2x (x − y) − y (x − y) = 0
25 25
⇒ (2x − y) (x − y) = 0
12. Given, (x + 2)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 4
⇒ y = 2x, y = x
Let the coordinate be M (h , k), where B is mid-point of A are the equations of straight lines passing through
and M. origin.
h k + 3 Now, let the angle between the lines be 2 θ and the line
⇒ B ,
2 2 y = x makes angle of 45° with X-axis.
414 Circle
Therefore, tan (45° + 2 θ ) = 2 (slope of the line y = 2x) From figure it is clear that, ∆OLS is a right triangle
Y y = 2x
with right angle at L.
Also, OL = 1 and OS = 2
y=x 1
3 C ∴ 1 sin (∠ LSO ) = ⇒ ∠ LSO = 30°
3 2
A Since, SA1 = SA2, ∆ SA1 A2 is an equilateral triangle.
The circle with centre at C1 is a circle inscribed in the
∆ SA1 A2. Therefore, centre C1 is centroid of ∆ SA1 A2.
This, C1 divides SM in the ratio 2 : 1. Therefore,
45°
X′
O
X coordinates of C1 are (−4 / 3, 0) and its radius
= C1M = 1 / 3
Y′ ∴ Its equation is (x + 4 / 3)2 + y2 = ( 1 / 3)2 …(i)
tan 45° + tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ
⇒ =2 ⇒ =2 The other circle touches the equilateral triangle SB1B2
1 − tan 45° × tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ ∆
externally. Its radius r is given by r = ,
(1 + tan 2 θ ) − (1 − tan 2 θ ) 2 − 1 1 s−a
⇒ = =
(1 + tan 2 θ ) + (1 − tan 2 θ ) (2 + 1) 3 1 3
where B1 B2 = a. But ∆ = (a ) (SN ) = a
2 tan 2 θ 1 1 2 2
⇒ = ⇒ tan 2 θ =
2 3 3 3 a
and s− a = a −a =
2 tan θ 1 2 2
⇒ =
1 − tan 2 θ 3 Thus, r =3
⇒ (2 tan θ ) ⋅ 3 = 1 − tan 2 θ ⇒ Coordinates of C 2 are (4, 0).
⇒ tan 2 θ + 6 tan θ − 1 = 0
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∴ Equation of circle with centre at C 2 is
− 6 ± 36 + 4 × 1 × 1 − 6 ± 40
⇒ tan θ = = (x − 4)2 + y2 = 32 …(ii)
2 2
Equations of common tangents to circle (i) and circle C
⇒ tan θ = − 3 ± 10
π are
⇒ tan θ = − 3 + 10 Q0 < θ <
4 1
x = − 1 and y = ± (x + 2) [T1 and T2]
Again, in ∆ OCA 3
3
tan θ = Equation of common tangents to circle (ii) and circle C
OA
3 3 3 (3 + 10 ) are
∴ OA = = = 1
tan θ (− 3 + 10 ) (− 3 + 10 ) (3 + 10 ) x = 1 and y = ± (x + 2) [T1 and T2]
3
3 (3 + 10 )
= = 3 (3 + 10 )
(10 − 9) Two tangents common to (i) and (ii) are T1 and T2 at O.
To find the remaining two transverse tangents to (i) and
17. (ii), we find a point I which divides the joint of C1 C 2 in
Y
the ratio r1 : r2 = 1 / 3 : 3 = 1 : 9
T1 Therefore, coordinates of I are (−4 / 5, 0)
B1 Equation of any line through I is y = m (x + 4 / 5). It will
touch (i) if
A1 L
m − 4 + 4 − 0
30°
X′ X
S C1 M O N C2 3 5 = 1 ⇒ −
8m 1
= 1 + m2
A2 1+m 2 3 15 3
B2
⇒ 64 m2 = 25 (1 + m2)
T2 5
⇒ 39 m2 = 25 ⇒ m=±
Y′ 39
5 4
Therefore, these tangents are y = ± x +
39 5
l
C1 C2 18. Let the coordinate of point P be (2r cos θ , 2r sin θ )
We have, OA = r , OP = 2r
Since, ∆ OAP is a right angled triangle.
Circle 415
⇒ 4xα − 4 yα − (1 + 2a ) x − (1 + 2a ) α
cos φ = 1 / 2 ⇒ φ = π /3 − (1 − 2a ) y + (1 − 2a ) α
∴Coordinates of A are { r cos (θ − π / 3), r sin (θ − π / 3)} = 4α + 4α − (1 + 2a ) ⋅ 2α + (1 − 2a ) ⋅ 2α
2 2
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1 = 8 α 2 − 2 2 aα
= [r ⋅ cos θ + 2r cos θ ] = r cos θ
3 ⇒ 2 α [(1 + 2a − 1 + 2a )] = 8 α 2 − 2 2 aα
1 π π 1
and q = [r sin θ − + r sin θ + + 2r sin θ ] ⇒ 4 2 aα − [2 + 2 ( 2a )2] = 8 α 2 − 2 2aα
3 3 3 2
1 π π [Q (a + b)2 + (a − b)2 = 2a 2 + 2b2]
= [r {sin θ − + sin θ + } + 2r sin θ ]
3 3 3 ⇒ 8 α 2 − 6 2 aα + 1 + 2a 2 = 0
π π π π But this quadratic equation will have two distinct
θ− +θ+ θ − − θ−
1 3 3 3 3 roots, if
= r 2 sin . cos + 2 r sin θ
3 2 2 (6 2a )2 − 4 (8) (1 + 2a 2) > 0 ⇒ 72a 2 − 32 (1 + 2a 2) > 0
1 ⇒ 8a 2 − 32 > 0 ⇒ a2 − 4 > 0
= [r (2 sin θ cos π / 3) + 2r sin θ ]
3 ⇒a < −2 ∪a >2
1
= [r (sin θ ) + 2r sin θ ] = r sin θ Therefore, a ∈ (− ∞ , − 2) ∪ (2, ∞ ) .
3
Now, ( p, q) = (r cos θ , r sin θ) lies on x2 + y2 = r 2 which is 20. The given circle can be rewritten as
called C1. by
x2 + y2 − ax − =0 …(i)
19. Given, 2x2 + 2 y2 − (1 + 2a ) x − (1 − 2a ) y = 0 2
1 + 2a 1 − 2a
⇒ x 2 + y2 − x− y=0 Let one of the chord through (a , b / 2) be bisected at (h , 0).
2 2
Then, the equation of the chord having (h , 0) as
Since, y + x = 0 bisects two chords of this circle, mid mid-point is
points of the chords must be of the form (α , − α ). T = S1
Y a b
⇒ h ⋅ x + 0 ⋅ y − (x + h ) − ( y + 0) = h 2 + 0 − ah − 0
2 4
a by a
y
⇒ − − − h = h 2 − ah
+
h x …(ii)
2
x
4 2
=
0
C A
y=
5x
3
+
12
x + 7 y − (x + 1) − 2 ( y + 7) − 20 = 0
12
5x
y=
⇒ 5 y = 35 ⇒ y = 7
10
–15
B 5,
12 and 4x − 2 y − (x + 4) − 2 ( y − 2) − 20 = 0
⇒ 3x − 4 y = 20
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⇒ 5h + 12k − 10 = ± 39 and 5h − 12k − 40 = ± 39 ∴ Point C is (16, 7).
on solving above equations. The coordinates which lie in ∴ Vertices of a quadrilateral are
I quadrant are (5, 2).
A (1, 2), B(1, 7), C (16, 7), D (4, − 2)
C2
∴ Area of quadrilateral ABCD
A
5 = Area of ∆ ABC + Area of ∆ ACD
4 (5,2) 1 1
3 O = × 15 × 5 + × 15 × 5 = 75 sq units
2 2
C1
4 π x
24. Let θ= ⇒ cos θ =
2k 2
B
5x − 12y = 10 3 +1−x
⇒ cos 2 θ =
2 x
∴ Centre for C1 (5, 2) θ
3 +1−x 2
⇒ 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = C
To obtain equation of circle concentric withC1 and making 2
an intercept of length 8 on5x + 12 y = 10 and5x − 12 y = 40 x2 3 +1−x
2
2θ √3 + 1 – x
∴ Required equation of circle C 2 has centre (5, 2) and ⇒ 2 −1 =
radius 5 is (x − 5)2 + ( y − 2)2 = 52 4 2
⇒ x2 + x − 3 − 3 = 0
22. Given,circle is x2 + y2 = r 2
− 1 ± 1 + 12 + 4 3
Equation of chord whose mid point is given, is ⇒ x=
T = S1 ⇒ xx1 + yy1 − r 2 = x12 + y12 − r 2 2
It also passes through (h, k) hx1 + ky1 = x12 + y12 − 1 ± 13 + 4 3 −1 + 2 3 + 1
= = = 3
∴ Locus of (x1 , y1 ) is 2 2
3 π
∴ cos θ =
⇒θ =
2 6
C (0, 0)
π π
P (h, k) ∴ Required angle = = 2 θ =
B k 3
A
M
(x1, y1) ⇒ k =3
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(a) 5 5 (b) 5 7. Axis of a parabola is y = x and vertex and focus
(c) 5(21/3 ) (d) (10)2/3 are at a distance 2 and 2 2 respectively
2. A circle cuts a chord of length 4a on the X-axis and passes from the origin. Then, equation of the parabola
through a point on the Y-axis, distant 2b from the origin. is (2006, 3M)
Then, the locus of the centre of this circle, is (a) (x − y)2 = 8 (x + y − 2)
(2019 Main, 11 Jan, II) (b) (x + y)2 = 2 (x + y − 2)
(a) a parabola (b) an ellipse (c) (x − y)2 = 4 (x + y − 2)
(c) a straight line (d) a hyperbola (d) (x + y)2 = 2 (x − y + 2)
3. Axis of a parabola lies along X-axis. If its vertex and focus 8. The locus of the mid-point of the line segment
are at distances 2 and 4 respectively from the origin, on joining the focus to a moving point on the
the positive X-axis, then which of the following points parabola y 2 = 4ax is another parabola with
does not lie on it? (2019 Main, 9 Jan, I) directrix (2002, 1M)
(a) (4, −4) (b) (6, 4 2) (a) x = − a (b) x = −
a
(c) x = 0 (d) x =
a
(c) (8, 6) (d) (5, 2 6) 2 2
4. Let P be the point on the parabola, y 2 = 8x, which is at a 9. The equation of the directrix of the parabola
minimum distance from the centre C of the circle, y 2 + 4 y + 4x + 2 = 0 is (2001, 1M)
x 2 + ( y + 6)2 = 1. Then, the equation of the circle, passing (a) x = − 1 (b) x = 1
through C and having its centre at P is (2016 Main) (c) x = − 3 / 2 (d) x = 3 / 2
(a) x2 + y 2 − 4x + 8 y + 12 = 0 10. If the line x − 1 = 0 is the directrix of the parabola
(b) x2 + y 2 − x + 4 y − 12 = 0 y 2 − kx + 8 = 0, then one of the values of k is
x
(c) x2 + y 2 − + 2 y − 24 = 0 (2000, 2M)
4
1 1
(d) x2 + y 2 − 4x + 9 y + 18 = 0 (a) (b) 8 (c) 4 (d)
8 4
5. Let O be the vertex and Q be any point on the parabola
x 2 = 8 y. If the point P divides the line segment OQ
11. The curve described parametrically by
x = t 2 + t + 1, y = t 2 − t + 1 represents (1999, 2M)
internally in the ratio 1 : 3, then the locus of P is (2015)
(a) x2 = y (b) y2 = x (a) a pair of straight lines (b) an ellipse
(c) y2 = 2x (d) x2 = 2 y (c) a parabola (d) a hyperbola
418 Parabola
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y 2 = 4x and x 2 = − 32 y is (2014 Main)
intersection with the line x − y = 3, intersect at the point 1 3 1 2
(2019 Main, 12 April II)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 8 3
(a) , 1 (b) − , − 1 (c) , − 1 (d) − , 1
5 5 5 5
2 2 2 2 9. The tangent at (1, 7) to the curves x 2 = y − 6x
touches the circle x 2 + y 2 + 16x + 12 y + c = 0 at
3. The area (in sq units) of the smaller of the two circles
(2005 2M)
that touch the parabola, y 2 = 4x at the point (1, 2) and (a) (6, 7) (b) (–6, 7)
the X-axis is (2019 Main, 9 April, II) (c) (6, –7) (d) (–6, –7)
(a) 8 π( 3 − 2 2 ) (b) 4 π(3 + 2) 10. The angle between the tangents drawn from the
(c) 8 π(2 − 2 ) (d) 4 π(2 − 2 ) point (1,4) to the parabola y 2 = 4x is (2004, 1M)
4. The equation of a tangent to the parabola, x = 8 y, 2 π π π π
(a) (b) (c) (d)
which makes an angle θ with the positive direction of 6 4 3 2
X-axis, is 11. The focal chord to y 2 = 16 x is tangent to
(2019 Main, 12 Jan, II) ( x − 6)2 + y 2 = 2, then the possible values of the
(a) y = x tan θ − 2 cot θ (b) x = y cot θ + 2 tan θ
slope of this chord are (2003, 1M)
(c) y = x tan θ + 2 cot θ (d) x = y cot θ − 2 tan θ
(a) {−1 , 1 } (b) {−2, 2}
5. Equation of a common tangent to the circle, (c) {−2, 1 / 2} (d) {2, − 1 / 2}
x 2 + y 2 − 6x = 0 and the parabola, y 2 = 4x, is
12. The equation of the common tangent to the curves
(2019 Main, 9 Jan, I)
y 2 = 8x and xy = − 1 is (2002, 1M)
(a) 3 y = 3x + 1 (b) 2 3 y = 12x + 1
(a) 3 y = 9x + 2 (b) y = 2x + 1
(c) 3y = x + 3 (d) 2 3 y = − x − 12 (c) 2 y = x + 8 (d) y = x + 2
6. Tangent and normal are drawn at P(16, 16) on the 13. The equation of the common tangent touching the
parabola y 2 = 16x, which intersect the axis of the circle ( x − 3)2 + y 2 = 9 and the parabola y 2 = 4x
parabola at Aand B, respectively. If C is the centre of the above the X-axis is (2001, 1M)
circle through the points P, A and B and ∠CPB = θ, then
(a) 3 y = 3x + 1 (b) 3 y = − (x + 3)
a value of tanθ is (2018 Main)
1 4 (c) 3 y = x + 3 (d) 3 y = − (3x + 1)
(a) (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)
2 3
Parabola 419
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(1982, 2M)
(b) y = 0
(c) y = − 4 (x − 1)
(d) y = − 30x − 50 Integer Answer Type Question
21. Consider the parabola y 2 = 8x.Let ∆1 be the area of the
Passage Based Problems triangle formed by the end points of its latusrectum
1
Passage and the point P , 2 on the parabola and ∆ 2 be the
Let a, r, s, t be non-zero real numbers. Let 2
P ( at 2 , 2at ),Q , R ( ar 2 , 2ar ) andS ( as2 , 2as) be distinct area of the triangle formed by drawing tangents at P
point on the parabola y 2 = 4ax. Suppose that PQ is ∆
and at the end points of the latusrectum. Then, 1 is
the focal chord and lines QR and PK are parallel, ∆2
where K is point ( 2a , 0). (2014, Adv.) (2011)
(a) vertex is
2a
Objective Questions II , 0 (b) directrix is x = 0
3
(One or more than one correct option) 2a
(c) latusrectum is (d) focus is (a , 0)
4. Let P be the point on the parabola y 2 = 4x, which is at 3
the shortest distance from the centre S of the circle
x 2 + y 2 − 4x − 16 y + 64 = 0. Let Q be the point on the
Integer Answer Type Question
circle dividing the line segment SP internally. Then, 8. If the normals of the parabola y 2 = 4x drawn at the
(a) SP = 2 5 (2016 Adv.) end points of its latusrectum are tangents to the
(b) SQ : QP = ( 5 + 1) : 2 circle ( x − 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 = r 2, then the value of r 2 is
(c) the x-intercept of the normal to the parabola at P is 6 (2015 Adv.)
1
(d) the slope of the tangent to the circle at Q is Analytical & Descriptive Questions
2
5. A solution curve of the differential equation 9. Normals are drawn from the point P with slopes
dy m1 , m2 , m3 to the parabola y 2 = 4x. If locus of P with
( x + xy + 4x + 2 y + 4)
2
− y 2 = 0, x > 0, passes
dx m1m2 = α is a part of the parabola itself, then findα.
(2003, 4M)
through the point (1, 3). Then, the solution curve
(a) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point (2016 Adv.) 10. Three normals are drawn from the point ( c, 0) to the
(b) intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two points 1
curve y 2 = x. Show that c must be greater than .
(c) intersects y = (x + 2)2 2
(d) does not intersect y = (x + 3)2 One normal is always the X-axis. Find c for which
6. Let L be a normal to the parabola y 2 = 4x. If L passes the other two normals are perpendicular to each
through the point (9, 6), then L is given by (2011) other. (1991, 4M)
(a) y − x + 3 = 0 (b) y + 3x − 33 = 0 11. Find the equation of the normal to the curve x 2 = 4 y
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(c) y + x − 15 = 0 (d) y − 2x + 12 = 0
which passes through the point (1, 2). (1984, 4M)
7. The tangent PT and the normal PN to the parabola
12. Suppose that the normals drawn at three different
y 2 = 4ax at a point P on it meet its axis at points T and
points on the parabola y 2 = 4x pass through the
N, respectively. The locus of the centroid of the triangle
PTN is a parabola, whose (2009)
point ( h , 0). Show that h > 2. (1981, 4M)
Analytical & Descriptive Questions intersect at points P , Q and R. Determine the ratio of
the areas of the triangles ABC and PQR. (1996, 3M)
7. The angle between a pair of tangents drawn from a
point P to the parabola y 2 = 4ax is 45°. Show that the 10. Show that the locus of a point that divides a chord of
slope 2 of the parabola y 2 = 4ax internally in the
locus of the point P is a hyperbola. (1998, 8M)
ratio 1 : 2 is a parabola. Find the vertex of this
8. From a point A common tangents are drawn to the parabola. (1995, 5M)
a2
circle x 2 + y 2 = and parabola y 2 = 4ax. Find the 11. Through the vertex O of parabola y 2 = 4x , chords OP
2
and OQ are drawn at right angles to one another.
area of the quadrilateral formed by the common
Show that for all positions of P, PQ cuts the axis of the
tangents, the chord of contact of the circle and the
parabola at a fixed point. Also, find the locus of the
chord of contact of the parabola. (1996, 2M)
middle point of PQ. (1994, 4M)
9. Points A, B and C lie on the parabola y 2 = 4ax. The
tangents to the parabola at A, B andC, taken in pairs,
Answers
Topic 1 Topic 3
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. A→ p; B→ q; C→ s; D→ r
5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 4. (a, c, d) 5. (a, d) 6. (a, b, d) 7. (a, d)
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (a) 3
8. (2) 9. (2) 10. 11. x + y = 3
13. (4) 14. (4) 4
Topic 2 12. (1)
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1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) Topic 4
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c, d)
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (d) 15a 2
13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a, b) 16. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 8. 9. (2)
4
17. (b) 18. (− 1, 0) 19. ( x + 1 ) (y − 1 ) 2 + 4 = 0
2 8
1 1 10. , 11. y 2 = 2 ( x – 4 )
20. c − , ≤c ≤5 21. (2) 9 9
4 2
Let the equation of circle be Thus, coordinate of point P are (2, − 4).
x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 …(i) Now , CP = 22 + (− 4 + 6)2 = 4 + 4 = 2 2
According the problem, Hence, the required equation of circle is
4a = 2 g − c2
…(ii) (x − 2)2 + ( y + 4)2 = (2 2 )2
[Q The length of intercepts made by the ⇒ x + 4 − 4x + y2 + 16 + 8 y = 8
2
⇒ x2 + y2 − 4x + 8 y + 12 = 0
circle x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
5. PLAN Any point on the parabola x 2 = 8 y is ( 4t ,2t 2 ). Point P divides
with X-axis is 2 g 2 − c] the line segment joining of O( 0, 0) and Q( 4t ,2t 2 ) in the ratio
1 : 3. Apply the section formula for internal division.
Also, as the circle is passing through P (0, 2b)
Equation of parabola is x2 = 8 y ...(i)
∴ 0 + 4b2 + 0 + 4bf + c = 0 [using Eq. (i)]
’ Let any point Q on the parabola (i) is (4t , 2t 2).
⇒ 4b2 + 4bf + c = 0 …(iii)
Let P (h , k) be the point which divides the line segment
Eliminating ‘c’ from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get joining (0, 0) and (4t , 2t 2) in the ratio 1 : 3.
4b2 + 4bf + g 2 − 4a 2 = 0 Y
[Q4a = 2 g − c ⇒ c = g − 4a ]
2 2 2
,k
)
p(h
So, locus of (− g , − f ) is 3 Q(4t, 2t 2)
1:
4b2 − 4by + x2 − 4a 2 = 0 X′ X
⇒ x2 = 4by + 4a 2 − 4b2 (0, 0) O
which is a parabola.
3. According to given information, we have the following Y′
figure. 1 × 4t + 3 × 0
∴ h= ⇒ h=t
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Y
4
1 × 2t 2 + 3 × 0 t2
and k= ⇒ k=
X 4 2
(2, 0) (4, 0) 1 2
⇒ k = h ⇒ 2k = h 2
[Q t = h]
2
⇒ 2 y = x2, which is required locus.
6. By section formula,
Now, if the origin is shifted to (2, 0) and (X , Y ) are the x+0 y+0
coordinates with respect to new origin, then equation of h= ,k=
4 4
parabola is Y 2 = 4aX ,
∴ x = 4 h, y = 4 k
where, X = x − 2 and Y = y and a = 4 − 2 = 2
∴ y2 = 8(x − 2) Y (x, y)Q
Note that (8, 6) is the only point which does not satisfy 3
the equation.
P(h, k)
4. Centre of circle x2 + ( y + 6)2 = 1 is C (0, − 6). 1
X
(0, 0) O
Let the coordinates of point P be (2t 2, 4 t ).
Now, let D = CP y 2 = 4x
= (2t ) + (4 t + 6)
2 2 2
Substituting in y2 = 4 x,
⇒ D = 4 t 4 + 16 t 2 + 36 + 48 t (4 k)2 = 4 (4 h )
Squaring on both sides ⇒ k2 = h
⇒ D 2(t ) = 4 t 4 + 16 t 2 + 48 t + 36 or y = x is required locus.
2
∴ By definition of parabola 8 k
Directrix of original parabola is x =−
Y k 4
y=x 8 k
Now, x = 1 also coincides with x = −
P
k 4
F
(2, 2) On solving, we get k = 4
N
M 11. Given curves are x = t 2 + t + 1 …(i)
(1, 1) V and y=t −t+1 2
…(ii)
x+y–2=0 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i),
X′ X x − y = 2t
O
Thus, x = t2 + t + 1
2
x − y x − y
⇒ x= + +1
Y′ 2 2
PM 2 = (4a ) (PN ) ⇒ 4x = (x − y)2 + 2x − 2 y + 4
where, PN is length of perpendicular upon ⇒ (x − y)2 = 2 (x + y − 2)
x + y − 2 = 0, i.e. tangent at vertex ⇒ x + y − 2xy − 2x − 2 y + 4 = 0
2 2
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x+ a y x2 3 1
h= ,k= ⇒ x = 2h − a , y = 2k. 12. y = − + x + 1 ⇒ y − = − (x − 1 )2
2 2 2 2 2
Put these values of x and y in y2 = 4ax, we get ⇒ It is symmetric about x = 1.
4k2 = 4a (2h − a ) Hence, option (a) is correct.
⇒ 4k = 8ah − 4a 2 ⇒ k2 = 2ah − a 2
2
13. Let P (t 2 , 2t ) be a point on the curve y2 = 4x, whose
So, locus of P (h , k) is y2 = 2ax − a 2
image is Q(x , y) on x + y + 4 = 0, then
a
⇒ y2 = 2a x − x − t 2 y − 2t −2(t 2 + 2t + 4)
2 = =
1 1 12 + 12
a a
Its directrix is x − =− ⇒ x = 0. ⇒ x = − 2t − 4
2 2
9. Given, y + 4 y + 4x + 2 = 0
2 and y = − t2 − 4
⇒ ( y + 2 )2 + 4 x − 2 = 0 Y
1
⇒ ( y + 2 )2 = − 4 x −
2 y 2 = 4x
1 (– 4, 0) O
Replace y + 2 =Y , x −=X X′ X
2
We have, Y 2 = − 4X
(0, – 4)
This is a parabola with directrix at X = 1
1 x+y+4=0
⇒ x− =1
2
3 Mirror image Y′
⇒ x=
2
Now, the straight line y = − 5 meets the mirror image.
10. Given, y2 = kx − 8
∴ − t2 − 4 = − 5
8 ⇒ t2 = 1
⇒ y2 = k x −
k ⇒ t=±1
Shifting the origin Y 2 = kX , where Y = y, X = x − 8 / k. Thus, points of intersection of A and B are (− 6, − 5) and
Directrix of standard parabola is X = −
k (−2, − 5).
4 ∴ Distance, AB = (−2 + 6)2 + (−5 + 5)2 = 4
424 Parabola
14. PLAN Parametric coordinates for y 2 = 4 ax are ( at 2,2 at ). Now, let (x1 , y1) be the point of intersection of tangents
of parabola (i) and line x − y = 3, then
P Equation of chord of contact of point (x1 , y1 ) w.r.t.
parabola (i) is
T =0
1
Q ⇒ ( y + y1 ) = xx1 − 2(x + x1 ) + 3
2
Description of Situation As the circle intersects the ⇒ y + y1 = 2x (x1 −2) − 4x1 + 6
parabola at P and Q. Thus, points P and Q should satisfy ⇒ 2x(x1 − 2) − y = 4 x1 + y1 − 6, this equation represent
circle. the line x − y = 3 only, so on comparing, we get
P ( 2 t 2, 4 t ) should lie on x2 + y2 − 2x − 4 y = 0 2(x1 − 2) − 1 4x1 + y1 − 6
= =
⇒ 4 t 4 + 16 t 2 − 4 t 2 − 16 t = 0 1 −1 3
5
⇒ 4 t 4 + 12 t 2 − 16 t = 0 ⇒ x1 = and y1 = − 1
2
⇒ 4 t (t3 + 3 t − 4) = 0 5
⇒ 4t (t − 1) (t 2 + t + 4) = 0 So, the required point is , − 1 .
2
∴ t = 0, 1
3. Given parabola y2 = 4x …(i)
⇒ P (2, 4) and PQ is the diameter of circle.
1 1 So, equation of tangent to parabola (i) at point (1, 2) is
Thus, area of ∆PQS = ⋅ OS × PQ = ⋅ (2) ⋅ (4) = 4 2 y = 2(x + 1)
2 2
[Qequation of the tangent to the parabolay2 = 4ax at
a point (x1 , y1 ) is given by yy1 = 2a (x + x1 )]
Topic 2 Equation of Tangents and ⇒ y=x+1 …(ii)
Properties Now, equation of circle, touch the parabola at point (1, 2)
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is
1. Key Idea Use the equation of tangent of slope (x − 1)2 + ( y − 2)2 + λ (x − y + 1) = 0
‘m’ to the parabola y 2 = 4 ax is y = mx +
a
and a line
⇒ x + y + (λ − 2)x + (−4 − λ ) y + (5 + λ ) = 0
2 2
…(iii)
m Also, Circle (iii) touches the x-axis, so g 2 = c
ax + by + c = 0 touches the circle λ − 2
2
|c| ⇒ =5 + λ
x 2 + y 2 = r 2, if = r. 2
a2 + b2
⇒ λ − 4λ + 4 = 4λ + 20
2
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.
a 2 + b2
3m2 + 1
⇒ =3 Since, circle touches the line y = x in first quadrant
m4 + m2 0 − (4 − r )
∴ = r ⇒ r −4 = ± r 2
⇒ 9m4 + 6m2 + 1 = 9(m4 + m2) 2
1 4 4
⇒ m ≈ ∞ or m = ± ⇒ r= or
3 2+1 1− 2
1
3+ 2 4 4
3m2 + 1 But r ≠ <0
1 − 2
Q
Q lim = lim m = 3 1− 2
→ ∞ → ∞
m
m +m
4 2 m
1+ 2
1 4
m ∴ r= = 4 ( 2 − 1)
2 +1
∴ Equation of common tangents are x = 0, 8. Let the tangent to parabola be y = mx + a / m, if it
x −x 1
y= + 3 and y = − 3 using y = mx + touches the other curve, then D = 0, to get the value of m.
3 3 m
For parabola, y2 = 4x
i.e. x = 0, 3 y = x + 3 and 3 y = − x − 3
1
6. Equation of tangent and normal to the curve y2 = 16x Let y = mx + be tangent line and it touches the
m
at (16, 16) is x − 2 y + 16 = 0 and 2x + y − 48 = 0, parabola x2 = –32 y
respectively.
1
∴ x2 = –32mx +
Y m
32
P
(16, 16)
⇒ x2 + 32 mx + =0
m
=0 θ 2x+
16 y– D =0
y+ 4
x–2 8 32
=
0 Q (32 m) – 4 ⋅ = 0 ⇒
2
m3 = 1 / 8
X′ X m
A(–16, 0) C(4, 0) B(24, 0)
∴ m = 1 /2
9. The tangent at (1, 7) to the parabola x2 = y – 6x is
1
x (1) = ( y + 7) – 6
2
Y′
[replacing x2 → xx1 and 2 y → y + y1]
426 Parabola
⇒ 2x = y + 7 – 12 2 2
⇒ x mx + = − 1 ⇒ mx2 + x+ 1 =0
⇒ y = 2x + 5 ... (i) m m
which is also tangent to the circle Since, it has equal roots.
x + y + 16 x + 12 y + c = 0
2 2 ∴ D =0
4
i.e. x2 + (2x + 5)2 + 16x + 12(2x + 5) + C = 0 must have ⇒ − 4m = 0
equal rools i.e., α = β m2
⇒ 5x2 + 60x + 85 + c = 0 ⇒ m3 = 1
– 60 ⇒ m=1
⇒ α +β =
5 Hence, equation of common tangent is y = x + 2.
⇒ α = –6
∴ x = –6 and y = 2x + 5 = –7 1
13. Any tangent to y2 = 4x is of the form y = mx + ,
∴ Point of contact is (– 6, –7). m
a (Q a = 1) and this touches the circle (x − 3)2 + y2 = 9.
10. We know, tangent to y2 = 4a x is y = mx + . 1
m m (3) + − 0
1 If m =3
∴ Tangent to y2 = 4x is y = mx + m2 + 1
m
Since, tangent passes through (1, 4).
[Q centre of the circle is (3, 0) and radius is 3].
1
∴ 4 =m+ 3m2 + 1
m ⇒ = ± 3 m2 + 1
m
⇒ m2 – 4m + 1 = 0 (whose roots are m1 and m2)
⇒ 3m2 + 1 = ± 3m m2 + 1
∴ m1 + m2 = 4 and m1m2 = 1
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⇒ 9m4 + 1 + 6m2 = 9m2 (m2 + 1)
and m1 – m2 = (m1 + m2)2 – 4m1m2
⇒ 9m4 + 1 + 6m2 = 9m4 + 9m2
= 12 = 2 3 ⇒ 3m2 = 1
Thus, angle between tangents 1
⇒ m =±
m – m1 2 3 π 3
tan θ = 2 = = 3 ⇒ θ=
1 + m1m2 1 + 1 3 If the tangent touches the parabola and circle above
the X-axis, then slope m should be positive.
11. Here, the focal chord of y2 = 16 x is tangent to circle 1 1
(x − 6)2 + y2 = 2 . ∴ m= and the equation is y = x+ 3
3 3
⇒ Focus of parabola as (a, 0) i.e. (4, 0) or 3 y = x + 3.
5
14. Equation of circle can be rewritten as x2 + y2 = .
Now, tangents are drawn from (4, 0) to (x − 6)2 + y2 = 2. 2
Since, PA is tangent to circle. 5
Centre → (0, 0) and radius →
AC 2 BC 2
∴ tan θ = slope of tangent = = = 1, or = −1
AP 2 BP Let common tangent be
2
y =16x 5
Y y = mx + ⇒ m2x – my + 5 = 0
m
Tangent
as focal chord The perpendicular from centre to the tangent is equal
A to radius of the circle.
√2 5 /m 5
P θ C(6,0) ∴ =
X′
θ
X 1+m 2 2
(4,0)
2 ⇒ m 1 + m2 = 2
B
⇒ m2(1 + m2) = 2
⇒ m4 + m2 – 2 = 0
Y′ ⇒ (m2 + 2)(m2 – 1) = 0
∴ Slope of focal chord as tangent to circle = ± 1 ⇒ m = ±1 [Q m2 + 2 ≠ 0, as m ∈ R ]
2
12. Tangent to the curve y2 = 8x is y = mx + . So, it must ∴ y = ± (x + 5 ), both statements are correct as m ± 1
m satisfies the given equation of Statement II.
satisfy xy = − 1
Parabola 427
m2 ∴ − 2 ( x + 1) = 2 ( x + 1)
15. The equation of tangent to y = x2, be y = mx − .
4 ⇒ 0 = 4 ( x + 1)
Putting in y = − x2 + 4x − 4,we should only get one value ⇒ −1= x ⇒ y= 0
of x i.e. Discriminant must be zero. Therefore, the required point is (− 1, 0).
m2
∴ mx − = − x2 + 4x − 4 19. Given equation can be rewritten as
4
( y − 1)2 = 4 (x − 1), whose parametric coordinates are
m2
⇒ x + x (m − 4) + 4 −
2
=0 x − 1 = t 2 and y − 1 = 2t
4
i.e. P (1 + t 2, 1 + 2t )
D =0 ∴ Equation of tangent at P is,
Now, (m − 4) − (16 − m2) = 0
2
t ( y − 1) = x − 1 + t 2, which meets the directrix x = 0 at Q.
⇒ 2m (m − 4) = 0 ⇒ m = 0, 4 1 1
⇒ y=1 + t − or Q 0, 1 + t −
∴ y = 0 and y = 4 (x − 1) are the required tangents. t t
Hence, (a) and (b) are correct answers. Let R (h , k) which divides QP externally in the ratio
1
16. PLAN 2
(i) If P( at , 2 at ) is one end point of focal chord of parabola : 1 or Q is mid-point of RP.
2
y 2 = 4ax , then other end point is 2 ,− .
a 2a
t t h + t2 + 1
⇒ 0= or t 2 = − (h + 1) …(i)
(ii) Slope of line joining two points ( x 1, y1 ) and ( x 2, y2 ) is given by 2
y2 − y1 1 k + 2t + 1 2
. and 1+ t− = or t = …(ii)
x 2 − x1
t 2 1−k
If PQ is focal chord, then coordinates of Q will be 4
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), + (h + 1) = 0
a 2a (1 − k)2
2 , − .
t t
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or (k − 1)2 (h + 1) + 4 = 0
Now, slope of QR = slope of PK ∴ Locus of a point is (x + 1) ( y − 1)2 + 4 = 0
2a
2ar + 20. Let the point Q ( x , x 2 ) on x 2 = y whose distance from
t = 2at ⇒ r + 1 /t t
= 2
a at 2
− 2 a r 2
− 1 / t 2
t −2 ( 0, c) is minimum.
ar − 2
2
t Now, PQ 2 = x 2 + ( x 2 − c)2
1 t 1 t2 − 2 2 Let f ( x ) = x 2 + ( x 2 − c)2 ... (i)
⇒ = 2 ⇒ r− = =t−
1 t −2 t t t f ′ ( x ) = 2x + 2 ( x 2 − c) ⋅ 2x
r−
t 1
= 2x (1 + 2x2 − 2c) = 4x x2 − c +
1 t2 − 1 2
⇒ r =t− = Y
t t
17. PLAN Equation of tangent and normal at ( at 2, 2 at ) are given by x2 = y
ty = x + at 2 and y + tx = 2 at + at 3, respectively. (0,c)P
x
Tangent at P : ty = x + at 2 or y = + at Q(x,x 2)
t
x 2a a X′ X
Normal at S : y + = + 3 O
t t t
2a a a (t 2 + 1)2 Y′
Solving, 2 y = at + + 3 ⇒ y=
t t 2t3 1 1 1
= 4x x − c − x + c − , when c >
18. The coordinates of extremities of the latusrectum of 2 2 2
y2 = 4x are (1, 2 ) and (1, − 2).
For maxima, put f ′ (x) = 0
Equations of tangents at these points are
1 1
4(x + 1) 4x x2 − c + = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = ± c −
y⋅2 = ⇒ 2 y = 2(x + 1) …(i) 2 2
2 2 1
4 (x + 1) Now, f ′ ′ (x) = 4 x − c + + 4x [2x]
and y (− 2) = 2
2
1
⇒ − 2 y = 2(x + 1) …(ii) At x = ± c−
2
The point of intersection of these tangents can be
f ′ ′ (x) ≥ 0.
obtained by solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) simultaneously.
428 Parabola
∴ f (x) is minimum. 2. If y = mx + c is normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax, then
Hence, minimum value of f (x) =|PQ| c = − 2am − am3 .
2 2
2 From given condition, y 2 = 12x
1 1
= c − + c − − c ⇒ y2 = 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x
2 2
⇒ a =3
1 1
2
1 1 And x+ y=k
= c− + c − − c = c − , ≤ c≤5
2 2 4 2 ⇒ y = (−1) x + k
⇒ m = −1
21. As, we know area of ∆ formed by three points on
and c=k
parabola is twice the area of ∆ formed by
corresponding tangents i.e. area of ∆ PQR = 2 area of ∴ c = k = − 2 (3) (−1) − 3 (−1)3 = 9
∆ T1T2T3 . 3. Since, equation of normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax is
∆1 y + xt = 2at + at3 passes through (3, 0).
∴ ∆1 = 2∆ 2 or =2
∆2 ⇒ 3 t = 2 t + t3 [Q a = 1]
Y ⇒ t = 0, 1, − 1
∴ Coordinates of the normals areP (1, 2), Q (0, 0), R(1, − 2).
Thus,
T1
P 1
T2 A. Area of ∆PQR = ×1 ×4 = 2
2
Q
2
X C. Centroid of ∆PQR = , 0
3
Equation of circle passing through P , Q , R is
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T3
R
(x − 1)(x − 1) + ( y − 2)( y + 2) + λ (x − 1) = 0
⇒ 1 −4 − λ = 0
⇒ λ = −3
Topic 3 Equation of Normal and Properties
∴ Required equation of circle is
1. Normal to parabola y2 = 4ax is given by
x2 + y2 − 5x = 0
y = mx − 2am − am3 5 5
∴ Centre , 0 and radius .
∴ Normal to parabola 2 2
y2 = 4b(x − c) is
4. Tangent to y 2 = 4x at (t 2, 2 t) is
y = m(x − c) − 2bm − bm3
Y
[replacing a by b and x by x − c] S(2, 8)
= mx − (2b + c)m − bm3 … (i) Q
P (t2, 2t)
and normal to parabola y2 = 8 ax is
y = mx − 4am − 2am3 …(ii) O
X
[replacing a by 2a]
y2=4x
For common normal, we should have
mx − 4am − 2am3 = mx − (2b + c)m − bm3 y(2 t ) = 2(x + t 2)
[using Eqs. (i) and (ii)] ⇒ yt = x + t 2 …(i)
4am + 2am3 = (2b + c)m + bm3 Equation of normal at P (t 2, 2 t) is
⇒ (2a − b)m3 + (4a − 2b − c)m = 0 y + tx = 2t + t3
⇒ m((2a − b)m2 + (4a − 2b − c)) = 0 Since, normal at P passes through centre of circle S(2, 8).
⇒ m =0 ∴ 8 + 2 t = 2 t + t3
2b + c − 4a c ⇒ t = 2, i.e. P(4, 4)
or m2 = = −2
2a − b 2a − b [since, shortest distance between two curves lie along
c their common normal and the common normal will pass
As, m2 > 0, therefore >2
2a − b through the centre of circle]
Note that if m = 0, then all options satisfy
(Q y = 0 is a common normal) and if common normal is ∴ SP = (4 − 2)2 + (4 − 8)2 = 2 5
other than the axis, then only option (c) satisfies
3 ∴Option (a) is correct.
[Q for option (c), 2a − b = = 3 > 2]
2 −1
Parabola 429
Also, SQ = 2 | y| y
y = (x + 2)2 and log + =0
∴ PQ = SP − SQ = 2 5 − 2 3e x + 2
SQ 1 5+1 |x + 2|2 (x + 2 )2
= = ⇒ log + x+2 =0
Thus,
QP 5 −1 4
3e
∴Option (b) is wrong. |x + 2|2
Now, x-intercept of normal is x = 2 + 22 = 6 ⇒ log = − (x + 2)
3e
∴Option (c) is correct.
(x + 2)2
1 1
Slope of tangent = = ⇒ = e−( x + 2) or (x + 2)2 ⋅ ex + 2 = 3e
t 2 3e
3e
∴Option (d) is correct. ⇒ ex+ 2 =
(x + 2)2
dy
5. Given, ( x 2 + xy + 4x + 2 y + 4) − y2 = 0 Y
dx e x+ 2
dy
⇒ [(x + 4x + 4) + y(x + 2)]
2
− y2 = 0
dx e2
dy
⇒ [(x + 2)2 + y(x + 2)] − y2 = 0 3e /4
dx 3e /( x + 2)2
Put x + 2 = X and y = Y , then O
X
dY
(X 2 + XY ) −Y 2 = 0 Clearly, they have no solution.
dX
⇒ X 2dY + XYdY − Y 2dX = 0 To check option (d), y = (x + 3)2
⇒ X 2dY + Y (XdY − YdX ) = 0 |x + 3|2 (x + 3)2
i.e. log + =0
dY XdY − YdX 3e (x + 2)
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⇒ − =
Y X2 To check the number of solutions.
Y (x + 3)2
⇒ − d (log|Y |) = d Let g (x) = 2 log (x + 3) + − log (3e)
X
(x + 2)
On integrating both sides, we get (x + 2) ⋅ 2 (x + 3) − (x + 3)2 ⋅ 1
2
Y ∴ g′ (x) = + −0
− log|Y| = + C, where x + 2 = X x+ 3 (x + 2)2
X
and y = Y 2 (x + 3)(x + 1)
= +
y x+3 (x + 2)2
⇒ − log| y| = +C …(i)
x+ 2 Clearly, when x > 0, then, g′ (x) > 0
Since, it passes through the point (1, 3).
∴ − log 3 = 1 + C ∴ g (x) is increasing, when x > 0.
⇒ C = − 1 − log 3 = − (log e + log 3) = − log 3e Thus, when x > 0, then g (x) > g (0)
∴ Eq. (i) becomes
3 9
log| y| +
y
− log (3e) = 0 g (x) > log + > 0
e 4
x+2
| y| y Hence, there is no solution.
⇒ log + =0 …(ii)
3e x + 2 Thus, option (d) is true.
Now, to check option (a), y = x + 2 intersects the curve. 6. Normal to y 2 = 4x , is
|x + 2| x + 2 y = mx − 2m − m3 which passes through (9, 6).
⇒ log + =0
3e x + 2 ⇒ 6 = 9m − 2m − m3
|x + 2| ⇒ m3 − 7m + 6 = 0
⇒ log = −1
3e ⇒ m = 1, 2, − 3
|x + 2| 1 ∴ Equation of normals are,
⇒ = e−1 =
3e e y − x + 3 = 0, y + 3x − 33 = 0 and y − 2x + 12 = 0
⇒ |x + 2| = 3 or x + 2 = ± 3 7. Equation of tangent and normal at point P (at 2, 2at ) is
∴ x = 1, − 5 (rejected), as x > 0 [given]
ty = x = at 2 and y = − tx + 2at + at 2
∴ x = 1 only one solution.
Let centroid of ∆ PTN is R (h , k).
Thus, (a) is the correct answer.
at 2 + (− at 2) + 2a + at 2
To check option (c), we have ∴ h=
3
430 Parabola
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a
⇒ x= ∴ Equation of normal for y2 = x is
3
4a m m3 1
and latusrectum = y = mx − − Qa =
2 4 4
3
a 2a Since, normal passes through (c, 0).
∴ Focus + , 0 , i.e. (a , 0).
3 3 m m3
∴ mc − − =0
8. End points of latusrectum are (a , ± 2a) i. e. (1, ± 2). 2 4
1 m2
Equation of normal at (x1 , y1) is ⇒ m c − − =0⇒ m =0
y − y1 y 2 4
=− 1
x − x1 2a 1
or m2 = 4 c −
y−2 2 y+2 2 2
i. e. = − and =
x−1 2 x−1 2 ⇒ m = 0, the equation of normal is y = 0
⇒ x+ y=3 Also, m2 ≥ 0
and x− y=3 ⇒ c − 1 /2 ≥ 0 ⇒ c ≥ 1 /2
which is tangent to (x − 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 = r 2 At c = 1 /2 ⇒ m =0
Now, for other normals to be perpendicular to each
Y
other, we must have m1 ⋅ m2 = − 1
L(1, 2)
m2 1
or + − c = 0, has m1 m2 = − 1
4 2
Normal
1
X′
F
X − c
O (1, 0) 2 1 1
Normal
⇒ = −1 ⇒ −c=−
1 /4 2 4
3
⇒ c=
L′(1, –2) 4
Y′ 11. Equation of normal to x 2 = 4 y is x = my − 2 m − m3
∴ Length of perpendicular from centre = Radius and passing through (1, 2).
|3 − 2 − 3| ∴ 1 = 2 m − 2 m − m3
⇒ =r ⇒ m = − 1 or
3
m = −1
12 + 12
Thus, the required equation of normal is ,
∴ r2 = 2 x = − y + 2 + 1 or x + y = 3 is required equation.
Parabola 431
12. If three different normals are drawn from (h , 0) to Again from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
y = 4x.
2 x
x2 = 4 +4
Then, equation of normals are y = mx − 2m − m3 2
which passes through (h , 0). ⇒ x2 − 2 2x − 16 = 0 … (v)
⇒ mh − 2m − m3 = 0 ⇒ h = 2 + m2 Let the roots of Eq. (v) be x1 and x2
where, 2 + m2 ≥ 2 Then, x1 + x2 = 2 2
∴ h > 2 [neglect equality as if 2 + m2 = 2 ⇒ m = 0] and x1x2 = −16 … (vi)
Therefore, three normals are coincident. Clearly, length of the chord AB
∴ h >2 = (x1 − x2)2 + ( y1 − y2)2
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where
x2 − x1
p = 2 ×3 −4 = 2
∴ Slope of focal chord having one end point is (1, 4) is
t12 + t22
4. Here, coordinate M = , t1 + t2 i.e. mid-point of
4 −0 4 2
m = tan α = =− chord AB.
1 −4 3 2
(t2 , 2t2)
Y
[where, ‘α’ is the inclination of focal chord with X-axis.] B
Since, the length of focal chord = 4a cos ec2α 2
(t , 2t1)
M
1 r
∴ The required length of the focal chord A
X
= 16 [1 + cot α ] [Q a = 4 and cosec α = 1 + cot α ]
2 2 2 A′ P
r
9 1 3
= 16 1 + = 25 units Q cot α = =− M′
16
tan α 4
B′
2. Given, equation of parabola is x2 = 4 y … (i)
MP = t1 + t2 = r ...(i)
and the chord is x − 2 y + 4 2 = 0 … (ii) 2 t2 − 2 t1 2
Also, mAB = 2 2 = [when AB is chord]
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have t2 − t1 t2 + t1
[ 2 ( y − 4)]2 = 4 y 2
⇒ 2 ( y − 4 )2 = 4 y ⇒ mAB = [from Eq. (i)]
r
⇒ ( y − 4 )2 = 2 y 2
Also, mA′ B ′ = − [when A′ B ′ is chord]
⇒ y2 − 8 y + 16 = 2 y r
⇒ y2 − 10 y +16 = 0 …(iii) Hence, (c, d) are the correct options.
1
Y 5. Since, R – a , a t − lies on y = 2x + a.
t
A x– √ 2 y+4 √ 2 =0
(x1 , y1 )
B (x2 , y2 ) P (at2, 2at)
X 1
R – a, a t – —
O
t O
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t
1 ⇒ m + m −2 =0
4 2
Therefore, equations of tangents at A and B are 10. Let A (t12, 2t1 ) and B(t22, 2t2) be coordinates of the end
t1 y = x + at12 …(i) points of a chord of the parabola y2 = 4x having slope 2.
and t 2y = x + at22 …(ii) Now, slope of AB is
From Eqs. (i) and (ii) 2t − 2t1 2(t 2 − t1 ) 2
m = 22 = =
t1 y = t2y − at22 + at12 t 2 − t12 (t 2 − t1 )(t2 + t1 ) t2 + t1
⇒ t1 y − t2y = at12 − at22 Y
⇒ y = a (t1 + t2) [Q t1 ≠ t2] 2 2t 1)
,
A (t 1
and t1 a (t1 + t2) = x + at12 [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ x = at1t2 1
Therefore, coordinates of P are (at1t2, a (t1 + t2)). P (h, k)
X′ X
Similarly, the coordinates of Q and R are respectively, O
2
[at2 t3 , a (t2 + t3 )] and [at1t3 , a (t1 + t3 )].
Let ∆1 = Area of the ∆ABC B( 2
t2 ,
2 2t
at1 2at1 1 2)
1 Y′
= at22 2at2 1
2
at32 2at3 1
But m =2 [given]
Applying R3 → R3 − R2 and R2 → R2 − R1 , we get ⇒ 2=
2
at12 2at1 1 t2 + t1
1 ⇒ t1 + t2 = 1
∆1 = a (t 22 − t12) 2a (t2 − t1 ) 0 …(i)
2
a (t32 − t22) 2a (t3 − t2) 0 Let P (h , k) be a point on AB such that, it divides AB
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internally in the ratio 1 : 2.
1 a (t22 − t12) 2a (t2 − t1 )
= 2t12 + t22 2(2t1 ) + 2t2
2 a (t32 − t22) 2a (t3 − t2) Then, h= and k =
2+1 2+1
1 (t 2 − t1 ) (t2 + t1 ) (t2 − t1 )
= . a . 2a ⇒ 3h = 2t12 + t22 …(ii)
2 (t3 − t2) (t3 + t2) (t3 − t2)
and 3k = 4t1 + 2t2 …(iii)
t2 + t1 1
= a 2 (t2 − t1 ) (t3 − t2)
t3 + t2 1
On substituting value of t1 from Eq. (i) in Eq. (iii)
= a 2|(t2 − t1 ) (t3 − t2) (t1 − t3 )|
3k = 4 (1 − t2) + 2t2
Again, let ∆ 2 = area of the ∆PQR
⇒ 3k = 4 − 2t2
at1t2 a (t1 + t2) 1 3k
=
1
at2t3 a (t2 + t3 ) 1 ⇒ t2 = 2 − …(iv)
2 2
at3 t1 a (t3 + t1 ) 1 On substituting t1 = 1 − t2 in Eq. (ii), we get
t1t2 (t1 + t2) 1 3h = 2 (1 − t2 )2 + t22
1
= a⋅a t2t3 (t2 + t3 ) 1 = 2 (1 − 2t 2 + t22) + t22
2
t3 t1 (t3 + t1 ) 1 4 2
= 3t 22 − 4t2 + 2 = 3 t22 − t2 +
3 3
Applying R3 → R3 − R2, R2 → R2 − R1 , we get
t1t2 t1 + t2 1 2
2
2 4 2
2
2
a2 = 3 t2 − + − = 3 t2 − +
= t2 (t3 − t1 ) t3 − t1 0 3 3 9 3 3
2
t3 (t1 − t2) t1 − t2 0 2 2
2
⇒ 3h − = 3 t2 −
t1t2 t1 + t2 1 3 3
a2
= (t3 − t1 ) (t1 − t2) t2 1 0 2 3k 2
2
2 ⇒ 3 h − = 3 2 − − [from Eq. (iv)]
t3 1 0 9 2 3
a2 t 1
2 4 3k
2
= (t3 − t1 ) (t1 − t2) 2 ⇒ 3 h − =3 −
2 t3 1 9 3 2
a2 2 9 8
2
= |(t3 − t1 ) (t1 − t2) (t2 − t3 )| ⇒ h − = k −
2 9 4 9
∆1 a 2|(t2 − t1 ) (t3 − t2) (t1 − t3 )| 2
Therefore, = =2 8 4 2
∆ 2 1 a 2|(t − t ) (t − t ) (t − t )| ⇒ k − = h −
3 1 1 2 2 3 9 9 9
2
434 Parabola
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1
X′ X and k = 2 − m
O L m
Q Eliminating m, we get
y 2 = 4x
2h = k2 + 8
Y′ or y2 = 2 (x − 4) is required equation of locus.
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2. In an ellipse, with centre at the origin, if the difference
of the lengths of major axis and minor axis is 10 and one Let these lines intersect at the point Q. Consider the
of the foci is at (0, 5 3 ), then the length of its latus ellipse whose centre is at the origin O(0, 0) and whose
rectum is (2019 Main, 8 April I) semi-major axis is OQ. If the length of the minor axis of
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 8 (d) 6
this ellipse is 2, then which of the following
statement(s) is (are) TRUE? (2018 Adv.)
3. Let S and S′ be the foci of an ellipse and B be any one of (a) For the ellipse, the eccentricity is 1 / 2 and the length
the extremities of its minor axis. If ∆S′ BS is a right of the latus rectum is 1
angled triangle with right angle at B and area
(b) For the ellipse, the eccentricity is 1/2 and the length of
(∆S′ BS ) = 8 sq units, then the length of a latus rectum
of the ellipse is (2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
the latus rectum is 1/2
(a) 2 2 (b) 4 2 (c) The area of the region bounded by the ellipse between
1 1
(c) 2 (d) 4 the lines x = and x =1is ( π − 2)
2 4 2
4. Let the length of the latus rectum of an ellipse with its
(d) The area of the region bounded by the ellipse between
major axis along X-axis and centre at the origin, be 8. If 1 1
the distance between the foci of this ellipse is equal to the lines x = and x =1is ( π − 2)
2 16
the length of its minor axis, then which one of the
following points lies on it? (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
(a) (4 2 , 2 3 ) (b) (4 3 , 2 2 ) Fill in the Blanks
(c) (4 2 , 2 2 ) (d) (4 3 , 2 3 ) 9. An ellipse has OB as a semi-minor axis. F and F ′ are its
5. The equation of the circle passing through the foci of foci and the angle FBF′ is a right angle. Then, the
x2 y2 eccentricity of the ellipse is …… . (1997, 2M)
the ellipse + = 1 and having centre at (0, 3) is
16 9 1
(2013 Main) 10. An ellipse has eccentricity and one focus at the point
2
(a) x2 + y 2 − 6 y − 7 = 0 (b) x2 + y 2 − 6 y + 7 = 0 1
(c) x2 + y 2 − 6 y − 5 = 0 (d) x2 + y 2 − 6 y + 5 = 0 P , 1 . Its one directrix is the common tangent,
2
x2 y2 nearer to the point P, to the circle x2 + y2 = 1 and the
6. The ellipse E1 : + = 1 is inscribed in a rectangle R
9 4 hyperbola x2 − y2 = 1. The equation of the ellipse, in the
whose sides are parallel to the coordinate axes. standard form is…… . (1996, 2M)
Another ellipse E 2 passing through the point (0, 4)
circumscribes the rectangle R. The eccentricity of the x2 y2
11. Let P be a variable point on the ellipse + = 1 with
ellipse E 2 is (2012) a 2 b2
2 3 1 3 foci F1 and F2. If A is the area of the ∆ PF1F2, then the
(a) (b) (c) (d) maximum value of A is… . (1994, 2M)
2 2 2 4
436 Ellipse
Analytical & Descriptive Question at the origin and focus at F2 intersects the ellipse at
2 2
point M in the first quadrant and at point N in the
x y fourth quadrant.
12. Let P be a point on the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 , 0 < b < a. Let
a b (2016 Adv.)
the line parallel to Y-axis passing through P meet the 13. The orthocentre of ∆F1MN is
circle x2 + y2 = a 2 at the point Q such that P and Q are on
(a) −
9
(b) , 0
2
the same side of X-axis. For two positive real numbers r , 0
10 3
and s, find the locus of the point R on PQ such that
(c) , 0 (d) , 6
9 2
PR : RQ = r : s as P varies over the ellipse. (2001, 4M)
10 3
Passage Type Questions 14. If the tangents to the ellipse at M and N meet at R and
Passage the normal to the parabola at M meets the X-axis at Q,
Let F1 (x1 , 0) and F2 (x2, 0), for x1 < 0 and x2 > 0, be the foci of then the ratio of area of ∆MQR to area of the
quadrilateral MF1NF2 is
x2 y2
the ellipse + = 1. Suppose a parabola having vertex (a) 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 5
9 8
(c) 5 : 8 (d) 2 : 3
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(2019 Main, 12 April I) 7. Equation of a common tangent to the parabola y2 = 4x
(a)
5 5
(b)
61 and the hyperbola xy = 2 is (2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
2 2 (a) x + 2 y + 4 = 0 (b) x − 2 y + 4 = 0
221 157 (c) 4x + 2 y + 1 = 0 (d) x + y + 1 = 0
(c) (d)
2 2
8. The eccentricity of an ellipse whose centre is at the
2. The tangent and normal to the ellipse 3x2 + 5 y2 = 32 at the origin is 1/2. If one of its directrices is x = − 4, then the
point P(2, 2) meets the X-axis at Q and R, respectively. 3
equation of the normal to it at 1, is
Then, the area (in sq units) of the ∆PQR is 2 (2017 Main)
(2019 Main, 10 April II)
16 14 34 68 (a) 2 y − x = 2 (b) 4x − 2 y = 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) (c) 4x + 2 y = 7 (d) x + 2 y = 4
3 3 15 15
x2 y2
9. The area (in sq units) of the quadrilateral formed by
3. If the line x − 2 y = 12 is tangent to the ellipse + =1 the tangents at the end points of the latusrectum to
a 2 b2 x2 y2
−9 the ellipse + = 1 is
at the point 3, , then the length of the latusrectum of 9 5 (2015 Main)
2
27 27
the ellipse is (2019 Main, 10 April I)
(a) (b) 18 (c) (d) 27
4 2
(a) 8 3 (b) 9 (c) 5 (d) 12 2
10. The locus of the foot of perpendicular drawn from the
4. If the tangent to the parabola y = x at a point (α , β), (β > 0)
2
centre of the ellipse x2 + 3 y2 = 6 on any tangent to it is
is also a tangent to the ellipse, x + 2 y = 1, then α is equal
2 2 (2014 Main)
to (2019 Main, 9 April II) (a) (x2 − y2 )2 = 6x2 + 2 y2
(a) 2+1 (b) 2 −1 (c) 2 2 + 1 (d) 2 2 − 1 (b) (x2 − y2 )2 = 6x2 − 2 y2
(c) (x2 + y2 )2 = 6x2 + 2 y2
5. If the tangents on the ellipse 4x2 + y2 = 8 at the points (d) (x2 + y2 )2 = 6x2 − 2 y2
(1, 2) and (a , b) are perpendicular to each other, then a 2 is
equal to (2019 Main, 8 April I)
11. The normal at a point P on the ellipse x2 + 4 y2 = 16
128 64 4 2 meets the X-axis at Q. If M is the mid-point of the line
(a) (b) (c) (d) segment PQ, then the locus of M intersects the
17 17 17 17
latusrectum of the given ellipse at the points (2009)
6. If tangents are drawn to the ellipse x2 + 2 y2 = 2 at all 3 5 2 3 5 19
(a) ± ,± (b) ± ,±
points on the ellipse other than its four vertices, then the 2 7 2 4
mid-points of the tangents intercepted between the
4 3
(c) ± 2 3 , ±
1
coordinate axes lie on the curve (2019 Main, 11 Jan I) (d) ± 2 3 , ±
7 7
Ellipse 437
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and (x − a )2 + y2 = b2 is (2002, 1M)
21. A tangent to the ellipse x2 + 4 y2 = 4 meets the ellipse
2b a − 4b
2 2
x2 + 2 y2 = 6 at P and Q. Prove that the tangents at P and
(a) (b)
a 2 − 4b2 2b Q of the ellipse x2 + 2 y2 = 6 are at right angles.
2b b (1997, 5M)
(c) (d)
a − 2b a − 2b 22. Let d be the perpendicular distance from the centre of
the ellipse x2 / a 2 + y2 / b2 = 1 to the tangent drawn at a
16. The number of values of c such that the straight line point P on the ellipse. If F1 and F2 are the two foci of the
x2
y = 4 x + c touches the curve + y2 = 1 is ellipse, then show that
4 (1998, 2M)
b2
(a) 0 (b) 2 (PF1 − PF2)2 = 4a 2 1 − 2
(c) 1 (d) ∞ d (1995, 5M)
(d) x2 + y2 − 2 xy + 27 x + 31 y −120 = 0
Answers
Topic 1 Topic 2
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a)
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (a, c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b)
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2
1 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (d)
x −
3 (y − 1 ) 2 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (b)
9. e = 1 / 2 10. + =1 11. b a 2 − b 2
1/9 1 / 12 2x 7 14 3
17. (a, b) 18. y = − +4 , 23. (4)
x 2 y 2 (r + s ) 2 3 3 3
12. + =1 13. (a) 14. (c)
a 2 (ar + bs ) 2 Topic 3
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d)
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b b
. = −1 Y
− ae ae
[Q product of slopes of two
perpendicular lines is (−1)]
⇒ b2 = a 2e2 …(i) r
Also, it is given that area of ∆S′ BS = 8 X' X
1 2
∴ a =8
2
Y'
[QS′ B = SB = a because S′ B + SB = 2a and S′ B = SB]
⇒ a 2 = 16 ⇒ a = 4 9 7
…(ii) Here, a = 4, b = 3, e = 1 − ⇒
b 2 16 4
e2 = 1 − 2 = 1 − e2 [from Eq. (i)] 7
Q
a ∴ Foci = (± ae, 0) = ± 4 × , 0 = (± 7 ,0)
⇒ 2e2 = 1 4
1
⇒ e2 = …(iii) Radius of the circle, r = (ae)2 + b2
2
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get = 7 + 9 = 16 = 4
1 1 Now, equation of circle is
b2 = a 2 = 16 [using Eq. (ii)]
2 2 (x − 0)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 16
⇒ b =8
2
∴ x2 + y2 − 6 y − 7 = 0
2
2b 2 ×8 x2 y2
Now, length of latus rectum = = = 4 units 6. PLAN Equation of an ellipse is 2
+ =1 [Qa > b]
a 4 a b2
x2 y2 b2
Eccentricity, e 2 = 1− [Q a > b]
4 Let the equation of ellipse be + =1 a2
a 2 b2
Y
Then, according the problem, we have
2b2
= 8 and 2ae = 2b
a A' A
2b2 X' X
[Length of latusrectum = and (– a, 0) (a, 0)
a
length of minor axis = 2b]
Y'
440 Ellipse
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a2 4 x= 1
2 0, –1
√2
a 12 1 Y′ √2
Eccentricity of E 2 , e2 = 1 − =1− = [Q a < b]
b2 16 4
∴ Area of shaded region
1 1 1
∴ e= = 2∫ 1 − x 2 dx
2 1/ 2 2
1
7. Given, 16 x2 + 25 y2 = 400 [given] x 1
= 2 1 − x 2 + sin−1 x
x 2
y 2
2 2 1/
⇒ + =1 2
25 16 π 1 π
= 2 0 + − +
Now, PF1 + PF2 = Major axis = 2a [where, a = 5] 4 4 8
= 2 × 5 = 10 π 1 π − 2
= 2 − =
8. We have, 8 4 4 2
1
Equation of circle x 2 + y 2 = 9. Since, angle FBF′ is right angled.
2
∴ (Slope of FB) ⋅ (Slope of F ′ B) = − 1
and Equation of parabola y 2 = 4x
Y Y
y2=4x B (0, b)
X′ X X' X
Q O x2 + y2 = 1
(– ae,0) F' O F (ae,0)
2
Y'
Y′
0− b 0− b
Let the equation of common tangent of parabola and ⇒ ⋅ = −1
ae − 0 − ae − 0
circle is
1 b2
y = mx + ⇒ = − 1 ⇒ b2 = a 2e2
m − a 2e2
1
Since, radius of circle = ⇒ a 2(1 − e2) = a 2 e2
2
⇒ e2 = 1 / 2 ⇒ e = 1 / 2
Ellipse 441
10. There are two common tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = 1 So, A is maximum when x = 0.
and the hyperbola x2 − y2 = 1. These are x = 1 and x = − 1. b2 a 2 − b2
∴ Maximum of A = abe = ab 1 − = ab
But x = 1 is nearer to the point P(1 / 2, 1). a 2
a2
Therefore, directrix of the required ellipse is x = 1.
= b a 2 − b2
Now, if Q (x, y) is any point on the ellipse, then its
distance from the focus is PR r
12. Given, =
QP = (x − 1 / 2) + ( y − 1)
2 2 RQ s
By definition of ellipse,
2 Q(a cos θ, a sin θ)
1 1 R (a cos θ,α)
QP = e|x − 1|⇒ x − + ( y − 1)2 = |x − 1|
2 2 (a cos θ,b sin θ)
P
2
1 1 X' X
⇒ x − + ( y − 1) = (x − 1)
2 2 O (0,0)
2 4
1 1
⇒ x2 − x + + y2 − 2 y + 1 = (x2 − 2x + 1)
4 4
⇒ 4x2 − 4x + 1 + 4 y2 − 8 y + 4 = x2 − 2x + 1
Y'
⇒ 3x2 − 2x + 4 y2 − 8 y + 4 = 0
1
2
1 α − b sin θ r
⇒ 3 x − − + 4 ( y − 1 )2 = 0 ⇒ =
3 9 a sin θ − α s
2 ⇒ α s − b sin θ ⋅ s = ra sin θ − α r
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1 1
⇒ 3 x − + 4 ( y − 1 )2 = ⇒ α s + α r = ra sin θ + b sin θ ⋅ s
3 3
2 ⇒ α (s + r ) = sin θ (ra + bs)
1 sin θ (ra + bs)
x − ⇒ α=
3 ( y − 1 )2
⇒ + =1 r+s
1 /9 1 / 12
Let the coordinates of R be (h, k).
x2 y2 h
11. Given, + =1 ∴ h = a cos θ ⇒ cos θ = …(i)
a 2 b2 a
Foci F1 and F2 are ( − ae, 0) and (ae, 0), respectively. Let (ar + bs) sin θ
and k =α =
P (x, y) be any variable point on the ellipse. r+s
The area A of the triangle PF1F2 is given by k (r + s)
⇒ sin θ = …(ii)
Y ar + bs
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
P (X, Y )
h 2 k2 (r + s)2
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = +
a 2 (ar + bs)2
X' X
F1 O (ae, 0) F2 h 2 k2 (r + s)2
(–ae, 0) ⇒ 1= +
a 2 (ar + bs)2
x2 y2 (r + s)2
Hence, locus of R is + = 1.
Y' a 2
(ar + bs)2
x y 1 x2 y2
1 13. Here, + =1 …(i)
A= − ae 0 1 9 8
2
ae 0 1 has foci (± ae, 0)
1 where, a 2e2 = a 2 − b2
= (− y) (− ae × 1 − ae × 1) ⇒ a 2e2 = 9 − 8
2
⇒ ae = ± 1
1 x2
=− y (− 2ae) = a ey = ae ⋅ b 1 − 2 i.e. F1, F2 = (± 1, 0)
2 a
442 Ellipse
1 7 5 6
Y ∴ Area of ∆MQR = 6 − 6=
sq units
2 2 4
3 , √6 1
2 and area of quadrilateral MF1NF2 = 2 × {1 − (− 1)} 6
y 2=4x
2
M = 2 6 sq units
3 Area of ∆MQR 5
F1 F2 2 P ∴ =
X′ O X Area of quadrilateral MF1NF2 8
(–3, 0) (–1,0) (1,0) (3, 0)
x 2+ y 2=1 3 , – √6
Topic 2 Equation of Tangent and Normal
2
9 8 N
1. Key Idea Equation of tangent and normal to the ellipse
x2 y2 xx yy 1
Y′
2
+ 2 = 1 at point p(x 1, y 1) is T = 0 ⇒ 21 + =1
a b a b2
Equation of parabola having vertex O(0, 0) and F2(1, 0) a2x b2 y
(as, x2 > 0) and − = a 2 − b 2 respectively.
x1 y1
y2 = 4x …(ii)
x 2
y2 Equation of given ellipse is 3x2 + 4 y2 = 12
On solving + = 1 and y = 4x, we get
2
9 8 x2 y2
⇒ + =1 … (i)
x = 3 / 2 and y = ± 6 4 3
Equation of altitude through M on NF1 is Now, let point P(2 cos θ , 3 sin θ ) , so equation of
y− 6 5 tangent to ellipse (i) at point P is
=
x − 3 /2 2 6 x cos θ y sin θ
+ =1 … (ii)
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5 2 3
⇒ (y − 6) = (x − 3 / 2) …(iii)
2 6 Since, tangent (ii) passes through point Q(4, 4)
and equation of altitude through F1 is y = 0 …(iv) ∴2 cos θ +
4
sin θ = 1 … (iii)
9 3
On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get − , 0 as
10
and equation of normal to ellipse (i) at point P is
orthocentre. 4x 3y
− =4 −3
x2 y2 2 cos θ 3 sin θ
14. Equation of tangent at M (3 / 2, 6 ) to + = 1 is
9 8 ⇒ 2x sin θ − 3cosθy = sin θ cos θ … (iv)
3 x y
⋅ + 6 ⋅ =1 …(i) Since, normal (iv) is parallel to line, 2x + y = 4
2 9 8
∴ Slope of normal (iv) = slope of line, 2x + y = 4
which intersect X-axis at (6, 0).
2
Also, equation of tangent at N (3 / 2, − 6 ) is ⇒ tan θ = − 2 ⇒ tan θ = − 3 ⇒ θ = 120º
3 x y 3
⋅ − 6 =1 …(ii)
2 9 8 3 1
⇒ (sin θ , cos θ ) = ,−
Eqs. (i) and (ii) intersect on X-axis at R(6, 0) . …(iii) 2 2
− 6 3
Also, normal at M (3 / 2, 6 ) is y − 6 = x − 3
2 2 Hence, point P − 1,
2
On solving with y = 0, we get Q(7 / 2, 0) …(iv) 2
3
Y Now, PQ = (4 + 1)2 + 4 −
2
[given cordinates of Q ≡≡ (4, 4)]
M (3/2, √ 6 )
25 5 5
Q (7/2,0) = 25 + =
4 2
(–1, 0) (1, 0) R(6, 0)
X′
(–3, 0) F2 O F1 (3/2,0) X 2. Equation of given ellipse is
(3, 0) 3x2 + 5 y2 = 32 …(i)
Now, the slope of tangent and normal at point P(2, 2) to
N (3/2, – √ 6 ) the ellipse (i) are respectively
dy dx
mT = and mN = −
dx ( 2, 2) dy ( 2, 2)
Y′
Ellipse 443
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…(i)
x2 y2 x2 y2
3. Key Idea Write equation of the tangent to the ellipse at any ⇒ + =1⇒ + =1
point and use formula for latusrectum of ellipse. 2 8 ( 2 )2 (2 2 )2
Now, equation of tangent at point (1, 2) is
Equation of given ellipse is
2x + y = 4 ...(ii)
x2 y2 x2 y2
2
+ 2 =1 …(i) [Q equation of tangent to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 at (x1 , y1 )
a b a b
9 xx yy
Now, equation of tangent at the point 3, − on the is 21 + 21 = 1]
2 a b
ellipse (i) is and equation of another tangent at point (a , b) is
3x 9 y 4ax + by = 8 …(iii)
⇒ − =1 …(ii) Since, lines (ii) and (iii) are perpendicular to each other.
a 2 2b2
2 4a
x2
y2 ∴ − × − = −1
[Q the equation of the tangent to the ellipse + =1 1 b
a 2 b2
xx1 yy [if lines a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0 and a 2x + b2y + c2 = 0
at the point (x1 , y1 ) is + 21 = 1 ]
a2 b a a
are perpendicular, then − 1 − 2 = − 1]
Q Tangent (ii) represent the line x − 2 y = 12, so b1 b2
1 2 12 ⇒ b = − 8a …(iv)
= =
3 9 1 Also, the point (a , b) lies on the ellipse (i), so
a 2 2b2 4a 2 + b2 = 8
⇒ a 2 = 36 and b2 = 27 ⇒ 4a 2 + 64a 2 = 8 [from Eq.(iv)]
8
2b2
2 × 27 ⇒ 68a = 8 ⇒ a =
2 2
Now, Length of latusrectum = = = 9 units 68
a 6 2
⇒ a2 =
4. Since the point (α , β) is on the parabola y2 = x, so 17
α = β2 …(i) 6. Given equation of ellipse is x2 + 2 y2 = 2 , which can be
Now, equation of tangent at point (α , β ) to the parabola x2 y2
y2 = x, is T = 0 written as + =1
1 2 1
⇒ yβ = (x + α )
2 Let P be a point on the ellipse, other than its four
[Q equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax at a vertices. Then, the parametric coordinates of P be
point (x1 , y1 ) is given by yy1 = 2a (x + x1 )] ( 2 cos θ , sin θ )
444 Ellipse
1 a
Y 8. We have, e = and = 4
2 e
B ∴ a =2
1
2
1
P (√2 cos θ, sin θ) Now, b2 = a 2(1 − e2) = (2)21 − = 41 − = 3
2 4
X
A ⇒ b= 3
x2 y2
∴ Equation of the ellipse is + =1
Now, the equation of tangent at P is (2) 2
( 3 )2
x 2 cos θ y sin θ x2 y2
+ =1 ⇒ + =1
2 1 4 3
[Q equation of tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) is given by T = 0 3
xx yy Now, the equation of normal at 1, is
⇒ 21 + 21 = 1 2
a b
a 2x b2y
x y − = a 2 − b2
⇒ + =1 x1 y1
2 sec θ cosec θ
4x 3y
∴ A ( 2 sec θ, 0) and B ( 0, cosec θ) ⇒ − =4 −3
1 (3 /2)
Let mid-point of AB be R( h , k), then
⇒ 4x − 2 y = 1
2 sec θ cosec θ
h= and k = 9. Given equation of ellipse is
2 2
x2 y2
2h = 2 sec θ and 2k = cosec θ + =1
9 5
1 1
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⇒ cosθ = and sinθ = ∴ a 2 = 9, b2 = 5 ⇒ a = 3, b = 5
2h 2k
b2 5 2
We know that, cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1 Now, e= 1+ 2
= 1− =
a 9 3
1 1
∴ + =1 b2 5
2h 2 4k2 Foci = (± a e, 0) = (± 2, 0) and =
1 1 a 3
So, locus of (h , k) is + =1 Y
2x2 4 y2
P (0,3)
a
7. We know that, y = mx + is the equation of tangent to )
m , 5/3
the parabola y = 4ax.
2 −2
M ( L (2,
1 5/3)
∴ y = mx + is a tangent to the parabola
m X' X
(−2,0) O (2,0) Q
y = 4x.
2
[Qa = 1] (9/2, 0)
M'(−
Let, this tangent is also a tangent to the hyperbola 2,
− L' (2, − 5/3)
5/3
xy = 2 )
1
Now, on substituting y = mx + in xy = 2, we get
m Y'
1
x mx + = 2.
m ∴Extremities of one of latusrectum are
⇒ m 2x 2 + x − 2m = 0
5 − 5
2, and 2,
Note that tangent touch the curve exactly at one point, 3 3
therefore both roots of above equations are equal.
5
1
3
∴Equation of tangent at 2, is
⇒ D = 0 ⇒ 1 – 4( m 2 ) ( − 2m ) ⇒ m3 = − 3
2
x(2) y(5 / 3)
1 + = 1 or 2x + 3 y = 9
⇒ m=− 9 5
2 9
∴ Required equation of tangent is Since, Eq. (ii) intersects X and Y -axes at , 0
x 2
y=− −2 and (0, 3), respectively.
2 ∴ Area of quadrilateral = 4 × Area of ∆POQ
⇒ 2y = − x − 4
1 9
⇒ x + 2y + 4 = 0 = 4 × × × 3 = 27 sq units
2 2
Ellipse 445
x2 y2 Y
+
10. Equation of ellipse is x2 + 3 y2 = 6 or = 1. (0,2)
6 2 P (4 cosθ,2 sinθ)
x cos θ y sin θ
Equation of the tangent is + =1 (− 4,0) (4,0)
a b X′ X
Q(3cosθ,0)
Let (h , k) be any point on the locus.
h k
∴ cos θ + sin θ = 1 ...(i) (0,−2)
a b
Y′
−b
Slope of the tangent line is cot θ.
a 4 3
Slope of perpendicular drawn from centre (0,0) to (h , k) For given ellipse, e2 = 1 − =
16 4
is k / h.
3
Since, both the lines are perpendicular. ∴ e=
2
k b
∴ × − cot θ = − 1 3
h a ∴ x= ±4× = ± 2 3 [Q x = ± ae] ...(iv)
2
cos θ sin θ
⇒ = =α [say] On solving Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
ha kb
4 48 1
⇒ cos θ = αha × 12 + y2 = 1 ⇒ y2 = 1 − =
49 49 49
sin θ = αkb 1
h k y=±
From Eq. (i), (αha ) + (αkb) = 1 7
a b
1
⇒ h 2α + k2α = 1 ∴ Required points ± 2 3 , ± .
7
coderguru.in
1
⇒ α= 12. Equation of auxiliary circle is
h 2 + k2
x2 + y2 = 9 ... (i)
Also, sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 x y
Equation of AM is + =1 ... (ii)
⇒ (αkb)2 + (αha )2 = 1 3 1
⇒ α k b +α h a =1
2 2 2 2 2 2
Y
2 2
kb h 2a 2
⇒ + 2 =1 M
(h + k )
2 2 2
(h + k2)2 ( 125 , 95 ( B(0,1)
2k2 6 h2
⇒ + 2 =1 [Q a 2 = 6, b2 = 2]
(h + k )
2 2 2
(h + k2)2 X' X
N O A(3,0)
⇒ 6x + 2 y = (x + y )
2 2 2 2 2
[replacing k by y and h by x ]
x2 y2
11. Given, + =1
16 4 Y'
Here, a = 4, b = 2
12 9
Equation of normal On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get M − , .
5 5
4x sec θ − 2 y cosec θ = 12
1 27
7 cos θ Now, area of ∆ AOM = ⋅ OA × MN = sq units
M , sin θ = (h , k) [say] 2 10
2
x2 y2
7 cos θ 13. Let the point P ( 2 cos θ, sin θ) on + = 1.
∴ h= 2 1
2
Y
2h
⇒ = = cos θ …(i) (mid-point of AB)
7 B(θ, cosec θ)
M
and k = sin θ …(ii) P(√2 cos θ, sin θ)
On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get X′ X
A
4h 2
+ k2 = 1 [Q cos θ + sin θ = 1]
2 2
(√2 sec θ, 0)
49
4x2
Hence, locus is + y2 = 1 ... (iii)
49 Y′
446 Ellipse
x 2 x2 y2
Equation of tangent is, cos θ + y sin θ = 1 17. Here, E1: + = 1, (a > b)
2 a 2 b2
whose intercept on coordinate axes are x2 y2
E 2 : 2 + 2 = 1, (c < d ) and S : x2 + ( y − 1)2 = 2
A( 2 sec θ , 0) and B (0, cosec θ) c d
as tangent to E1 , E 2 and S is x + y = 3.
∴ Mid-point of its intercept between axes
2 1 Y
sec θ , cos ec θ = (h , k)
2
=
2 2
)2
R
–1
P
(y
1 1
⇒ cos θ = and sin θ =
+
(0, 1)
x2
2h 2k
S:
Q
Thus, focus of mid-point M is
X′ X
1 1 O E1
(cos 2θ + sin 2 θ ) = + x+y=3
2h 2 4k2
1 1
⇒ 2
+ 2 = 1, is required locus.
2x 4 y
E2
14. Given, tangent is drawn at (3 3 cos θ ,sin θ ) to Y′
x2 y2 Let the point of contact of tangent be (x1 , y1 ) to S.
+ = 1.
27 1 ∴ x ⋅ x1 + y ⋅ y1 − ( y + y1 ) + 1 = 2
x cos θ y sin θ or x x1 + y y1 − y = (1 + y1 ), same as x + y = 3.
∴ Equation of tangent is + = 1.
3 3 1 x1 y1 − 1 1 + y1
⇒ = =
3 3 1 1 1 3
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Thus, sum of intercepts = + = f (θ ) [say] i.e. x1 = 1 and y1 = 2
cos θ sin θ
∴ P = (1, 2)
3 3 sin3 θ − cos3 θ 2 2
⇒ f ′ (θ ) = , put f ′ (θ ) = 0 Since, PR = PQ = . Thus, by parametric form,
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 3
1 x −1 y −2 2 2
⇒ sin3 θ = cos3 θ = =±
33/ 2 −1 / 2 1 / 2 3
1 π π 5 4 1 8
⇒ tan θ = , i.e. θ = and at θ= , f ′ ′ (0) > 0 ⇒ x = , y = and x = , y =
3 6 6 3 3 3 3
π 5 4 1 8
Hence, tangent is minimum at θ = . ∴ Q = , and R= ,
6 3 3 3 3
15. Given, y = mx − b 1 + m2 touches both the circles, so Now, equation of tangent at Q on ellipse E1 is
distance from centre = radius of both the circles. x⋅5 y⋅4
+ =1
|ma − 0 − b 1 + m2 | |− b 1 + m2| a 2 ⋅ 3 b2 ⋅ 3
= b and =b On comparing with x + y = 3, we get
m2 + 1 m2 + 1
a 2 = 5 and b2 = 4
⇒ |ma − b 1 + m2 | =|− b 1 + m2 | b2 4 1
∴ e12 = 1 − 2 = 1 − = …(i)
a 5 5
⇒ m2a 2 − 2abm 1 + m2 + b2 (1 + m2) = b2 (1 + m2)
Also, equation of tangent at R on ellipse E 2 is
⇒ ma − 2b 1 + m2 = 0 x⋅1 y⋅8
+ 2 =1
⇒ m2a 2 = 4b2 (1 + m2) a ⋅3 b ⋅3
2
coderguru.in
2
of X-axis as A, B and C]
7
∴ AB = (2 7 − 0)2 + 0 − 4 Equation of the normal to the ellipse at P is
3 ax by
− = a 2 − b2
11 196 14 3 14 3 cos θ sin θ
= 28 + = = × = 1
3 3 3 3 3 or ax sin θ − by cos θ = (a 2 − b2) sin 2θ …(i)
2
19. Any point on the ellipse
Equation of normal to the ellipse at Q is
x2 y2
+ 2 = 1 be P (a cos θ , b sin θ ) 2π 2π
a 2
b ax sin θ + − by cos θ +
3 3
The equation of tangent at point P is given by
1 2 4π
x cos θ y sin θ = (a − b2)sin 2θ + …(ii)
+ =1 2 3
a b
Equation of normal to the ellipse at R is
The equation of line perpendicular to tangent is
x sin θ y cos θ a x sin (θ + 4π / 3) − by cos (θ + 4π / 3)
− =λ 1
b a = (a 2 − b2) sin (2θ + 8π / 3) …(iii)
2
Since, it passes through the focus (ae, 0), then
But sin (θ + 4π / 3) = sin (2π + θ − 2π / 3)
ae sin θ
−0 = λ = sin (θ − 2π / 3)
b
ae sin θ and cos (θ + 4π / 3) = cos (2π + θ − 2π / 3)
⇒ λ= = cos (θ − 2π / 3)
b
x sin θ y cos θ ae sin θ and sin (2θ + 8π / 3) = sin (4π + 2θ − 4π / 3 )
∴ Equation is − = …(i) = sin (2θ − 4π / 3)
b a b
Now, Eq. (iii) can be written as
Equation of line joining centre and point of contact
P (a cos θ , b sin θ ) is ax sin (θ − 2π / 3) − by cos (θ − 2π / 3)
1
b = (a 2 − b2) sin (2θ − 4π / 3) …(iv)
y = (tan θ ) x …(ii) 2
a
448 Ellipse
a sin θ − b cos θ h 2 1 h 2 k2
In Eq. (v), coefficient of x2 = − + − 1
2π 2π 36 6 6 3
∆1 = a sin θ + − b cos θ +
3 3
h 2 h 2 k2 1 1 k2
2π 2π =
− − + = −
a sin θ − − b cos θ − 36 36 18 6 6 18
3 3
1 2 k2 1 h 2 k2
(a − b2) sin 2 θ and coefficient of y2 = − + − 1
2 9 3 6 3
1 2
(a − b2) sin (2 θ + 4π / 3) = 0 k2 h 2 k2 1 h2 1
2 = − − + =− +
1 2 9 18 9 3 18 3
(a − b2) sin (2 θ − 4π / 3)
2 Again, coefficient of x2 + coefficient of y2
Thus, lines (i), (ii) and (iv) are concurrent. 1 1 1
=− (h 2 + k2) + +
x2 y2 18 6 3
21. Given, x2 + 4 y2 = 4 or + =1 …(i) 1 1
4 1 =− (9 cos θ + 9 sin 2 θ ) +
2
18 2
Equation of any tangent to the ellipse on (i) can be
9 1
written as =− + =0
x 18 2
cos θ + y sin θ = 1 …(ii)
2 which shows that two lines represent by Eq. (v) are at
Equation of second ellipse is right angles to each other.
Y 22. Let the coordinates of point P be (a cos θ , b sin θ ).
coderguru.in
A Then, equation of tangent at P is
x y
Q cos θ + sin θ = 1 …(i)
√3 a b
P
1 We have, d = length of perpendicular from O to the
X′ X tangent at P
−2 O 2 √6
−√6 Y
−1
P (a cosθ, b sin θ)
−√3
d
Y′
X' X
x2 + 2 y2 = 6 F1(−ae,0) O F2(ae,0)
x2 y2
⇒ + =1 …(iii)
6 3
Suppose the tangents at P and Q meets at A (h , k). Y'
Equation of the chord of contact of the tangents through |0 + 0 − 1|
A (h , k) is d=
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
hx ky
+ =1 …(iv) +
6 3 a2 b2
But Eqs. (iv) and (ii) represent the same straight line, so 1 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
⇒ = +
comparing Eqs. (iv) and (ii), we get d a2 b2
h /6 k /3 1
= = 1 cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
cos θ / 2 sin θ 1 ⇒ = +
d2 a2 b2
⇒ h = 3 cos θ and k = 3 sin θ
b2
Therefore, coordinates of A are (3 cos θ ,3 sin θ ). We have to prove (PF1 − PF2)2 = 4a 2 1 − 2
d
Now, the joint equation of the tangents at A is given by
T 2 = SS1, b2 4a 2b2
Now, RHS = 4a 2 1 − 2 = 4a 2 −
d d2
Ellipse 449
cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
= 4a 2 − 4a 2b2 + Topic 3 Equation of Chord of Contact,
a2 b2 Chord Bisected at a Given Point
= 4a 2 − 4b2 cos 2 θ − 4a 2 sin 2 θ and Diameter
= 4a 2(1 − sin 2 θ ) − 4b2 cos 2 θ 1
1. Equation of AB is y − 0 = − (x − 3)
= 4a cos θ − 4b cos θ
2 2 2 2 3
x + 3y −3 = 0
= 4 cos 2 θ (a 2 − b2) = 4 cos 2 θ ⋅ a 2e2 Q e = 1 − (b / a )2
⇒ |x + 3 y − 3|2 = 10 [(x − 3)2 + ( y − 4)2]
Again, PF1 = e|a cos θ + a / e|= a | e cos θ + 1| On solving, we are getting
= a (e cos θ + 1) 9x2 + y2 − 6xy − 54x − 62 y + 241 = 0
[Q − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 and 0 < e < 1] 2. Equation of AB is
Similarly, PF2 = a (1 − e cos θ ) P (3, 4)
Therefore, LHS = (PF1 − PF2) 2
coderguru.in
⇒ y = − (x − 3)
3
(– 4, 0)
X′ O F1(2, 0) X ⇒ x + 3y = 3 ...(i)
F2 F2(–2, 0)
Equation of the straight line perpendicular to AB
through P is
y 2 = 8x
3x − y = 5
y2 = –16x Y′
Equation of PA is 2x − 3 = 0
Tangent to P1 passes through (2 f2, 0) i. e. (−4, 0). The equation of straight line perpendicular to PA
2 − 9 8 8
∴ T1 : y = m1x + through B , is y = .
m1 5 5 5
⇒ 0 = −4m1 +
2 11 8
Hence, the orthocentre is , .
m1 5 5
⇒ m12 = 1 / 2 …(i) 3. Figure is self-explanatory.
Also, tangent to P2 passes through (f1, 0) i.e. (2, 0). P
(−4) (3, 4)
⇒ T2 : y = m2x + D
m2
–9 , 8 B
4
⇒ 0 = 2m2 − 5 5
m2
F
⇒ m22 = 2 …(ii) A
1 (3, 0)
∴ + m22 = 2 + 2 = 4
m12
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2. If 5x + 9 = 0 is the directrix of the hyperbola 2
(a) 2 (b)
16x2 − 9 y2 = 144, then its corresponding focus is 3
(2019 Main, 10 April II) 3
(c) (d) 3
(a) − , 0 (b) (− 5, 0) (c) , 0
5 5 2
(d) (5, 0)
3 3
π
8. Let 0 < θ < . If the eccentricity of the hyperbola
3. If a directrix of a hyperbola centred at the origin and 2
passing through the point (4, − 2 3 ) is 5x = 4 5 and its x2 y2
eccentricity is e, then − = 1 is greater than 2, then the length of its
(2019 Main, 10 April I) cos θ sin 2 θ
2
(a) 4e4 − 12e2 − 27 = 0 (b) 4e4 − 24e2 + 27 = 0 latus rectum lies in the interval (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
(c) 4e4 + 8e2 − 35 = 0 (d) 4e4 − 24e2 + 35 = 0 3
(a) 1, (b) (3,∞)
4. If the vertices of a hyperbola be at (−2, 0) and (2, 0) and 2
3
one of its foci be at (−3, 0), then which one of the (c) , 2 (d) (2, 3]
following points does not lie on this hyperbola? 2
(2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
9. The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose length of the
(a) (2 6 , 5) (b) (6, 5 2 )
latusrectum is equal to 8 and the length of its conjugate
(c) (4, 15 ) (d) (− 6, 2 10 )
axis is equal to half of the distance between its foci, is
5. If a hyperbola has length of its conjugate axis equal to 5 (2017 Main)
and the distance between its foci is 13, then the 4 4
(a) (b)
eccentricity of the hyperbola is (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) 3 3
13 13 13 2
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d) (c) (d) 3
12 8 6 3
y 2
x 2
10. Consider a branch of the hyperbola
6. Let S = (x, y) ∈ R2 : − = 1,
1+ r 1−r x2 − 2 y2 − 2 2x − 4 2 y − 6 = 0
where r ≠ ± 1. Then, S represents (2019 Main, 10 Jan II) with vertex at the point A. Let B be one of the end points
2 of its latusrectum. If C is the focus of the hyperbola
(a) a hyperbola whose eccentricity is , when
1−r nearest to the point A, then the area of the ∆ ABC is
0 < r < 1. (a) 1 − 2 / 3 sq unit (2008, 3M)
2 (b) 3 / 2 − 1 sq unit
(b) a hyperbola whose eccentricity is , when
r+1 (c) 1 + 2 /3 sq unit
0 < r < 1. (d) 3 /2 + 1 sq unit
Hyperbola 451
11. A hyperbola, having the transverse axis of length 2 sin θ , 16. An ellipse intersects the hyperbola 2x2 − 2 y2 = 1
is confocal with the ellipse 3x + 4 y = 12 . Then, its
2 2
orthogonally. The eccentricity of the ellipse is reciprocal
equation is (2007, 3M) to that of the hyperbola. If the axes of the ellipse are
(a) x2cosec2 θ − y2sec2 θ = 1 along the coordinate axes, then (2009)
(b) x2 sec2 θ − y2cosec2 θ = 1 (a) equation of ellipse is x2 + 2 y2 = 2
(c) x2 sin 2θ − y2cos2θ = 1 (b) the foci of ellipse are (±1, 0)
(d) x2cos2 θ − y2sin 2 θ = 1 (c) equation of ellipse is x2 + 2 y2 = 4
x2 y2 (d) the foci of ellipse are (± 2 , 0)
12. If e1 is the eccentricity of the ellipse + = 1 and e2 is
16 25
the eccentricity of the hyperbola passing through the Analytical & Descriptive Question
foci of the ellipse and e1 e2 = 1, then equation of the 17. A variable straight line of slope 4 intersects the
hyperbola is (2006, 3M) hyperbola xy = 1 at two points. Find the locus of the
2 2 2 2
x y x y point which divides the line segment between these two
(a) − =1 (b) − = −1
9 16 16 9 points in the ratio 1 : 2. (1997, 5M)
x2 y2
(c) − =1 (d) None of these
9 25 Match the List
2 2
x y x2 y2
13. For hyperbola − = 1, which of the 18. Let H : − = 1, where a > b > 0, be a hyperbola in the
cos 2 α sin 2 α a 2 b2
following remains constant with change in ‘ α ’ ? (2003, 1M) XY -plane whose conjugate axis LM subtends an angle
(a) Abscissae of vertices (b) Abscissae of foci of 60° at one of its vertices N . Let the area of the ∆ LMN
(c) Eccentricity (d) Directrix be 4 3.
x2 y2
14. The equation − = 1,|r| < 1 represents List-I List-II
1− r 1 + r
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(1981, 2M)
(a) an ellipse (b) a hyperbola The length of the
P. 1. 8
(c) a circle (d) None of these conjugate axis of H is
4
Objective Questions II Q. The eccentricity of H is 2.
3
(One or more than one correct option) 2
The distance between the
x2 y2 R. 3.
15. Let the eccentricity of the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1 be foci of H is 3
a b
The length of the latus
reciprocal to that of the ellipse x2 + 4 y2 = 4. If the S. 4. 4
rectum of H is
hyperbola passes through a focus of the ellipse, then
x2 y2 The correct option is (2018 Adv.)
(a) the equation of the hyperbola is − =1 (2011)
3 2 (a) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 1; S → 3
(b) a focus of the hyperbola is (2, 0) (b) P → 4; Q → 3; R → 1; S → 2
5 (c) P → 4; Q → 1; R → 3; S → 2
(c) the eccentricity of the hyperbola is
3 (d) P → 3; Q → 4; R → 2; S → 1
(d) the equation of the hyperbola is x2 − 3 y2 = 3
x2 y2 x2 y2
7. Let P(6, 3) be a point on the hyperbola − = 1. If the 12. Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola − = 1,
a 2 b2 9 4
normal at the point P intersects the X-axis at (9, 0), then parallel to the straight line 2x − y = 1. The points of
the eccentricity of the hyperbola is (2011) contacts of the tangents on the hyperbola are (2012)
(a)
1
(b) −
5 3 9 9 1
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 3 , ,−
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8. If the line 2x + 6 y = 2 touches the hyperbola (c) (3 3 , − 2 2) (d) (− 3 3 , 2 2 )
x2 − 2 y2 = 4, then the point of contact is (2004, 1M)
Passage Based Problems
(a) ( − 2, 6) (b) ( − 5, 2 6 ) (c) ,
1 1
(d) (4, − 6)
2 6 x2 y2
The circle x 2 + y 2 − 8x = 0 and hyperbola − =1
9. Let P (a sec θ , b tan θ ) and Q (a sec φ , b tan φ ), where 9 4
π x2 y2 intersect at the points A and B. (2010)
θ+φ= , be two points on the hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1.
2 a b 13. Equation of the circle with AB as its diameter is
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If (h , k) is the point of the intersection of the normals at (a) x2 + y2 − 12 x + 24 = 0 (b) x2 + y2 + 12 x + 24 = 0
P and Q, then k is equal to (1999, 2M) (c) x2 + y2 + 24 x − 12 = 0 (d) x2 + y2 − 24 x − 12 = 0
a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2 14. Equation of a common tangent with positive slope to the
(a) (b) − (c) (d) −
a a b b circle as well as to the hyperbola is
(a) 2 x − 5 y − 20 = 0 (b) 2 x − 5 y + 4 = 0
(c) 3 x − 4 y + 8 = 0 (d) 4 x − 3 y + 4 = 0
Objective Questions II
(One or more than one correct option) Integer Answer Type Question
x y 2 2 15. The line 2x + y = 1 is tangent to the hyperbola
10. If 2x − y + 1 = 0 is a tangent to the hyperbola − =1 x2 y2
a 2 16 − = 1. If this line passes through the point of
then which of the following CANNOT be sides of a right a 2 b2
angled triangle? (2017 Adv.) intersection of the nearest directrix and the X-axis,
(a) a, 4, 1 (b) 2a, 4, 1 (c) a, 4, 2 (d) 2a, 8, 1 then the eccentricity of the hyperbola is…… (2010)
Answers
Topic 1 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a, c, d) 11. (a, b, d) 12. (a, b)
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (2)
9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b, d) 16. (a, b)
Topic 3
1. (b) 2. (a,b,c,d)
17. 16x 2 + y 2 + 10 xy = 2 18. (b)
x 2
y 2
(x + y 2 )2
2
Topic 2 3. − =
9 4 81
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c)
and hyperbola 8x − y = 82 2
… (ii) 3. Let the equation of hyperbola is
Now, equation of tangent to parabola y = 12x having
2 x2 y2
− =1 …(i)
3 a 2 b2
slope ‘m’ is y = mx + … (iii)
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m Since, equation of given directrix is 5x = 4 5
and equation of tangent to hyperbola a a
so 5 = 4 5 [Q equation of directrix is x = ]
e e
x2 y2
− = 1 having slope ‘m’ is a 4
1 8 ⇒ = …(ii)
e 5
y = mx ± 12m2 − 8 …(iv)
and hyperbola (i) passes through point (4, − 2 3 )
Since, tangents (iii) and (iv) represent the same line
2 16 12
3 so, − =1 …(iii)
∴ m2 − 8 = a 2 b2
m
⇒ m − 8m2 − 9 = 0
4 b2
The eccentricity e = 1 +
⇒ (m − 9) (m2 + 1) = 0
2
a2
⇒ m = ± 3.
b2
⇒ e2 = 1 +
Now, equation of common tangents to the parabola (i) a2
and hyperbola (ii) are y = 3x + 1 and y = − 3x − 1
⇒ a 2e2 − a 2 = b2 …(iv)
Q Point ‘P’ is point of intersection of above common
From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
tangents,
16 4 16 2
∴ P(− 1 / 3, 0) e − e = b2 …(v)
and focus of hyperbola S(3, 0) and S′ (− 3, 0). 5 5
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
PS 3 + 1 / 3 10 5
Thus, the required ratio = = = = 16 12 5 12
PS′ 3 − 1 / 3 8 4 − =1 ⇒ 2 − 2 =1
16 2 b2 e b
e
2. Equation of given hyperbola is 5
16x2 − 9 y2 = 144 12 5 12 5 − e2
⇒ = 2 −1 ⇒ 2 =
x2 y2 b 2
e b e2
⇒ − =1 …(i)
9 16 12e2
So, the eccentricity of Eq. (i) ⇒ b2 = …(vi)
5 − e2
16 5
e= 1+ = From Eqs. (v) and (vi), we get
9 3 12e2
16e4 − 16e2 = 5 ⇒ 16(e2 − 1)(5 − e2 ) = 60
x2 y2 5 − e2
[Q the eccentricity (e) of the hyperbola − = 1 is
a 2 b2
⇒ 4(5e2 − e4 − 5 + e2 ) = 15
1 + (b / a )2 ]
⇒ 4e4 − 24e2 + 35 = 0
454 Hyperbola
4. The vertices of hyperbola are given as (± 2, 0) and one of 7. Equation of hyperbola is given by
its foci is at (− 3, 0). x2 y2
− =1
∴ (a , 0) = (2, 0) and (− ae, 0), = (− 3, 0) a 2 b2
On comparing x-coordinates both sides, we get Q Length of transverse axis = 2a = 4
⇒ a = 2 and − ae = − 3 ∴ a=2
3 x2 y2
⇒ 2e = 3 ⇒ e = Thus, − = 1 is the equation of hyperbola
2 4 b2
9 b2 2 b2 Q It passes through (4, 2).
Also, =1 + ⇒ b2 = 5 Q e = 1 + 2 16 4 4 4 2
4 4 a ∴ − 2 = 1 ⇒ 4 − 2 = 1 ⇒ b2 = ⇒ b =
4 b b 3 3
So, equation of the hyperbola is Now, eccentricity,
x2 y2 4
− =1 …(i)
4 5 b2 1 2
e= 1+ 2 = 1+ 3 = 1+ =
The point (6, 5 2 ) from the given options does not a 4 3 3
satisfy the above equation of hyperbola. x2 y2
2 2 8. For the hyperbola − = 1,
x y a 2 b2
5. We know that in − = 1, where b2 = a 2 (e2 − 1), the
a 2 b2 b2
length of conjugate axis is 2b and distance between the e= 1+ 2
a
foci is 2ae.
∴ For the given hyperbola,
∴According the problem, 2b = 5 and 2ae = 13
sin 2 θ
Now, b2 = a 2 (e2 − 1) e= 1+ >2
2 cos 2 θ
5
⇒ =a e −a
2 2 2
(Q a 2 = cos 2 θ and b2 = sin 2 θ)
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2
⇒ 1 + tan 2 θ > 4
25 (2ae)2 ⇒ tan 2 θ > 3
⇒ = − a2
4 4 ⇒ tan θ ∈ (− ∞ , − 3 ) ∪ ( 3 , ∞ )
25 169
⇒ = − a2 [Q 2ae = 13] [x2 > 3 ⇒|x| > 3 ⇒ x ∈ (−∞ , − 3 ) ∪ ( 3 , ∞ )]
4 4
π
169 − 25 144 But θ ∈ 0, ⇒ tan θ ∈ ( 3 , ∞ )
⇒ a 2= = = 36 2
4 4
π π
⇒ a =6 ⇒ θ ∈ ,
3 2
Now, 2ae = 13
Now, length of latusrectum
⇒ 2 × 6 × e = 13 2b2 sin 2 θ
13 = =2 = 2 sin θ tan θ
⇒ e= a cos θ
12 Since, both sin θ and tan θ are increasing functions in
y2 x2 π π
6. Given, S = (x, y) ∈ R2: − = 1 , .
1+ r 1−r 3 2
∴ Least value of latusrectum is
y2 x2
= (x, y) ∈ R2 : + = 1 π π 3 π
1 + r r −1 = 2 sin ⋅ tan = 2 ⋅ ⋅ 3 =3 at θ =
3 3 2 3
y2 x2 and greatest value of latusrectum is < ∞
For r > 1, + = 1, represents a vertical ellipse.
1 + r r −1
Hence, latusrectum length ∈ (3, ∞ )
[Q for r > 1, r − 1 < r + 1 and r − 1 > 0]
2b2
r −1 9. We have, = 8 and 2b = ae
Now, eccentricity (e) = 1 − a
r+1
⇒ b2 = 4a and 2b = ae
2 2 2
x y a Consider, 2b = ae
Q For 2 + 2 = 1, a < b, e = 1 − 2
a b b ⇒ 4b2 = a 2e2
(r + 1) − (r − 1) ⇒ 4a 2 (e2 − 1) = a 2e2
= ⇒ 4e2 − 4 = e2 [Q a ≠ 0]
r+1
⇒ 3 e2 = 4
2
= 2
r+1 ⇒ e= [Q e > 0]
3
Hyperbola 455
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x2 y2 b2 1
+ = 1 ⇒ a = 2, b = 3 ∴ = …(i)
4 3 a2 3
1 and hyperbola passes through (± 3, 0)
∴ 3 = 4 (1 − e2 ) ⇒ e =
2 3
1 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ a2 = 3 …(ii)
So, ae=2 × =1 a2
2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), b2 = 1 …(iii)
Hence, the eccentricity e1 of the hyperbola is given by 2 2
x y
e1 = cosec θ [Q ae = e sin θ ] ∴ Equation of hyperbola is − =1
3 1
⇒ b2 = sin 2 θ (cosec2θ − 1) = cos 2 θ 2
Hence, equation of hyperbola is Focus is (± a e1 , 0) ⇒ ± 3 ⋅ , 0 ⇒ (± 2, 0)
3
x2 y2
− = 1 or x2 cosec2θ − y2sec2θ = 1. Hence, (b) and (d) are correct answers.
sin θ cos 2 θ
2
16. Given, 2x2 − 2 y2 = 1
x2 y2
12. The eccentricity of + = 1 is x2 y2
16 25 ⇒ − =1 ... (i)
16 3 1 1
e1 = 1 − =
25 5 2 2
5 Eccentricity of hyperbola = 2
∴ e2 = [Q e1 e2 = 1]
3 So, eccentricity of ellipse = 1 / 2
⇒ Foci of ellipse (0, ± 3)
x2 y2 Let equation of ellipse be
⇒ Equation of hyperbola is − = − 1.
16 9 x2 y2
+ =1 [where a > b]
x2 y2 a 2 b2
13. Given equation of hyperbola is − =1
cos α sin 2 α
2 1 b2
∴ = 1− 2
Here, a 2 = cos 2 α and b2 = sin 2 α 2 a
x2 y2 b2 1
[i.e. comparing with standard equation − = 1] ⇒ = ⇒ a 2 = 2b2
a 2 b2 a2 2
We know that, foci = (± ae, 0) ⇒ x2 + 2 y2 = 2b2 ... (ii)
where, ae = a + b = cos α + sin α = 1
2 2 2 2
456 Hyperbola
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1 ⇒ ( 2h + k) ( 8h + k) = 2
Coordinates of foci (± ae , 0) = ± 2 ⋅ , 0 = (± 1 , 0)
2 ⇒ 16h 2 + k2 + 10hk = 2
If major axis is along Y-axis, then Hence, required locus is 16x2 + y2 + 10xy = 2.
1 a2 18. We have,
= 1 − 2 ⇒ b2 = 2a 2
2 b Equation of hyperbola
2x
∴ 2x2 + y2 = 2a 2 ⇒ Y ′ = − x2 y2
y − =1
−2 a 2 b2
⇒ y′
= Y
1
sec θ ,
1
tan θ sin θ
2 2 L (0,–b) x2 y2
– 2 =1
a2 b
As ellipse and hyperbola are orthogonal b
2 X′ 60° X
∴ − ⋅ cosec θ = − 1 O N(a,0)
sin θ b
1 π
⇒ cosec2 θ = ⇒ θ=± M (0,–b)
2 4
Y′
∴ 2x2 + y2 = 2a 2
1 5 It is given,
⇒ 2 + = 2a 2 ⇒ a 2 =
2 4 ∠ LNM = 60°
5 Area of ∆LMN = 4 3
∴ 2x + y = , corresponding foci are (0, ±1).
2 2 and
2 Now, ∆LNM is an equilateral triangle whose sides is 2b
Hence, option (a) and (b) are correct. ~ ∆MOL ; ∴ ∠NLO = ∠NMO = 60°]
[Q ∆LON =
17. Let y = 4x + c meets xy = 1 at two points A and B. 3
Y ∴ Area of ∆LMN = ( 2b)2
y = 4x + c 4
2:1 A ⇒ 4 3 = 3b2 ⇒ b = 2
P 1
xy = 1
X′ X
Also, area of ∆LMN = a (2b) = ab
2
B
⇒ 4 3 = a(2) ⇒ a = 2 3
(P) Length of conjugate axis = 2b = 2(2)= 4
Y′ b2 4 4 2
(Q) Eccentricity (e) = 1 + = 1+ = =
i.e. A (t1 , 1 t1 ), B (t2 , 1 t2 ) a2 12 2 3 3
Hyperbola 457
2 2
(R) Distance between the foci = 2ae = 2 × 2 3 × =8 ⇒ 5m2 = 4 ⇒ m = ±
3 5
2b2 2(4) 4 3. Let the equation of standard hyperbola is
(S) The length of latusrectum = = =
a 2 3 3 x2 y2
P → 4; Q → 3; R → 1; S → 2 − =1 …(i)
a 2 b2
Now, eccentricity of hyperbola is
Topic 2 Equation of Tangent and Normal b2
1+ =2 (given)
a2
1. Key Idea An equation of tangent having slope ⇒ a 2 + b2 = 4a 2
a
‘m’ to parabola y = 4 ax is y = mx +
2
. ⇒ b2 = 3a 2 …(ii)
m
Since, hyperbola (i) passes through the point (4, 6)
Given equation of curves are 16 36
y2 = 16x (parabola) …(i) ∴ − =1 …(iii)
a 2 b2
and xy = − 4 (rectangular hyperbola) …(ii)
On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Clearly, equation of tangent having slope ‘m’ to parabola
4 a 2 = 4 and b2 = 12 …(iv)
(i) is y = mx + …(iii)
m Now, equation of tangent to hyperbola (i) at point (4, 6),
Now, eliminating y from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get is
4 4 4x 6 y
x mx + = − 4 ⇒ mx2 + x + 4 = 0, − =1
m m a 2 b2
which will give the points of intersection of tangent and 4x 6 y
⇒ − =1 [from Eq. (iv)]
rectangular hyperbola. 4 12
4
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Since, line y = mx + is also a tangent to the y
m ⇒ x − = 1 ⇒ 2x − y − 2 = 0
rectangular hyperbola. 2
4 4. Given equation of hyperbola is
∴Discriminant of quadratic equation mx2 + x + 4 = 0,
m 4x2 − 5 y2 = 20
should be zero. which can be rewritten as
[Q there will be only one point of intersection]
x2 y2
4
2 ⇒ − =1
⇒ D = − 4 (m) (4) = 0 5 4
m
The line x − y = 2 has slope, m = 1
⇒ m3 = 1 ⇒ m = 1
∴ Slope of tangent parallel to this line = 1
So, equation of required tangent is y = x + 4. x2 y2
2 2 We know equation of tangent to hyperbola − =1
2. Given equation of hyperbola, is
x
−
y
=1 …(i) a 2 b2
24 18 having slope m is given by
Since, the equation of the normals of slope m to the y = mx ± a 2m2 − b2
x2 y2 m(a 2 + b2 )
hyperbola 2 − 2 = 1, are given by y = mx m Here, a 2 = 5, b2 = 4 and m = 1
a b a 2 − b2m2 ∴Required equation of tangent is
∴ Equation of normals of slope m, to the hyperbola (i), ⇒ y= x± 5 −4
are
⇒ y = x ± 1 ⇒ x − y ± 1 =0
m(24 + 18)
y = mx ± …(ii) 5. Tangents are drawn to the hyperbola 4x2 − y2 = 36 at
24 − m2 (18)
the point P and Q.
Q Line y = mx + 7 3 is normal to hyperbola (i) Tangent intersects at point T (0, 3)
∴On comparing with Eq. (ii), we get
m(42) Y
± =7 3 T (0, 3)
24 − 18m2
6m
⇒ ± = 3
24 − 18m2
X
36m2 O
⇒ = 3 [squaring both sides]
24 − 18m2
⇒ 12m2 = 24 − 18m2 (–3√5, –12)Q P(3√5, –12)
S(0, –12)
⇒ 30m2 = 24
458 Hyperbola
Clearly, P Q is chord of contact. Slope for normal at the point (a sec θ , b tan θ ) will be
∴Equation of PQ is −3 y = 36 a 2b tan θ a
− = − sin θ
⇒ y = − 12 b2a sec θ b
Solving the curve 4x2 − y2 = 36 and y = − 12 ,
∴ Equation of normal at (a sec θ , b tan θ ) is
we get x= ±3 5 a
1 1 y − b tan θ = − sin θ (x − a sec θ )
Area of ∆PQT = × PQ × ST = (6 5 × 15) = 45 5 b
2 2
⇒ (a sin θ ) x + by = (a 2 + b2 ) tan θ
x2 y2
6. Let the equation of hyperbola be 2 − 2 = 1. ⇒ a x + b cosecθ = (a 2 + b2 ) sec θ …(i)
a b
x2 y2
∴ ae = 2 ⇒ a 2e2 = 4 Similarly, equation of normal to 2 − 2 = 1 at
⇒ a 2 + b2 = 4 ⇒ b2 = 4 − a 2 a b
(a sec φ, b tan φ ) is ax + b y cosec φ = (a 2 + b2 ) sec φ …(ii)
x2 y2
∴ − =1 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
a 2
4 − a2
b (cosec θ − cosec φ ) y = (a 2 + b2 ) (sec θ − sec φ )
Since, ( 2 , 3 ) lie on hyperbola.
2 3 a 2 + b2 sec θ − sec φ
∴ − =1 ⇒ y= ⋅
a2 4 − a2 b cosec θ − cosec φ
⇒ 8 − 2a 2 − 3a 2 = a 2 (4 − a 2 ) sec θ − sec φ sec θ − sec (π / 2 − θ )
But =
⇒ 8 − 5a 2 = 4a 2 − a 4 cosec θ − cosec φ cosec θ − cosec (π / 2 − θ )
⇒ a − 9a 2 + 8 = 0
4
[Q φ + θ = π / 2]
⇒ (a − 8)(a 4 − 1) = 0 ⇒ a 4 = 8, a 4 = 1
4
sec θ − cosec θ
= = −1
∴ a =1 sec θ − sec θ
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x2 y2 a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
Now, equation of hyperbola is − = 1.
1 3 Thus, y=− , i.e. k = −
b b
∴ Equation of tangent at ( 2 , 3 ) is given by
3y y 10. Tangent ≡ 2x − y + 1 = 0
2x − = 1 ⇒ 2x − =1
3 3 x2 y2
Hyperbola ≡ − =1
which passes through the point (2 2 , 3 3 ). a 2 16
7. Equation of normal to hyperbola at (x1 , y1 ) is It point ≡ (a sec θ , 4 tan θ ),
x sec θ y tan θ
a 2x b2 y tangent ≡ − =1
+ = (a 2 + b2 ) a 4
x1 y1
On comparing, we get secθ = − 2a
a 2x b2 y tan θ = − 4 ⇒ 4a 2 − 16 = 1
∴ At (6, 3) = + = (a 2 + b2 )
6 3 17
∴ a=
a2⋅ 9 2
Q It passes through (9, 0). ⇒ = a 2 + b2
6 Substitute the value of a in option (a), (b), (c) and (d).
3a 2 a2 11.
⇒ − a 2 = b2 ⇒ =2 Y
b2
)
2
1
,y
2
1
x
b 1 3
P(
∴ e2 = 1 + 2 = 1 + ⇒ e=
a 2 2
M
8. The equation of tangent at (x1 , y1 ) is x x1 − 2 y y1 = 4, X′ X
(–1, 0) N(x2, 0)
(1, 0)
which is same as 2x + 6 y = 2.
x1 2y 4 x2 – y2 = 1
∴ =− 1 =
2 6 2
Y′
⇒ x1 = 4 and y1 = − 6
Equation of family of circles touching hyperbola at
Thus, the point of contact is (4, − 6 ). (x1 , y1 ) is (x − x1 )2 + ( y − y1 )2 + λ( x x1 − y y1 −1) = 0
x2 y2 Now, its centre is (x2 , 0).
9. Firstly, we obtain the slope of normal to − = 1 at
a 2 b2 − (λx1 − 2x1 ) – (−2 y1 − λy1 )
∴ , = (x2 , 0)
(a sec θ , b tan θ ). On differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 2 2
2x 2 y dy dy b2 x ⇒ 2 y1 + λy1 = 0 ⇒ λ = − 2
− × = 0 ⇒ =
a 2 b2 dx dx a 2 y and 2x1 − λx1 = 2x2 ⇒ x2 = 2x1
Hyperbola 459
coderguru.in
3
y = mx + 9m2 − 4 ...(i)
dm 1
On differentiating w.r.t. y1 , we get = , for y1 > 0 Equation of tangent to circle is
dy1 3
2 2 y = m (x − 4) + 16m2 + 16 ...(ii)
12. PLAN Equation of tangent to x 2 − y 2 = 1 is y = mx ± a 2m2 − b 2
a b 2
Eqs. (i) and (ii) will be identical for m = satisfy.
Description of Situation If two straight lines 5
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 ∴ Equation of common tangent is 2x − 5 y + 4 = 0.
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x2 + y2 = a 2 …(i) Thus, eliminating ‘ θ ’ from above equation, we get
and xy = c
2
…(ii) 81 x12 81 y12
− =1
We obtain x + c /x = a
2 4 2 2
9 (x1 + y1 )
2 2 2
4 (x12 + y12 )2
⇒ x4 − a 2x2 + c4 = 0 …(iii) [Q sec2 θ − tan 2 θ = 1]
Now, x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 will be roots of Eq. (iii). x2 y2 (x2 + y2 )2
Therefore, Σ x1 = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 0 ∴ Required locus is − = .
9 4 81
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1 1 1 1 (d) 13 − 4 cos6 θ
(a) (b) (c) (d)
36 32 16 18 tan A cot A
8. The expression + can be written as
2. The value of cos 10° − cos 10° cos 50° + cos 50° is
2 2 1 − cot A 1 − tan A (2013 Main)
(2019 Main, 9 April I) (a) sin A cos A + 1 (b) sec A cosec A + 1
(a)
3
(1 + cos 20° ) (b)
3
+ cos 20° (c) tan A + cot A (d) sec A + cosec A
2 4 9. The number of ordered pairs (α , β), where α , β ∈ (−π , π )
(c) 3 / 2 (d) 3 / 4 1
satisfying cos (α − β ) = 1 and cos (α + β ) = is
3. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are in AP and the e (2005, 1M)
greatest angle is double the smallest, then a ratio of (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
lengths of the sides of this triangle is (2019 Main, 8 April II)
(a) 3 : 4 : 5 (b) 4 : 5 : 6 (c) 5 : 9 : 13 (d) 5 : 6 : 7
10. Given both θ and φ are acute angles and
1 1
3 5 π sin θ = , cos φ = , then the value of θ + φ belongs to
4. If cos(α + β) = , sin(α − β) = and 0 < α , β < , then 2 3 (2004, 1M)
5 13 4
π π π 2π
tan(2α ) is equal to (2019 Main, 8 April I) (a) , (b) ,
63 63 21 33 3 6 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
52 16 16 52 2π 5π 5π
(c) , (d) ,π
1
5. Let fk (x) = (sin k x + cos k x) for k = 1, 2, 3 ... . Then, for 3 6 6
k
11. Which of the following numbers is rational? (1998, 2M)
all x ∈ R, the value of f4 (x) − f6 (x) is equal to
(2019 Main, 11 Jan I) (a) sin 15° (b) cos 15°
1 5 −1 1 (c) sin 15° cos 15° (d) sin 15° cos 75°
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 12 12 4 12. 3 (sin x − cos x)4 + 6 (sin x + cos x)2 + 4 (sin 6 x + cos 6 x)
6. The value of equals (1995, 2M)
π π π π (a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
cos 2 ⋅ cos 3 ....... cos 10 ⋅ sin 10 is
2 2 2 2 (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
13. The value of the expression 3 cosec 20° − sec 20° is
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) equal to (1988, 2M)
1024 2 512 256
(a) 2
π π
7. For any θ ∈ , , the expression (b) 2 sin 20° /sin 40°
4 2
(c) 4
3 (sin θ − cos θ )4 + 6 (sin θ + cos θ )2 + 4 sin 6 θ equals (d) 4 sin 20° /sin 40°
(2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
462 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities
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3 (1978, 2M)
4 4 4 4 Fill in the Blanks
(a) − but not (b) − or
π 5π 7π
5 5 5 5 23. If k = sin sin sin , then the numerical
4
(c) but not −
4
(d) None of the above 18 18 18
5 5 value of k is …… (1993, 2M)
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(1979, 4M)
4. Two poles standing on a horizontal ground are of 8. PQR is a triangular park with PQ = PR = 200 m. A TV
heights 5 m and 10 m, respectively. The line joining tower stands at the mid-point of QR. If the angles of
their tops makes an angle of 15º with the ground. elevation of the top of the tower at P , Q and R are
Then, the distance (in m) between the poles, is respectively 45°, 30° and 30°, then the height of the
(2019 Main, 9 April II) tower (in m) is (2018 Main)
5
(a) 5( 3 + 1) (b) (2 + 3 ) (a) 100 (b) 50
2
(c) 100 3 (d) 50 2
(c) 10( 3 − 1) (d) 5(2 + 3 )
5. Two vertical poles of heights, 20 m and 80 m stand apart 9. Let a vertical tower AB have its end A on the level
ground. Let C be the mid-point of AB and P be a point on
on a horizontal plane. The height (in m) of the point of
the ground such that AP = 2 AB. If ∠BPC = β, then tan β
intersection of the lines joining the top of each pole to
is equal to (2017 Main)
the foot of the other, from this horizontal plane is
6 1
(2019 Main, 8 April II) (a) (b)
(a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 12 (d) 18 7 4
2 4
6. If the angle of elevation of a cloud from a point P which (c) (d)
9 9
is 25 m above a lake be 30º and the angle of depression of
reflection of the cloud in the lake from P be 60º, then the 10. A man is walking towards a vertical pillar in a straight
height of the cloud (in meters) from the surface of the path, at a uniform speed. At a certain point A on the
lake is (2019 Main, 12 Jan II) path, he observes that the angle of elevation of the top of
(a) 50 (b) 60 (c) 45 (d) 42
the pillar is 30°. After walking for 10 min from A in the
same direction, at a point B, he observes that the
7. Consider a triangular plot ABC with sides AB = 7 m, angle of elevation of the top of the pillar is 60°. Then, the
BC = 5 m and CA = 6 m. A vertical lamp-post at the time taken (in minutes) by him, from B to reach the
mid-point D of AC subtends an angle 30° at B. The pillar, is (2016 Main)
height (in m) of the lamp-post is (2019 Main, 10 Jan I) (a) 6 (b) 10
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2 3 (c) 20 (d) 5
(a) 21 (b) 2 21 (c) 7 3 (d) 21
3 2
Answers
Topic 1 6. A = 45 °, B = 60 °, C = 75 °
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 56
9.
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 33
9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (c)
Topic 3
13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b)
1
17. (b) 18. (a, b) 19. (c, d) 20. (a, b) 1. (d) 2. (b) 3.
3
21. (a, b, c, d) 22. A → r; B → p
1 1 Topic 4
23. 24. 29. 3
8 64 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d)
Topic 2 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (a)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. 6 4. True 9. (c) 10. (d)
1 1 1 π π π
= 2 + cos 20º + cos 100º − − cos 40º Q cos 60º = ∴ 0 <α +β <+ =
2 2
2 4 4 2
3 π
=
1
+ (cos 20º − cos 40º ) + cos 100º ⇒ 0 <α +β <
2 2 2
π
1 3 20º + 40º 20°− 40° Also, − < −β < 0
= − 2 sin sin + cos 100° 4
2 2 2 2
π π
C + D C − D ∴ 0 − < α −β < + 0
Q cos C − cos D = −2 sin sin 4 4
2 2
π π
1 3 ⇒ − < α −β <
= − 2 sin 30º sin(−10º ) + cos(90º +10º ) 4 4
2 2
π π π
∴ α + β ∈ 0, and α − β ∈ − ,
1 3 2 4 4
= + sin 10º − sin 10º [Q cos (90º + θ ) = − sin θ ]
2 2
π
But sin(α − β ) > 0, therefore α − β ∈ 0, .
1 3 3 4
= × =
2 2 4 5
Now, sin(α − β ) =
3. Let a , b and c be the lengths of sides of a ∆ABC such 13
5
that a < b < c. ⇒ tan(α − β ) = …(i)
Since, sides are in AP. 12
3
∴ 2b = a + c …(i) and cos(α + β ) =
Let ∠ A =θ 5
4
Then, ∠ C = 2θ [according to the question] ⇒ tan (α + β ) = …(ii)
3
∠ B = π − 3θ
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So, …(ii)
Now, tan(2α ) = tan[(α + β ) + (α − β )]
On applying sine rule in Eq. (i), we get
4 5
2 sin B = sin A + sin C +
tan(α + β ) + tan(α − β ) 3 12
⇒ 2 sin(π − 3 θ ) = sin θ + sin 2 θ [from Eq. (ii)] = =
1 − tan(α + β ) tan(α − β ) 1 − 4 × 5
⇒ 2 sin 3 θ = sin θ + sin 2 θ 3 12
⇒2 [3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ ] = sin θ + 2 sin θ cos θ [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
⇒6 − 8 sin 2 θ = 1 + 2 cos θ [Qsin θ can not be zero] 48 + 15 63
= =
⇒6 − 8(1 − cos 2 θ ) = 1 + 2 cos θ 36 − 20 16
⇒ 8 cos 2 θ − 2 cos θ − 3 = 0
5. We have,
⇒(2 cos θ + 1)(4 cos θ − 3) = 0
1
3 fk (x) = (sin k x + cos k x), k = 1, 2, 3, …
⇒cos θ = k
4
1 1
orcos θ = − (rejected). ∴f4 (x) = (sin 4 x + cos 4 x)
2 4
Clearly, the ratio of sides is a : b : c 1
= ((sin 2 x + cos 2 x)2 − 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x)
= sin θ : sin 3 θ : sin 2 θ 4
= sin θ : (3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ ) : 2 sin θ cos θ 1 1 1 1
= 1 − (sin 2x)2 = − sin 2 2x
= 1 : (3 − 4 sin 2 θ ) : 2 cos θ 4 2 4 8
= 1 : (4 cos 2 θ − 1) : 2 cos θ 1
and f6 (x) = (sin 6 x + cos 6 x)
5 6 6
= 1 : : = 4 :5 :6 1
4 4 = {(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)3 − 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x
5 6
4. Given, sin(α − β) = (sin2 x + cos2 x )}
13
3 π 1 3 2 1 1
and cos(α + β ) = , where α , β ∈ 0, = 1 − (2 sin x cos x) = − sin 2x
2
5 4 6 4 6 8
π π 1 1 3 −2 1
Since, 0 < α < and 0 < β < Now, f4 (x) − f6 (x) = − = =
4 4 4 6 12 12
466 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities
6. We know that, 1 1 1 1
and 0 < cos φ = < as 0 < <
sin (2 α )
n 3 2 3 2
cos α ⋅ cos (2α ) cos(22α )…cos (2n−1α ) =
2n sin α π 1
⇒ θ= and cos −1 (0) > φ > cos −1
π π π π 6 2
∴ cos 2 ⋅ cos 3 …cos 10 ⋅ sin 10
2 2 2 2 π
π 9 the sign changed as cos x is decreasing between 0, 2
sin 210 2 π π π π π π 2π
= sin 10 [Qhere, α = 10 and n = 9 ] ⇒ θ= and <φ < ⇒ <θ + φ <
2 sin
9 π 2 2 6 3 2 2 3
210 π 2π
∴ θ∈ ,
2 3
1 π 1 1
= sin = 9 =
29 2 2 512 11. Since, sin 15° =
1
2 − 3 and cos 15° =
1
2+ 3
2 2
7. Given expression 1
= 3(sin θ − cos θ )4 + 6(sin θ + cos θ )2 + 4 sin 6 θ and sin 15° cos 75° = sin 15°⋅ sin 15° = (2 − 3 )
4
= 3((sin θ − cos θ )2)2 + 6(sin θ + cos θ )2 + 4(sin 2 θ )3
Therefore, all these values are irrational and
= 3(1 − sin 2 θ )2 + 6(1 + sin 2 θ ) + 4(1 − cos 2 θ )3 1
[Q1 + sin 2 θ = (cos θ + sin θ )2 sin 15° cos 15° = ⋅ 2 sin 15° cos 15°
2
and 1 − sin 2 θ = (cos θ − sin θ )2] 1 1
= ⋅ sin 30° = , which is rational.
= 3(1 + sin 2 θ − 2 sin 2 θ ) + 6(1 + sin 2 θ )
2 2
2 4
+ 4(1 − cos 6 θ − 3 cos 2 θ + 3 cos 4 θ ) 12. Given expression =
[Q (a − b)2 = a 2 + b2 − 2ab 3 (sin x − cos x)4 + 6 (sin x + cos x)2 + 4(sin 6 x + cos 6 x)
and (a − b) = a3 − b3 − 3a 2b + 3ab2]
3
= 3 (1 − sin 2x)2 + 6 (1 + sin 2x) + 4 {(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)3
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= 3 + 3 sin 2 θ − 6 sin 2 θ + 6 + 6 sin 2 θ + 4
2
− 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x (sin 2 x + cos 2 x)}
− 4 cos 6 θ − 12 cos 2 θ + 12 cos 4 θ = 3 (1 − 2 sin 2x + sin 2x) + 6 + 6 sin 2x
2
π 3π (m − 1) π mπ
= 1 − cos 2 1 − cos 2 cot θ + − cot θ +
8 8
6
4 4
1 π π
⇒ ∑ 1/ 2
=4 2
m =1
= 2 − 1 − cos 2 − 1 − cos 3
4 4 4 6
(m − 1) π mπ
1 π π
⇒ ∑ cot θ +
4
− cot θ +
=4
4
= 1 − cos 1 − cos 3 m =1
4 4 4 π π 2π
⇒ cot (θ ) − cot θ + + cot θ + − cot θ +
1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4
= 1 − 1 + = 1 − =
4 2 2 4 2 8 5π 6π
+ ... + cot θ + − cot θ + =4
4 4
16. Given, A = sin 2 θ + (1 − sin 2 θ )2
3π
⇒ cot θ − cot + θ = 4
⇒ A = sin 4 θ − sin 2 θ + 1 2
2
1 3 ⇒ cot θ + tan θ = 4
⇒ A = sin 2 θ − +
2 4 ⇒ tan 2 θ − 4 tan θ + 1 = 0
2 ⇒ (tan θ − 2)2 − 3 = 0
1 1
⇒ 0 ≤ sin 2 θ − ≤ [Q 0 ≤ sin 2 θ ≤ 1] ⇒ (tan θ − 2 + 3 ) (tan θ − 2 − 3 ) = 0
2 4
3 ⇒ tan θ = 2 − 3 or tan θ = 2 + 3
∴ ≤ A ≤1 π 5π π
4 ⇒ θ= ;θ= Q θ ∈ 0, 2
12 12
17. Since, tan θ < 0.
sin 4 x cos 4 x 1 sin 4 x (1 − sin 2 x)2 1
∴ Angle θ is either in the second or fourth quadrant. 20. + = ⇒ + =
2 3 5 2 3 5
Then, sin θ > 0 or < 0
sin x 1 + sin x − 2 sin x 1
4 4 2
⇒ + =
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4 4
∴ sin θ may be or − 2 3 5
5 5 6
⇒ 5 sin 4 x − 4 sin 2 x + 2 =
2 5
18. f (cos 4θ ) = …(i)
2 − sec2 θ ⇒ 25 sin 4 x − 20 sin 2 x + 4 = 0
1 ⇒ (5 sin 2 x − 2)2 = 0
At cos 4θ = 2
3 ⇒ sin 2 x =
1 5
⇒ 2 cos 2 2 θ − 1 = 3 2
3 cos x = , tan 2 x =
2
2 5 3
⇒ cos 2 2 θ =
3 sin 8 x cos 8 x 1
2 ∴ + =
⇒ cos 2 θ = ± …(ii) 8 27 125
3
2 ⋅ cos 2 θ
21. NOTE Multiplicative loop is very important approach in IIT
∴ f (cos 4 θ ) = Mathematics.
2 cos 2 θ − 1
θ sin θ /2 1
1 + cos 2 θ tan (1 + sec θ ) = ⋅ 1+
= 2 cos θ/2 cos θ
cos 2 θ
(sin θ /2) 2 cos 2 θ /2
1 3 =
⇒ f =1 ± [from Eq. (ii)] (cos θ/2) cos θ
3 2
(2 sin θ /2) cos θ /2 sin θ
π = = = tan θ
19. For 0 < θ < cos θ cos θ
2
6
(m − 1) π mπ ∴ fn (θ ) = (tan θ /2)(1 + sec θ )
∑ cosec θ + 4
cosec θ +
=4 2
4 (1 + sec 2 θ ) (1 + sec 22θ )... (1 + sec 2nθ )
m =1
= (tan θ )(1 + sec 2 θ )(1 + sec 22θ ).... (1 + sec 2nθ )
6
1 = tan 2 θ ⋅ (1 + sec 22θ )... (1 + sec 2nθ )
⇒ ∑ (m − 1)π mπ
=4 2
m =1 sin θ + sin θ + = tan (2nθ )
4 4
π π π
Now, f2 = tan 22 ⋅ = tan = 1
mπ (m − 1) π 16 16 4
sin θ + − θ +
6
4 4
⇒ ∑ π (m − 1 ) π mπ
=4 2
Therefore, (a) is the answer.
m =1 sin sin θ + sin θ + π π π
4 4 4 f3 = tan 23 ⋅ = tan = 1
32 32 4
468 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities
= 1 / 64
Therefore, (b) is the answer.
π π π
25. We know that,
f4 = tan 24 ⋅ = tan = 1 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ
64 64 4 cot θ − tan θ = =2 = 2 cot 2 θ …(i)
Therefore, (c) is the answer. tan θ 2 tan θ
π 5 π π
f5 = tan 2 ⋅ = tan = 1 LHS = tan α + 2 tan 2 α + 4 tan 4 α + 8 cot 8 α
128 128 4
= − (cot α − tan α − 2 tan 2 α − 4 tan 4 α )
Therefore, (d) is the answer.
+ 8 cot 8 α + cot α
13 π 14 π
22. In the interval , , cos 2 α < 0 and sin 3 α > 0. = – (2 cot 2 α − 2 tan 2 α − 4 tan 4 α )
48 48
+ 8 cot 8 α + cot α
sin 3 α
⇒ is negative, therefore B → p. [from Eq. (i)]
cos 2 α
= − (2 (cot 2 α − tan 2 α ) − 4 tan 4 α )
18 π 23 π + 8 cot 8 α + cot α
Again, in the interval , , both sin 3 α and
48 48
sin 3 α = − (2 (2 cot 4 α ) − 4 tan 4 α ) + 8 cot 8 α + cot α
cos 2 α are negative, so is positive, therefore A→ r. [from Eq. (i)]
cos 2 α
= − 4 (cot 4 α − tan 4α ) + 8 cot 8 α + cot α
23. Using the relation,
π π sin 3 θ = − 8 cot 8 α + 8 cot 8 α + cot α [from Eq. (i)]
sin θ sin − θ sin + θ =
3 3 4 = cot α = RHS
π 2π 4π 8π 16π
Taking θ = , we get 26. 16 cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos
18 15 15 15 15
π
sin = 16 (cos A ⋅ cos 2 A cos 22 A ⋅ cos 23 A)
π 5π 7π
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6 1
sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin = = 2π
where, A = 15
18 18 18 4 8
Alternative Method
Given, k = sin 10° ⋅ sin 50° ⋅ sin 70° 2π
sin 24
= cos 80° ⋅ cos 40° ⋅ cos 20° sin 24 A 15
= 16 4 =
sin 23 A 2 sin A 2π
= cos A ⋅ cos 2 A ⋅ cos 22 A = 3 sin
2 sin A 15
where, A = 20° 32π 2π
sin 160° sin (180°–20° ) sin 20° 1 sin sin 2π +
= = = = 15 15
= =
8 sin 20° 8 sin 20° 8 sin 20° 8 2π 2π
sin sin
π 3π 5π 7π 9π 11π 13π 15 15
24. sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin
14 14 14 14 14 14 14 2π
sin
π 3π 5π 5π 15
= sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin π − = =1
14 14 14 14 2π
sin
3π π 15
⋅ sin π − ⋅ sin π −
14 14 1
27. sin 12° sin 48° sin 54° = (2 sin 12° sin 48° ) sin 54°
π 3π 5π π 3π 5π
2 2
= sin 2 ⋅ sin 2 ⋅ sin 2 = sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin 1
14 14 14 14 14 14 = [cos (36° ) − cos (60° )] sin 54°
2
2
π π π 3π π 5π 1 1
= cos − ⋅ cos − ⋅ cos − = cos 36° − sin 54°
2 14 2 14 2 14 2 2
1
3π 2π π
2 = (2 cos 36° sin 54° − sin 54° )
= cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos 4
7 7 7 1
2
= (sin 90° + sin 18° − sin 54° )
π 2π 4π 4
= − cos ⋅ cos ⋅ cos 1 5 −1 5 + 1
7 7 7 = 1 + −
2 4 4 4
sin 23 π / 7
= − 3
2 ⋅ sin π / 7 1 5 − 1 − 5 − 1
= 1 +
4 4
1 sin 8π / 7
2
8π π π
= − ⋅ Q sin 7 = sin π + 7 = − sin 7
8 sin π / 7
Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities 469
1 1 1 α β γ α β γ
= 1 − = ⇒ tan + tan + tan = tan tan tan
4 2 8 2 2 2 2 2 2
n
28. LHS = sin 2 α + sin 2 β − sin 2 γ 3. Given, sin3 x sin 3x = Σ Cm cos nx is an identity in x,
m= 0
= sin 2 α + (sin 2 β − sin 2 γ ) where, C 0 , C1 ,... , C n are constants.
= sin 2 α + sin ( β + γ ) sin ( β − γ ) 1
= sin 2 α + sin ( π − α )sin (β − γ ) [Qα + β + γ = π] sin3 x sin 3x = {3 sin x − sin 3x} ⋅ sin 3x
= sin 2 α + sin α sin ( β − γ ) 4
= sin α [sin α + sin ( β − γ )] 1 3
= ⋅ 2 sin x ⋅ sin 3x − sin 2 3x
= sin α [sin (π − ( β + γ )) + sin ( β − γ )] 4 2
= sin α [sin ( β + γ ) + sin ( β − γ )] 1 3 1
= sin α [2 sin β cos γ ] = (cos 2x − cos x) − (1 − cos 6x)
4 2 2
= 2 sin α sin β cos γ = RHS
1
29. Given equations can be written as = (cos 6x + 3 cos 2x − 3 cos x − 1)
8
cos 3 θ cos 3 θ
x sin 3 θ − − =0 ...(i) ∴ On comparing both sides, we get n = 6
y z
B
2 cos 3 θ 2 sin 3 θ 2 sin 2
x sin 3 θ − − =0 ...(ii) 1 − cos B 2
y z 4. Since, tan A = =
sin B B B
2 sin cos
2 1 2 2
and x sin 3 θ − cos 3 θ − (cos 3 θ + sin 3 θ ) = 0 ...(iii)
y z tan A = tan B / 2
Eqs. (ii) and (iii), implies ⇒ tan 2 A = tan B
2 sin 3 θ = cos 3 θ + sin 3 θ Hence, it is a true statement.
⇒ sin 3 θ = cos 3 θ 5. Since, A+ B+C=π
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∴ tan 3 θ = 1 A B π C
⇒ + = −
π 5π 9π 2 2 2 2
⇒ 3θ =, ,
A B π C
4 4 4 ⇒ cot + = cot −
π 5π 9π 2 2 2 2
or θ= , ,
12 12 12 A B
cot ⋅ cot − 1
2 2 C
⇒ = tan
Topic 2 Graph and Conditional Identities B A 2
cot + cot
1. Given, α + β = π /2 2 2
A B C C A B
⇒ α = (π /2) − β ⇒ cot ⋅ cot ⋅ cot − cot = cot + cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ tan α = tan (π /2 − β )
A B C A B C
⇒ tan α = cot β ⇒ cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ tan α tan β = 1
Again, β + γ =α [given]
6. Given, in ∆ABC , A , B and C are in an AP.
⇒ γ = (α − β ) ∴ A + C = 2B
⇒ tan γ = tan (α − β ) Also, A + B + C = 180° ⇒ B = 60°
tan α − tan β and sin (2 A + B) = sin (C − A )
⇒ tan γ = 1
1 + tan α tan β = − sin (B + 2C ) = …(i)
2
tan α − tan β
⇒ tan γ = ⇒ sin (2 A + 60° ) = sin (C − A ) = − sin (60° + 2C ) =
1
1+1 2
∴ 2 tan γ = tan α − tan β
⇒ 2 A + 60° = 30° , 150° [neglecting 30°, as not possible]
⇒ tan α = tan β + 2 tan γ
⇒ 2 A + 60° = 150° ⇒ A = 45°
α β γ Again, from Eq. (i),
2. Since, + = π −
2 2 2 sin (60° + 2C ) = − 1 / 2
α β γ ⇒ 60° + 2C = 210° , 330°
∴ tan + = tan π −
2 2 2 ⇒ C = 75° or 135°
α β Also, from Eq. (i),
tan + tan sin (C − A ) = 1 / 2
⇒ 2 2 = − tan γ
α β ⇒ C − A = 30° , 150°
1 − tan tan 2
For A = 45° , C = 75°
2 2
470 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities
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5
and tan(α − β ) =
12
Now, tan 2 α = tan[(α + β ) + (α − β )]
+ – +
3 5
+
tan(α + β ) + tan(α − β ) 56 1/3 3
= = 4 12 =
1 − tan(α + β ) ⋅ tan(α − β ) 1 − 3 ⋅ 5 33
3y − 1 3y − 1
4 12 ⇒ = t2 ⇒ >0
y−3 y−3
Topic 3 Maxima and Minima
π ∴ t2 > 0
1. Given expression 3 cos θ + 5 sin θ −
6 NOTE It is a brilliant technique to convert equation into inequation
and asked in IIT papers frequently. ⇒ y < 1 / 3 or y > 3.
π π
= 3 cos θ + 5 sin θ cos − sin cos θ This shows that y cannot lie between 1 / 3 and 3.
6 6
3 1 Topic 4 Height & Distance
= 3 cos θ + 5 sin θ − cos θ
2 2 1. According to the question, we have the following figure.
5 5 3 T
= 3 cos θ − cos θ + sin θ
2 2
1 5 3 xm
= cos θ + sin θ
2 2
30° B
Q The maximum value of a cos θ + b sin θ is a 2 + b2
P
1 5 3
So, maximum value of cos θ + sin θ is 30 m
2 2
2
45°
1
2
5 3 1 75 76 S ym A
= + = + = = 19.
2 2 4 4 4 Now, let distance of foot of the tower from the point A is
y m.
π
2. As when θ ∈ 0, , tan θ < cot θ Draw BP ⊥ ST such that PT = x m.
4 Then, in ∆TPB, we have
Since, tan θ < 1 and cot θ > 1 x
tan 30° =
∴ (tan θ )cot θ < 1 and (cot θ )tan θ > 1 y
∴ t4 > t1 which only holds in (b).
Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities 471
1 Q
⇒ x= y …(i)
3
x + 30 C
and in ∆TSA, we have tan 45° =
y
⇒ y = x + 30 …(ii) h
On the elimination of quantity x from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we
get 100 P
1
y= y + 30 α
3 l
β
1 B
⇒ y 1 − = 30
3 100
A
30 3 30 3 ( 3 + 1)
⇒ y= = From the figure and given information, we have
3 −1 3 −1
β = cot−1 (3 2 )
30
= 3 ( 3 + 1) = 15 (3 + 3 ) and α = cosec−1 (2 2 )
2
Now, in ∆QPA,
2. Given a ladder of length l = 2m leans against a vertical l
wall. Now, the top of ladder begins to slide down the cot β =
h
wall at the rate 25 cm/s.
⇒ l = (3 2 )h …(i)
Let the rate at which bottom of the ladder slides away h
dx and in ∆BPQ, tan α =
from the wall on the horizontal ground is cm /s. BP
dt
(100)2 − l2
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wall BP
⇒ cot α = =
h h
l [Q p is mid-point of isosceles ∆ABC, AP ⊥ BC]
y Ladder
⇒ h 2 cot2 α = (100)2 − l2
⇒ h (cosec2α − 1) = (100)2 − (3 2h )2
2
[from Eq. (i)]
x
ground
⇒ h 2(8 − 1) = (100)2 − 18h 2
⇒ 25h 2 = (100)2
Q x + y =l
2 2 2
100
2
⇒ h2 = ⇒ h = 20 m
[by Pythagoras theorem] 5
⇒ x + y =4
2 2
[Ql = 2m]… (i)
4. Given heights of two poles are 5 m and 10 m.
On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. ‘t’, we get A
dx dy
2x + 2y =0
dt dt 5m
dx y dy 15° E
⇒ = − … (ii) B
dt x dt 10 m d
c=7
b=6
D
80 m 30°
A
M
B a=5 C
20 m 1
h Clearly, length of BD =
2a 2 + 2c2 − b2,
α β 2
B N Q (using Appollonius theorem)
x y
where, c = AB = 7, a = BC = 5
and MN = hm is the height of intersection point from
and b = CA = 6
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the horizontal plane
1
h 80 ∴ BD = 2 × 25 + 2 × 49 − 36
Q tan α = = [in ∆MNB and ∆PQB] …(i) 2
x x+ y
1 1
h 20 = 112 = 4 7 = 2 7
and tan β = = 2 2
y x+ y
Now, let ED = h be the height of the lamp post.
[in ∆MNQ and ∆ABQ] …(ii) E
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
y
= 4 ⇒ y = 4x …(iii) h
x
From Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get 30°
h 80 80 B D
= ⇒ h= = 16 m
x x + 4x 5 Then, in ∆BDE , tan 30° =
h
BD
6. According to given information, we have the following 1 h
figure, ⇒ =
3 2 7
Q Cloud 2 7 2
⇒ h= = 21
xm 3 3
30° M P
P 60° 8.
25 m 25 m
Surface
y
200 m 45° 200 m
(25 +x)m
T
R Image of cloud
30° 90° 30°
Q M R
x
In ∆PQM , tan 30° = …(i)
y Let height of tower TM be h.
25 + (25 + x) TM
In ∆PRM, tan 60° = …(ii) In ∆PMT , tan 45° =
y PM
h
On eliminating ‘y’ from Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ 1=
PM
Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities 473
9. Let AB = h, then AP = 2h
30º 60º
h
and AC = BC = A x B y C
2
Again, let ∠CPA = α h
tan 30° =
B x+ y
h/2 h
and tan 60° =
h C y
h/2 β x+ y
⇒ h= ...(i)
α 3
A P
2h and h= 3 y ...(ii)
AB x+ y
Now, in ∆ABP, tan (α + β ) = From Eqs. (i) and (ii), = 3 y
AP 3
=
h 1
= ⇒ x +y = 3y
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2h 2 ⇒ x − 2y = 0
h x
AC 1 ⇒ y=
Also, in ∆ACP, tan α = = 2 = 2
AP 2h 4
Q Speed is uniform
Now, tan β = tan[(α + β ) − α ]
and distance x covered in 10 min.
1 1 1
− x
tan(α + β ) − tan α 2 4 2 ∴Distance will be cover in 5 min.
= = =4 = 2
1 + tan(α + β ) tan α 1 + ×1 1 9 9
2 4 8 ∴ Distance y will be cover in 5 min.
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, is
2 2 (2019 Main, 12 April I) 3 1 2 7
(a) − (b) (c) (d) −
(a) 3 (b) 5 5 3 9 9
(c) 7 (d) 4
10. If 0 ≤ x < 2π, then the number of real values of x, which
3. Let S = {θ ∈ [−2π , 2π ] : 2 cos 2 θ + 3 sin θ = 0}, then the satisfy the equation
sum of the elements of S is (2019 Main, 9 April I) cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x = 0, is (2016 Main)
(a) 2π (b) π (a) 3 (b) 5
5π 13 π
(c) (d) (c) 7 (d) 9
3 6
π
4. If sin 4 α + 4 cos 4 β + 2 = 4 2 sin α cos β; 11. Let S = x ∈ (− π , π ): x =/ 0, ± . The sum of all
2
α, β ∈ [0, π ], then cos(α + β ) − cos(α − β ) is equal to distinct solutions of the equation 3 sec x + cosec x
(2019 Main, 12 Jan II) + 2(tan x − cot x) = 0 in the set S is equal to (2016 Adv.)
(a) − 1 (b) 2 7π 2π
(a) − (b) −
(c) − 2 (d) 0 9 9
5. Let α and β be the roots of the quadratic equation 5π
(c) 0 (d)
x2 sin θ − x(sin θ cos θ + 1) + cos θ = 0 (0 < θ < 45º ) and 9
∞
(− 1)n 12. If P = {θ :sin θ − cos θ = 2 cos θ } and
α < β. Then, ∑ α n + is equal to
n = 0 βn (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) Q = {θ :sin θ + cos θ = 2 sin θ } be two sets. Then, (2011)
1 1 1 1 (a) P ⊂ Q and Q − P ≠ φ (b) Q ⊄ P
(a) − (b) +
1 − cosθ 1 + sin θ 1 − cosθ 1 + sin θ (c) P ⊄ Q (d) P = Q
1 1 1 1 n
− +
∑ br sin r θ, for every
(c) (d)
1 + cosθ 1 − sin θ 1 + cosθ 1 − sin θ 13. Let n be an odd integer. If sin nθ =
r=0
π
6. The sum of all values of θ ∈ 0, satisfying value of θ, then (1998, 2M)
2
3 (a) b0 = 1, b1 = 3 (b) b0 = 0, b1 = n
sin 2 2θ + cos 4 2θ = is (c) b0 = − 1, b1 = n (d) b0 = 0, b1 = n 2 − 3n + 3
4 (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
3π 5π π 14. The general value of θ satisfying the equation
(a) (b) (c) (d) π
8 4 2 2 sin 2 θ − 3 sin θ − 2 = 0, is (1995,2M)
π π π
7. If 0 ≤ x < , then the number of values of x for which (a) nπ + (−1) n
(b) nπ + (−1) n
2 6 2
sin x − sin 2x + sin 3x = 0, is 5π 7π
(2019 Main, 9 Jan II) (c) nπ + (−1)n (d) nπ + (−1)n
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 4 6 6
Trigonometrical Equations 475
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(c) more than one real solution
(d) None of the above
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
Objective Questions II 25. Determine the smallest positive value of x ( in degrees)
(One or more than one correct option) for which
tan (x + 100° ) = tan (x + 50° ) tan (x) tan (x − 50° ).
19. Let α and β be non zero real numbers such that (1993, 5M)
2(cos β − cos α ) + cos α cos β = 1. Then which of the
following is/are true? (2017 Adv.)
26. If exp {(sin 2 x + sin 4 x + sin 6 x + ... ∞ ) log e 2}, satisfies
α β the equation x2 − 9x + 8 = 0,
(a) 3 tan − tan = 0
find the value of
2 2 cos n x π
,0 < x < . (1991, 4M)
α β cos x + sin x
(b) tan − 3 tan = 0
2
2 2
27. Consider the system of linear equations in x, y, z
α β
(c) tan + 3 tan = 0
2 2 (sin 3 θ ) x − y + z = 0 ,
α β
(d) 3 tan + tan = 0 (cos 2 θ ) x + 4 y + 3z = 0,
2 2
2x + 7 y + 7z = 0
20. The values of θ lying between θ = 0 and θ = π /2 and Find the values of θ for which this system has
satisfying the equation non-trivial solutions. (1986, 4M)
1 + sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 4 sin 4 θ 28. Find the values of x (− π , π ) which satisfy the equation
2
sin θ
2
1 + cos θ2
4 sin 4θ = 0, is 21 + | cos x | + | cos x | + ...
=4 (1984, 2M)
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ 1 + 4 sin 4θ 29. Find all the solutions of 4cos x sin x − 2 sin x = 3 sin x.
2 2
(1988, 3M)
(a) 7 π / 24 (b) 5 π / 24 (1983, 2M)
(c) 11π / 24 (d) π / 24 30. Solve 2 (cos x + cos 2x) + (1 + 2 cos x)sin 2x
= 2 sin x, − π ≤ x ≤ π (1978, 3M)
476 Trigonometrical Equations
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Topic 3 Problems Based on Maximum and Minimum
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) 7. The equation (cos p − 1) x2 + (cos p) x + sin p = 0 in the
1. For x ∈ (0, π ), the equation sin x + 2 sin 2x − sin 3x = 3 has variable x, has real roots. Then, p can take any value in
the interval (1990, 2M)
(a) infinitely many solutions (2014 Adv.)
(a) (0, 2 π) (b) ( − π , 0)
(b) three solutions
π π
(c) one solution (c) − , (d) (0, π )
2 2
(d) no solution
2. The number of solutions of the pair of equations 8. The smallest positive root of the equation tan x − x = 0
2 sin 2 θ − cos 2θ = 0 and 2 cos 2 θ − 3 sin θ = 0 in the lies in (1987, 2M)
π π 3π 3π
interval [0, 2π] is (2007, 3M) (a) 0, (b) , π (c) π , (d) , 2 π
(a) 0 (b) 1 2 2 2 2
(c) 2 (d) 4 9. The number of all possible triplets (a1 , a 2, a3 ) such that
3. The number of integral values of k for which the a1 + a 2 cos (2x) + a3 sin 2 (x) = 0, ∀ x is (1987, 2M)
equation 7 cos x + 5 sin x = 2k + 1 has a solution, is (a) 0 (b)1 (c) 3 (d) ∞
(a) 4 (b) 8 (2002, 1M)
(c) 10 (d) 12 Objective Questions II
4. The number of values of x in the interval [0, 5π ] (One or more than one correct option)
satisfying the equation 3 sin 2 x − 7 sin x + 2 = 0 is 4xy
(a) 0 (b) 5 (1998, 2M) 10. sec2 θ = is true if and only if
(x + y)2 (1996, 1M)
(c) 6 (d) 10
(a) x = y ≠ 0 (b) x = y, x ≠ 0
5. Number of solutions of the equation
(c) x = y (d) x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0
tan x + sec x = 2 cos x lying in the interval [0, 2π ] is
∞ ∞
(a) 0
(c) 2
(b) 1
(d) 3
(1993, 1M) 11. For 0 < φ < π / 2, if x = ∑ cos2n φ , y = ∑ sin 2n φ ,
n=0 n=0
∞
6. The number of solutions of the equation
sin (ex ) = 5x + 5−x is (1991, 2M)
z= ∑ cos2n φ sin 2n φ , then (1993, 2M)
n=0
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) infinitely many (a) xyz = xz + y (b) xyz = xy + z
(c) xyz = x + y + z (d) xyz = yz + x
Trigonometrical Equations 477
−π π
Integer Answer Type Questions 16. The larger of cos (log θ ) and log (cos θ ) if <θ < ,
2 2
12. The positive integer value of n > 3 satisfying the is …… . (1983, 1M)
1 1 1
equation = + is …… (2011)
π 2π 3π Analytical & Descriptive Questions
sin sin sin
n n n
17. Find the smallest positive number p for which the
π π
13. The number of values of θ in the interval − , such equation cos ( p sin x) = sin ( p cos x) has a solution
2 2
nπ x ∈[0, 2π ] . (1995, 5M)
that θ ≠ for n = 0, ±1, ± 2 and tan θ = cot 5θ as well as
5 18. Show that the equation e sin x − e – sin x − 4 = 0 has no real
sin 2 θ = cos 4θ is…… (2010) solution. (1982, 2M)
19. Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the
Fill in the Blanks π π
curves y = cos x, y = sin 3x, if − ≤x≤ .
14. The set of all x in the interval [0, π ] for which 2 2 (1982, 3M)
20. For all θ in [0, π / 2], show that cos (sin θ ) ≥ sin(cos θ ).
2 sin 2 x − 3 sin x + 1 ≥ 0, is…… . (1987, 2M)
(1981, 4M)
π
21. Prove that 5 cosθ + 3 cos θ + + 3 lies between − 4 and
15. The solution set of the system of equations
2π 3 3
x+ y= , cos x + cos y = , where x and y are real, 10. (1979, 3M)
3 2
is…… .
Answers
Topic 1 π π π
30. x = − π , − ,− , ,π
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1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 2 3 3
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b)
Topic 2
9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (d)
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a,c,d) 4. θ = ± π / 3
13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (b)
17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b, c) 20. (a, c) Topic 3
π
21. (0.5) 22. (8) 23. θ = mπ , nπ ± 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c)
3
5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c)
3 −1 9. (d) 10. (a, b) 11. (b, c) 12. 7
24. False 25. x = 30 ° 26.
2 π π 5π
13. 3 14. x ∈ 0, ∪ ∪ , π
π π 2π 6 2 6
27. θ = nπ or nπ + ( −1 )n 28. ± , ±
6 3 3 15. No solution
π 16. cos (log θ )
29. { x : x = n π } ∪ x : x = n π + ( −1 )n
10 π
17. Smallest positive value of p =
2 2
− 3π
∪ x : x = n π + ( − 1 )n π π π π 3π 3π
10 19. , cos , cos − , cos
8 8 4 4 8 8
5π 5π = (1 + α + α 2 + α 3 + .... ∞ )
Since, x ∈ − ,
2 2 1 1 1
+ 1 − + 2 − 3 + .... ∞
β β β
∴ x = − 2π, − π, 0, π, 2 π.
1 1 1 1
Thus, there are five different values of x is possible. = + = +
1 −α 1 1 − α 1 + 1
3. We have, θ ∈ [−2π , 2π ] 1 − −
β β
and 2 cos 2 θ + 3 sin θ = 0 1 1 1
= + Q = sin θ
⇒ 2 (1 − sin 2 θ ) + 3 sin θ = 0 1 − cos θ 1 + sin θ β
⇒ 2 − 2 sin 2 θ + 3 sin θ = 0 6. Given, sin 2 2 θ + cos 4 2 θ =
3
⇒ 2 sin θ − 3 sin θ − 2 = 0
2 4
3
⇒ (1 − cos 2 θ) + cos 2 θ =
2 4
(Q sin 2 x = 1 − cos 2 x)
⇒ 2 sin θ − 4 sin θ + sin θ − 2 = 0
2
4
⇒ 2 sin θ (sin θ − 2) + 1(sin θ − 2) = 0 ⇒ 4 cos 4 2 θ − 4 cos 2 2 θ + 1 = 0
⇒ (2 cos 2 2 θ − 1)2 = 0
⇒ (sin θ − 2) (2 sin θ + 1) = 0 1
−1 ⇒ 2 cos 2 2 θ − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos 2 2 θ =
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∴ sin θ = [Q(sin θ − 2) ≠ 0] 2
2 1
⇒ cos 2 θ = ±
π π π π 2
∴ θ = 2π – , − π + , − , π +
6 6 6 6
[Q θ ∈ [−2π , 2π ]] π
If θ ∈ 0, , then 2 θ ∈ (0, π )
2
Now, sum of all solutions 1
π π π π ∴ cos 2 θ = ±
= 2π − − π + − + π + = 2π 2
6 6 6 6 π 3π
⇒ 2θ = , ,
4. By applying AM ≥ GM inequality, on the numbers 4 4
sin 4 α , 4 cos 4β , 1 and 1, we get 3π π π 1
sin α + 4 cos β + 2
4 4 Q cos 4 = cos π − 4 = − cos 4 = − 2
≥ ((sin 4 α ) (4 cos 4 β ) ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1)1/ 4
4 π 3π
⇒ θ= ,
⇒ sin 4 α + 4 cos 4 β + 2 ≥ 4 2 sin α cos β 8 8
But, it is given that π 3π π
Sum of values of θ = + =
sin 4 α + 4 cos 4 β + 2 = 4 2 sin α cos β 8 8 2
So, sin 4 α = 4 cos 4 β = 1 7. We have, sin x − sin 2x + sin 3x = 0
[Q In AM ≥ GM , equality holds when all given ⇒ (sin x + sin 3x) − sin 2x = 0
positive quantities are equal.] x + 3x x − 3x
⇒ 2 sin cos − sin 2x = 0
⇒ sin α = 1 and sin β =
1
…(i) 2 2
2 C + D C − D
[Q α , β ∈ [0, π ]] [Qsin C + sin D = 2 sin cos ]
2 2
Now, cos (α + β ) − cos (α − β ) = −2 sin α sin β ⇒ 2 sin 2x cos x − sin 2x = 0 [Qcos (− θ) = cos θ]
C+D D −C ⇒ sin 2x(2 cos x − 1) = 0
Q cos C − cos D = 2 sin sin
2 2 ⇒ sin 2x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
1 1
= −2 × 1 × [from Eq. (i)] ⇒ 2x = 0, π, ... or cos x =
2 2
π π
=− 2 ⇒ x = 0, ... or x =
2 3
5. Given, π
x2 sin θ − x sin θ cos θ − x + cos θ = 0, In the interval 0, only two values satisfy, namely
2
where 0 < θ < 45° π
⇒ x sin θ (x − cos θ ) − 1(x − cos θ ) = 0 x = 0 and x = .
3
⇒ (x − cos θ ) (x sin θ − 1) = 0
Trigonometrical Equations 479
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9 ⇒ = , , , ...
2 2 2 2
9. Given, 5 (tan 2 x − cos 2 x) = 2 cos 2x + 9 ⇒ x=π [Q 0 ≤ x < 2π]
2 sin 2 x π 3π π 3π 7π 9π
⇒ 5 − cos 2 x = 2 cos 2x + 9 Hence, x= , , π, , , ,
2 cos x
2
2 2 5 5 5 5
−π π −5 π 7 π A + B A − B
∴ x= or x = , , ⇒ cos 3 = 0, sin 3 =0
3 9 9 9 2 2
Now, sum of all distinct solutions But it is given that, A > B and 0 < 3 A < π, 0 < 3B < π.
−π π 5π 7π A − B
= + − + =0 Therefore, sin 3 ≠0
3 9 9 9 2
12. P = {θ : sin θ − cos θ = 2 cos θ } A + B
Hence, cos 3 =0
2
⇒ cos θ ( 2 + 1) = sin θ
A + B π
⇒ tan θ = 2 + 1 ⇒ 3 =
2 2
⇒ Q = {θ : sin θ + cos θ } = 2 sin θ
π
⇒ sin θ ( 2 − 1) = cos θ ⇒ A+ B=
3
1 2 +1 2π
⇒ tan θ = × = ( 2 + 1) ⇒ C = π − ( A + B) =
2 −1 2 +1 3
∴ P =Q
n
16. Given, sin 3x + sin x − 3 sin 2x = cos 3x + cos x − 3 cos 2x
13. Given, sin nθ = ∑ br sin r
θ ⇒ 2 sin 2x cos x − 3 sin 2x = 2 cos 2x cos x − 3 cos 2x
r=0
⇒ sin 2x ( 2 cos x − 3) = cos 2x ( 2 cos x − 3)
Now, put θ = 0, we get 0 = b0 [Q 2 cos x − 3 ≠ 0]
n
⇒ sin 2x = cos 2x
∴ sin nθ = ∑ br sin r
θ
⇒ tan 2x = 1
r =1
π nπ π
sin nθ n
⇒ 2 x = nπ + ⇒ x= +
⇒ = ∑ br (sin θ )r − 1 4 2 8
sin θ
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r =1
17. Given, sin x + cos x = 1
Taking limit as θ → 0
On dividing and multiplying each terms by 2, we get
sin n θ n
⇒ lim = lim ∑ br (sin θ )r − 1 1 1 1
θ → 0 sin θ θ→ 0 sin x + cos x =
r =1 2 2 2
sin n θ π π 1
nθ⋅ ⇒ sin x cos = cos x sin =
nθ 4 4 2
⇒ lim = b1 + 0 + 0 + 0 + K
θ→ 0 sin θ π π
θ⋅
θ ⇒ sin x + = sin
4 4
[Q other values becomes zero for higher powers of sin θ ] π π
n ⋅1 ⇒ x + = nπ + (−1)n
⇒ = b1 4 4
1 π π
⇒ x = nπ + (−1)n − , n ∈ I
⇒ b1 = n 4 4
14. Given, 2 sin θ − 3 sin θ − 2 = 0
2
π
18. Given equation is 2 cos 2 sin 2 x = x2 + x−2, x ≤
x
⇒ ( 2 sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 2) = 0 2 9
⇒ sin θ = − 1 / 2 x 1
LHS = 2 cos 2 sin 2 x < 2 and RHS = x2 + 2 ≥ 2
2 x
[neglecting sin θ = 2, as|sin θ| ≤ 1]
∴ θ = nπ + (−1)n (7π / 6) ∴ The equation has no real solution.
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24 24
⇒ 3 tan 2 θ − tan 4 θ = 0
0 and π /2.
⇒ tan 2 θ (3 − tan 2 θ ) = 0
21. We have, α , β are the roots of
⇒ tan θ = 0
3 a cos x + 2b sin x = c
∴ 3 a cos α + 2b sin α = c …(i) or tan θ = ± 3
and 3 a cos β + 2b sin β = c …(ii) Now, tan θ = 0 ⇒ θ = mπ , where m is an integer.
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get π
and tan θ = ± 3 = tan ±
3a (cos α − cos β ) + 2b(sin α − sin β ) = 0 3
α + β α − β π
⇒ 3 a − 2 sin sin ⇒ θ = nπ ±
2 2 3
α + β α − β π
+ 2b 2 cos sin =0 ∴ θ = mπ , nπ ± , where m and n are integers.
2 2 3
α + β α + β sin 4 θ − 2 sin 2 θ + 1 = 2
⇒ 3 a sin = 2b cos 24. Given,
2 2
α + β 2b ⇒ (sin 2 θ − 1)2 = 2 ⇒ sin 2 θ = ± 2 + 1
⇒ tan =
2 3a which is not possible. Hence, given statement is false.
π 2b π 25. tan (x + 100° ) = tan (x + 50° ) tan x tan(x − 50° )
⇒ tan = Q α + β = , given
6 3 a 3 tan(x + 100° )
1 2b b 1 ⇒ = tan (x + 50° ) tan(x − 50° ).
⇒ = ⇒ = tan x
3 3a a 2 sin(x + 100° ) cos x sin(x + 50° ) sin(x − 50° )
b ⇒ ⋅ =
⇒ = 0.5 cos (x + 100° ) sin x cos(x + 50° ) cos (x − 50° )
a
5 sin(2x + 100° ) + sin 100° cos 100° − cos 2x
22. Here, cos 2 2x + (cos 4x + sin 4 x) + (cos 6x + sin 6 x) = 2 ⇒ =
4 sin(2x + 100° ) − sin 100° cos 100° + cos 2x
5 ⇒ [sin(2x + 100° ) + sin 100° ] [cos 100° + cos 2x]
⇒ cot 2x + [(cos 2 x + sin 2 x)2 − 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x]
4
= [cos 100° − cos 2x] × [sin(2x + 100° ) − sin 100° ]
+ (cos 2 x + sin 2 x)[(cos 2 x + sin 2 x)2 − 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x] = 2
5 ⇒ sin(2x + 100° ) ⋅ cos 100° + sin(2x + 100° ) ⋅ cos 2x
⇒ cos 2 2x + (1 − 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x) + (1 − 3 cos 2 x sin 2 x) = 2
4 + sin 100° cos 100° + sin 100° cos 2x
5 = cos 100° sin(2x + 100° ) − cos 100° sin 100°
⇒ cos 2 2x − 5 sin 2 x cos 2 x = 0
4 − cos 2x sin (2x + 100° ) + cos 2x sin 100°
482 Trigonometrical Equations
⇒ 2 sin(2x + 100° ) cos 2x + 2 sin 100° cos 100° = 0 ⇒ sin θ (4 sin 2 θ + 4 sin θ − 3) = 0
⇒ sin(4x + 100° ) + sin 100° + sin 200° = 0 ⇒ sin θ = 0
⇒ sin(4x + 100° ) + 2 sin 150° cos 50° = 0 ⇒ θ = nπ ...(i)
⇒
1
sin(4x + 100° ) + 2 ⋅ sin(90° − 50° ) = 0 or 4 sin 2 θ + 4 sin θ − 3 = 0
2 ⇒ ( 2 sin θ − 1) ( 2 sin θ + 3) = 0
⇒ sin(4x + 100° ) + sin 40° = 0 1 3
⇒ sin θ = [Qsin θ = − is not possible]
⇒ sin(4x + 100° ) = sin(− 40° ) 2 2
⇒ 4x + 100° = nπ + (− 1)n (− 40° ) n π
∴ θ = nπ + (−1) ...(ii)
⇒ 4x = n (180° ) + (− 1)n (− 40° ) − 100° 6
1 ∴ From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ x = [n (180° ) + (− 1)n (− 40° ) − 100° ]
4 π
θ = nπ or nπ + (−1)n
The smallest positive value of x is obtained 6
when n = 1. 2
x | + |cos 3 x| + ....
28. Given, 2 1+ | cos x | + |cos = 22
1
Therefore, x = (180° + 40° − 100° ) 1
4
⇒ 21 −|cos x| = 22
1
⇒ x = (120° ) = 30° 1
4 ⇒ =2
1 − |cos x|
26. exp {(sin 2 x + sin 4 x + sin 6 x + ... ∞ ) log e 2}
1
sin 2 x sin 2 x
⇒ |cos x| =
2
⋅log e 2 log e 2 2
= e 1 − sin x
=e cos 2 x
1
⇒ cos x = ±
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tan 2 x 2
⇒ 2 satisfies x − 9x + 8 = 0
2
π 2π π 2π
⇒ x = 1, 8 ∴ ,x= ,− ,− [Q x ∈ (−π , π )]
2 2 3 3 3 3
∴ 2tan x
=1 and 2tan x
=8 π 2 π
Thus, the solution set is ± , ± .
⇒ tan x = 0
2
and tan x = 3
2
3 3
2
π
⇒ x=nπ tan 2 x = tan
and 29. Given, 4 cos 2 x sin x − 2 sin 2 x = 3 sin x
3
⇒ 4 (1 − sin 2 x) sin x − 2 sin 2 x − 3 sin x = 0
π
⇒ x = nπ and x = nπ ± ⇒ 4 sin x − 4 sin3 x − 2 sin 2 x − 3 sin x = 0
3
π ⇒ − 4 sin3 x − 2 sin 2 x + sin x = 0
Neglecting x = nπ as 0 < x <
2 ⇒ − sin x (4 sin 2 x + 2 sin x − 1) = 0
π π ⇒ sin x = 0 or 4 sin 2 x + 2 sin x − 1 = 0
⇒ x = ∈ 0,
3 2 −2 ± 4 + 16
1 ⇒ sin x = sin 0 or sin x =
2 (4)
cos x 1 3 −1
2
∴ = = × −1 ± 5
cos x + sin x 1 3 1+ 3 3 −1 ⇒ x = nπ or sin x =
+ 4
2 2
π
cos x 3 −1 ⇒ x = nπ or sin x = sin
⇒ = 10
cos x + sin x 2
3π
or sin x = sin −
27. Since, the given system has non-trivial solution. 10
sin 3 θ −1 1
⇒
∴ cos 2 θ 4 3 = 0 π − 3π
x = nπ , nπ + (−1)n , nπ + (−1)n
2 7 7 10 10
⇒ sin 3 θ (28 − 21) + 1 (7 cos 2 θ − 6) ∴ General solution set is
+ 1 (7 cos 2 θ − 8) = 0 π
{ x : x = nπ} ∪ x : x = nπ + (−1)n
⇒ 7 sin 3 θ + 14 cos 2 θ − 14 = 0 10
⇒ sin 3 θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 2 = 0 −3 π
∪ x : x = nπ + (−1)n
⇒ 3 sin θ − 4 sin θ + 2 (1 − 2 sin θ ) − 2 = 0
3 2
10
Trigonometrical Equations 483
2π – π/3
π + π/3
π 1
∴ x = (2 n + 1) ...(ii)
3 X
π 2π
y = –√3
O
x x π
And if cos = 0, then = ( 2 n + 1) –1 y = –1 2
2 2 2
∴ x = ( 2 n + 1)π ...(iii) 4π 5π
⇒ <θ < but θ ∈II or IV quadrant
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But given interval is [−π , π ] . 3 3
π 3π 5π
Put n = −1 in Eq. (i), x = − ⇒ <θ < …(i)
2 2 3
π π θ θ
Put n = 0, 1, − 1, − 2 in Eq. (ii), x =,π − ,− π Here, 2 cos θ (1 − sin φ ) = sin 2 θ tan + cot cos φ − 1
3 3 2 2
π π π 2θ 2 θ
Hence, the solution in [− π , π ] are − π , − , − , , π. sin + cos
2 3 3 2 2 cos φ − 1
⇒ 2 cos θ − 2 cos θ sin φ = sin θ 2
sin θ cos θ
Topic 2 Solving Equations with Graph 2 2
1. Given, (cot−1 x)2 − 7(cot−1 x) + 10 > 0 1
⇒ 2 cos θ − 2 cos θ sin φ = 2 sin 2 θ cos φ − 1
⇒ (cot−1 x − 2)(cot−1 x − 5) > 0 (by factorisation) sin θ
⇒ cot−1 x < 2 or cot−1 x > 5
⇒ 2 cos θ + 1 = 2 sin φ cos θ + 2 sin θ cos φ
By wavy curve method,
⇒ 2 cos θ + 1 = 2 sin (θ + φ ) …(ii)
+ – +
3π 5π
cot−1 x =2 −1
cot x =5 From Eq. (i), <θ <
2 3
∴ cot−1 x ∈ (−∞ , 2) ∪ (5, ∞ ) ⇒ 2 cos θ + 1 ∈ (1, 2)
cot−1 x ∈ (0, 2) [Q Range of cot−1 x is (0, π )]
∴ x ∈ (cot 2, ∞ ) ∴ 1 < 2 sin (θ + φ ) < 2
1
2. Since, 2 sin 2 θ − 5 sin θ + 2 > 0 ⇒ < sin (θ + φ ) < 1 …(iii)
2
⇒ ( 2 sin θ − 1) (sin θ − 2) > 0 π 5π
⇒ <θ+ φ <
[where, (sin θ − 2) < 0, ∀ θ ∈ R] 6 6
∴ ( 2 sin θ − 1) < 0 13π 17π
or <θ+ φ <
Y 6 6
π 5π
∴ −θ < φ < −θ
6 6
y=1
2 13π 17π
or −θ < φ < −θ
X' π X 6 6
O π 5π 2π
6 6 3π 2π 2π 7π 3π 5π
⇒ φ ∈− , − or , , as θ ∈ ,
2 3 3 6 2 3
Y'
484 Trigonometrical Equations
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3 4. Given, 3 sin 2 x − 7 sin x + 2 = 0
⇒ 3 sin 2 x − 6 sin x − sin x + 2 = 0
Topic 3 Problems Based on ⇒ 3 sin x (sin x − 2) − 1 (sin x − 2) = 0
Maximum and Minimum ⇒ (3 sin x − 1) (sin x − 2) = 0
1. PLAN For solving this type of questions, obtain the LHS and RHS in 1
⇒ sin x = [Q sin x = 2 is rejected]
equation and examine, the two are equal or not for a given 3
interval.
1
Given, trigonometrical equation ⇒ x = nπ + (−1)n sin −1 , n ∈ I
3
(sin x − sin 3x) + 2 sin 2x = 3
For 0 ≤ n ≤ 5, x ∈ [0, 5π ]
⇒ −2 cos 2x sin x + 4 sin x cos x = 3
There are six values of x ∈ [0, 5π ] which satisfy the
C + D C − D equation 3 sin 2 x − 7 sin x + 2 = 0.
[Qsin C − sin D = 2 cos sin and
2 2 π
5. tan x + sec x = 2 cos x, x ∉ ( 2n + 1)
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ ] 2
⇒ 2 sin x ( 2 cos x − cos 2x) = 3 ⇒ sin x + 1 = 2 cos 2 x
⇒ 2 sin x ( 2 cos x − 2 cos 2 x + 1) = 3 ⇒ sin x + 1 = 2 (1 − sin 2 x)
3 ⇒ 2 sin x + sin x − 1 = 0
2
1
2
⇒ 2 sin x − 2 cos x − = 3 ⇒ ( 2 sin x − 1) (sin x + 1) = 0
2
2 1
2 ⇒ sin x = , sin x = − 1
1 2
⇒ 3 sin x − 3 = 4 cos x − sin x
2 π 5π
⇒ x= ,
As x ∈ (0, π ) LHS ≤ 0 and RHS ≥ 0 6 6
3π
For solution to exist, LHS = RHS = 0 or x=
2
Now, LHS = 0
π
⇒ 3 sin x − 3 = 0 but x ∉ (2n + 1)
2
⇒ sin x = 1 π 5π
π ∴ x= ,
⇒ x= 6 6
2 Hence, number of solutions are two.
Trigonometrical Equations 485
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∴ f (x) = tan x − x has no root in (0, π / 2)
1 1 a
For π / 2 < x < π , tan x is negative. Hence, x = = Q S∞ = , − 1 < r < 1
1 − cos 2 φ sin 2 φ 1−r
∴ f (x) = tan x − x < 0
1
π Similarly, y =
So, f (x) = 0 has no root in , π . cos 2 φ
2
1
3π and z=
For < x < 2π , tan x is negative. 1 − sin 2 φ cos 2 φ
2
1 1
∴ f (x) = tan x − x < 0 Now, x + y = +
sin φ cos 2 φ
2
3π
So, f (x) = 0 has no root in , 2π .
2 cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ 1
= =
We have, f (π ) = 0 − π < 0 cos 2 φ sin 2 φ cos 2 φ sin 2 φ
3π 3π 3π 1 1
and f = tan − >0 Again, = 1 − sin 2 φ cos 2 φ = 1 −
2 2 2 z xy
3π 1 xy − 1
∴ f (x) = 0 has at least one root between π and . ⇒ = ⇒ xy = xyz − z
2 z xy
3π π 2π 3
sin − sin ⇒ cos x + cos − x =
⇒ n n = 1 3 2
π 3π 2π
sin ⋅ sin sin 1 3 3
n n n ⇒ cos x + − cos x + sin x =
π 3π 2 2 2
sin ⋅ sin
2π π n n 1 3 3
⇒ 2 cos ⋅ sin = ⇒ cos x + sin x =
n n 2π 2 2 2
sin
n π
3
2π 2π 3π ⇒ sin + x = , which is never possible.
⇒ 2 sin ⋅ cos = sin 6 2
n n n
4π 3π Hence, no solution exists.
⇒ sin = sin
n n 16. Since, cos θ ≤ 1 ⇒ log (cos θ ) < 0
4π 3π and cos (log θ ) > 0
⇒ =π−
n n ∴ cos (log θ ) > log (cos θ )
7π
⇒ =π ⇒ n=7 17. Given, cos ( p sin x) = sin ( p cos x) , ∀ x ∈ [0, 2π ]
n
π
13. Given, tan θ = cot 5 θ ⇒ cos ( p sin x) = cos − p cos x
2
π π
⇒ tan θ = tan − 5θ ⇒ p sin x = 2nπ ± − p cos x , n ∈ I
2 2
π [Q cos θ = cos α ⇒ θ = 2nπ ± α , n ∈ I ]
⇒ − 5 θ = nπ + θ
2 ⇒ p sin x + p cos x = 2nπ + π / 2
π p sin x − p cos x = 2nπ − π / 2, n ∈ I
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⇒ 6 θ = − nπ or
2
⇒ p (sin x + cos x) = 2nπ + π / 2
π nπ
⇒ θ= − or p (sin x − cos x) = 2nπ − π / 2, n ∈ I
12 6
π π π
π ⇒ p 2 (cos sin x + sin cos x) = 2nπ +
Also, cos 4 θ = sin 2 θ = cos − 2 θ 4 4 2
2
π π π
π or p 2 cos sin x − sin cos x = 2nπ − , n ∈ I
⇒ 4 θ = 2 nπ ± − 2 θ 4 4 2
2 (4n + 1)π
⇒ p 2 [sin (x + π / 4)] =
Taking positive sign, 2
π π
6 θ = 2 nπ + or p 2 [sin (x − π / 4)] = (4n − 1) , n ∈ I
2 2
nπ π − 1 ≤ sin (x ± π / 4) ≤ 1
⇒ θ= + Now,
3 12
⇒ − p 2 ≤ p 2 sin (x ± π / 4) ≤ p 2
Taking negative sign, (4n + 1) ⋅ π
π π ⇒ −p 2≤ ≤ p 2, n ∈I
2 θ = 2 nπ − ⇒ θ = nπ − 2
2 4 (4n − 1) π
or −p 2≤ ≤ p 2, n ∈I
Above values of θ suggest that there are only 3 common 2
solutions.
Second inequality is always a subset of first, therefore
14. Given, 2 sin 2 x − 3 sin x + 1 ≥ 0 we have to consider only first.
⇒ 2 sin 2 x − 2 sin x − sin x + 1 ≥ 0 It is sufficient to consider n ≥ 0, because for n > 0, the
solution will be same for n ≥ 0.
⇒ (2 sin x − 1) (sin x − 1) ≥ 0
If n ≥ 0, − 2 p ≤ (4n + 1) π / 2
⇒ 2 sin x − 1 ≤ 0 or sin x ≥ 1
⇒ (4n + 1) π / 2 ≤ 2 p
1
⇒ sin x ≤ or sin x = 1 For p to be least, n should be least.
2
π π 5π ⇒ n =0
⇒ x ∈ 0, ∪ ∪ ,π π
6 2 6 ⇒ 2 p ≥ π /2 ⇒ p≥
2 2
2π
15. Given, x+ y= π
3 Therefore, least value of p =
3 2 2
and cos x + cos y =
2
Trigonometrical Equations 487
e sin x −
1
=4 π
18. Given, = 2 sin + θ
e sin x 4
⇒ (e sin x )2 − 4 (e sin x ) − 1 = 0 π
⇒ cos θ + sin θ ≤ 2 <
4 ± 16 + 4 2
⇒ e sin x = =2 ± 5
2 π
as, 2 = 1.4141, = 1.57 (approx)
2
But since, e ~ 2 .72 and we know, 0 < e sin x
<e
∴ e sin x = 2 ± 5 is not possible. π
⇒ cos θ + sin θ <
Hence, it does not exist any solution. 2
π
19. The point of intersection is given by Since, cos θ < − sin θ
π 2
sin 3x = cos x = sin − x π
2
⇒ sin (cos θ ) < sin − sin θ
2
π
⇒ 3x = nπ + (−1) − x n
2 ⇒ sin (cos θ ) < cos (sin θ )
(i) Let n be even i.e. n = 2 m ⇒ cos (sin θ ) > sin (cos θ )
π
⇒
π
3x = 2 mπ + −x 21. Let f (θ ) = 5 cos θ + 3 cos θ + + 3
2 3
mπ π π π
⇒ n= + ...(i) = 5 cos θ + 3 cos θ cos − sin θ sin + 3
2 8 3 3
(ii) Let n be odd i.e. n = ( 2 m + 1) 1 3
= 5 cos θ + 3 cos θ − 3 sin θ + 3
π 2 2
∴ 3x = ( 2 m + 1) π − − x
2
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13 3 3
π = cos θ − sin θ + 3
⇒ 3x = 2 mπ + +x 2 2
2
1
π ⇒ f (θ ) = (13 cos θ − 3 3 sin θ ) + 3
⇒ x = mπ + ...(ii) 2
4
π π Put r cos α = 13, r sin α = 3 3 , then
Now, − ≤x≤
2 2 r = 169 + 27
π π 3π = 196 = 14
⇒ x= , − [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
8 4 8 1
∴ f (θ ) = (r cos α cos θ − r sin α sin θ ) + 3
Thus, points of intersection are 2
1
π π π π 3π 3π = r cos (θ + α ) + 3
, cos , cos − , cos 2
8 8 4 4 8 8
= 7 cos (θ + α ) + 3
1 1
20. We have, cos θ + sin θ = 2 cos θ + sin θ Now, −1 ≤ cos (θ + α ) ≤ 1
2 2
⇒ −7 ≤ 7 cos (θ + α ) ≤ 7
π π
= 2 sin ⋅ cos θ + cos ⋅ sin θ ⇒ − 4 ≤ f (θ ) ≤ 10
4 4
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Topic 2 Properties of Inverse Functions
Objective Questions II 4. If α = 3sin −1 and β = 3 cos −1 , where the inverse
6 4
(One or more than one correct option)
11 9
trigonometric functions take only the principal values,
1. Let f (x) = log e (sin x), (0 < x < π ) and g (x) = sin − 1 (e− x ), then the correct option(s) is/are (2015 Adv.)
(x ≥ 0). If α is a positive real number such that (a) cos β > 0 (b) sin β < 0
a = ( fog )′ (α ) and b = ( fog )(α ), then (2019 Main, 10 April II) (c) cos (α + β ) > 0 (d) cos α < 0
(a) aα 2 − bα − a = 0 (b) aα 2 − bα − a = 1
(c) aα 2 + bα − a = − 2α 2 (d) aα 2 + bα + a = 0 5. If 0 < x < 1, then 1 + x2 [{ x cos (cot−1 x)
19 n + sin (cot−1 x)}2 − 1]1/ 2 is equal to (2008, 3M)
2. The value of cot ∑ cot−1 1 + ∑ 2 p is (a)
x
(b) x (c) x 1 + x2 (d) 1 + x2
n =1 p =1 1 + x2
23 21 (2019 Main, 10 Jan II)
(a) (b) 6. The value of x for which sin [cot−1 (1 + x)] = cos (tan −1 x)
22 19
19 22 is (2004, 1M)
(c) (d) 1 1
21 23 (a) (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) −
2 2
π
3. If cos −1 + cos −1 = x > , then x is equal to
2 3 3
3x 4x 2 x2 x3 x4 x6
4 7. If sin −1 x − + − K + cos −1 x2 − + − K
(2019 Main, 9 Jan I) 2 4 2 4
145 146 π
(a) (b) = , for 0 <| x| < 2, then x equals (2001, 1M)
10 12 2
145 145 (a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) –1/2 (d) –1
(c) (d)
12 11
Inverse Circular Functions 489
2π
8. The principal value of sin −1 sin is (1986, 2M)
x
function defined by f (x) = log e and g : E 2 → R be
3 x − 1
2π
(a) − x
3 the function defined by g (x) = sin − 1 log e .
2π x −1
(b)
3 (2018 Adv.)
π
(c)
3
5π
List I List II
(d) 1 e
3 − ∞, ∪ e − 1 , ∞
P. The range of f is 1. 1 − e
Match the Columns Q. The range of g contains 2. (0, 1)
9. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer The domain of f 3. 1 1
− ,
2 2
using the code given below the lists. R. contains
List I List II S. The domain of g is 4. (− ∞ , 0) ∪ (0, ∞ )
P. cos(tan−1 y) + y sin(tan−1 y) 2
1/ 2
1. 1 5 e
1 − ∞,
e − 1
2 + y
4 5.
−1 −1
takes value 2 3
y cot (sin y) + tan(sin y)
1 e
Q. If cos x + cos y + cos z = 0 = sin x + sin y + sin z, then 2. (− ∞ , 0) ∪ ,
2 e − 1
2 6.
x − y
possible value of cos is
2 The correct option is
R. If cos π − x cos 2 x + sin x sin2 x sec x 3. 1
(a) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 1; S → 1
4 2
(b) P → 3; Q → 3; R → 6; S → 5
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π
= cos x sin2 x sec x + cos + x cos 2 x, then (c) P → 4; Q → 2; R → 1; S → 6
4
possible value of sec x is (d) P → 4; Q → 3; R → 6; S → 5
S. If cot (sin−1 1 − x 2 ) = sin[tan−1( x 6 )], 4. 1
Numerical Value Based
x = 0. Then, possible value of x is
12. The number of real solutions of the equation
Codes ∞ ∞
x
i
sin −1 ∑ xi+ 1 − x ∑
P Q R S 2
(a) 4 3 1 2 i = 1 i =1
(b) 4 3 2 1 π ∞ x i ∞
= − cos −1 ∑ − − ∑ (− x)i lying in the interval
(c) 3 4 2 1 2 2
i = 1 i =1
(d) 3 4 1 2
1 1
10. Let (x, y) be such that − , is ................... .
π 2 2
sin −1 (ax) + cos −1 ( y) + cos −1 (bxy) = . (2007)
2 (Here, the inverse trigonometric functions sin −1 x
Column I Column II π π
and cos −1x assume values in − , and [0, π ],
2 2
A. If a = 1 and b = 0, then (x, y) p. lies on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1
respectively.) (2018 Adv.)
B. If a = 1 and b = 1, then (x, y) q. lies on ( x 2 − 1)( y 2 − 1) = 0
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π
3. If α = cos −1 , β = tan −1 , where 0 < α , β < , then
3 1 6 17
(a) (b)
5 3 2 17 6
16
α − β is equal to (2019 Main, 8 April I) (c) (d) None of these
7
−1 9 −1 9
(a) tan (b) cos
5 10 5 10
Fill in the Blanks
(d) sin −1
9
(c) tan −1
9
π
14 5 10
10. The numerical value of tan 2 tan −1 − is … .
1
5 4 (1984, 2M)
4. Considering only the principal values of inverse
π
functions, the set A = x ≥ 0 : tan −1 (2x) + tan −1 (3x) = 11. If a, b, c are positive real numbers
4 a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c)
(2019 Main, 12 Jan I) θ = tan −1 + tan −1
bc ca
(a) is an empty set
c (a + b + c)
(b) is a singleton + tan −1 .
(c) contains more than two elements ab
(d) contains two elements Then, tan θ equals …… . (1981, 2M)
5. If x = sin −1 (sin 10) and y = cos −1 (cos 10), then y − x is
12. Solve the following equation for x.
equal to (2019 Main, 9 Jan II)
π
(a) 0 (b) 10 (c) 7π (d) π tan −1 2x + tan −1 3x = (1978, 3M)
4
Answers
Topic 1 −2 6
12. (2) 13. 3 14. 15. 3
1. (c) 2. (A) 5
Topic 2 Topic 3
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b, c, d) 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b)
5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a)
9. P → 4; Q → 3; R → 2; S → 1 7 1
9. (b) 10. − 11. 0 12. x =
10. A → p; B → q; C → p; D → s 11. (a) 17 6
Hints & Solutions
Topic 1 Domain and Range Now, fog (x) = f ( g (x)) = f (sin − 1 (e− x ))
1. Given function is = log e (sin(sin − 1 (e− x )))
π = log e (e− x ) {Qsin(sin − 1 x) = x, if x ∈ [− 1, 1]}
tan −1 x(x + 1) + sin −1 x2 + x + 1 =
2 =−x …(i)
d
Function is defined, if and ( fog )′ (x) = (− x) = − 1 …(ii)
(i) x (x + 1) ≥ 0, since domain of square root function. dx
(ii) x2 + x + 1 ≥ 0, since domain of square root function. According to the question,
−1 Q a = ( fog )′ (α ) = − 1 [from Eq. (ii)]
(iii) x + x + 1 ≤ 1, since domain of sin function.
2
⇒ x = 0, x = − 1
n =1
p =1
2. Given, A = 2 tan −1 ( 2 2 − 1) 19 19 n (n + 1)
= cot ∑ cot−1(1 + n (n + 1)) Q ∑ p =
2
1 3 n =1 n = 1
B = 3 sin −1 + sin −1
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and
3 5 19
−1
Here, A = 2 tan (2 2 − 1) = cot ∑ cot−1 (1 + n + n 2)
n =1
= 2 tan −1 (2 × 1.414 − 1) 19
1
= 2 tan −1 (1.828) = cot ∑ tan −1
1 + n (n + 1)
n =1
π 2π
∴ A > 2 tan −1 ( 3 ) = 2 ⋅ = 1
3 3 [ Q cot−1 x = tan −1 , if x > 0 ]
x
To find the value of B, we first say
19 (n + 1) − n
1 1 π = cot ∑ tan −1
sin −1 < sin −1 = [put 1 = (n + 1) − n]
3 2 6 n =1 1 + n (n + 1)
1 π 19
so that 0 < 3 sin −1 <
3 2 = cot ∑ (tan −1 (n + 1) − tan −1 n )
n =1
1 1 1
Now, 3 sin −1 = sin −1 3 ⋅ − 4 ⋅
3 3 27 −1 x − y −1 −1
Q tan 1 + xy = tan x − tan y
23
= sin −1
27 = cot [(tan −1 2 − tan −1 1) + (tan −1 3 − tan −1 2) +
3 π ......+ (tan −1 20 − tan − 1 19)]
= sin −1 (0.851) < sin −1 = = cot (tan 20 − tan −1 1)
−1
2 3
3 π π π
3 = cot − cot−1 20 − − cot− 1 1
sin −1 = sin −1 (0.6) < sin −1 = 2 2
5 2 3
π π 2π [Q tan −1 x + cot−1 x = π / 2 ]
∴ B< + = −1
= cot (cot 1 − cot 20) −1
3 3 3
2π 2π cot (cot−1 1) cot (cot−1 20) + 1
Thus, A > and B < =
3 3 cot (cot−1 20) − cot (cot−1 1)
cot A cot B + 1
Hence, greater angle is A. [ Q cot ( A − B) =
cot B − cot A
(1 × 20) + 1
Topic 2 Properties of Inverse Functions = [Qcot (cot−1 x) = x]
20 − 1
1. Given functions, f (x) = log e (sin x), (0 < x < π ) and 21
g (x) = sin − 1 (e− x ), x ≥ 0. =
19
492 Inverse Circular Functions
Key Idea Use the formula, ⇒ cot θ = x
3. cos −1 x + cos −1 y = cos −1( xy − 1 − x 2 1 − y 2 ) 1
⇒ sin θ = = sin (cot−1 x)
2 3 π 1 + x2
We have, cos −1 + cos −1 =
3x 4x 2 x
and cos θ = = cos (cot−1 x)
2 3 4 9 π 1 + x2
⇒ cos −1 ⋅ − 1− 2 1− =
3x 4x 9x 16x2 2 Now, 1 + x2 [{ x cos (cot−1 x) + sin (cot−1 x)}2 − 1]1/ 2
−1 −1 −1
[Q cos x + cos y = cos (xy − 1 − x 2
1 − y )]
2
2
1/ 2
2 x 1
1 9x2 − 4 16x2 − 9 π = 1+ x x + − 1
⇒ cos −1 2 − = 1 + x2 1 + x2
2x 12x2 2
1/ 2
2
1 + x2
⇒
6 − 9x2 − 4 16x2 − 9
= cos
π
=0 = 1 + x2 − 1
1 + x2
12x2 2
⇒ 9x2 − 4 16x2 − 9 = 6 = 1 + x 2 [1 + x 2 − 1]1/ 2 = x 1 + x 2
On squaring both sides,
6. Given, sin [cot−1 (1 + x)] = cos (tan −1 x) … (i)
⇒ (9x2 − 4)(16x2 − 9) = 36
and we know that,
⇒ 144x4 − 81x2 − 64x2 + 36 = 36
⇒ 144x4 − 145x2 = 0 1 1
cot−1 θ = sin −1 and tan −1 θ = cos −1
⇒ x2(144x2 − 145) = 0 1 + θ2 1 + θ2
145 145
⇒ x = 0 or x = ± =± From Eq. (i),
144 12
1
coderguru.in
1
3
But x > , x=
145 sin sin −1 = cos cos −1
1 + (1 + x)2 1 + x2
4 12
6 1 π ⇒ 1 + x2 + 2x + 1 = x2 + 1
⇒ sin −1 > sin −1 =
11 2 6 1
⇒ x=−
6 π 2
−1
∴ α = 3 sin > π
11 2 7. We know that, sin −1 (α ) + cos −1 (α ) =
2
⇒ cos α < 0
Therefore, α should be equal in both functions.
4
Now, β = 3 cos −1 x2 x3 x4 x6
9 ∴ x−
+ − K = x2 − + −K
2 4 2 4
4 1 4 1 π
As < ⇒ cos −1 > cos −1 = x x2 x x2
9 2 9 2 3 ⇒ = ⇒ =
x x 2 2 + x 2 + x2
4 1+ 1+
∴ β = 3 cos −1 > π 2 2 2 2
9
2x 2x2
∴ cos β < 0 and sin β < 0 ⇒ =
2 + x 2 + x2
3π
Now, α + β is slightly greater than . ⇒ 2x (2 + x2) = 2x2(2 + x)
2
⇒ 4x + 2x3 = 4x2 + 2x3
∴ cos (α + β ) > 0
⇒ x (4 + 2x2 − 4x − 2x2) = 0
5. We have, 0 < x<1 ⇒ Either x = 0 or 4 − 4x = 0
Let cot−1 x = θ
⇒ x=0 or x=1
C Q 0 < | x|< 2
∴ x=1 and x ≠ 0
√1 + y2
2π −1 π
1 8. sin −1 sin
= sin sin π −
3 3
θ π π
B x A = sin −1 sin =
3 3
Inverse Circular Functions 493
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On squaring and adding, we get
cos 2 x + sin 2 x + cos 2 y + sin 2 y + 2 cos x cos y x
∴ E1 = >0
+ 2 sin x sin y = 1 x−1
1 + – +
⇒ 2 + 2 [cos(x − y)] = 1 ⇒ cos (x − y) = −
2 0 1
2 x − y 1 E1 = x ∈ ( − ∞ , 0) ∪ (1, ∞ )
⇒ 2 cos −1 = −
2 2 and
x
⇒
x − y 1 E2 = x ∈ E1 : sin−1 loge is a real number
2 cos 2 = x − 1
2 2
x− y 1 x
⇒ cos = E2 = − 1 ≤ loge ≤1 ⇒
2 2 x−1
x
π π e −1 ≤ ≤e
R. cos 2x ⋅ cos − x − cos + x + 2 sin 2 x x−1
4 4
x x 1
Now, ≥ e −1 ⇒ − ≥0
= 2 sin x ⋅ cos x x−1 x−1 e
⇒ cos 2x ⋅ ( 2 sin x) + 2 sin x = 2 sin x ⋅ cos x
2
ex − x + 1 x ( e − 1) + 1
⇒ ≥ 0⇒ ≥0
⇒ 2 sin x [cos 2x + 2 sin x − 2 cos x] = 0 e( x − 1) ( x − 1) e
⇒ sin x = 0, (cos x − sin x) (cos x + sin x − 2 ) = 0 + – +
–1 1
⇒ sec x = 1 or tan x = 1
e–1
⇒ sec x = 1 or 2
1
⇒ x ∈ − ∞, ∪ (1, ∞ )
S. cot (sin −1 1 − x2 ) = sin(tan −1 (x 6 )) 1− e
x x 6 x
⇒ = Also, ≤e
1−x 2
1 + 6x2 x−1
( e − 1)x − e
⇒ 1 + 6x2 = 6 − 6x2 ⇒ ≥0
x−1
5 5 + – +
⇒ 12x2 = 5 ⇒ x= =
12 2 3 1 e
e–1
(P) → 4, (Q) → 3, (R) → 2 or 4, (S) → 1
e
⇒ x ∈ ( − ∞ , 1) ∪ , ∞
e − 1
494 Inverse Circular Functions
1 e Let f ( x ) = x3 + 2x 2 + 5x − 2
So, E2 = −∞ ,
∪ e − 1 , ∞
e
1− f ′ ( x ) = 3x 2 + 4x + 5
∴ The domain of f and g are f ′ ( x ) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
1 e ∴ x3 + 2x 2 + 5x − 2 has only one real roots
−∞ , ∪ , ∞
1 − e e − 1 Therefore, total number of real solution is 2.
x 13. LHS = cos tan −1 [sin (cot−1 x)]
and Range of is R + − { 1}
x−1
1
⇒ Range of f is R − { 0} or ( −∞ , 0) ∪ ( 0, ∞ ) = cos tan −1 sin sin −1
1 + x2
π π π π
Range of g is − , − { 0} or − , 0 ∪ 0,
2 2 2 2 1 x2 + 1
= cos tan −1 = = RHS
Now, P → 4, Q → 2, R → 1, S → 1 1 + x2 x2 + 2
12. We have,
14. Let f (x) = cos ( 2 cos −1 x + sin −1 x)
∞ ∞
x
i
−1
sin Σ x i + 1 − x Σ π π
i = 1 i = 1 2 = cos cos −1 x + Q cos −1 x + sin −1 x =
2 2
π ∞
− x
i ∞ −1
= − sin (cos x)
= − cos−1 Σ − Σ ( − x )i
2 i = 1 2 i =1
⇒ f (x) = − sin (sin −1 1 − x2 )
x 1 −1 1
x⋅ ⇒ f = − sin sin 1 − 2
−1 x
2
⇒ sin − 2 5 5
1 − x 1 − x
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2 6 2 6
2 = − sin sin −1 =−
5 5
−x
π −1 2 (− x) 15. PLAN
= − cos −
2 x 1 + x (i) Using definition of f( x ) = cos −1( x ) , we trace the curve
1 + f( x ) = cos −1(cos x ) .
2
(ii) The number of solutions of equations involving trigonometric
∞ i +1 x2 and algebraic functions and involving both functions are
Σ
i =1
Q x = x 2
+ x3
+ x 4
+ ... =
1 − x found using graphs of the curves.
using sum of infinite terms of GP x ∈ [0, π]
x, if
x2 x2 π 2π − x, x ∈ [π , 2π]
−1 x x if
⇒ sin−1 − = − cos − We know that, cos −1 (cos x) =
1 − x 2 − x 2 1 + x 2 + x − 2π + x, if x ∈ [2π, 3π]
x2 x2 −1 x x 4π − x, if x ∈ [3π, 4π]
⇒ sin−1 − = sin −
1 − x 2 − x 1 + x 2 + x Y
−1 π −1
Q sin x = 2 − cos x π y = cos –1 (cos x)
10 – π π
y=
10 π/2 x π–
2π
2 –x
x2 x2 x x 4π
π–
⇒ − = − (0, 1)
1− x 2− x 1+ x 2+ x
X
2− x−1+ x (2 + x − 1 − x) π π 3π 2π 5π 3π 10 4π
⇒ x2 =x 2 2 2
(1 − x ) ( 2 − x ) (1 + x ) ( 2 + x ) 10 – x x
y= =1–
x 1 10 10
⇒ = or x = 0
2 − 3x + x 2 2 + 3x + x 2 10 − x
From above graph, it is clear that y = and
⇒ x + 3x + 2x = x − 3x + 2
3 2 2
−1
10
y = cos (cos x) intersect at three distinct points, so
⇒ x + 2x 2 + 5x − 2 = 0 or x = 0
3
number of solutions is 3.
Inverse Circular Functions 495
We have, 5
12 3 52 – 3 2 = 4
sin − 1 − sin − 1
13 5
α
12 2 2 3
3 3 12
= sin − 1 1− − 1−
13 5 5 13 4
Clearly, α = tan −1
3
[Qsin − 1 x − sin − 1 y = sin − 1 (x 1 − y2 − y 1 − x2), 4 1
−
if x + y ≤ 1 or if xy > 0 and x + y > 1 ∀x, y ∈ [− 1, 1]]
2 2 2 2 −1 4 −1 1 −1 3 3
So, α − β = tan − tan = tan
3 3 4 1
12 4 3 5 1 + ×
= sin − 1 × − × 3 3
13 5 5 13
−1 x − y
48 − 15 −1 −1
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= sin − 1 Q tan x − tan y = tan 1 + xy , if xy > − 1
65
−1 1 −1 9
33 = tan = tan
= sin − 1 4 13
65 1+
9
2
33 250
= cos − 1 1 −
65 3
2 =
2 1
9+ 9
−1 3136 −1 −1
= cos [Qsin x = cos 1−x ]
2
α –β
4225 13
− 1 56 π − 1 56 9 9
= cos = − sin = sin−1 = sin−1
65 2 65
9 + 13
2 2 250
π
Q sin − 1 θ + cot− 1 θ = 9
2 = sin −1
5 10
2. Given equation is 4. Given equation is
y π
cos − 1 x − cos − 1 = α, where − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, tan − 1 (2x) + tan −1 (3x) = , x≥0
2 4
y π
− 2 ≤ y ≤ 2 and x ≤ ∴ ⇒ tan −1
5x
= , 6x2 < 1
2
1 − 6x 2
4
y x + y
cos − 1 x + 1 − x2 1 − ( y / 2)2 = α [Q tan − 1 x + tan − 1 y = tan −1 , xy < 1]
2
1 − xy
[Q cos − 1 x − cos − 1 y = cos − 1 (xy + 1 − x2 1 − y2), 5x 1
⇒ = 1 , x2 <
| x|,| y| ≤ 1 and x + y ≥ 0] 1 − 6x 2
6
xy 1
⇒ + 1 − x2 1 − ( y / 2)2 = cos α ⇒ 6x2 + 5x − 1 = 0, 0 ≤ x < [Q x ≥ 0]
2 6
xy
⇒ 1 − x2 1 − ( y / 2)2 = cos α − ⇒ 6x2 + 6x − x − 1 = 0, 0≤x<
1
2 6
On squaring both sides, we get 1
⇒ 6x (x + 1) − 1 (x + 1) = 0, 0≤x<
y2 x2y2 xy 6
(1 − x2) 1 − = cos 2 α + −2 cos α
4 4 2
496 Inverse Circular Functions
–π/2 3π/2
x 23
π/2 π 2π 5π/2 3π
⇒ cot ∑ cot−1 (1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + K + 2n )
n = 1
∴ x = sin − 1 (sin 10) = − 10 + 3π ...(i) 23
and the graph of y = cos − 1 (cos x) is ⇒ cot ∑ cot−1 {1 + n (n + 1)}
n = 1
Y
23
x
1
y=
⇒ cot ∑ tan −1
y=
π+
x
–x
y=
2π
–2
1 + n (n + 1)
+
n = 1
–x
y=
4π
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O π 2π 3π 10 4π 23 (n + 1) − n
⇒ cot ∑ tan −1
n = 1 1 + n (n + 1)
∴ y = cos − 1 (cos 10) = − 10 + 4π ...(ii)
Now, from Eqs. (i) and (ii), 23
⇒ cot ∑ (tan −1 (n + 1) − tan −1 ln n )
y − x = (− 10 + 4π) − (− 10 + 3π) = π n = 1
2x
6. Given, tan −1 y = tan −1 x + tan −1 ⇒ cot [(tan −1 2 − tan −1 1) + (tan −1 3 − tan −1 2)
1 − x2
+ (tan −1 4 − tan −1 3)] + K + (tan −1 24 − tan −1 23)]
2x ⇒ cot (tan −1 24 − tan −1 1)
x+ 2
1 1−x 24 − 1 −1 23
where|x| < ⇒ tan −1 y = tan −1 ⇒ cot tan −1 = cot tan
3 1 − x 2x
1 + 24 ⋅ (1) 25
1 − x2
25 25
= cot cot−1 =
23 23
−1 −1 −1 x + y
Q tan x + tan y = tan 1 − xy ,
8. Since, x , y and z are in an AP.
where x > 0, y > 0 and xy < 1 ∴ 2y = x + z
Also, tan −1
x, tan − 1 y and tan − 1 z are in an AP.
x − x + 2x 3
∴ 2 tan − 1 y = tan − 1 x + tan − 1 (z )
= tan −1
1 − x2 − 2x2 2y x+ z
⇒ tan − 1 = tan − 1
3x − x3 1 − y2 1 − xz
−1 −1
tan y = tan
1 − 3 x2 x+ z x+ z
⇒ = ⇒ y2 = xz
1 − y2 1 − xz
3x − x 3
⇒ y=
1 − 3x2 Since x, y and z are in an AP as well as in a GP.
1 ∴ x= y=z
|x| <
3
2 2
9. tan cos −1 + tan −1 = tan tan −1 + tan −1
1 1 4 3
⇒ − <x<
3 3 5 3 4 3
–1 4 −1 3
Q cos 5 = tan 4
Inverse Circular Functions 497
3 2 a b c
+ a + b+ c + +
17 17 bc ca ab
= tan tan 4 3 = tan tan −1 =
−1
6 6
− (a + b + c) a + b + c
3 2
1 − ⋅
4 3 abc
= tan −1
1 1 − (a + b + c) 1 + 1 + 1
−1 1 π −1
2⋅ π a b c
10. tan 2 tan − = tan tan 5 −
5 4 1 − 1 4
25
a + b+ c a + b+ c
5 π (a + b + c) − (a + b + c)
= tan tan −1 − = tan −1 abc abc
12 4
(a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca )
1−
5 π abc
tan tan −1 − tan
12 4
= ⇒ θ = tan −1 0 ⇒ tan θ = 0
5 π π
1 + tan tan −1 tan 12. Given, tan −1 2x + tan −1 3x =
12 4 4
5
−1 2x + 3x π
12 7 ⇒ tan −1 =
= =− 1 − 6x2 4
5 17
1+ ⋅1 5x
12 ⇒ =1
1 − 6x2
11. Given,
a (a + b + c) b (a + b + c) ⇒ 6x2 + 5x − 1 = 0
θ = tan −1 + tan −1
bc ac ⇒ (x + 1) (6x − 1) = 0
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1
c (a + b + c) ⇒ x = −1 or
+ tan −1 6
ab
But x = −1 does not satisfy the given equation.
−1 −1 −1 −1 x + y + z − xyz
Q tan x + tan y + tan z = tan 1 − xy − yz − zx
1
∴ We take x =
6
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(a) (b) 4 3 (c) 2 3 (d)
(c) (b − c) cos
B – C A
3 3 = a cos
2 2
b+ c c+ a a+ b B − C
2. Given, = = for a ∆ABC with usual A
(d) (b − c) cos = a sin
11 12 13
2 2
cos A cos B cos C
notation. If = = , then the ordered 7. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 1 : 1, then
α β γ
the ratio of the longest side to the perimeter is
triad (α , β , γ ) has a value (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) (2003, 1M)
(a) (19, 7, 25) (b) (3, 4, 5) (a) 3 : (2 + 3 ) (b) 1 : 3 : 2
(c) (5, 12, 13) (d) (7, 19, 25) (c) 1 : 2 + 3 (d) 2 : 3
3. In a triangle, the sum of lengths of two sides is x and 1
the product of the lengths of the same two sides is y. 8. In a ∆ABC, 2ac sin ( A − B + C ) is equal to
2 (2000, 2M)
If x 2 − c 2 = y, where c is the length of the third side of
(a) a 2 + b2 − c2 (b) c2 + a 2 − b2
the triangle, then the circumradius of the triangle is (c) b2 − c2 − a 2 (d) c2 − a 2 − b2
(2019 Main, 11 Jan I)
c c π P Q
(a) (b) 9. In a ∆PQR, ∠R = , if tan and tan are the
3 3 2 2 2
3 y
(c) y (d) roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 ( a ≠ 0), then
2
2 3
(a) a + b = c (b) b + c = a (1999, 2M)
4. ABCD is a trapezium such that AB and CD are (c) a + c = b (d) b = c
parallel and BC ⊥ CD, if ∠ ADB = θ, BC = p and
10. If in a ∆PQR, sin P, sin Q, sin R are in AP, then
CD = q, then AB is equal to (2013 Main)
(a) the altitudes are in AP (1998, 2M)
( p 2 + q2 ) sin θ p 2 + q2 cos θ (b) the altitudes are in HP
(a) (b)
p cos θ + q sin θ p cos θ + q sin θ (c) the medians are in GP
p 2 + q2 ( p 2 + q2 ) sin θ (d) the medians are in AP
(c) (d)
p 2 cos θ + q2 sin θ ( p cos θ + q sin θ)2 π π
11. In a ∆ABC, ∠B = and ∠C = . Let D divides BC
5. If the angles A, B and C of a triangle are in an 3 4
arithmetic progression and if a, b and c denote the sin ∠BAD
internally in the ratio 1 : 3, then is equal to
lengths of the sides opposite to A, B and C sin ∠CAD
respectively, then the value of the expression 1 1 (1995, 2M)
a c (a) (b)
sin 2 C + sin 2 A is (2010) 6 3
c a 1 2
1 3 (c) (d)
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 3 3 3
2 2
Properties of Triangles 499
coderguru.in
(c) locus of point A is an ellipse
45°. Find the length of the side BC. (1985, 5M)
(d) locus of point A is a pair of straight line b+ c c+ a
22. With usual notation, if in a ∆ABC =
15. Internal bisector of ∠A of ∆ABC meets side BC at D. 11 12
a+b cos A cos B cos C
A line drawn through D perpendicular to AD = , then prove that = = .
intersects the side AC at E and side AB at F. If a, b, c 13 7 19 25
represent sides of ∆ ABC, then (2006, 5M) (1984, 4M)
16. There exists a ∆ABC satisfying the conditions 24. If in a triangle ABC, a = 1 + 3 cm, b = 2 cm and
π π (1986, 2M) ∠C = 60° , then find the other two angles and the
(a) b sin A = a, A < (b) b sin A > a, A >
2 2 third side. (1978, 3M)
π π
(c) b sin A > a , A < (d) b sin A < a, A < , b > a
2 2
4. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 2 , then (i) The sides a , b, c and area of triangle are rational.
the angles of the triangle are in the ratio (2004, 1M) B C
(ii) a , tan , tan are rational.
(a) 1 : 3 : 5 (b) 2 : 3 : 2 (c) 3 : 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 2 : 3 2 2
(iii) a , sin A , sin B, sin C are rational.
Fill in the Blank Prove that (i) ⇒ (ii) ⇒ (iii) ⇒ (i) (1994, 5M)
5. If the angle of a triangle are 30° and 45° and the 12. In a triangle of base a, the ratio of the other two sides
included side is ( 3 + 1) cm, then the area of the is r(< 1). Show that the altitude of the triangle is less
triangle is … . (1988, 2M)
ar
than or equal to .
1 − r2
6. The set of all real numbers a such that a 2 + 2a , 2a + 3 (1991, 4M)
and a 2 + 3a + 8 are the sides of a triangle is …… 13. If in a ∆ABC, cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin C = 1, then
(1985, 2M) show that a : b : c = 1 : 1 : 2. (1986, 5M)
3
Analytical & Descriptive Questions 14. For a ∆ABC, it is given that cos A + cos B + cos C = .
2
7. If ∆ is the area of a triangle with side lengths a , b, c, Prove that the triangle is equilateral. (1984, 4M)
then show that
15. If p1 , p2 , p3 are the altitudes of a triangle from the
1 vertices A, B, C and ∆ is the area of the triangle, then
∆≤ ( a + b + c) abc
4 prove that
Also, show that the equality occurs in the above 1 1 1 2ab C
+ − = cos 2
inequality if and only if a = b = c. (2001, 6M) p1 p2 p3 (a + b + c)∆ 2 (1978, 3M)
8. Prove that a ∆ABC is equilateral if and only if 16. If p1 , p2 , p3 are the perpendiculars from the vertices
tan A + tan B + tan C = 3 3. (1998, 8M) of a triangle to the opposite sides, then prove that
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9. Show that for any triangle with sides a , b, c a 2b2c2
p1 p2p3 = (1978, 3M)
3( ab + bc + ca ) ≤ ( a + b + c) ≤ 4( ab + bc + ca ).
2
8R3
(1979, 3M)
π Integer Answer Type Question
10. Let A, B, C be three angles such that A = and
4
17. Let ABC and ABC′ be two non-congruent triangles
tan B, tan C = p. Find all positive values of p such
with sides AB = 4 , AC = AC ′ = 2 2 and angle
that A, B, C are the angles of triangle. (1997C, 5M)
B = 30° .The absolute value of the difference between
11. Consider the following statements concerning a the areas of these triangles is (2009)
∆ABC
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9. In a ∆ PQR, let ∠PQR = 30° and the sides PQ and QR 17. Let ABC be a triangle with incentre I and inradius r.
have lengths 10 3 and 10, respectively. Then, which Let D , E , F be the feet of the perpendiculars from I to
of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? (2018 Adv) the sides BC, CA and AB, respectively. If r1 , r2 and r3
(a) ∠QPR = 45° are the radii of circles inscribed in the quadrilaterals
(b) The area of the ∆ PQR is 25 3 and ∠QRP = 120° AFIE, BDIF and CEID respectively, then prove that
(c) The radius of the incircle of the ∆ PQR is 10 3 − 15 r1 r2 r3 r1r2r3
(d) The area of the circumcircle of the ∆ PQR is 100 π + + = .
r − r1 r − r2 r − r3 (r − r1 ) (r − r2) (r − r3 ) (2000 3M)
10. In a ∆XYZ, let x , y , z be the lengths of sides opposite
to the angles X , Y , Z respectively and 2s = x + y + z. 18. Let ABC be a triangle having O and I as its
s−x s− y s−z circumcentre and incentre, respectively. If R and r
If = = and area of incircle of the
4 3 2 are the circumradius and the inradius respectively,
8π then prove that ( IO )2 = R 2 − 2Rr. Further show that
∆XYZ is , then (2016 Adv.)
3 the ∆BIO is a right angled triangle if and only if b is
(a) area of the ∆XYZ is 6 6 the arithmetic mean of a and c. (1999, 10M)
35
(b) the radius of circumcircle of the ∆XYZ is 6 19. The exradii r1 , r2 , r3 of ∆ABC are in HP, show that its
6
X +Y 3 sides a , b, c are in AP. (1983, 3M)
(d) sin 2
X Y Z 4
(c) sin sin sin = =
2 2 2 35 2 5 Integer Answer Type Question
11. A straight line through the vertex P of a ∆PQR 20. Consider a ∆ABC and let a, b and c denote the
intersects the side QR at the point S and the lengths of the sides opposite to vertices A, B and C,
circumcircle of the ∆PQR at the point T . If S is not respectively. a = 6, b = 10 and the area of the
the centre of the circumcircle, then (2008, 4M) triangle is 15 3. If ∠ACB is obtuse and if r denotes
1 1 2 1 1 2
(a) + < (b) + > the radius of the incircle of the triangle, then r 2 is
PS ST QS × SR PS ST QS × SR
equal to……
1 1 4 1 1 4
(c) + < (d) + >
PS ST QR PS ST QR
502 Properties of Triangles
Answers
Topic 1 10. p ∈ ( − ∞, 0 ) ∪ [3 + 2 2, ∞ )
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 17. 4 sq units
5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b)
9. (a) 10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b, d) Topic 3
13. (b) 14. (b, c) 15. (a, b, c, d) 16. (a, d) 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d)
17. 113° 18. 90° 19. n = 7 20. 4, 5, 6 units 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (c)
21. 2 24. c = 6 , ∠B = 45 ° and ∠A = 75 ° 9. (b,c,d) 10. (a, c, d) 11. (b, d) 12.
16
7
Topic 2 3
13. − 14. cosec 20° 15. 5 20. 3
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 2
1+ 3
5. sq cm 6. a > 5
2
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A
1. It is given that angles of a ∆ABC are in AP.
So, ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180º
c b
⇒ ∠B − d + ∠B + ∠B + d = 180º
[if ∠A , ∠B and ∠C are in AP, then it taken as ∠B − d,
∠B, ∠B + d respectively, where d is common difference
of AP] B a C
⇒ 3∠B = 180º ⇒ ∠B = 60º …(i) b + c = 11λ ,c + a = 12λ and a + b = 13λ ...(i)
a 1 ⇒ 2(a + b + c) = 36λ
and = [given]
b 3 ⇒ a + b + c = 18λ ...(ii)
sin A 1
⇒ = From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
sin B 3 a = 7λ, b = 6λ, c = 5λ
sin A sin B sin C
by sine rule = = Now,
a b c
b2 + c2 − a 2 λ2[36 + 25 − 49] 12 1
sin A 1 3 cos A = = = =
⇒ = Q sin B = sin 60° = 2 2bc 60λ2 60 5
3 3 a 2 + c2 − b2 λ2[49 + 25 − 36] 19
2 cos B = = =
2ac 70λ2 35
1
⇒ sin A = ⇒ ∠A = 30º a 2 + b2 − c2 λ2[49 + 36 − 25]
2 and cos C = =
So, ∠C = 90º 2ab 84λ2
∴ From sine rule, 60 5
= =
a b c 84 7
= =
sin A sin B sin C 1 7
Thus, cos A = = ,
a b 4 5 35
⇒ = = [Q c = 4 cm]
1 3 1 19 25
cos B = , cos C =
2 2 35 35
⇒ a = 2 cm, b = 2 3 cm cos A cos B cos C 1
= = =
1 1 7 19 25 35
∴ Area of ∆ABC = ab sin C = × 2 × 2 3 × 1
2 2 ⇒ (α , β , γ ) = (7, 19, 25)
= 2 3 sq. cm
Properties of Triangles 503
a b c q
3. We know that, = = = 2R D C
sin A sin B sin C α
and given that, a + b = x, ab = y and x2 − c2 = y θ
p
2
A
+
q
2
p p
π−(θ+α) α
c b A B
O x−q q
M
R x
p
B a C In ∆DAM, tan( π − θ − α ) =
x−q
p
∴ ( a + b)2 − c2 = ab ⇒ tan(θ + α ) =
q−x
⇒ a 2 + b2 − c2 = − 2ab + ab
⇒ q − x = p cot(θ + α )
⇒ a 2 + b2 − c2 = − ab
⇒ x = q − p cot(θ + α )
a 2 + b2 − c2 − ab 1
⇒ = =− cot θ cot α − 1 q
2ab 2ab 2 = q− p Q cot α = p
cot α + cot θ
1
∴ cosC = − ⇒ C = 120°
2 q
cot θ – 1
a 2 + b2 − c2 p q cot θ − p
[using cosine rule, cosC = ] = q− p = q− p
q q + p cot θ
2ab + cot θ
c p
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Now, = 2R
sin C q cos θ − p sin θ
1 c c 2 = q− p
⇒ R= = q sin θ + p cos θ
2 sin(120° ) 2 3
q2 sin θ + pq cos θ − pq cos θ + p2 sin θ
c ⇒ x=
∴ R= p cos θ + q sin θ
3
( p2 + q2)sin θ
4. Applying sine rule in ∆ABD, ⇒ AB =
p cos θ + q sin θ
q C
D 5. Since, A, B, C are in AP.
θ ⇒ 2 B = A + C i.e. ∠ B = 60º
a c
p
2
P
c a
= 2 k (a cos C + c cos A )
π−(θ+α)
A B using, a = b = c = 1
sin A sin B sin C k
AB p2 + q 2 = 2 k (b)
=
sin θ sin { π − (θ + α )} = 2 sin B [using b = a cos C + c cos A ]
AB p2 + q 2 = 3
⇒ =
sin θ sin(θ + α ) 6. Let a , b, c are the sides of ∆ABC.
p + q sin θ
2 2 q b + c k (sin B + sin C )
⇒ AB = Q cos α = Now, = [by sine rule]
sin θ cos α + cos θ sin α p2 + q2
a k sin A
B + C B − C B − C
( p2 + q2)sin θ 2 sin cos cos
= 2 2 b+ c 2
p cos θ + q sin θ = ⇒ =
A A a A
p 2 sin cos sin
and sin α = 2 2 2
p2 + q 2 B − C
sin
Alternate Solution b−c 2
Also, =
Let AB = x a A
cos
2
504 Properties of Triangles
⇒ a 2 = 4x2 sin 2 A / 2 p2 p3
p1
⇒ a = 2x sin A / 2
coderguru.in
Q a R
⇒ a = 2x sin 60° = 3x
1
Thus, required ratio Also, ap1 = ∆
a 2
= 2∆
a+ b+ c ⇒ = p1
a
3x 2∆
= ⇒ p1 =
x + x + 3x k sin P
=
3 2∆ 2∆
Similarly, p2 = and p3 =
2+ 3 k sin Q k sin R
= 3 :2 + 3 Since, sin P, sin Q and sin R are in AP, hence p1 , p2, p3
8. We know that, A + B + C = 180° are in HP.
3x 3x ⇒ x = − (2 + 3 )
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), =
2 sin α 2 sin β and x=1+ 3
sin α 1 But x = − (2 + 3 )
⇒ =
sin β 6 ⇒ c is negative.
12. PLAN Whenever cosine of angle and sides are given or to find out, we ∴ x = 1 + 3 is the only solution.
should always use Cosine law. A
b2 + c 2 − a2 a2 + c 2 − b2 14. Given, cos B + cos C = 4 sin 2
i.e. cos A = , cos B = 2
2 bc 2 ac
a2 + b2 − c 2 A
and cosC =
2 ab
P
c b
n n
c b
B a C
(n + 2) (n + 4)
Fixed base
Q R B + C B −C 2 A
(n + 2) (n + 4) ⇒ 2 cos cos = 4 sin
2 2 2
a
A B −C A
b2 + c2 − a 2 ⇒ 2 sin cos − 2 sin = 0
∴ cos P = 2 2 2
2bc
1 (2n + 4)2 + (2n + 2)2 − (2n + 6)2 B −C B + C A
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⇒ = ⇒ cos − 2 cos = 0 as sin ≠ 0
2 2 2
3 2(2n + 4) (2n + 2)
B C B C
1 ⇒ − cos cos + 3 sin sin = 0
Q cos p = , given 2 2 2 2
3
B C 1
4n 2 − 16 1 ⇒ tan tan =
⇒ = 2 2 3
8(n + 1) (n + 2) 3 (s − a ) (s − c) (s − b) (s − a ) 1
n2 − 4 1 ⇒ . =
⇒ = s (s − b) s (s − c) 3
2(n + 1) (n + 2) 3
s− a 1
(n − 2) 1 ⇒ = ⇒ 2s = 3a
⇒ = s 3
2(n + 1) 3
⇒ b + c = 2a
⇒ 3n − 6 = 2n + 2 ⇒ n =8
∴ Locus of A is an ellipse.
∴ Sides are (2n + 2), (2n + 4), (2n + 6), i.e. 18, 20, 22.
15. Since, ∆ABC = ∆ABD + ∆ACD
a 2 + b2 − c2
13. Using, cos C = 1 1 A 1 A
2ab ⇒ bc sin A = c AD sin + b AD sin
2 2 2 2 2
A A
A A
2x
c 2 2
1
b
x 2-
1=
b=
E
30º
C B C
a = x2 + x + 1 B D
a
3 (x2 + x + 1)2 + (x2 − 1)2 − (2x + 1)2
⇒ =
2 2 (x2 + x + 1) (x2 − 1)
⇒ (x + 2) (x + 1) (x − 1) x + (x2 − 1)2 = 3 (x2 + x + 1) (x2 − 1) F
⇒ x2 + 2x + (x2 − 1) = 3 (x2 + x + 1) 2bc A
⇒ AD = cos
⇒ (2 − 3 ) x2 + (2 − 3 ) x − ( 3 + 1) = 0 b+ c 2
506 Properties of Triangles
Again, AE = AD sec
A
=
2bc k2 sin 2 A
⇒ sin A =
2 b+ c k sin 2 B − k2 sin 2 C
2
⇒ AE is HM of b and c. sin 2 A
A ⇒ sin A =
EF = ED + DF = 2DE = 2 AD tan sin B − sin 2 C
2
2
sin 2 A
2bc A A 4bc A ⇒ sin A =
=2 cos tan = sin sin (B + C ) sin (B − C )
b+ c 2 2 b+ c 2
sin 2 A
Since, AD ⊥ EF and DE = DF and AD is bisector. ⇒ sin A =
sin A ⋅ sin (B − C )
⇒ ∆AEF is isosceles.
Hence, (a), (b), (c), (d) are correct answers. ⇒ sin (B − C ) = 1 [Q sin A ≠ 0]
⇒ sin (B − 23° ) = sin 90°
16. The sine formula is
a b ⇒ B − 23° = 90°
= ⇒ a sin B = b sin A
sin A sin B ∴ B = 113°
(a) b sin A = a ⇒ a sin B = a 2 cos A cos B 2 cos C a b
18. Given, + + = + …(i)
π a b c bc ca
⇒ B=
2 b2 + c2 − a 2
π We know that, cos A =
Since, ∠ A < , therefore the triangle is possible. 2bc
2
c2 + a 2 − b2
(b) and (c) b sin A > a cos B =
2ac
⇒ a sin B > a ⇒ sin B > 1
∴ ∆ ABC is not possible. a 2 + b2 − c2
and cos C =
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(d) b sin A < a 2ab
⇒ a sin B < a ⇒ sin B < 1 ⇒ ∠B exists. On putting these values in Eq. (i), we get
Now, b > a ⇒ B > A 2 (b2 + c2 − a 2) c2 + a 2 − b2
π +
Since, A < 2abc 2abc
2
∴ The triangle is possible. 2 ( a 2 + b2 − c2 ) a b
+ = +
Hence, (a) and (d) are the correct answers. 2abc bc ca
AD 2 (b2 + c2 − a 2) + c2 + a 2 − b2 + 2 (a 2 + b2 − c2)
17. In ∆ADC , = sin 23° ⇒
b 2abc
A
a 2 + b2
=
abc
b
c ⇒ 3b2 + c2 + a 2 = 2a 2 + 2b2
⇒ b2 + c2 = a 2
23° Hence, the angle A is 90°.
D a C
B
19. Let O be the centre and r be the radius of the circle
⇒ AD = b sin 23° passing through the vertices A1 , A2, …, An.
abc 2π
But AD = 2 [given] Then, ∠A1OA2 =
b − c2 n
abc also OA1 = OA2 = r
⇒ = b sin 23°
b2 − c2 Again, by cos formula, we know that,
a sin 23° 2π OA1 + OA2 − A1 A2
2 2 2
⇒ = …(i) cos =
b2 − c2 c n 2(OA1 )(OA2)
Again, in ∆ABC, O
sin A sin 23°
=
a c 2
sin A a n
r r
⇒ = 2 [from Eq. (i)]
a b − c2
a2 A1
⇒ sin A = A2
b − c2
2
Properties of Triangles 507
2π r + r − A1 A2
2 2 2
⇒ cos = 20. Let ABC be the triangle such that the lengths of its
n 2(r )(r ) sides CA , AB and BC are (x − 1), x and (x + 1)
respectively, where x ∈ N and x > 1. Let ∠B = α be the
2π
⇒ 2r 2 cos = 2r 2 − A1 A22 smallest angle and ∠ A = 2α be the largest angle.
n
A
2π
⇒ A1 A22 = 2r − 2r cos
2 2
n 2 (x−1)
2π x
⇒ A1 A22 = 2r 21 − cos
n
π
⇒ A1 A22 = 2r 2 ⋅ 2 sin 2 B
(x +1)
C
n
π Then, by sine rule, we have
⇒ A1 A22 = 4r 2 sin 2
n sin α sin 2 α
=
π x−1 x+1
⇒ A1 A2 = 2r sin
n sin 2α x + 1
⇒ =
2π sin α x−1
Similarly, A1 A3 = 2r sin
n x+1
⇒ 2 cos α =
3π x−1
and A1 A4 = 2r sin
n x+1
∴ cos α = ...(i)
Since,
1
=
1
+
1
[given] 2 (x − 1)
A1 A2 A1 A3 A1 A4
x2 + (x + 1)2 − (x − 1)2
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1 1 1 Also, cos α = [using cosine law]
⇒ = + 2x (x + 1)
2r sin (π / n ) 2r sin (2π / n ) 2r sin (3π / n )
x+4
1 1 1 ⇒ cos α = ...(ii)
⇒ = + 2 (x + 1)
sin (π / n ) sin (2π / n ) sin (3π / n )
From Eqs. (i) and (ii),
3π 2π x+1 x+4
sin + sin =
1 n n
⇒ = 2 (x − 1) 2 (x + 1)
sin(π / n ) sin (2π / n ) sin (3π / n )
⇒ (x + 1)2 = (x + 4) (x − 1)
2π 3π π 3π
⇒ sin ⋅ sin = sin sin ⇒ x2 + 2x + 1 = x2 + 3x − 4
n n n n
⇒ x=5
π 2π
+ sin ⋅ sin
n n Hence, the lengths of the sides of the triangle are 4, 5
and 6 units.
2π 3π π π 3π
⇒ sin sin n − sin n = sin n ⋅ sin n 21. Let AD be the median to the base BC = a of ∆ABC
n
and let ∠ ADC = θ, then
2π 3π + π 3 π − π
⇒ sin 2 cos sin
n 2n 2n a a a a
+ cot θ = cot 30° − cot 45°
2 2 2 2
π 3π
= sin . sin 3 −1
n n ⇒ cot θ =
2
2π 2π π π 3π
⇒ 2 sin ⋅ cos ⋅ sin = sin sin A
n n n n n
2π 2π 3π 30° 45°
⇒ 2 sin cos = sin
n n n
4π 3π
⇒ sin = sin
n n
4π 3π
⇒ =π− B C
n n a/2 D a/2
7π Applying sine rule in ∆ ADC, we get
⇒ =π
n AD DC
=
⇒ n=7 sin (π − θ − 45° ) sin 45°
508 Properties of Triangles
coderguru.in
⇒ c2 = (1 + 3 )2 + 4 − 2(1 + 3 ) ⋅ 2 cos 60°
b+ c c+ a a + b
22. Let = = =λ ⇒ c2 = 1 + 2 3 + 3 + 4 − 2 − 2 3
11 12 13
⇒ c2 = 6
⇒ (b + c) = 11λ , c + a = 12λ , a + b = 13λ …(i)
⇒ c= 6
⇒ 2 (a + b + c) = 36λ
Using sine rule,
⇒ a + b + c = 18λ …(ii)
a b c
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = =
sin A sin B sin C
a = 7λ , b = 6λ and c = 5λ
1+ 3 2 6
b2 + c2 − a 2 36λ 2 + 25λ 2 − 49λ 2 1 ⇒ = =
cos A = = = sin A sin B sin 60°
2bc 2 (30) λ 2 5
3
2×
a 2 + c2 − b2 49λ 2 + 25λ2 − 36λ 2 19 2 sin 60° 2 = 1
cos B = = = ∴ sin B = =
2ac 70λ 2 35 6 6 2
a 2 + b2 − c2 49λ 2 + 36λ 2 − 25λ 2 5 ⇒ B = 45°
cos C = = =
2ab 84λ 2 7 ∴ A = 180° − (60°+45° ) = 75°
1 19 5
∴ cos A : cos B : cos C = : : = 7 : 19 : 25
5 35 7 Topic 2 Applications of Area, Napier’s
23. In ∆ADC, we have Analogy and Solution of a Triangle
B
1. For a ∆ABC, it is given that a = 3 + 1 ,
b = 3 − 1 and ∠A + ∠B = 120º
a/2
D A
90°–A
c
a/2
C c b
A b
AC
cos C = B a C
CD
2b Clearly, ∠C = 60º [Q ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180º ]
cos C = …(i)
a
Properties of Triangles 509
coderguru.in
B C c
a a
( s − b) ( s − a)
Then, tan ( A / 2) =
s ( s − a)
a+ b+ c
where, s= C b A
2
7 5 or ∠C = 90°
2+ +
⇒ s= 2 2 =4 a 1
2 and =
b 3
2 sin P − sin 2 P 2 sin P (1 − cos P )
∴ = a 1
2 sin P + sin 2 P 2 sin P (1 + cos P ) In ∆BAC , tan A = =
b 3
2 sin 2 (P /2)
= = tan 2 (P /2) ⇒ A = 30°
2 cos 2 (P /2)
and B = 60° [Q A + B = 90°]
P ∴ Ratio of angles, A : B : C = 30° : 60° : 90° = 1 : 2 : 3
a b c
b = 7/2
5. By sine rule, = =
c = 5/2 sin A sin B sin C
3 +1 b
Q R ⇒ =
a=2 sin (105° ) sin 30°
(s − b) (s − c) (s − b) (s − c)
⇒ × A
s (s − a ) (s − b) (s − c)
2 2 c 105° b
7 5
4 − 4 −
[(s − b)2 (s − c)2] 2 2
2
3 B
30° 45°
= = = a = ( 3+1)
C
∆2 ∆2 4∆
3. Let AB = AC = a and ∠ A = 120° . ( 3 + 1) sin 30°
1 ⇒ b=
∴ Area of triangle = a 2 sin 120° sin 105°
2
∴ Area of triangle
where, a = AD + BD = 3 tan 30° + 3 cot 15°
3 1 1 ( 3 + 1)sin 30° sin 45°
=1 + = ab sin 45° = ( 3 + 1)
tan (45° − 15° ) 2 2 sin 105°
510 Properties of Triangles
coderguru.in
∴ Triangle is formed, if a > 5
9. By using triangular inequality,
1
7. Given, ∆≤ (a + b + c) abc c<a+b
4
1 ⇒ c2 < ca + ab
⇒ (a + b + c) abc ≥ 1
4∆
(a + b + c) abc Similarly, a 2 < ab + ac and b2 < bc + ab
⇒ ≥1
16∆2 ∴ a 2 + b2 + c2 < 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
2s abc ⇒ (a + b + c ) + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca < 4(ab + bc + ca )
2 2 2
⇒ ≥1
16∆2
⇒ (a + b + c)2 < 4(ab + bc + ca ) ... (i)
sabc
⇒ ≥1 Now, using AM-GM inequality in a , b and c, we get
8 ⋅ s (s − a ) (s − b) (s − c)
abc a 2 + b2 b2 + c2 c2 + a 2
⇒ ≥1 ≥ ab, ≥ bc and ≥ ca
8 (s − a ) (s − b) (s − c) 2 2 2
abc ⇒ a 2 + b2 + c2 ≥ ab + bc + ca
⇒ ≥ (s − a ) (s − b) (s − c)
8 ⇒ a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca ≥ 3(ab + bc + ca )
Now, put s − a = x ≥ 0, s − b = y ≥ 0, s − c = z ≥ 0 ⇒ (a + b + c)2 ≥ 3(ab + bc + ca ) ... (ii)
s−a + s−b=x+ y From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2s − a − b = x + y 3(ab + bc + ca ) ≤ (a + b + c)2 < 4(ab + bc + ca )
c=x+ y 10. Since, A+ B+C=π
Similarly, a = y + z, b = x + z ⇒ B + C = π − π / 4 = 3π / 4 …(i)
(x + y) ( y + z ) (x + z ) [Q A = π / 4, given]
⇒ ⋅ ⋅ ≥ xyz
2 2 2 ∴ 0 < B, C < 3π / 4
which it true. Also, given tan B ⋅ tan C = p
Now, equality will hold, if x = y = z sin B ⋅ sin C p
⇒ =
⇒ a=b=c cos B ⋅ cos C 1
⇒ Triangle is equilateral. sin B ⋅ sin C + cos B cos C p+1
⇒ =
sin B ⋅ sin C − cos B ⋅ cos C p − 1
8. If the triangle is equilateral, then
cos (B − C ) 1 + p
A = B = C = 60° ⇒ =
cos (B + C ) 1 − p
Properties of Triangles 511
(1 + p) B + C 1
⇒ cos (B − C ) = − …(ii) = cot =
2 (1 − p) 2 B C
tan +
2 2
[Q B + C = 3π / 4]
Since, B or C can vary from 0 to 3π / 4 B C
1 − tan ⋅ tan
∴ 0 ≤ B − C < 3π / 4 2 2
=
1 B C
⇒ − < cos (B − C ) ≤ 1 …(iii) tan + tan
2 2 2
1 1+ p
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), − < ≤1 Since, tan (B / 2) and tan (C / 2) are rational, hence
2 2 ( p − 1) tan ( A / 2) is a rational.
1 1+ p 1+ p 2 tan A / 2
⇒ − < and ≤1 Now, sin A = as tan ( A / 2) is a rational
2 2 ( p − 1) 2 ( p − 1) 1 + tan 2 A / 2
1+ p 1 + p − 2 p+ 2 number, sin A is a rational . Similarly, sin B and sin C
⇒ + 1 ≥ 0 and ≤0 are. Thus, a, sin A, sin B, sin C are rational, therefore
p−1 2 ( p − 1)
(ii) ⇒ (iii).
1 + 2
(1 − 2 ) p − Again, a, sin A, sin B, sin C are rational.
2p 1 − 2
⇒ ≥ 0 and ≤0 By the sine rule,
p−1 2 ( p − 1) a b c
= =
2p ( p − ( 2 + 1 )2 ) sin A sin B sin C
⇒ > 0 and ≥0
p−1 ( p − 1) a sin B a sin C
⇒ b= and c =
+ – + + – + sin A sin A
2
0 1 1 (√2+1) Since a, sin A, sin B and sin C are rational,
coderguru.in
⇒ ( p < 0 or p > 1) Hence, b and c are also rational.
and ( p < 1 or p > ( 2 + 1)2) 1
Also, ∆ = bc sin A
On combining above expressions, we get 2
abc sin A ⋅ sin (B + C ) sin (B − C ) ∴ Each term on the left of equation has positive
=
(b2 sin 2 A − c2 sin 2 A ) coefficient multiplied by perfect square, each term must
be separately zero.
a b c
using sine rule, sin A = sin B = sin C ⇒ a=b=c
∴ Triangle is an equilateral.
abc sin 2 A ⋅ sin (B − C ) abc sin (B − C ) 1 1 a
= = 15. Since, ∆ = ap1 ⇒ =
(b2 − c2) ⋅ sin 2 A b2 − c2 2 p1 2∆
ab2r sin (B − C ) ar sin (B − C ) 1 b 1 c
= = Similarly, = , =
b2 − b2r 2 1 − r2 p2 2∆ p3 2∆
ar 1 1 1 1
⇒ p≤ [Q sin (B − C ) ≤ 1] ∴ + − = (a + b − c)
1 − r2 p1 p2 p3 2∆
2(s − c) s − c s(s − c) ab
13. Given, cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin C = 1 = = = ⋅
2∆ ∆ ab s∆
1 − cos A cos B
⇒ sin C = ...(i) ab C
sin A sin B = ⋅ cos 2
a + b + c 2
1 − cos A cos B ∆
⇒ ≤1 [Q sin C ≤ 1] 2
sin A sin B
2ab C
= cos 2
⇒ 1 − cos A cos B ≤ sin A sin B (a + b + c)∆ 2
⇒ 1 ≤ cos ( A − B) 1
16. We know that, ∆ = ap1
⇒ cos ( A − B) ≥ 1 2
⇒ cos ( A − B) = 1 [Q as cos (θ ) ≤ 1] 2∆
⇒ p1 =
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⇒ A − B =0 a
2∆ 2∆
On putting A = B in Eq. (i), we get Similarly, p2 = and p3 =
b c
1 − cos 2 A
sin C = 8∆3
sin 2 A Now, p1 p2 p3 =
abc
⇒ sin C = 1
abc
⇒ C = π /2 Since, ∆=
4R
Now, A+ B+C=π 8 (abc)3 (abc)2
π π π ∴ p1 p2 p3 = ⋅ =
⇒ A+ B= ⇒ A= Q A = B and C = abc 64R3 8R3
2 4 2
a 2 2 4
π π π 17. In ∆ ABC , by sine rule, = =
∴ sin A : sin B : sin C = sin : sin : sin sin A sin 30° sin C
4 4 2
⇒ C = 45° , C′ = 135°
1 1
⇒ a :b:c= : :1 When, C = 45° ⇒ A = 180° − (45°+30° ) = 105°
2 2
When, C′ = 135° ⇒ A = 180° − (135° + 30° ) = 15°
= 1 :1 : 2
A
14. Let a , b, c are the sides of a ∆ABC.
3 15°
Given, cos A + cos B + cos C =
2
2 4
2
2
2
b2 + c2 − a 2 a 2 + c2 − b2 a 2 + b2 − c2 3
⇒ + + = 45° 135° 30°
2bc 2ac 2ab 2 C
C′
B
⇒ ab2 + ac2 − a3 + ba 2 + bc2 − b3
1
+ ca 2 + cb2 − c3 = 3abc Area of ∆ABC = AB × AC sin A
2
⇒ a (b − c)2 + b (c − a )2 + c (a − b)2 1
(a + b + c) = × 4 × 2 2 sin (105° )
= [(a − b)2 + (b − c)2 + (c − a )2] 2
2
3 +1
⇒ (a + b − c) (a − b)2 + (b + c − a ) (b − c)2 =4 2 ×
2 2
+ ( c + a − b) ( c − a )2 = 0
= 2 ( 3 + 1) sq. units
[as we know, a + b − c > 0, b + c − a > 0, c + a − b > 0]
Properties of Triangles 513
Area of ∆ABC′ =
1
AB × AC sin A ⇒ b =3
2 3
and a=− [from Eq. (i)]
1 4
= × 4 × 2 2 sin (15° )
2 So, the third vertex
3
= 2 ( 3 − 1) sq. units (a , b) ≡ − , 3 , which lies in II quadrant.
4
Difference of areas of triangle
=|2 ( 3 + 1) − 2 ( 3 − 1)|= 4 sq units 2.
A
Alternate Solution
C′ E F
H
D
2 (1, 1)
2 2 2 C
2 2 C B
30° B 3x–2y+6=0 4x+5y–20=0
A
Let equation of AB be 4x + 5 y − 20 = 0 and AC be
3x − 2 y + 6 = 0
3
Clearly, slope of AC =
2
a
Here, AD = 2 , DC = 2 [Q slope of ax + by + c = 0 is −
]
b
Difference of areas of ∆ABC and ∆ABC′ ∴ Slope of altitude BH , which is perpendicular to
= Area of ∆ACC′ 2 1
AC = − . Q mBH = −
coderguru.in
1 1 3 mAC
= AD × CC′ = × 2 × 4 = 4 sq units
2 2 Equation of BH is given by y − y1 = m( x − x1 )
2
Here, m = − , x1 = 1 and y1 = 1
Topic 3 Circumcircle, Incircle, Escribed, 3
2
Orthocentre and Centroid of a ∴ y − 1 = − ( x − 1)
3
Triangle ⇒ 2x + 3 y − 5 = 0
1. Let ABC be a given triangle with vertices Now, equation of AB is 4x + 5 y − 20 = 0 and
B(0, 2), C (4, 3) and let third vertex be A (a , b) equation of BH is 2x + 3 y − 5 = 0
Solving these, we get point of intersection
A (a , b ) (i.e. coordinates of B).
4x + 5 y − 20 = 0
⇒ y = − 10
E 4x + 6 y − 10 = 0
F
(0,0)
On substituting y = − 10 in 2x + 3 y − 5 = 0, we get
35
x=
(0, 2) B C (4,3) 2
D 35
∴ B , − 10
Also, let D , E and F are the foot of perpendiculars 2
drawn from A , B and C respectively.
Solving 4x + 5 y − 20 = 0 and 3x − 2 y + 6 = 0, we get
b −0 3 −2
Then, AD⊥ BC ⇒ × = −1 coordinate of A.
a −0 4 −0
[if two lines having slopes m1 and m2, are
12x + 15 y − 60 = 0
12x − 8 y + 24 = 0 } ⇒ 23 y = 84
perpendicular then m1m2 = −1] 84 10
⇒ y= ⇒x=
⇒ b + 4a = 0 …(i) 23 23
and CF⊥ AB 10 84
∴ A ,
b −2 3 −0 23 23
⇒ × = −1
a −0 4 −0 84
⇒ 3 b − 6 = −4 a y2 − y1 23 − 1 61
Now, slope of AH = = = .
⇒ 4a + 3b = 6 …(ii) x2 − x1 10
− 1 − 13
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 23
−b + 3b = 6 ⇒ 2b = 6 Q BC is perpendicular to AH .
514 Properties of Triangles
coderguru.in
∆
a +b −c
2 2 2
1 6. Radius of incircle is, r =
⇒ = − = cos 120° s
2ab 2
2π Since, ∆ = 16 2
⇒ ∠C = 6 2 +6 2 +4 2
3 Now, s=
abc ∆ r 4∆2 2
Q R= ,r = ⇒ = =8 2
4∆ s R s (abc)
2 16 2
1 2π ∴ r=
4 ab sin 8 2
3
=
2
x+ c =2
⋅ y⋅ c
2 7. Equation of circumcircle of ∆PRS is
r 3y (x + 1) (x − 9) + y2 + λy = 0
∴ =
R 2c (x + c) It will pass through (1, 2 2 ), then
4. First solve each option separately. − 16 + 8 + λ ⋅ 2 2 = 0
(a) If a, sin A, sin B are given, then we can determine 8
a a ⇒ λ= =2 2
b= sin B, c = sin C. So, all the three 2 2
sin A sin A
∴ Equation of circumcircle is
sides are unique.
So, option (a) is incorrect. x2 + y2 − 8 x + 2 2 y − 9 = 0
(b) The three sides can uniquely make an acute angled Hence, its radius is 3 3 .
triangle. So, option (b) is incorrect. Alternate Solution
(c) If a, sin B, R are given, then we can determine 2 2
a sin B Let ∠ PSR = θ ⇒ sin θ =
b = 2R sin B, sin A = . So, sin C can be 2 3
b
determined. PR
∴ sin θ =
Hence, side c can also be uniquely determined. 2R
(d) If a, sin A, R are given, then ⇒ PR = 6 2 = 2R ⋅ sin θ
b c
= = 2R ⇒ R=3 3
sin B sin C
Properties of Triangles 515
8. Coordinates of P and Q are (1, 2 2 ) and (1, − 2 2 ). 10. Given a ∆XYZ, where 2s = x + y + z
s−x s− y s−z
Now, PQ = (4 2 )2 + 02 = 4 2 and = =
4 3 2
1
Area of ∆ PQR = ⋅ 4 2 ⋅ 8 = 16 2 sq units X
2
1
Area of ∆ PQS = ⋅ 4 2 ⋅ 2 = 4 2 sq units z y
2
Y
Y Z
x
P s−x s− y s−z
(1, 2 2) ∴ = =
4 3 2
(1,0) R 3s − (x + y + z ) s
X' S
X = =
(-3, 0) (-1, 0) O 4+3+2 9
(9, 0)
s−x s− y s−z s
Q or = = = = λ (let)
4 3 2 9
(1, -2 2)
⇒ s = 9λ, s = 4λ + x, s = 3λ + y
Y' and s = 2λ + z
Ratio of areas of ∆PQS and ∆PQR is 1 : 4. ∴ s = 9λ, x = 5λ, y = 6λ, z = 7λ
9. We have, Now, ∆ = s(s − x)(s − y)(s − z )
In ∆PQR P
[Heron’s formula]
∠PQR = 30° = 9λ ⋅ 4λ ⋅ 3λ ⋅ 2λ = 6 6λ2 …(i)
coderguru.in
PQ = 10 3 8π
10 3 Also, πr 2 =
QR = 10 3
30° 8
⇒ r =
2
…(ii)
By cosine rule Q 10 R 3
PQ 2 + QR 2 − PR 2 xyz (5λ )(6λ )(7λ ) 35λ
cos 30° = and R= = = …(iii)
2PQ ⋅ QR 4∆ 4 ⋅ 6 6λ2 4 6
3 300 + 100 − PR 2 8 ∆2 216λ4
⇒ = Now, r2 = = =
2 200 3 3 S2 81λ2
⇒ 300 = 300 + 100 − PR 2 8 8 2
⇒ = λ [from Eq. (ii)]
⇒ PR = 10 3 3
Since, PR = QR = 10 ⇒ λ =1
∴ ∠QPR = 30° and ∠QRP = 120°
(a) ∆XYZ = 6 6λ2 = 6 6
1
Area of ∆PQR = PQ ⋅ QR ⋅ sin 30° ∴ Option (a) is correct.
2
1 1 35 35
= × 10 3 × 10 × = 25 3 (b) Radius of circumcircle (R) = λ=
2 2 4 6 4 6
Radius of incircle of ∴ Option (b) is incorrect.
Area of ∆ PQR
∆ PQR = (c) Since,
X Y
r = 4R sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin
Z
Semi - perimetre of ∆ PQR 2 2 2
∆ 25 3 25 3
i.e. r= = = ⇒
2 2
= 4⋅
35 X Y
sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin
Z
s 10 3 + 10 + 10 5( 3 + 2) 3 4 6 2 2 2
2
4 X Y Z
⇒ r = 5 3(2 − 3) ⇒ = sin ⋅ sin ⋅ sin
35 2 2 2
= 10 3 − 15
∴ Option (c) is correct.
abc 10 3 × 10 × 10 X +Y
and radius of circumcircle (R) = = = 10 2 Z
4 × 25 3 (d) sin 2 = cos
4∆ 2 2
∴Area of circumcircle of X +Y Z s(s − z ) 9 × 2 3
∆PQR = πR 2 = 100 π as = 90° − = = =
2 2 xy 5 ×6 5
Hence, option (b), (c) and (d) are correct answer. ∴ Option (d) is correct.
516 Properties of Triangles
11. Let a straight line through the vertex P of a given 13. Since, sides of a triangle subtends α , β, γ at the centre.
∆ PQR intersects the side QR at the point S and the A
circumcircle of ∆ PQR at the point T.
Points P , Q , R, T are concyclic, then PS ⋅ ST = QS ⋅ SR
PS + ST
Now, > PS ⋅ ST [Q AM > GM]
2 γ β
α
P
B C
∴ α + β + γ = 2π ...(i)
Q Now, arithmetic mean
R
S π π π
cos + α + cos + β + cos + γ
2 2 2
T =
3
1 1 2 2 As we know that, AM ≥ GM, i.e.
and + > =
PS ST PS ⋅ ST QS ⋅ SR π π π
AM is minimum, when + α = + β = + γ
SQ + QR 2 2 2
Also, > SQ ⋅ SR
2 or α = β = γ = 120°
QR ∴ Minimum value of arithmetic mean
⇒ > SQ ⋅ SR
2
π 3
= cos + α = cos (210° ) = −
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1 2 2
⇒ > 2
SQ ⋅ SR QR
360°
2 4 14. Here, central angle = = 40°
⇒ > 9
SQ ⋅ SR QR
1 1 2 4
∴ + > >
PS ST QS ⋅ SR QR
abc ∆ C
12. We have, R = and r = 20°
4∆ s
R abc s abc ⋅ s r
= ⋅ =
r 4∆ ∆ 4∆2 1 1
A1 M A2
abc
=
4 (s − a ) (s − b) (s − c) 1
In ∆ACM , = sin 20°
But a : b : c = 4 : 5 : 6 [given] r
a b c ⇒ r = cosec 20°
⇒ = = =k [let]
4 5 6 ∴ Radius of circle = cosec 20°
⇒ a = 4k, b = 5k, c = 6k 15. Since, the circles with radii 3, 4 and 5 touch each other
1 1 15k externally and P is the point of intersection of tangents.
Now, s = (a + b + c) = (4k + 5k + 6x) =
2 2 2 A
R (4k) (5k) (6k)
∴ =
r 15k 15k 15k
4 − 4k − 5k − 6k
2 2 2 C2
4 5
C1
30k3 30 ⋅ 8 16 4 P 5
= = =
3 15 − 8 15 − 10 15 − 12 7 ⋅5 ⋅3 7
k 3 3
2 2 2
C3
Properties of Triangles 517
90
n n B
°
F G
R
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get 90°
2π r
I
sin O
2I n
coderguru.in
= n
On π
tan B C
n
2π IF
1 + cos AI =
In π n sin ( A / 2)
⇒ = cos 2 =
On n 2 r
Q ∆AIF is right angled triangle, so =
sin ( A / 2)
I n 1 + 1 − (2I n / n )
2
∴ = [from Eq. (i)]
On 2 But r = 4R sin ( A / 2) sin (B / 2) sin (C / 2)
On ∴ AI = 4R sin (B / 2) sin (C / 2)
⇒ In = (1 + (1 − (2I n / n )2 )
2 Again, ∠GOA = B ⇒ OAG = 90° − B
17. The quadrilateral HEKJ is a square, because all four Therefore, ∠IAO = ∠IAC − ∠OAC
angles are right angles and JK = JH . 1
= A / 2 − (90° − B) =
( A + 2B − 180° )
A 2
1 1
= ( A + 2B − A − B − C ) = (B − C )
2 2
A/2
A/2
coderguru.in
⇒ R (1 − cos B) = r 3
abc ∆ 20. sin C = and C is given to be obtuse.
⇒ (1 − cos B) = 2
4∆ s 2π
⇒ C= = a 2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
4∆2 3
⇒ abc (1 − cos B) =
s 2π
= 62 + 102 − 2 × 6 × 10 × cos = 14
a 2 + c2 − b2 4∆2 3
⇒ abc 1 − = s
2ac ∆ 225 × 3
∴ r= ⇒ r2 = =3
2
2ac − a 2 − c2 + b2 4∆2
s 6 + 10 + 14
⇒
abc
2ac = s 2
coderguru.in
π π 8. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram ABCD are
2. If a unit vector a makes angles with $i, with $j and
3 4 → →
$ given by AB = 2$i + 10$j + 11k$ and AD = − $i + 2$j + 2k$ .
θ ∈( 0, π ) with k, then a value of θ is (2019 Main, 9 April II)
The side AD is rotated by an acute angle α in the
5π π 5π 2π
(a) (b) (c) (d) plane of the parallelogram so that AD becomes
6 4 12 3
AD’. If AD’ makes a right angle with the side AB,
3. Let A( 3, 0, −1), B ( 2, 10, 6) and C(1, 2, 1) be the vertices then the cosine of the angle α is given by (2010)
of a triangle and M be the mid-point of AC. 8 17 1 4 5
If G divides BM in the ratio 2 : 1, then cos ( ∠GOA) (a) (b) (c) (d)
9 9 9 9
(O being the origin) is equal to (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
1 1 9. Let P, Q, R and S be the points on the plane with
(a) (b)
15 2 15 position vectors − 2$i − $j , 4$i , 3$i + 3$j and − 3$i + 2$j,
1 1 respectively. The quadrilateral PQRS must be a
(c) (d)
30 6 10 (2010)
$ , b = b i$ + b $j + 2 $ (a) parallelogram, which is neither a rhombus nor a
4. Let a = $i + $j + 2 k 1 2 k and rectangle
$
c = 5 $i + $j + 2 k be three vectors such that the (b) square
(c) rectangle, but not a square
projection vector of b on a is a. If a + b is
(d) rhombus, but not a square
perpendicular to c, then|b | is equal to
(2019 Main, 9 Jan II) 10. Let two non-collinear unit vectors a$ and b$ form an
(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 22 (d) 32 acute angle. A point P moves, so that at any time t
→
5. If lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x = a ′ z + b′, the position vector OP (where, O is the origin) is
y = c′ z + d ′ are perpendicular, then(2019 Main, 9 Jan II) given by a$ cos t + b$ sin t. When P is farthest from
→
(a) ab′+ bc′+1 = 0 (b) bb′+ cc′+1 = 0 origin O, let M be the length of OP and u $ be the unit
→
(c) aa ′+ c + c′ = 0 (d) cc′+ a + a ′ = 0 vector along OP. Then, (2008, 3M)
6. Let O be the origin and let PQR be an arbitrary a$ + $b
(a) u$ = and M = (1 + a$ ⋅ $b)1/ 2
triangle. The point S is such that | a$ + $b|
a$ − $b
OP ⋅ OQ + OR ⋅ OS = OR ⋅ OP + OQ ⋅ OS (b) u$ = and M = (1 + a$ ⋅ $b)1/ 2
= OQ ⋅ OR + OP ⋅ OS | a$ − $b|
a$ + b$
Then the triangle PQR has S as its (c) u$ = and M = (1 + 2 a$ ⋅ $b)1/ 2
(2017 Adv.)
| a$ + $b|
(a) centroid (b) orthocentre a$ − $b
(d) u$ = and M = (1 + 2 a$ ⋅ $b)1/ 2
(c) incentre (d) circumcentre | a$ − $b|
520 Vectors
→ →
11. Let, a = $i + 2$j + k$ , b = $i − $j + k,
$ →c = $i + $j − k$ . A vector 18. The points with position vectors
→ → → 60$i + 3$j, 40i$ − 8$j, ai$ − 52$j are collinear, if (1983, 1M)
coplanar to a and b has a projection along c of
1 (a) a = − 40 (b) a = 40
magnitude , then the vector is (2006, 3M) (c) a = 20 (d) None of these
3
(a) 4 $i − $j + 4 k$ (b) 4 $i + $j − 4 k$ Objective Question II
(c) 2 $i + $j + k$ (d) None of these (One or more than one correct option)
→ → → → → →
12. If a , b , c are three non-zero, non-coplanar vectors 19. Let a = 2i$ − $j + k$ , b = i$ + 2$j − k$ and c = i$ + $j − 2 k$ be
→ → → →
→ →
→ → b⋅a→ → → b⋅a→ three vectors. A vector in the plane of b and c, whose
and b1 = b − a , b2 = b + a,
→2 → →
| a| | a|2 projection on a is of magnitude 2 / 3 , is (1993, 2M)
→ → → → → → → → (a) 2 $i + 3$j − 3 k$ (b) 2 $i + 3$j + 3 k$
→ → c⋅a→ c⋅b→ → → c⋅a→ c ⋅ b1 →
c1 = c − a − b , c2 = c − a− b1 , (c) − 2 $i − $j + 5 k$ (d) 2 $i + $j + 5 k$
→ → → → 2
| a|2 | b|2 | a |2 |b|
→ → → → → → Numerical Value
→ → c ⋅ a → c ⋅ b2 → → → c ⋅ a →
c3 = c− a− b 2 , c4 = a − a. 20. Let a and b be two unit vectors such that a ⋅ b = 0. For
→ 2 → 2 →
| a| | b2 | | a |2 some x , y ∈ R, let c = xa + yb + (a × b ). If |c| = 2 and
the vector c is inclined at the same angle α to both a
Then, which of the following is a set of mutually and b, then the value of 8 cos2 α is ......... . (2018 Adv.)
orthogonal vectors? (2005, 1M)
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
(a) {a , b1 , c1 } (b) {a , b1 , c2 } (c) {a , b2 , a3 } (d) {a , b2 , c4 } Fill in the Blanks
coderguru.in
→ → → → →
13. If a and b1 are two unit vectors such that a + 2 b and 21. The components of a vector a along and perpendicular
→ → →
5 a − 4 b , are perpendicular to each other, then the to a non-zero vector b are ……and……respectively.
→ → (1988, 2M)
angle between a and b is (2002, 1M)
22. A, B, C and D, are four points in a plane with position
(a) 45° (b) 60° → → → →
1 2 vectors a , b , c and d respectively such that
(c) cos−1 (d) cos−1
3 7 → → → → → → → →
( a − d) ⋅ ( b − c ) = ( b − d) ⋅ ( c − a ) = 0
→ → →
14. If a,b and c are unit vectors, then The point D, then, is the… of the ∆ ABC. (1984, 2M)
→ →2 → →2 → →2
→ → →
|a − b| +|b − c| +| c − a| does not exceed (2001, 2M)
23. Let A, B, C be vectors of length 3, 4, 5 respectively.
(a) 4 (b) 9 → → → → → → →
(c) 8 (d) 6 Let A be perpendicular to B + C, B to C + A and C to
→ → → → →
→ → → → → → → A + B. Then, the length of vector A + B + C is ... .
15. Let u, v and w be vectors such that u + v + w = 0. If
→ → → → → → → → → (1981, 2M)
|u|= 3,|v|= 4 and|w|= 5, then u⋅ v + v⋅ w + w⋅ u is
(1995, 2M)
True/False
(a) 47 (b) – 25 (c) 0 (d) 25 → → → →
24. The points with position vectors a + b, a − b and
16. The number of vectors of unit length perpendicular → →
→ → a + k b are collinear for all real values of k. (1984, 1M)
to vectors a = (1, 1, 0) and b = ( 0, 1, 1) is (1987, 2M)
coderguru.in
Objective Questions I (Only one correct option) $ and b = $i − $j + k
5. Let a = 3$i + 2$j + xk $ , for some real x.
$ and b = $i + 2$j − 2k
1. Let a = 3$i + 2$j + 2k $ be two vectors. Then|a × b| = r is possible if (2019 Main, 8 April II)
3 3 3
If a vector perpendicular to both the vectors a + b and (a) 0 < r ≤ (b) <r≤3
a − b has the magnitude 12, then one such vector is 2 2 2
(2019 Main, 12 April II) 3 3 3
(c) 3 <r<5 (d) r ≥ 5
(a) 4 (2$i + 2$j + k$) (b) 4 (2$i − 2$j − k
$) 2 2 2
(c) 4 (2i$ + $ $
2 j − k) $ $
(d) 4 (− 2i − 2 j + k$) 6. A tetrahedron has vertices P(1, 2, 1),
Q( 2, 1, 3), R( − 1, 1, 2) and O( 0, 0, 0). The angle
2. Let α ∈ R and the three vectors between the faces OPQ and PQR is (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
$ , b = 2i$ + $j − αk
a = αi$ + $j + 3k $ 7 9 19 17
(a) cos−1 (b) cos−1 (c) cos−1 (d) cos−1
$ . Then, the set 31 35 35 31
and c = αi$ − 2$j + 3k
S = { α : a, b and c are coplanar} (2019 Main, 12 April II) 7. Let a = 2$i + $j − 2k,
$ b = i$ + $j and c be a vector such
(a) is singleton that |c − a| = 3, |( a × b ) × c| = 3 and the angle
(b) is empty between c and a × b is 30°. Then, a ⋅ c is equal to
(c) contains exactly two positive numbers (2017 Main)
(d) contains exactly two numbers only one of which is 25 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 5 (d)
positive 8 8
→ → → →
3. If the length of the perpendicular from the point 8. If a and b are vectors such that |a + b| = 29 and
x y−1 z +1 3 →
(β, 0, β ) (β ≠ 0) to the line, = = is , $ ) = ( 2$i + 3$j + 4k
a × ( 2$i + 3$j + 4k $)× → b, then a possible
1 0 −1 2
→ → $ ) is
then β is equal to (2019 Main, 10 April +I) value of ( a + b ) ⋅ ( − 7$i + 2$j + 3k (2012)
(a) 2 (b) − 2 (a) 0 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 8
(c) − 1 (d) 1 → → → → → → →
r r r r r 9. Let a , b, c be unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0 .
$ If β = β − β , where
4. Let α = 3i$ + $j and β = 2i$ − $j + 3k.
r r 1 2
r r Which one of the following is correct? (2007, 3M)
β1 is parallel to α and β 2 is perpendicular to α, then → → → → → → →
r r (a) a × b = b × c = c × a = 0
β1 × β 2 is equal to (2019 Main, 9 April I) → → → → → → →
(b) a × b = b × c = c × a ≠ 0
1 1
(a) (3i$ − 9$j + 5k $) (b) (−3$i + 9$j + 5k$)
→ → → → → → →
2 2 (c) b × b = b × c = a × c = 0
(c) −3$i + 9$j + 5k
$ (d) 3i$ − 9$j − 5k
$) → → → → → →
(d) a × b, b × c , c × a are mutually perpendicular
522 Vectors
→ → →
10. If the vectors a , b and c from the sides Passage Based Problems
BC , CA and AB respectively of a ∆ ABC, then Let O be the origin and OX , OY, OZ be three unit
→ → → →
(a) a ⋅ b + b⋅ c + c ⋅ a = 0
→ → vectors in the directions of the sides QR , RP, PQ
(2000, 2M)
→ → → → → →
respectively, of a triangle PQR. (2017 Adv.)
(b) a × b = b × c = c × a
→ → → → → →
15. If the triangle PQR varies, then the minimum value of
(c) a ⋅ b = b ⋅ c = c ⋅ a cos ( P + Q ) + cos (Q + R ) + cos( R + P ) is
→ → → → → → → 3 3 5 5
(d) a × b+ b× c + c × a = 0 (a) − (b) (c) (d) −
2 2 3 3
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→ 19. The area of the triangle whose vertices are
3$i + 3$j , then the angle between vector A and
A(1,–1, 2), B( 2, 1,–1) C( 3,–1, 2) is … . (1983, 2M)
2i$ + $j − 2k$ is (2006, 5M)
π π π 3π True/False
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 6 4
→ → → → → → →
→ → 20. Let A, B and C be unit vectors. If A⋅ B = A⋅ C = 0 and
13. Let a and b be two non-collinear unit vectors. If → →
→ → → → → → → → → that the angle between B and C is π / 6.
u = a − ( a ⋅ b ) b and v = a × b , then|v| is (1999, 3M)
→ → →
→ → → → Then, A = ± 2 ( B × C). (1981, 2M)
(a)|u| (b)|u|+|u ⋅ a|
→ → → → → → →
(c)|u|+|u ⋅ b| (d)|u|+ u ⋅ (a + b) Analytical & Descriptive Questions
→ → → →
Assertion and Reason 21. If a , b , c , d are four distinct vectors satisfying the
→ → → → → → → →
For the following question, choose the correct conditions a × b = c × d and a × c = b × d , then prove
answer from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) defined as → → → → → → → →
follows. that a⋅ b + c⋅ d ≠ a ⋅ c + b ⋅ d. (2004, 2M)
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; → →
Statement II is the correct explanation of 22. For any two vectors u and v, prove that
Statement I → → → → → →
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is also true; (i)|u ⋅ v|2 +|u × v|2 =|u|2|v|2
Statement II is not the correct explanation of → → → → → → → →
(ii) (1 +|u|2 )(1 +|v|2 ) =|1 − u ⋅ v|2 +|u + v + ( u × v )|2
Statement I
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false (1998, 8M)
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true 23. If A, B, C , D are any four points in space, then prove
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
14. Let the vectors PQ, QR , RS , ST , TU and UP that|AB × CD + BC × AD + CA × BD|
represent the sides of a regular hexagon. = 4(area of ∆ ABC). (1987, 2M)
→ → → →
Statement I PQ × ( RS + ST ) ≠ 0 . 24. If A1 , A2 , …, An are the vertices of a regular plane
because polygon with n sides and O is its centre. Then, show
→ → → → → → that
Statement II PQ × RS = 0 and PQ × ST ≠ 0 . n −1
→ → → →
(2007, 3M)
∑ (OA i × OA i + 1) = (1 − n ) (OA 2 × OA 1).
i =1 (1982, 2M)
Vectors 523
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→ → → →
(d) a , d are parallel and b, c are parallel → → → →
13. Let a = $i − $j , b = $j − k$ , c = k$ − $i . If d is a unit vector
4. The edges of a parallelopiped are of unit length and
→ → →→→ →
are parallel to non-coplanar unit vector a$ , $b, c$ such such that a⋅ d = 0 = [b c d ] , then d equals (1995, 2M)
1
that a$ ⋅ $b = $b ⋅ c$ = c$ ⋅ a$ = . Then, the volume of the $i + $j − 2 k$ $i + $j − k$
2 (a) ± (b) ±
6 3
parallelopiped is (2008, 3M) $i + $j + k$
(a)
1
cu unit (b)
1
cu unit (c) ± (d) ± k$
2 2 2 3
3 1 14. Let a , b, c be distinct non-negative numbers. If the
(c) cu unit (d) cu unit
2 3 vectors a $i + a $j + c k$ , $i + k$ and c $i + c $j + bk$ lie in a
5. The number of distinct real values of λ, for which plane, then c is (1993, 1M)
the (a) the arithmetic mean of a and b
vectors − λ i + $j + k$ , i$ − λ 2 $j + k$ and i$ + $j − λ 2 k$ are
2$ (b) the geometric mean of a and b
(c) the harmonic mean of a and b
coplanar, is (2007, 3M)
(d) equal to zero
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
→ →
6. The value of a, so that the volume of parallelopiped 15. Let a = a1i$ + a2$j + a3 k$ , a = b1$i + b2$j + b3 k$ and
→
formed by $i + a $j + k$ , $j + a k$ and a $i + k$ become a = c1$i + c2 $j + c3 k$ be three non-zero vectors such that
minimum, is (2003, 1M) → →
c is a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors c
(a) − 3 (b) 3 (c) 1 / 3 (d) 3 → → → π
→ → → → → → → → and b. If the angle between a and b is , then
7. If V = 2 i + j − k and W = i + 3 k. If U is a unit 6
2
vector, then the maximum value of the scalar triple a1 a2 a3
→ → → b1 b2 b3 is equal to
product [U V W ] is (2002, 1M)
c1 c2 c3 (1986, 2M)
(a) −1 (b) 10 + 6
(c) 59 (d) 60 (a) 0
→ → (b) 1
8. If a = $i − k$ , b = x $i + $j + (1 − x ) k$ and 1
(c) (a12 + a22 + a32 ) (b12 + b22 + b32 )
→ → → → 4
c = y $i + x$j + (1 + x − y ) k$ . Then, [a b c ] depends on 3
(d) (a12 + a22 + a32 ) (b12 + b22 + b32 ) (c12 + c22 + c32 )
(a) only x (b) only y (2001, 2M) 4
(c) neither x nor y (d) both x and y
524 Vectors
(a) 0 → → → → → →
→→→ →→→ 26. If X ⋅ A = 0, X ⋅ B = 0, X ⋅ C = 0 for some non-zero
(b) [ A B C ]+ [ B C A ]
→→→
→ →→→ (1983, 1M)
(c) [ A B C ] vector X , then [ A B C ] = 0.
(d) None of the above
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Analytical & Descriptive Questions
Objective Questions II → → →
27. If u, v , w are three non-coplanar unit vectors and
(One or more than one correct option) → → → → →
α , β , γ are the angles between u and v , v and w , w
19. Let u = u1$i + u 2$j + u3 k$ be a unit vector in R3 and
→ → → →
1 $ $ $ ). Given that there exists a vector v and u respectively and x, y , z are unit vectors along
w= (i + j + 2k
6 the bisectors of the angles α , β , γ respectively. Prove
in R3 , such that|u + v| = 1 and w ⋅ (u + v) = 1.(2016 Adv.) that
Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? → → → → → → 1 → → → 2 2α β γ
[x × y y × z z × x ] = [u v w] sec sec2 sec2
(a) There is exactly one choice for such v 16 2 2 2
(2003, 4M)
(b) There are infinitely many choices for such v
(c) If u$ lies in the XY-plane, then|u1| = |u2| 28. Let V be the volume of the parallelopiped formed by
(d) If u$ lies in the XY-plane, then 2|u1| = |u3| the vectors
→
20. Which of the following expressions are meaningfull $ →
a = a1$i + a2$j + a3 k, b = b1$i + b2$j + b3 k$
operations? (1998, 2M) →
→ → → → → → and c = c1$i + c2$j + c3 k$
(a) u⋅ ( v × w ) (b) (u ⋅ v )⋅ w
→ → → → → → If ar , br , cr , where r = 1, 2, 3 are non-negative real
(c) (u ⋅ v ) w (d) u × ( v ⋅ w ) 3
numbers and ∑ ( ar + br + cr ) = 3L. Show that V ≤ L3 .
r =1 (2002, 5M))
Fill in the Blanks
→ → →
→ → → → → → → 29. Let u and v be unit vectors. If w is a vector such
21. Let OA = a , OB = 10 a + 2 b and OC = b, where O, A → → → →
and C are non-collinear points. Let p denotes the that w + ( w × u) = v, then prove that
area of the quadrilateral OABC and let q denotes, → → → 1
|( u × v ) ⋅ w|≤ and that the equality holds if and
the area of the parallelogram with OA and OC as 2
adjacent sides. If p = kq, then k = …… . (1997, 2M) → →
(1999, 10M)
only if u is perpendicular to v.
22. If the vectors $ $ $ $ $ $
ai + j + k , i + bj + k and
30. The position vectors of the points A, B, C and D are
i$ + $j + ck$ ( a ≠ b ≠ c ≠ 1) are coplanar, then the value 3$i − 2$j − k$ , 2$i + 3$j − 4k$ , − $i + $j + 2k$ and 4$i + 5$j + λk$ ,
1 1 1
of + + = …… . (1987, 2M) respectively. If the points A, B, C and D lie on a
(1 − a ) (1 − b) (1 − c) plane, find the value of λ . 1
(1986, 2 M)
2
Vectors 525
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(c)
2π
(d)
5π $ and $i + 2$j + k
$i + $j + 2k $ , are perpendicular to the
3 6 $ is/are
vector $i + $j + k (2011)
→ → →
4. Let a, b and c be three non-zero vectors such that no (a) $j − k
$ (b) − $i + $j
→ → → 1 → → → $ $
two of them are collinear and ( a × b ) × c = |b|| c| a. (c) i − j (d) − $j + k$
3
→ →
If θ is the angle between vectors b and c , then a Numerical Value
value of sinθ is 11. Consider the cube in the first octant with sides OP,
2 2 – 2 2 –2 3 OQ and OR of length 1, along the X-axis, Y -axis and
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3 Z-axis, respectively, where O( 0, 0, 0) is the origin. Let
5. The unit vector which is orthogonal to the vector 1 1 1
S , , be the centre of the cube and T be the
3$i + 2$j + 6 k$ and is coplanar with the vectors 2 2 2
2i$ + $j + k$ and i$ − $j + k$ is (2004, 1M) vertex of the cube opposite to the origin O such that S
lies on the diagonal OT . If p = SP , q = SQ , r = SR and
2 $i − 6 $j + k$ 2 $i − 3 $j
(a) (b) t = ST, then the value of|( p × q ) × ( r × t )| is ..... .
41 13
3 $j − k$ 4 $i + 3 $j − 3 k$ Fill in the Blank
(c) (d)
10 34 → → →
12. Let a , b and c be three vectors having magnitudes 1,
→ → → → → → → → → → →
6. If a = ( $i + $j + k$ ), a ⋅ b = 1 and a × b = $j − k,
$ then b is 1 and 2, respectively. If a × ( a × c ) + b = 0 , then the
→ →
equal to (2003, 1M) actue angle between a and c is …… . (1997, 2M)
(a) $i − $j + k$ (b) 2$j − k$
(c) $i (d) 2 $i
Analytical & Descriptive Questions
→ → → → → → → → →
7. Let the vectors a , b , c and d be such that 13. If A , B and C are vectors such that| B|=| C|. Prove
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → → →→ that [( A + B ) × ( A + C )] × ( B × C ) ⋅ ( B + C ) = 0 .
( a × b ) × ( c × d ) = 0 . If P1 and P2 are planes
(1997, 5M)
→ → → → → → →
determined by the pairs of vectors a , b, and c , d 14. If the vectors b , c , d are not coplanar, then prove
respectively, then the angle between P1 and P2 is → → → → → → → →
that the vector ( a × b ) × ( c × d ) + ( a × c ) × ( d × b )
(2000, 2M)
→ → → → →
(a) 0 (b) π / 4 + ( a × d ) × ( b × c ) is parallel to a. (1994, 4M)
(c) π / 3 (d) π / 2
526 Vectors
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2. Let a = 2$i + λ 1$j + 3k $ , b = 4$i + ( 3 − λ )$j + 6k
$ and →
2 angle between a and the vector $i − 2$j + 2k$ is…… .
c = 3$i + 6$j + ( λ 3 − 1)k $ be three vectors such that (1996, 2M)
b = 2a and a is perpendicular to c. Then a possible 6. A unit vector coplanar with $i + $j + 2k$ and $i + 2$j + k$
value of ( λ 1 , λ 2 , λ 3 ) is (2019 Main, 10 Jan I)
and perpendicular to $i + $j + k$ is …… . (1992, 2M)
(a) (1, 3, 1) (b) (1, 5, 1)
1 1 → →
(c) − , 4, 0 (d) , 4, − 2 7. Let b = 4$i + 3$j and c be two vectors perpendicular to
2 2
each other in the XY-plane. All vectors in the same
→ → →
3. Let a = 2$i + $j + k$ , b = $i + 2$j − k$ and a unit vector c be plane having projections 1 and 2 along b and c,
→ →
Answers
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Topic 1 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d)
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b)
5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (b, c) 20. (a, c)
9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (b) 21. (6) 22. (1) 23. (0) 24. (–1)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 146
25. True 26. True 30.
17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a,c) 20. (3) 17
→ → → →
a ⋅ b →
21. b and
→
a
a⋅ b → Topic 4
→ 2
− → 2 b 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a)
| b| | b|
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b)
22. Orthocentre 23. (5 2 ) 24. False π
9. (a) 10. (a, d) 11. (0.5) 12.
→ → → 6
25. v1 = 2 $i, v 2 = − $i + $j and v3 = 3 i$ ± 2 $j ± 4 k$
→ → → →
α a + β b+ γ c 8 4 → c → 1 → →
26. I = 27. 28. c ∈ − ,0 15. (i) X = A − → 2 ( A × B) (ii) ( A2$i − A1$j + A3k$ )
α +β+ γ 3 3 → 2
| A| | A|
29. (3:2) 30. (2:1) 32. (9) 33. (3)
16. 5
Topic 2
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) Topic 5
5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b)
π 3π 1 $ $
9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (a, c, d) 12. (b, d) 5. or 6. ± ⋅ (− j + k ) 7. (2i$ − $j)
4 4 2
13. (a, c) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (a)
5 2 2
→ $ $j+ k$ )
(2i+ 8. $i , $j, k$ 9. w$ = $v − 2 ( a$ ⋅ v)
$ a$
17. a 18. ± 3 3 3
6
11. − $i + 3 $j + 3 k$ and 3 $i − $j − k$
19. 13 sq units 20. True
1 − 2 cos θ
13. p = r = , q=
Topic 3 1 + 2 cosθ 1 + 2 cos θ
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) $ $ $
14. − i − 8 j + 2 k 16. 0,−1
5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (c)
528 Vectors
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∴ cos (∠ GOA ) = = ⇒ 1 = 2 ⇒ b1 + b2 = 2 ...(i)
24 10 15 2
→
7. Let v = a + λ b
→ → = $i (1 + t ) + $j (2 − t ) + k$ (1 + t )
→
→ → 1
v = (1 + λ ) i$ + (1 − λ ) $j (1 + λ ) k$ The projection of r on c = ⋅ [given]
3
→ → → →
→ 1 → v⋅ c 1 r⋅c 1
Projection of v on c = ⇒ = ⇒ =
3 →
| c| 3 → 3
| c|
(1 + λ ) − (1 − λ ) − (1 + λ ) 1 |1 ⋅ (1 + t ) + 1 ⋅ (2 − t ) − 1 ⋅ (1 + t )| 1
⇒ = ⇒ =
3 3 3 3
⇒ 1 + λ −1 + λ −1 − λ = 1 ⇒ (2 − t ) = ± 1 ⇒ t = 1 or 3
When, t = 1, we have r = 2$i + $j + 2k$
⇒ λ −1 = 1 ⇒ λ = 2 →
→
∴ v = 3 i − $j + 3k$
$ When, t = 3, we have r = 4$i − $j + 4k$
→
→ → → → → →
8. AB = 2 i$ + 10 $j + 11 k,
$ AD = − $i + 2 $j + 2 k$ →
12. Since, b1 = b −
→ b⋅a → → → b⋅a →
a , b1 = b + a
2 2
→ → |→
a| |→
a|
Angle ‘θ’ between AB and AD is
→ → → → → → → →
→ → → → c ⋅ a → c ⋅ b → → → c ⋅ a → c ⋅ b1 →
AB⋅ AD − 2 + 20 + 22 8 and c1 = c − a− b c2 = c − a − b1
cos(θ ) = = = |→ 2
|→ 2
|→ 2
|→ 2
→ →
(15) (3) 9 a| b| a| b|
| AB|| AD| → → → → → →
c ⋅ a → c ⋅ b2 → → → c ⋅ a →
→ →
17 c3 = c −
a− b2 , c 4 = a − a.
⇒ sin (θ ) = → 2
|a | → 2
|b | |→ |2
9 a
→ → → →2 → →
Since, α + θ = 90° which shows a ⋅ b1 = 0 = a ⋅ c2 = b1 ⋅ c2
17 → → →
∴ cos (α ) = cos (90° − θ ) = sin (θ ) = So, { a , b1 , c2} are mutually orthogonal vectors.
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9
D C → → → →
13. Since, ( a + 2 b) ⋅ (5 a − 4 a ) = 0
→ → → →
α ⇒ 5|a|2 + 6 a ⋅ b − 8|b|2 = 0
θ → → → →
⇒ 6 a ⋅ b = 3 [ Q|a|=|b|= 1]
A B 1
1 1 ⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ = 60°
9. mPQ = , mSR = , mRQ = − 3, mSP = − 3 2
6 6 → → → →2 → →
S (- 3, 2) R (3, 3)
14. Now, (a + b + c )2 = Σ a + 2 Σ a ⋅ b ≥0
→ → → → →
⇒ 2 Σ a⋅ b ≥ −3 [Q|a|=|b| =|c|= 1]
→ → → → →
Now, Σ|a − b|2 = 2 Σ a 2 − 2 Σ a ⋅ b ≤ 2 (3) + 3 = 9
→ → → → → → →
15. Since, u + v + w = 0 ⇒ |u + v + w|2 = 0
→ → → → → → → →
P (- 2, - 1) Q (4, 0) ⇒ |u|2 + |v|2 + |w|2 + 2 (u⋅ →
v + v⋅ w + w⋅ u ) = 0
→ → → → → →
⇒ Parallelogram, but neither PR = SQ nor PR ⊥ SQ. ⇒ 9 + 16 + 25 + 2 (u⋅ v + v⋅ w + w⋅ u ) = 0
→ → → → → →
∴ So, it is a parallelogram, which is neither a ⇒ u ⋅ v + v ⋅ w + w ⋅ u = − 25
rhombus nor a rectangle. → →
→ → → (a × b)
10. Given, OP = a$ cos t + $b sin t 16. A vector perpendicular to a and b is ± .
→ |→ →
a × b|
$ cos 2 t + ( $b⋅ $b) sin 2 t + 2a$ ⋅ $b sin t cos t
⇒ | OP| = (a$ ⋅ a) →
→ 17. Here, a = (2 p) $i + $j , when a system is rotated, the new
⇒ | OP| = 1 + a$ ⋅ $b sin 2t →
component of a are ( p + 1) and 1.
→ π
| OP|max = M = 1 + a$ ⋅ $b at sin 2t = 1 ⇒ t =
→ → →
⇒ i.e. b = ( p + 1) i$ + $j ⇒ |a|2 =|b|2
4
π → 1 or 4 p 2 + 1 = ( p + 1 )2 + 1 ⇒ 4 p 2 = p 2 + 2 p + 1
At t = , OP = $
(a$ + b) 2
4 2 ⇒ 3 p − 2 p − 1 = 0 ⇒ (3 p + 1) ( p − 1) = 0
→ π a$ + $b ⇒ p = 1, − 1 / 3
Unit vector along OP at t = =
4 | a$ + $b| →
18. Three points A , B, C are collinear, if AB = − 20$i − 11$j
→ → →
11. Let vector r be coplanar to a and b. → → →
→ → →
and AC = (a − 60) $i − 55$j, then AB ||AC
∴ r =a+ tb a − 60 −55
→ ⇒ = ⇒ a = − 40
⇒ r = (i$ + 2$j + k$ ) + t (i$ − $j + k$ ) −20 −11
530 Vectors
→ $ →
19. Given vectors are a = 2$i − $j + k, b = $i + 2$j − k$ and 23. Given,
→ → →
| A | = 3,| B | = 4,| C | = 5
→ → → →
c = $i + $j − 2 k$ . Any vector r in the plane of b and c is → → → → → → → → →
Since, A ⋅ ( B + C ) = B⋅ ( C + A ) = C⋅ ( A + B ) = 0 ... (i)
→ → →
r = b + t( c ) = $i + 2$j − k$ + t ($i + $j − 2k)
$
→ → → → → →
∴ | A + B + C |2 = | A | + | B |2 + | C |2
= (1 + t )$i + (2 + t )$j − (1 + 2t )k$ …(i)
→→ → → →→
→ → 2 + 2 ( A ⋅ B + B ⋅ C + C⋅ A )
Since, projection of r on a is .
3
= 9 + 16 + 25 + 0
→ →
r⋅a 2 →→ →→ →→
∴ = [from Eq. (i), A ⋅ B + B⋅ C + C⋅ A = 0]
→
| a| 3
→ → →
2(1 + t ) − (2 + t ) − (1 + 2t ) 2 ∴ | A + B + C |2 = 50
⇒ =
6 3 → → →
⇒ | A + B + C |= 5 2
⇒ − (1 + t ) = 2 ⇒ t = 1 or −3
→ → → → → → →
On putting t = 1 , −3 in Eq. (i) respectively, we get 24. Let position vectors of points A, B and C be a + b, a − b
→ → →
r = 2$i + 3$j − 3k$ and a + k b , respectively.
→ → → → → → → →
→ (a − b) − ( a + b) = ( a + k b) − ( a − b)
or r = − 2$i − $j + 5k$ ∴
→ →
20. We have, ⇒ −2 b = (k + 1) b
→ → → → → → →
c = x a + y b + a × b and a ⋅ b = 0 ⇒ k + 1 = −2
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→ → → ⇒ k = −3
| a | =| b | = 1 and| c | = 2
Hence, it is false statement.
→ → →
Also, given c is inclined on a and b with same angle α. → → →
→ → → 2 → → → → → 25. We have, |v1|= 2,|v2|= 2 and |v3 |= 29
∴ a ⋅ c = x| a| + y( a ⋅ b ) + a ⋅ ( a × b ) → →
→ → If θ is the angle between v1 and v2 , then
| a|| c | cos α = x + 0 + 0
2 2 cos θ = − 2
x = 2 cosα
1
Similarly, ⇒ cos θ = −
→ → 2
| b|| c |cos α = 0 + y + 0
⇒ θ = 135°
⇒ y = 2 cosα
→ → →
Since, any two vectors are always coplanar and data is
| c |2 = x 2 + y 2 +| a × b|2 not sufficient, so we can assume v1 and v2 in x − y
→ →
→
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (iii), we get
A (a)
3l 2x
4 (l + m) 3 (x + y)
=
F (γ) E (β) m x
l+m 3 (x + y)
I
3 l l 8 BP
⇒ ⋅ =2 ⇒ = =
→ → → 4 m m 3 PE
B (b) D (α) C(c)
→ → →
28. Let a = cx $i − 6$j + 3k$ and b = x $i + 2$j + 2cxk$ . Since, a and
Hence I lies on every angle bisector and angle →
bisectors are concurrent. b makes an obtuse angle.
→ →
→ → →
Here, α =|b − c|, β =|a − c|, γ =|a − b|.
→ → → ⇒ a ⋅ b < 0 ⇒ c x2 − 12 + 6 cx < 0
⇒ c <0 and discriminant < 0
27. Let the position vectors of A
→ → →
⇒ c <0 and 36c2 − 4 ⋅ (−12)c < 0
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A , B and C are a , b and c 3 ⇒ c <0 and 12 c (3c + 4) < 0
respectively, since the point x
m E ⇒ c <0 and c > − 4 /3
D divides BC in the ratio of
l y 1 ∴ c ∈ (−4 / 3, 0)
2 : 1, the position vector of D P
will be B C
2 D 1 → → → →
29. Let O be origin and OA = a , OB = b
→ → →
2 c + b → b →
D≡ OE = [since E being mid-point of OB]
3 2
→
and the point E divides AC in the ratio 3 : 1, B (b)
→ → 1
3 c + a 1
therefore E ≡ . D
4 E
2
Now, let P divides BE in the ratio l : m and AD in the 1 P
ratio x : y. →
O A (a)
Hence, the position vector of P getting from BE and
AD must be the same. → →
→ a ⋅1 + b⋅2
Hence, we have OD =
1+2
→ → → →
3 c + a → 2 c + b →
→
l + m b x + ya
4 3 (since, D divides AB in the ratio of 2 : 1)
= → →
l+m x+ y → → a + 2 b
⇒ Equation of OD is r = t
→ → → → 3
3l c l a → 2cx bx →
+ +m b + + ya
⇒ 4 4 = 3 3 →
→ → → b →
l+m x+ y and equation of AE is r = a + s − a
2
→
3l → l → m b
⇒ c+ a+ → →
4 (l + m) 4 (l + m) l+m If OD and AE intersect at P, then there must be some
2x → x → y → →
= c+ b+ a r for which they are equal.
3 (x + y) 3 (x + y) (x + y)
532 Vectors
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2
OP 3 On comparing both sides, we get
∴ =
PD 2 − x + y − z = 4, x − y − z = 3 and x + y + z = 5
30. OACB is a parallelogram with O as origin. Let On solving above equations, we get
→ → → → → → → 9 −7
OA = a, OB = b , OC = a + b x = 4, y = , z =
2 2
→ 9 7
B (b) ∴ 2x + y + z = 8 + − = 9
C 2 2
33. PLAN If a, b,c are any three vectors
→ → →
P Then | a + b + c| 2 ≥ 0
→ → → → → → → → →
1 ⇒ | a | 2 + | b | 2 + | c | 2 + 2 ( a ⋅ b + b⋅ c + c ⋅ a ) ≥ 0
1
→ → → → → → −1 → → →
→
→ ∴ a ⋅ b + b⋅ c + c ⋅ a ≥ (| a | 2 + | b | 2 + | c | 2 )
O A (a) 2
D (a /2)
→ → → → → →
→ Given, |a − b|2 + |b − c |2 + |c − a |2 = 9
→ a
and OD = → → → → → → → → → →
2 ⇒ |a |2 + | b|2 − 2 a ⋅ b + |b|2 + |c |2 − 2 b ⋅ c + |c |2 + |a |2
→ →
→ → −2 c⋅ a = 9
CO and BD meets at P.
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → ⇒ 6 − 2 (a ⋅ b+ b ⋅ c + c⋅ a ) = 9 [Q|a|=|b|=|c |= 1]
→ λ ⋅ 0 + 1 (a + b) →
∴ OP = [along OC] → → → → → → 3
λ+1 ⇒ a ⋅ b + b⋅ c + c ⋅ a = − …(i)
2
→ →
→ a+b → → → → → → −1 → 2 → 2 → 2
⇒ OP = …(i) Also, a ⋅ b + b⋅ c + c ⋅ a ≥ (|a | + |b| + |c | )
λ+1 2
→ 3
a → ≥− …(ii)
µ + 1 (b) 2
2
→ → → → →
Again, OP = [along BD] From Eqs. (i) and (ii), |a + b + c |= 0
µ+1
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → as a ⋅ b + b ⋅ c + c ⋅ a is minimum when|a + b + c |= 0
→ µ a+2b → → →
⇒ OP = …(ii) ⇒ a+ b+ c =0
2 (µ + 1)
∴ |2 a + 5b + 5 c|=|2 a + 5 (b + c)|=|2 a − 5 a|= 3
Vectors 533
$i $j $
Topic 2 Vector Product of Two Vectors k
1. Given vectors are So, PQ × PM = β −1 β + 1
1 0 −1
$ and b = $i + 2$j − 2k
a = 3i$ + 2$j + 2k $
= $i − $j(− β − β − 1) + k
$ = $i + (2 β + 1)$j + k
$
Now, vectors a + b = 4i$ + 4$j and a − b = 2$i + 4k
$
|PQ × PM| 1 + (2β + 1)2 + 1
∴ A vector which is perpendicular to both the vectors Now, = …(iii)
|PM| 2
a + b and a − b is
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
$i $j k
$
1 + (2β + 1)2 + 1 3 1 + (2β + 1)2 + 1 3
(a + b) × (a − b) = 4 4 0 = ⇒ =
2 2 2 2
2 0 4
[squaring both sides]
= $i (16) − $j(16) + k
$ (− 8) = 8(2$i − 2$j − k
$) ⇒ (2β + 1)2 = 1 ⇒ 2β + 1 = ±1
⇒ 2β + 1 = 1 or 2β + 1 = −1 ⇒ β = 0 or β = −1
Then, the required vector along (a + b) × (a − b) having
→ →
magnitude 12 is 4. Given vectors α = 3$i + $j and β = 2$i − $j + 3k$ and
8(2i$ − 2$j − k
$) → → → → → →
± 12 × = ± 4(2$i − 2$j − k
$) β = β1 − β 2 such that β1 is parallel to α and β 2 is
8× 4+4+1 perpendicular to α
→
2. Given three vectors are So, β = λα = λ (3$i + $j)
1
a = αi$ + $j + 3k
$
Now,
→ → →
β 2 = β1 − β = λ (3$i + $j) − (2$i − $j + 3k
$)
b = 2i$ + $j − αk$ $ $
= (3λ − 2)i + (λ + 1) j – 3k $
and c = α$i − 2$j + 3k
$ → →
Q β 2 is perpendicular to α, so β 2⋅ α = 0
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α 1 3
[since if non-zero vectors a and b are perpendicular to
Clearly, [a b c] = 2 1 −α each other, then a ⋅ b = 0]
α −2 3 ∴ (3λ − 2)(3) + (λ + 1)(1) = 0
= α (3 − 2 α ) − 1 (6 + α 2) +3 (− 4 − α ) ⇒ 9λ − 6 + λ + 1 = 0
= − 3 α 2 − 18 = − 3 (α 2 + 6) ⇒ 10λ = 5 ⇒ λ =
1
Q There is no value of α for which − 3(α 2 + 6) becomes 2
α 1 3 → 3 1
So, β1 = i$ + $j
zero, so = 2 1 −α [a b c] ≠ 0 2 2
→ 3 $ 1 $ = − 1 $i + 3 $j − 3k
α −2 3 and β 2 = − 2 i + + 1 $j − 3k $
2 2 2 2
⇒ vectors a , b and c are not coplanar for any value
α ∈ R. $i $j $
So, the set S = {α : a , b and c are coplanar} is empty set. k
→ → 3 1 3 9 $ 9 1
∴β 1 × β 2
= 0 = $i − − 0 − $j − − 0 + k +
3. Equation of given line is 2 2 2 2 4 4
x y−1 z + 1 −1 3 − 3
= = …(i)
1 0 −1 2 2
3 9 5$ 1
Now, one of the point on line is P(0, 1, − 1) and the given = − $i + $j + k = (−3$i + 9$j + 5k
$)
point is Q(β , 0, β ). 2 2 2 2
5. Given vectors are a = 3i$ + 2$j + xk$
Q(β,0, β)
and b = i$ − $j + k$
l $i $j k $
∴ a × b = 3 2 x = $i (2 + x) − $j(3 − x) + k
$ (−3 − 2)
M x y–1 z+1 1 −1 1
P(0, 1, –1) = =
1 0 –1
= (x + 2)i + (x − 3)$j − 5k
$ $
From the figure, the length of the perpendicular
3 ⇒ |a × b| = (x + 2)2 + (x − 3)2 + 25
QM = l = (given)
2
= 2x2 − 2x + 4 + 9 + 25
PQ × PM 3
⇒ = …(ii) 2
PM 2 1 1 1 75
= 2 x2 − x + − + 38 = 2 x − +
Q PQ = β$i − $j + (β + 1)k
$ 4 2 2 2
and PM = a vector along given line (i) = $i − k
$
534 Vectors
2 → → → → → → →
1 1 1 75 ⇒ a × b − a × c = 0 ⇒ a × ( b − c) = 0
= 2 x2 − x + − + 38 = 2 x − +
4 2 2 2 → → → → → →
i.e. a || ( b − c) or b − c = λ a
75 1 → →
So, |a × b| ≥ [at x = , |a × b|is minimum] Here, a × ( 2i$ + 3$j + 4k$ ) = ( 2i$ + 3$j + 4k$ ) × b
2 2
→ →
3 ⇒ a × ( 2$i + 3$j + 4k$ ) − ( 2$i + 3$j + 4k$ ) × b = 0
⇒ r ≥5
2 → →
⇒ (a + b) × ( 2$i + 3$j + 4k$ ) = 0
6. The given vertices of tetrahedron PQRO are P(1, 2, 1), → →
Q (2, 1, 3), R (−1, 1, 2) and O (0, 0, 0). ⇒ a + b = λ ( 2$i + 3$j + 4k$ ) …(i)
The normal vector to the face OPQ → →
Since, | a + b| = 29
= OP × OQ = ($i + 2$i + k$ ) × (2$i + $j + 3k$ )
⇒ ± λ 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
$i $j k$ ⇒ λ=±1
= 1 2 1 = 5$i − $j − 3k$ ∴
→ →
a + b = ± ( 2$i + 3$j + 4k$ )
2 1 3 → →
Now, (a + b) ⋅ (− 7$i + 2$j + 3k$ ) = ± (− 14 + 6 + 12) = ± 4
and the normal vector to the face PQR
→ → → → → → →
= PQ × PR = ($i − $j + 2 k$ ) × (−2$i − $j + k$ ) 9. Since, a , b, c are unit vectors and a + b + c = 0, then
→ → →
$i $j k$ a , b, c represent an equilateral triangle.
= 1 −1 2 → → → → → → →
∴ a × b = b × c = c × a ≠ 0.
−2 −1 1
→ → → →
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= $i (− 1 + 2) − $j (1 + 4) + k$ (− 1 − 2) = $i − 5$j − 3k$ 10. By triangle law, a + b + c = 0
Now, the angle between the faces OPQ and PQR is the A
angle between their normals
→ →
5+5+9 19 c b
= cos − 1 = cos − 1
25 + 1 + 9 1 + 25 + 9 35
C
7. We have, a = 2i$ + $j − 2k$ B
→
a
⇒ |a | = 4 + 1 + 4 = 3
→ → →
and b = $i + $j Taking cross product by a , b , c respectively,
⇒ |b| = 1 + 1 = 2 → → → → → → →
a × (a + b + c ) = a × 0 = 0
2
Now, |c − a | = 3 ⇒|c − a | = 9 → → → → → → →
⇒ a × a+ a × b+ a × c=a
⇒ (c − a ) ⋅ (c − a ) = 9 → → → → → → →
⇒ a × b= c × a [Q a × a = 0 ]
⇒ |c |2 + |a |2 − 2 c ⋅ a = 9 …(i)
→ → → →
Again, |(a × b) × c| = 3 Similarly, a × b=b × a
⇒ |a × b|| c |sin 30° = 3 → → → → → →
∴ a × b=b × c= c × a
6
⇒ |c| =
|a × b| 11. Given, |a| = 12 ,| b| = 4 3 R
a + b+ c= 0
$i $j k$
⇒ a = − ( b + c)
But a × b = 2 1 − 2 = 2$i − 2$j + k$
We have, |a|2 = | b + c|2 b a
1 1 0 2 2 2
⇒ |a| = | b| + |c| + 2 b ⋅ c
6 ⇒ 144 = 48 + |c|2 + 48
∴ |c| = =2 …(ii) P c Q
4+4+1 ⇒ |c|2 = 48
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ⇒ |c| = 4 3
(2)2 + (3)2 − 2c ⋅ a = 9 Also, |c|2 = |a|2 + | b|2 + 2 a ⋅ b
⇒ 4 + 9 − 2c ⋅ a = 9 ⇒ 48 = 144 + 48 + 2 a ⋅ b
⇒ c⋅ a = 2 ⇒ a ⋅ b = − 72
→ → → →
8. Plan If a × b = a × c ∴Option (d) is correct.
Vectors 535
Also, a × b= c× a → → → →
∴ |u|+ |u ⋅ a|= sin θ + sin 2 θ ≠ |v|
⇒ a × b + c × a = 2a × b → → → → → → →
u ⋅ b = [a − (a ⋅ b) b] ⋅ b
⇒ |a × b + c × a| = 2|a × b| = 2 |a|2| b|2 − (a ⋅ b)2
→ → → → → → → → → → →
= 2 (144) (48) − (− 72)2 = a ⋅ b − (a ⋅ b) (b ⋅ b) = a ⋅ b − a ⋅ b|b|2
→ → → →
= 2 (12) 48 − 36 = 48 3 = a⋅ b − a⋅ b =0 …(i)
∴ Option (c) is correct. → → → → → →
∴ |u|+ |u⋅ b|=|u|+ 0 =|u|=|v|
|c|2
Also, − |a| = 24 − 12 = 12 → → → → → → → → →
2 Also, u ⋅ (a + b) = u ⋅ a + u ⋅ b = u ⋅ a
∴ Option (a) is correct. → → → → → → → →
⇒ |u|+ u ⋅ (a + b) =|u|+ u ⋅ a ≠|v|
|c|2
and + |a| = 24 + 12 = 36 → →
2 14. Since, PQ is not parallel to TR.
T S
∴ Option (b) is not correct. → → →
Q TR is resultant of RS and ST
→ → → → →
12. Let vector AO be parallel to line of intersection of planes vectors. ⇒ PQ × (RS + ST) ≠ 0. U R
P1 and P2 through origin.
But for Statement II, we have
Normal to plane p1 is P Q
→ → →
→ PQ × RS = 0
n1 = [(2$j + 3k$ ) × (4$j − 3k$ )] = −18$i
→ →
Normal to plane p2 is which is not possible as PQ not parallel to RS.
→ Hence, Statement I is true and Statement II is false.
n 2 = ($j − k$ ) × (3 i + 3$j) = 3i$ − 3$j − 3k$
^
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→ → →
15. cos(P + Q ) + cos(Q + R) + cos(R + P )
So, OA is parallel to ± (n1 × n 2) = 54 $j − 54k$ .
= − (cos R + cos P + cos Q )
∴ Angle between 54 ($j − k$ ) and (2$i + $j − 2k$ ) is 3
Max. of cos P + cos Q + cos R =
54 + 108 1 2
cos θ = ± =± 3
3 ⋅ 54 ⋅ 2 2 Min. of cos(P + Q ) + cos(Q + R) + cos(R + P ) is = −
π 3π 2
∴ θ= ,
4 4 16. sin R = sin(P + Q )
Hence, (b) and (d) are correct answers. →
17. Let $i be a unit vector in the direction of b, $j in the
→ → → → → →
13. Let θ be the angle between a and b. Since, a and a are direction of c . Note that c = $j
non-collinear vectors, then θ ≠ 0 and θ ≠ π .
→ → → →
→ →
We have, a ⋅ b =|a||a| cos θ
→ →
and (b × c ) =|b||c|sin α k$ = sin α k$
→ → → →
= cos θ [Q|a|= 1,|b|= 1, given] where, k$ is a unit vector perpendicular to b and c.
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
Now, u = a − (a ⋅ b) b ⇒ |u|=|a − (a⋅ b) b| → → b× c
⇒ |b × c|= sin α ⇒ k$ =
→ → → → → → →
⇒ |u|2 =|a − (a ⋅ b) b|2 |b × c|
→
a = a1i$ + a 2$j + a3 k$
→ → →
⇒ |u|2 =|a − cos θ b|2 Let
→ → →
a ⋅ b = a ⋅ $i = $i ⋅ (a1$i + a 2$j + a3 k$ ) = a1
→ → → → →
⇒ |u|2 =| a|2 + cos 2 θ|b|2 − 2 cos θ (a⋅ b) Now,
→ → →
a ⋅ c = a ⋅ $j = $j ⋅ (a1$i + a 2$j + a3 k$ ) = a 2
→
⇒ |u|2 = 1 + cos 2 θ − 2 cos 2 θ and
→ → → →
⇒ |u|2 = 1 − cos 2 θ ⇒ |u|2 = sin 2 θ and
→
a⋅
b× c → $
= a ⋅ k = a3
→ → → → →
Also, v=a × b [given] |b × c|
→ → →
→ 2 → → 2 → 2 → 2 → 2 → → → → → → a⋅ (b × c ) → →
⇒ |v| =|a × b| ⇒ |v| =|a| |b| ⋅ sin 2 θ ∴ (a ⋅ b ) b + (a ⋅ c ) c + (b × c )
→ →2
→ → → |b × c|
⇒ |v|2 = sin 2 θ ∴ |u|2 =|v|2
→ →
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → (b × c ) →
Now, u ⋅ a = [a − (a ⋅ b) b] ⋅ a = a ⋅ a − (a ⋅ b) (b ⋅ a ) = a1 b + a 2 c + a3 = a1i$ + a 2$j + a3 k$ = a
→ →
→ |b × c|
= (a )2 − cos 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ = sin 2 θ
536 Vectors
→ → → → → →
18. A unit vector perpendicular to the plane determined by ⇒ a × (b − c ) = ( c − b) × d
→ →
(PQ) × (PR) → → → → → →
P ,Q, R = ± ⇒ a × (b − c ) − ( c − b) × d = 0
→ →
| PQ× PR| → → → → → →
⇒ a × (b − c ) − d × (b − c ) = 0
→ → → → → → → → → →
(PQ) × (PR) ⇒ (a − d ) × (b − c ) = 0 ⇒ (a − d )||(b − c )
∴ Unit vector = ±
→ → → → → →
| PQ × PR| ∴ (a − d ) ⋅ (b − c ) ≠ 0
→
PQ = $i + $j − 3k$
→ → → → → → → →
where, ⇒ a⋅ b + d⋅ c ≠ d ⋅ b + a ⋅ c
→ → → → →
and PR = − $i + 3$j − k$ 22. (i) Since, u ⋅ v =|u||v|cos θ
→ → → →
i$ $j k$ and u × v =|u||v|sin θ n$
→ → → →
∴ PQ × PR = 1 1 −3 where, θ is the angle between u and v and n$ is unit
−1 3 −1 → →
vector perpendicular to the plane of u and v.
= $i ( − 1 + 9) − $j(− 1 − 3) + k$ (3 + 1) Again,
→ → →
|u ⋅ v|2 =|u|2|v|2 cos 2 θ and
→
= 8i + 4j + 4k $ → → → → → →
|u × v|2 =|u|2|v|2 sin 2 θ =|u|2 |v|2 sin 2 θ
→ → → → → → → →
⇒ |PQ × PR|= 4 4 + 1 + 1 = 4 6 ∴ |u ⋅ v|2 + |u × v|2 =|u|2 |v|2 (cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
→ →
4(2i$ + $j + k$ )
→ →
PQ × PR =|u|2 |v|2 …(i)
∴ =±
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→ → 4 6 → → → → 2
|PQ × PR| (ii) |u + v + ( u × v)|
(2$i + $j + k$ )
→ → → → → → → →
=± =|u + v|2 + |u × v|2 + 2 (u + v) ⋅ (u × v)
6 → → → → → →
=|u|2 + |v|2 + 2 u ⋅ v + |u × v|2 + 0
1 → →
19. Area of ∆ABC = |AB × AC| → → → →
2 [Q u × v is perpendicular to the plane of u and v]
→ → → → → → → →
AB = i$ + 2$j − 3k$ and AC = 2i$ + 2$j − 3k$ ∴ |u + v + (u × v)|2 + |1 − u ⋅ v|2
$i $j k$ → → → → → → → → → →
→ → =|u|2 + |v|2 + 2 u ⋅ v + |u × v|2 + 1 − 2 u ⋅ v + |u ⋅ v|2
∴ AB × AC = 1 2 −3 = 2(−3$j − 2k$ ) → → → →
2 0 0 =|u|2 + |v|2 + 1 + |u|2 |v|2 [from Eq. (i)]
→ 2 → 2 → 2 → 2 →
1 → → =|u| (1 + |v| ) + (1 + |v| ) = (1 + |v| ) (1 + |u|2 )
⇒ Area of triangle = |AB × AC|
2 23. Let the position vectors of points A, B, C, D be a , b, c and
→ → →
1 →
= ⋅ 2 ⋅ 9 + 4 = 13 sq units d, respectively.
2
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → → → Then, AB = b − a , BC = c − b, AD = d − a,
20. Given, A⋅ B = A⋅ C = 0
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
⇒ A is perpendicular to both B and C. BD = d − b, CA = a − c , CD = d − c
→ → → → → → → → →
⇒ A = λ (B × C) Now,|AB × CD + BC × AD + CA × BD|
→ → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
|A|=| λ ||B × C|, where A , B, C are unit vectors. =|(b − a ) × (d − c ) + ( c − b) × (d − a ) + (a − c ) × (d − b)|
1 → → → → → → → → → → → → → →
⇒ |λ |= ⇒ |λ |= 2 ⇒ λ=±2 =|b × d − a × d − b × c + a × c + c × d − c × a − b × d
1 ⋅ sin 30°
→ → → → → → → → → → → → →
∴ A = ± 2 (B × C) + b × a + a × d − a × b − c × d + c × b|
→ → → → → →
Hence, given statement is true. = 2| a × b + b × c + c × a ) …(i)
→ → → → → → → →
21. Given, a × b = c × d and a × c=b ×d Also, area of ∆ ABC
→ → → → → → → →
⇒ a × b−a × c= c ×d −b ×d
Vectors 537
1 → → 1 → → → → ⇒ (λ − 2)(λ2 − 9) = 0
= |AB × AC| = |(b − a ) × ( c − a )|
2 2 ⇒ (λ − 2) (λ + 3) (λ − 3) = 0
1 → → → → → → → → ∴ λ = 2, 3 or − 3
= |b × c − b × a − a × c + a × a|
2 If λ = 2 , then
1 → → → → → → $i $j k$
= |a × a + b × c + c × a| …(ii)
2 a × c = 1 2 4 = $i (6 − 16) − $j(3 − 8) + k$ (4 − 4)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), 2 4 3
→ → → → → → = − 10$i + 5$j
|AB × CD + BC × AD + CA × BD| 2 (2 area of ∆ ABC )
$i $j k$
= 4 (area of ∆ ABC)
If λ = ± 3, then a × c = 1 2 4 = 0
→ → →
24. Since, OA1 , OA2,... , OAn are all vectors of same 2 4 8
magnitude and angle between any two consecutive
vectors is same i.e. (2π / n ). (because last two rows are proportional).
→ → → → → →
→ → 2π 3. Let angle between a and b be θ1 , c and d be θ 2 and a × b
∴ OA1 × OA2 = a 2 ⋅ sin ⋅ $p …(i)
n → →
and b × d be θ.
where, $p is perpendicular to plane of polygon. → → → →
n −1 n −1 Since, (a × b) ⋅ ( c × d ) = 1
→ → 2 2π
Now, ∑ (OA i × OA i + 1 ) = ∑ a ⋅ sin n ⋅ p$ ⇒ sin θ1 ⋅ sinθ 2 ⋅ cosθ = 1
i =1 i =1
2π ⇒ θ1 = 90° , θ 2 = 90° , θ = 0°
= (n − 1) ⋅ a 2 ⋅ sin $
⋅p
n → → → → → → → →
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⇒ a ⊥ b, c ⊥ d , (a × b)||( c × d )
→ → → → → → → → → →
= (n − 1) [ OA1 × OA2] So, a × b = k ( c × d ) and a × b = k ( c × d )
→ → → → → → → →
= (1 − n ) [OA2 × OA1 ] = RHS ⇒ (a × b) ⋅ c = k ( c × d ) ⋅ c
→ → → → → →
an d (a × b) ⋅ d = k ( c × d ) ⋅ d
Topic 3 Scalar Triple Product/Dot
→→→ →→→
Product/Mixed Product ⇒ [a b c ] = 0 and [a b d ] = 0
1. Given vectors, µ$i + $j + k$ , $i + µ$j + k$ , $i + $j + µk$ will be → → → → → →
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− λ2 1 1
∴ 1 −λ 2
1 =0 1 α −1 β −1
→
1 1 − λ2 Also, |c|= 3 [given]
⇒ λ6 − 3λ2 − 2 = 0 ⇒ (1 + λ2)2 (λ2 − 2) = 0 ⇒ λ = ± 2 ⇒ 2
1 + α + β =3 2
[given, c = i + α$j + βk$ ]
$
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4 ∴ w = (u2v3 ) $i − (u1v3 )$j + (u1v2 − v1u2)k
$
1 $ $ $)
2 −3 0 = (i + j + 2k
→→→ 6
16. The volume of parallelopiped = [a b c ] = 1 1 −1
1 −1
3 0 −1 ∴ u2v3 = , u1v3 =
6 6
= 2 (−1) + 3 (−1 + 3) = − 2 + 6 = 4
u2v3
→ → → → → → ⇒ = − 1 or | u1 | = | u2|
17. Given, |(a × b ) ⋅ c|=|a||b||c| u1v3
→ → → → → →
⇒ ||a||b|sin θ n$ ⋅ c|=|a||b||c| ∴ Option (c) is correct.
⇒
→ → →
|a||b||c||sin θ ⋅ cos α | = | a||b||c|
→ → → Now, if u$ lies in XZ-plane, then u = u1$i + u3 k
$
π $i $j k
$
⇒ |sin θ ||cos
⋅ α |= 1 ⇒ θ = and α =0 →
2 ∴ u × v = u1 0 u3
→ → →
∴ $
a ⊥ b and c||n v1 v2 v3
→ → → → →
i.e. a ⊥ b and c perpendicular to both a and b. ⇒ w = (− v2u3 ) i$ − (u1v3 − u3 v1 ) $j + (u1v2) k
$
→ → → → → → O
18. A ⋅ {(B + C) × (A + B + C)} A $ = 1 ($i + $j + 2k
⇒ k $)
6
[Q it is a scalar triple product of three
→ → → → → → 1 2
vectors of the form A, B + C, A + B + C] ⇒ − v2u3 = and u1v2 =
6 6
B C
→ → → → →
= A⋅ (B × A + B × B ∴ | u2| = 2| u3 |
→ → → → → → → →
+ B × C + C × A + C × B + C × C) ∴Option (d) is wrong.
→ → → → → → → → →
→ → →
= A⋅ (B × A) + A⋅ (B × C) + A⋅ (C × B) 20. (a) u ⋅ ( v × w) is a meaningful operation.
→→→ →→→
= [ A B A] − [ A B C] = 0 Therefore, (a) is the answer.
→ → → → →
→ (b) u⋅ ( v ⋅ w) is not meaningful, since v ⋅ w is a scalar
19. Let θ be the angle between u$ and v.
→ → quantity and for dot product both quantities should
∴ | u × v| = 1 ⇒ | u | v|sin θ = 1 be vector.
→ Therefore, (b) is not the answer.
∴ | v|sin θ = 1 [Q| u | = 1] …(i)
540 Vectors
→ → →
(c) (u⋅ v) w is meaningful, since it is a simple a a2 1 a a 2 a3
multiplication of vector and scalar quantity. ⇒ b b 1 + b b2 b3 = 0
2
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∴
1 1 c Hence, it is a true statement.
→ → → → → →
Applying R2 → R2 − R1, R3 → R3 − R1, 26. Since, X⋅ A = X⋅ B = X⋅ C = 0
a 1 1 → → → → →→→
⇒ X is perpendicular to A , B, C, therefore [A B C] = 0
1 − a b −1 0 =0
1−a 0 c−1 Hence, given statement is true.
a / (1 − a ) 1 / (1 − b) 1 / (1 − c)
→ →
→ u+ v1 α → →
27. x= = sec (u + v)
⇒ 1 −1 0 =0 → → 2 2
| u + v|
1 0 −1 → →
→ w+ v 1 β → →
a 1 1 y= = sec ( v + w) …(i)
⇒ (1) − (−1) + (1) = 0 → → 2 2
1−a 1−b 1−c | v + w|
→ →
a 1 1 → w+ u 1 γ → →
⇒ + + =0 z= = sec (w + u )
1−a 1−b 1−c → → 2 2
| w + u|
1 1 1
⇒ −1 + + + =0 → → → → → → →→→
1 − a 1 − b 1 −c Since, [x × y y × z z × x ] = [x y z ]2 [from Eq. (i)]
1 1 1 1 α β γ → →→ → → →
⇒ + + =1 = sec2 ⋅ sec2 ⋅ sec2 [u + v v + w w + u ]2 …(ii)
1−a 1−b 1−c 64 2 2 2
→ → → → → → →→ →
→ → → → → → and [u + v v + w w + u ] = 2 [u v w] …(iii)
A⋅ (B × C) B⋅ (A × C)
23. → → → + → → → → → → → → →
(C × A) ⋅ B C⋅ (A × B) ∴[x × y y × z z × x ]
→→→ →→→ →→→ →→→ 1 α β γ →→ →
[A B C] [B A C] [A B C] − [A B C] = sec2 ⋅ sec2 ⋅ sec2 ⋅ 4 [u v w]2
= →→→
+ →→→
= →→→
=0 64 2 2 2
[C A B] [C A B] [C A B] 1 →→ → 2 2α β γ
= ⋅ [u v w] sec ⋅ sec2 ⋅ sec2
a a 2 1 + a3 16 2 2 2
24. Since, b b2 1 + b3 = 0 28.
→ → →
V = |a ⋅ (b × c )|≤ a12 + a 22 + a32
c c2 1 + c3
b12 + b22 + b32 c12 + c22 + c32 …(i)
Vectors 541
⇒
→ → → →
u × w + u × (w × u ) = u × v
→ → →
Topic 4 Vector Triple Product
→ → → → → → → → → → 1. We have, (a × c ) + b = 0
⇒ u × w + (u ⋅ u ) w − (u ⋅ w) u = u × v
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→ → → → → → → → ⇒ a × (a × c ) + a × b = 0
⇒ u × w + w − (u ⋅ w) u = u × v …(ii) (taking cross product with a on both sides)
→ $i $j k$
Now, taking dot product of Eq. (i) with u, we get
→ → → → → → → ⇒ (a ⋅ c )a − (a ⋅ a ) c + 1 −1 0 = 0
u ⋅ w + u⋅ (w × u ) = u ⋅ v
→ → → → → → →
1 1 1
⇒ u⋅ w = u ⋅ v [Q u ⋅ (w × u ) = 0] …(iii)
[Q a × (b × c ) = (a . c )b − (a ⋅ b )c]
→
Now, taking dot product of Eq. (i) with u, we get $ $ $ $
⇒4( i − j) − 2c + (− i − j + 2k$ ) = 0
→ → → → → → →
v ⋅ w + v⋅ (w × u ) = v ⋅ v [Q a ⋅ a = ($i − $j)($i − $j) = 1 + 1 = 2 and a ⋅ c = 4]
⇒
→ → →→ → → →
v ⋅ w + [ v w u ] = 1 ⇒ v⋅ w + [ v w u ] − 1 = 0
→→ →
⇒ 2c = 4i − 4$j − $i − $j + 2k$
→ → → → → 3$i − 5$j + 2k$ 9 + 25 + 4 19
⇒ − (u × v) ⋅ w − v ⋅ w + 1 = 0 ⇒ c= ⇒ |c|2 = =
2 4 2
→ → → → →
⇒ 1 − v ⋅ w = (u × v) ⋅ w …(iv) 1 1
2. Given, a × (b × c) = b ⇒ (a ⋅ c)b − (a ⋅ b)c = b
→ 2 2
Taking dot product of Eq. (ii) with w, we get
[Q a × (b × c) = (a ⋅ c)b − (a ⋅ b)c]
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
(u × w) ⋅ w + w ⋅ w − (u ⋅ w) (u ⋅ w) = (u × v) ⋅ w …(v) On comparing both sides, we get
1
⇒
→ 2 → → 2
0 + |w| − (u ⋅ w) = (u × v) ⋅ w
→ → → a⋅c = …(i)
2
→ → → → → →
⇒ (u × v) ⋅ w = |w|2 − (u ⋅ w)2 and a⋅b = 0 …(ii)
→
Q a , b and c are unit vectors, and angle between a and b
Taking dot product of Eq. (i) with w, we get is α and angle between a and c is β, so
→ → → → → → → 1
w ⋅ w + (w × u ) ⋅ w = v ⋅ w |a||c|cos β = [from Eq. (i)]
2
→ → →
⇒ |w|2 + 0 = v ⋅ w …(vi) ⇒ cos β =
1
[Q|a|= 1 =|c|]
→ 2 → → → 2
⇒ |w| = 1 − (u × v) ⋅ w [from Eq. (iv)]
π π 1
⇒ β= …(iii) Q cos =
Again, from Eq. (v), we get 3 3 2
→ → → → → → → → → → →
(u × v) ⋅ w + |w|2 − (u ⋅ w)2 = 1 − (u × v) ⋅ w − (u ⋅ w)2 and |a||b|cos α = 0 [from Eq. (ii)]
π
→ → → → → ⇒ α= …(iv)
⇒ 2 (u × v) ⋅ w = 1 − (u ⋅ v)2 [from Eq. (iii)] 2
542 Vectors
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get 7. If θ is the angle between P1 and P2 , then normal to the
π π π planes are
|α − β| = − = = 30º → →
2 3 6 N1 = a × b,
3. Given,|a$ | = |b$ | = |c$ | = 1 N2
→ →
= c × d
and $ × c$) = 3 ( b
a$ × ( b $ + c$)
2 ∴ N1 × N 2 = 0
Now, consider a$ × ( b$ × c$ ) = 3 ( b
$ + c$ ) Then,|N 1| × |N 2|sin θ = 0
2 ⇒ sin θ = 0 ⇒ θ = 0
$ − (a$ ⋅ b
⇒ (a$ ⋅ c$ ) b $ ) c$ = 3 b $ + 3 c$ →
2 2
8. NOTE In this question, vector c is not given, therefore, we
→ → →
cannot apply the formulae of a × b × c (vector triple
On comparing, we get
product).
$ = − 3 ⇒ |a$ ||b
a$ ⋅ b $ |cos θ = − 3 → → → → → →
2 2 Now,|(a × b) × c|=|a × b||c|sin 30° …(i)
3
⇒ cos θ = − $ |= 1 ]
[Q |a$ | = |b i$ $j k$
2 → →
π 5π Again, |a × b|= 2 1 −2 = 2i$ − 2$j + k$
⇒ cos θ = cos π − ⇒ θ = 1 1 0
6 6
→ → → 1 → → → → →
4. Given, (a × b) × c = b c a ⇒ |a × b|= 22 + (−2)2 + 1 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9 = 3
3
→ → → 1 → → → → →
⇒ − c × (a × b) = b c a Since, |c − a|= 2 2 [given]
3
→ →
⇒
→ → → → → → 1 → → →
− ( c⋅ b) ⋅ a + ( c⋅ a ) b = bc a ⇒ |c − a|2 = 8
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3 → → → →
⇒ (c − a ) ⋅ (c − a ) = 8
1 → → → → → → →
⇒ 3 bc+ ( c⋅ b) a = ( c⋅ a ) b → → → → → → → →
⇒ c⋅ c − c⋅ a − a⋅ c + a⋅ a =8
Since, a and b are not collinear. → → → →
⇒ |c|2 + |a|2 − 2 a ⋅ c = 8
→ → 1 → → → →
∴ c⋅ b + bc= 0 and c⋅ a = 0 → →
3 ⇒ |c|2 + 9 − 2|c|= 8
→ → 1 → → → → 1 → →
⇒ bc cosθ + bc= 0 ⇒ bc cos θ + = 0 ⇒ |c|2 − 2|c|+ 1 = 0
3 3
→ →
1 ⇒ (|c|− 1)2 = 0 ⇒|c|= 1
⇒ cos θ + = 0 [Q |b|≠ 0,|c|≠ 0]
3 → → → 1 3
1 8 2 2 From Eq. (i), |(a × b) × c| = (3) (1) ⋅ =
⇒ cos θ = − ⇒ sin θ = = 2 2
3 3 3
→ →
→ → → → b+ c→
5. As we know that, a vector coplanar to a , b and 9. Since, a × (b × c ) =
2
→ → → →
orthogonal to c is λ {( a × b) × c} . → → → → → → 1 → 1 →
⇒ (a⋅ c ) b − (a⋅ b) c = b+ c
∴ A vector coplanar to (2i$ + $j + k$ ), (i$ − $j + k$ ) and 2 2
orthogonal to 3$i + 2$j + 6k$ On equating the coefficient of c, we get
→
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→ → → → → → → → → → → → →
[Q (a × b) × c = (a ⋅ c ) b − (b ⋅ c ) a ]
Now, p = SP = OP − OS
→→→ → →→→ →
1 1 1 1 = [B A C] B − [A C B] C
= i$ − $j − k$ = ( i$ − $j − k$ )
2 2 2 2 →→→
[Q [a b c ] = 0, if any two of a , b, c are equal]
→ → →
→ → 1
q = SQ = ( − i$ + $j − k$ ) →→→ → →
2 = [A C B] (B − C)
→ → 1
r = SR = ( − i$ − $j + k$ ) → → → →
Now, [(A + B) × (A + C)] × (B × C) ⋅ (B + C)
→ → → →
2
→ → 1 →→→ → → → →
and t = ST = ( i$ + $j + k$ ) = ([A C B]{ B − C}) ⋅ (B + C)
2
→→→ → → → →
i$ $j k$ = [A C B]{(B − C) ⋅ (B + C)}
→ → 1 1
p× q = 1 −1 −1 = ( 2i$ + 2 $j ) →→→ → → → → →
4 4 = [A C B]{|B|2 −|C|2 } = 0 [Q |B|=|C|, given]
−1 1 −1
→ → → →
14. Considering first part (a × b) × ( c × d )
i$ $j k$
→ → 1 1 → → →
and r × t = −1 −1 1 = ( −2i$ + 2 $j ) Let c ×d=e
4 4 → → → → → → → → →
1 1 1 (a × b) × e = (a ⋅ e ) b − (b ⋅ e ) a
→ → → → → → → → →
i$ $j k$ [Q (a × b) × c = (a ⋅ c ) b − (b ⋅ c ) a ]
→ → → → 1 → → → → → → → →
Now, ( p × q ) × ( r × t ) = 2 2 0 = { a ⋅ ( c × d )} b− { b ⋅ ( c × d )} d
16
−2 2 0 →→→ → →→→ →
= [a c d ] b − [b c d ] a …(i)
1 1
= ( 8k$ ) = k$ Similarly,
16 2
→ → → → → → →→→ → →→→ →
1 $ 1 (a × c ) × (d × b) = [a d b] c − [ c d b] a
∴|( p × q) × ( r × t )| = k = = 0.5
2 2 →→→ → → →→ →
→ → → → →
= [a d b] c − [b c d ] a …(ii)
12. Given, a × (a × c ) + b = 0 → → → → → → → →
→ → → → → → → →
Also, (a × d ) × (b × c ) = − (b × c ) × (a × d )
⇒ (a⋅ c ) a − (a⋅ a ) c + b = 0 → → → → →→→ → →→→ →
= (b × c ) × (d × a ) = [b d a ] c − [ c d a ] b
→ → → →
⇒ ( 2 cos θ ) a − c + b = 0 →→→ → →→→ →
= [a d b] c − [a c d ] b …(iii)
544 Vectors
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⇒ λ − 2 = k(4λ − 2) and 3k = 1
→ 1 Q 3k = 1 ⇒ k = 1
⇒ l|A|2 + 0 = c ⇒ λ − 2 = (4λ − 2)
3 3
c
⇒ l= ⇒ 3λ − 6 = 4λ − 2
→ 2
|A |
⇒ λ = −4
→ → → → → → → →
Also, A × X = B ⇒ A × { l A + m (A × B)} = B 2. We have, a = 2i$ + λ 1$j + 3k$ ; b = 4i$ + (3 − λ 2)$j + 6k$
c = 3i$ + 6$j + (λ 3 − 1)k
$,
→ → → → → →
⇒ l (A × A ) + m { A × (A × B)} = B and
→ → → such that b = 2a
⇒ 0 − m|A|2 B = B
Now, b = 2a
1 ⇒ 4i$ + (3 − λ 2)$j + 6k$ = 2 (2i$ + λ $j + 3k
$)
⇒ m=− 1
→ 2
|A| $ $ $ $ $
⇒ 4i + (3 − λ 2) j + 6k = 4i + 2λ 1 j + 6k $
⇒ (3 − 2λ − λ )$j = 0
1 2
→ c → 1 → →
∴ X = A − → 2 (A × B) ⇒ 3 − 2λ 1 − λ 2 = 0
→ 2
|A| |A| ⇒ 2λ 1 + λ 2 = 3 … (i)
→ Also, as a is perpendicular to c, therefore a . c = 0
(ii) Since, vector A has components A1 , A2, A3 in the
⇒ (2$i + λ 1$j + 3k$ ) ⋅ (3i$ + 6$j + (λ − 1)k
3
$)=0
coordinate system OXYZ.
→ ⇒ 6 + 6λ 1 + 3(λ 3 − 1) = 0
∴ A = A $i + A $j + A k$
1 2 3 ⇒ 6λ 1 + 3λ 3 + 3 = 0
When the given system is rotated about an angle of ⇒ 2λ 1 + λ 3 = − 1 … (ii)
π / 2 , the new X-axis is along old Y-axis and new
Y-axis is along the old negative X-axis , whereas Now, from Eq. (i), λ 2 = 3 − 2λ 1 and from Eq. (ii)
z remains same. λ 3 = − 2λ 1 − 1
Hence, the components of A in the new system are ∴ (λ 1 , λ 2, λ 3 ) ≡ (λ 1 , 3 − 2λ 1 , − 2λ 1 − 1)
( A2, − A1 , A3 ). 1
If λ 1 = − , then
→ 2
∴ A becomes ( A i$ − A $j + A k$ ) .
2 1 3
λ 2 = 4, and λ 3 = 0
16. From the given information, it is clear that 1
$i − 2$j Thus, a possible value of (λ 1 , λ 2, λ 3 ) = − , 4, 0
→ → → → → 2
a= ⇒ |a|= 1, |b|= 1, a ⋅ b = 0
5
Vectors 545
→ → → → →
3. It is given that c is coplanar with a and b, we take Similarly, taking dot of Eq. (ii) with q and r
→ → → respectively, we get
c = pa+ qb …(i)
→ → |λ |2 → →
where, p and q are scalars. x⋅ q = = x⋅ r
2
→ → → →
Since, c ⊥ a ⇒ c⋅ a =0 ∴ Eq. (ii) becomes
→ 2
|λ | → → →
Taking dot product of a in Eq. (i), we get 3→x |λ |2 − (→
p+→q +→ r )|λ |2 = (p+ q + r)
→ → → → → → → → → 2
c ⋅ a = p a ⋅ a + q b ⋅ a ⇒ 0 = p|a|2 + q|b ⋅ a| 1 → → → → → →
⇒ 3→x = (p+ q + r ) + (p + q + r )
→ $ $ $ 2
Q →a = 2i + j + k → 1 → → →
|a|= 22 + 1 + 1 = 6. ⇒ x = (p + q + r )
→→ 2
$ $ $ $ $ $
a⋅ b = (2i + j + k ) ⋅ (i + 2 j − k )
=2 + 2 −1 =3 5. Equation of the plane containing $i and $i + $j is
→ $
⇒ 0 = p ⋅ 6 + q ⋅ 3 ⇒ q = − 2p [( r − i) i$ (i$ + $j) ] = 0
On putting in Eq. (i), we get →
→ → →
⇒ ( r − $i ) ⋅ [ $i × ($i + $j) ] = 0
c = p a + b (−2 p)
⇒ {(x $i + y $j + zk)
$ − $i } ⋅ [$i × $i + $i × $j] = 0
→ → → → → →
⇒ c = p a − 2 p b ⇒ c = p (a − 2 b) ⇒ {(x − 1) $i + y$j + zk$ } ⋅ [k$ ] = 0
(x − 1) $i ⋅ k$ + y$j ⋅ k$ + zk$ ⋅ k$ = 0
→
⇒ c = p[(2i$ + $j + k$ ) − 2 (i$ + 2$j − k$ )] ⇒
→ → ⇒ z =0 …(i)
c = p (−3$j + 3k$ ) ⇒ |c|= p (−3)2 + 32
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⇒
$ $ $ $
Equation of the plane containing i − j and i + k is
→ →
⇒ |c|2 = p2 ( 18 )2 ⇒ |c|2 = p2 ⋅ 18 →
[( r − ($i − $j) ) ($i − $j) ($i + k)
$ ]=0
→
⇒ 1 = p2 ⋅ 18 [Q|c|= 1] →
⇒ ( r − $i + $j) ⋅ [($i − $j) × (i$ + k$ )] = 0
1 1
⇒ p2 = ⇒ p=±
18 3 2 ⇒ {(x$i + y$j + zk$ ) − ($i − $j)} ⋅ [i$ × i$ + i$ × k$ − $j × i$ − $j × k$ ] = 0
→ 1 (− $j + k$ ) ⇒ {(x − 1) $i + ( y + 1) $j + zk$ )} ⋅ [ − $j + k$ − $i ] = 0
∴ c=±
2 ⇒ − (x − 1) − ( y + 1) + z = 0 …(ii)
→
Let a = a1$i + a 2$j + a3 k$
→ → →
4. Since, p, q , r are mutually perpendicular vectors of
same magnitude, so let us consider →
Since, a is parallel to Eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain
→ → →
|p|=|q|=|r|= λ and …(i) a3 = 0
→ → → → → →
p⋅ q = q⋅ r = r⋅ p = 0 and a1 + a 2 − a3 = 0 ⇒ a1 = − a 2, a3 = 0
→
Thus, a vector in the direction a is $i − $j .
→ → → → → → → →
Given, p × {(x − q ) × p} + q × {(x − r ) × q }
→ → → → → →
+ r × {(x − p) × r } = 0 If θ is the angle between a and $i − 2$j + 2k$ , then
→ → → → → → → → → → → →
⇒ (p⋅ p) (x − q ) − { p⋅ (x − q ) } p + (q⋅ q ) (x − r ) (1) (1) + (− 1) (− 2) 3
cos θ = ± =±
→ → → → → → → → → → → → 1+1 1+4+4 2 ⋅3
− {q⋅ (x − r )} q + ( r⋅ r ) (x − p) − { r⋅ (x − p)} r = 0
1 π 3π
→ → → → → → → → → → ⇒ cos θ = ± ⇒ θ= or
⇒ x{(p ⋅ p) + (q⋅ q ) + ( r⋅ r )} − (p ⋅ p) q 2 4 4
→ → → → → → → → → → →
− (q⋅ q )r − ( r⋅ r ) p = (x⋅ p) p + (x⋅ q ) q + (x⋅ r ) r
→ → → 6. Any vector coplanar with $i + $j + 2k$ and $i + 2$j + k$ is
given by
⇒ 3→
x |λ |2 − (→
p+→
q +→
r )|λ |2 = (→
x⋅→
p)→
p →
a = x ($i + $j + 2k$ ) + y (i$ + 2$j + k$ )
+ (→
x⋅→
q )→
q + (→
x⋅→
r )→
r …(ii) = (x + y) $i + (x + 2 y)$j + (2x + y) k$
→ This vector is perpendicular to $i + $j + k$ , if
Taking dot of Eq. (ii) with p, we get
(x + y) 1 + (x + 2 y)1 + (2x + y) 1 = 0
→ → → → → → 1
3 (x⋅ p)|λ |2 −| λ |4 = (x⋅ p)|λ |2 ⇒ x⋅ p = |λ |2 ⇒ 4x + 4 y = 0 ⇒ −x = y
2
546 Vectors
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→
On solving above equations, we get p = 2, q = − 1 exists a point D with position vector d which lies on
all of them, that is for some values of t1 , t 2 and t3 ,
c = 2 $i − $j
→
∴
→
which implies that
8. Let B = x$i + y$j + zk$ 1→ 1→ → →
d = a + p−h …(iv)
Given,
→ $ →
A = i$ + $j + k, C = $j − k$ t1 t1
→ → → 1→ 1→ → →
Also, given A × B = C d = b+q −h …(v)
t2 t2
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
⇒ (z − y) i − (z − x) j + ( y − x) k = j − k 1 → 1 → → →
d= c+ r −h …(vi)
⇒ z − y = 0, x − z = 1, y − x = − 1 t3 t3
→ →
Also, A⋅ B = 3 ⇒ x + y + z = 3 From Eqs. (iv) and (v),
On solving above equations, we get 1 1 → 1 → 1 → → →
− d = a − b + p −q …(vii)
5 2 t1 t 2 t1 t2
x= ,y=z=
3 3 and from Eqs. (v) and (vi),
→ 5 2 2 $
∴ B = $i , $j, k 1 1 → 1 → 1 → → →
− d= b− c+q −r …(viii)
3 3 3
t2 t3 t2 t3
9. Since, v$ is unit vector along the incident ray and w
$ is the →
unit vector along the reflected ray. Eliminating d from Eqs. (vii) and (viii), we get
Hence, a$ is a unit vector along the external bisector of 1 1 1 → 1 → → →
− a − b + p −q
$ and w.
v $ t2 t3 t1 t2
$ −v
∴ w $ = λa$ 1 1 1 → 1 → → →
= − b− c + q − r
t1 t2 t 2 t3
→ → → →
^
90° − θ a ⇒ (t3 − t2) [t 2 a − t1 b + t1t 2 (p − q )]
^
v ^
w → → → →
= (t2 − t1 ) [t3 b − t2 c + t2t3 (q − r )]
θ
θ [multiplying both sides by t1 t2 t3 ]
Mirror
→ →
⇒ t2 (t3 − t2) a + t2 (t1 − t3 ) b
→ →
+ t2 (t2 − t1 ) c + t1 t2 (t3 − t2) p
→ → →
+ t22 (t1 − t3 ) q + t2 t3 (t2 − t1 ) r = 0
Vectors 547
Thus, lines (i), (ii), and (iii) are concurrent is equivalent 3λ2
Therefore, 12 =
to say that there exist scalars t1 , t2 and t3 such that (λ + 1)2
→ → → →
(t 2 − t3 ) a + (t3 − t1 ) b + (t1 − t2) c + t1 (t2 − t3 ) p ⇒ 4 (λ + 1)2 = λ2 ⇒ 4λ2 + 4 + 8λ = λ2
→ → → ⇒ 3λ2 + 8λ + 4 = 0 ⇒ 3λ2 + 6λ + 2λ + 4 = 0
+ t2 (t3 − t1 ) q + t3 (t1 − t2) r = 0
⇒ 3λ (λ + 2) + 2 (λ + 2) = 0
On dividing by t1 t2 t3 , we get
→ → →
⇒ (3λ + 2) (λ + 2) = 0 ⇒ λ = − 2 / 3, λ = − 2
(λ 2 − λ 3 ) p + (λ 3 − λ 1 ) q + (λ 1 − λ 2) r When λ = − 2 / 3, position vector of E is given by
→ → →
+ λ 1 (λ 2 − λ 3 ) a + λ 2 (λ 3 − λ 1 ) b + λ 3 (λ 1 − λ 2) c = 0 2λ + 1 $ 1 $ 1 $
i+ j+ k
1 λ +1 λ+1 λ+1
where, λ i = for i = 1, 2, 3
ti 2 ⋅ (−2 / 3) + 1 $ 1 $j + 1
= i+ k$
So, this is the condition that the lines from P − 2 /3 + 1 −2 / 3 + 1 −2 / 3 + 1
perpendicular to BC, from Q, perpendicular to CA and −4 / 3 + 1 $ 1 $ 1
from R perpendicular to AB are concurrent = i+ j+ k$
−2 + 3 −2 + 3 −2 + 3
(by changing ABC and PQR simultaneously). 3 3 3
i$ + 3i$ −4 + 3
11. F is mid-point of BC i.e. F = = 2$i and AE ⊥ DE
2 = 3 $i + 1 $j + 1 k$ = − $i + 3$j + 3k$
[given] 1 /3 1 /3 1 /3
^ ^ ^
A(i + j + k) D and when λ = − 2 , position vector of E is given by,
2 × (−2 ) + 1 $ 1 $ 1 $ −4 + 1 $ $ $
i+ j+ k= i − j−k
E −2 + 1 −2 + 1 −2 + 1 −1
= 3$i − $j − k$
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1
↓
B(b) N C(b + αa)
2 λ$i + 1 ($i + $j + k$ ) 2λ + 1 $ 1 $ 1 $
= i+ j+ k
λ+1 λ +1 λ+1 λ+1
Now, volume of the tetrahedron P
1
= (area of the base) (height)
3
2 2 1 O
⇒ = (area of the ∆ ABC) (DE) M(a/2) A(a)
3 3
→ → →
1 → → Since, BC||OA , BC = α OA = α a for some constant α.
But area of the ∆ ABC = |BC × BA |
2 → → →
1 Equation of OC is r = t (b + α a ) and
= |2i$ × ($j + k$ )| = | i$ × $j + i$ × k$ | =|k$ − $j| = 2
2 → → → →
2 2 1 equation of AB is r = a + λ (b − a )
∴ = ( 2 ) (DE ) ⇒ DE = 2
3 3 Let P be the point of intersection of OC and AB. Then,
→ → → → →
Since, ∆ ADE is a right angle triangle, then at point P, t (b + α a ) = a + λ ( b − a ) for some values of t
AD 2 = AE 2 + DE 2 and λ .
⇒ (4)2 = AE 2 + (2)2 ⇒ AE 2 = 12 ⇒
→
(t α − 1 + λ ) a = (λ − t ) b
→
→ 2λ + 1 $ 1 $ 1 $
But AE = i+ j+ k − ($i + $j + k$ ) → →
Since, a and b are non-parallel vectors, we must have
λ+1 λ+1 λ+1
λ $ λ $ λ $ tα − 1 + λ = 0 and λ = t ⇒ t = 1 / (α + 1)
= i− j− k → 1 → →
λ+1 λ+1 λ+1 Thus, position vector of P is r1 = (b + α a )
α+1
→ 1 3λ2
⇒ |AE|2 = [λ2 + λ2 + λ2] = 1→
(λ + 1) 2
(λ + 1)2 → → 1 →
Equation of MN is r = a + k b + (α − 1) a …(i)
2 2
548 Vectors
→ →
For k = 1 / (α + 1) {which is the coefficient of b in r1}, we = (1 + 2 cos θ ) ⋅ (1 − cos θ )2
→→→
get ⇒ [a b c ] = ( 1 + 2 cos θ ) ⋅ (1 − cos θ )
→ 1→ 1 → 1 →
r= a+ b + (α − 1) a 1 −2 cos θ 1
∴p = , q= and r =
2 α +1 2 1 + 2 cos θ 1 + 2 cos θ 1 + 2 cos θ
1 → 1 1 → 1→ →
=
(α + 1)
b + (α − 1) ⋅
2 α+1
a+ a
2 14. Let R = x$i + y$j + z k$
→ → → →
1 → 1 → ∴ R × B= C × B
= b+ (α − 1 + α + 1) a
(α + 1) 2 (α + 1) i$ $j k$ $i $j k$
1 → → → ⇒ x y z = 4 −3 7
= (b + α a ) = r1 ⇒ P lies on MN.
(α + 1) 1 1 1 1 1 1
→ → → ⇒ ( y − z )i − (x − z ) j + (x − y) k$ = − 10$i − 3$j + 7k$
$ $
13. Since, a , b , c are non-coplanar vectors.
→→→ ⇒ y − z = − 10, z − x = − 3, x − y = 7
⇒ [a b c ] ≠ 0 → →
→ →→ → → → → and R⋅ A = 0 ⇒ 2x + z = 0
Also, a×b+ b × c = pa+ qb+ r c
On solving above equations, x = − 1, y = − 8 and z = 2
→ → →
→
Taking dot product with a , b and c respectively both ∴ R = − $i − 8$j + 2k$
sides, we get
→→→
→→→
p + q cos θ + r cos θ = [a b c ] … (i) 15. Given that, a b c are coplanar vectors.
p cos θ + q + r cos θ = 0 …(ii) ∴ There exists scalars x, y, z not all zero, such that
→→→ → → →
and p cos θ + q cos θ + r = [a b c ] …(iii) x a + y b + z c =0 …(i)
→ →
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On adding above equations, Taking dot with a and b respectively, we get
→→→ → → → → → →
2 [a b c ] x (a⋅ a ) + y (a⋅ b) + z (a⋅ c ) = 0 …(ii)
p+ q+ r= …(iv)
2 cos θ + 1 → → → → → →
and x (a⋅ b) + y (b⋅ b) + z ( c⋅ b) = 0 …(iii)
On multiplying Eq. (iv) by cos θ and subtracting
Eq. (i), we get Since, Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii) represent homogeneous
→→→ equations with (x, y, z) ≠ (0, 0, 0) .
2 [a b c ] cos θ → → →
p (cos θ − 1) = − [a b c ] ⇒ Non-trivial solutions
2 cos θ + 1
→ → →
→→→ a b c
[a b c ] → → → → → → →
⇒ p= ∴ ∆ =0 ⇒ a⋅ a a⋅ b a⋅ c = 0
(1 − cos θ ) (2 cos θ + 1)
→ → → → → →
→→→ b⋅b b⋅b b⋅c
−2 [a b c ] cos θ
Similarly, q=
(1 + 2 cos θ ) (1 − cos θ )
→→→
16. Since, ($i + $j + 3k$ ) x + (3$i − 3$j + k$ ) y + (−4$i + 5$j )z
[a b c ]
and r= = λ ($i x + $j y + k$ z )
(1 + 2 cos θ ) (1 − cos θ )
→ → → → → →
⇒ x + 3 y − 4z = λx, x − 3 y + 5z = λy, 3x + y + 0 z = λz
a⋅ a a⋅ b a⋅ c 1 cos θ cos θ ⇒ (1 − λ ) x + 3 y − 4z = 0, x − (3 + λ ) y + 5z = 0,
→→→ → → → → → →
Now, [a b c ]2 = b⋅ a b⋅ b b⋅ c = cos θ 1 cos θ 3x + y − λ z = 0
→ → → → → →
c⋅ a c⋅ b c⋅ c cos θ cos θ 1 Since, (x, y, z ) ≠ (0, 0, 0)
∴ Non-trivial solution.
Applying R1 → R1 + R2 + R3
1 1 1 ⇒ ∆ =0
1−λ 3 −4
= (1 + 2 cos θ ) cos θ 1 cos θ
⇒ 1 − (3 + λ ) 5 = 0
cos θ cos θ 1
3 1 −λ
Applying C 2 → C 2 − C1 , C3 → C3 − C1
1 0 0 ⇒ (1 − λ ) (3λ + λ2 − 5) − 3 (− λ − 15) − 4 (1 + 9 + 3λ ) = 0
= (1 + 2 cos θ ) ⋅ cos θ 1 − cos θ 0 ⇒ − λ3 − 2λ2 − λ = 0 ⇒ λ (λ + 1)2 = 0
cos θ 0 1 − cos θ ∴ λ = 0, − 1
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6. If the lines and
2 3 4 1 2 1
intersect, then the value of k is
Topic 2 Straight Line in Space and 3 9 2
(2004, 1M)
3
(a) (b) (c) − (d) −
Shortest Distance 2 2 9 2
3. Let 3 $i + $j, $i + 3 $j and β$i + (1 − β)$j respectively be the (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
position vectors of the points A , B and C with respect to
the origin O. If the distance of C from the bisector of the 9. A line l passing through the origin is perpendicular to
3 the lines (2013 Adv.)
acute angle between OA and OB is , then the sum of
2 $,− ∞ < t< ∞
l1 : ( 3 + t ) i$ + ( −1 + 2 t )$j + ( 4 + 2 t )k
all possible values of β is (2019 Main, 11 Jan II)
(a) 1 (b) 3 l2 : (3 + 2s)i$ + (3 + 2s)$j + (2 + s) k
$,−∞ < s< ∞
(c) 4 (d) 2 Then, the coordinate(s) of the point(s) on l2 at a
x−3 y+ 2 z + 4 distance of 17 from the point of intersection of l and
4. If the line, = = lies in the plane,
2 −1 3 l1 is (are)
lx + my − z = 9, then l2 + m2 is equal to (2016 Main)
(a) , ,
7 7 5
(b) (−1, − 1, 0)
(a) 26 (b) 18 3 3 3
(d) , ,
(c) 5 (d) 2 7 7 8
(c) (1, 1, 1)
9 9 9
550 3D Geometry
3. A plane which bisects the angle between the two given (a) r ⋅ ($i − k
$)− 2= 0 (b) r × ($i + k$)+ 2= 0
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(c) greater than 2 but less than 3
3x + y + 4z = 16 at a point Q, then PQ is equal to
(2019 Main, 12 April I) (d) greater than 4
(a) 14 (b) 14 (c) 2 7 (d) 2 14 13. The magnitude of the projection of the vector 2$i + 3$j + k$
5. A perpendicular is drawn from a point on the line on the vector perpendicular to the plane containing the
x−1 y+ 1 z vectors $i + $j + k
$ and $i + 2$j + 3k
$ , is
= = to the plane x + y + z = 3 such that the (2019 Main, 8 April I)
2 −1 1
3 3
foot of the perpendicular Q also lies on the plane (a) (b) 6 (c) 3 6 (d)
2 2
x − y + z = 3. Then, the coordinates of Q are
(2019 Main, 10 April II) 14. The equation of a plane containing the line of
(a) (− 1, 0, 4) (b) (4, 0, − 1) intersection of the planes 2x − y − 4 = 0 and y + 2z − 4 = 0
(c) (2, 0, 1) (d) (1, 0, 2) and passing through the point (1, 1, 0) is
(2019 Main, 8 April I)
1 2
6. If the plane 2x − y + 2z + 3 = 0 has the distances and (a) x − 3 y − 2z = − 2 (b) 2x − z = 2
3 3
units from the planes 4x − 2 y + 4z + λ = 0 and (c) x − y − z = 0 (d) x + 3 y + z = 4
2x − y + 2z + µ = 0, respectively, then the maximum x+ 1 y−2 z −3
15. If an angle between the line, = = and
value of λ + µ is equal to (2019 Main, 10 April II) 2 1 −2
(a) 13 (b) 15 the plane, (2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
(c) 5 (d) 9 2 2
7. If Q(0, − 1, − 3) is the image of the point P in the plane x − 2 y − kz = 3 is cos− 1 , then value of k is
5 3 3 3 5
3x − y + 4z = 2 and R is the point (3, − 1, − 2) , then the (a) (b) (c) − (d) −
area (in sq units) of ∆PQR is (2019 Main, 10 April I) 3 5 5 3
(a)
91
(b) 2 13 16. Let S be the set of all real values of λ such that a plane
2 passing through the points (− λ2, 1, 1), (1, − λ2, 1) and
91 65 (1, 1, − λ2) also passes through the point (− 1, − 1, 1).
(c) (d)
4 2 Then, S is equal to (2019 Main, 12 Jan II)
(a) { 3 , − 3 } (b) {3, − 3} (c) {1, − 1} (d) { 3 }
8. Let P be the plane, which contains the line of
intersection of the planes, x + y + z − 6 = 0 and 17. The perpendicular distance from the origin to the plane
2x + 3 y + z + 5 = 0 and it is perpendicular to the x+ 2 y−2 z + 5
containing the two lines, = =
XY -plane. Then, the distance of the point (0, 0, 256) 3 5 7
from P is equal to x −1 y − 4 z + 4
(2019 Main, 9 April II) and = = , is
(a) 63 5 (b) 205 5 1 4 7 (2019 Main, 12 Jan I)
11 17 11
(c) (d) (a) 11 6 (b) (c) 11 (d) 6 11
5 5 6
3D Geometry 551
x−3 y+ 1 z −6 x+ 5 y−2 z −3 27. The plane through the intersection of the planes
18. Two lines = = and = =
1 3 −1 7 −6 4 x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3 y − z + 4 = 0 and parallel to
intersect at the point R. The reflection of R in the Y -axis also passes through the point (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
xy-plane has coordinates (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) (a) (3, 3, −1) (b) (−3, 1, 1)
(a) (2, − 4, − 7) (b) (2, − 4, 7) (c) (3, 2, 1) (d) (−3, 0, −1)
(c) (− 2, 4, 7) (d) (2, 4, 7) 28. The equation of the line passing through
19. If the point (2, α , β) lies on the plane which passes (−4, 3, 1), parallel to the plane x + 2 y − z − 5 = 0 and
through the points (3, 4, 2) and intersecting the line (2019 Main, 9 Jan I)
(7, 0, 6) and is perpendicular to the plane 2x − 5 y = 15, x+1 y−3 z −2
= = is
then 2α − 3β is equal to (2019 Main, 11 Jan II) −3 2 −1
(a) 17 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 12 x+4 y− 3 z −1 x+4 y− 3 z −1
(a) = = (b) = =
x −3 y + 2 z − 1 3 −1 1 −1 1 1
20. The plane containing the line = = and x+4 y−