Lesson 1

STATISTICS &
PROBABILITY
Prepared by:
EARLJAY S. ORCULLO, LPT
STATISTICS
Statistics involves the collection,
analysis, interpretation, presentation,
and organization of data. It provides
methods for drawing conclusions from
data and making inferences about
populations based on samples.
PROBABILITY
Probability is a measure of the
likelihood that a given event will occur.
It is expressed as a number between 0
and 1, where 0 indicates impossibility,
1 indicates certainty, and values in
between represent degrees of
likelihood.
STATISTICS & PROBABILITY
In summary, probability deals with the
likelihood of events occurring, while
statistics involves the collection and
analysis of data to make informed decisions
and draw conclusions about populations
based on samples. Together, they form the
foundation of statistical reasoning and data
analysis in various fields.
DICE
COIN
DECK OF CARDS
Lesson 1.1
Random Variables
Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able

to do the following:
● Illustrate a random variable (discrete and

continuous) [M11/12SP-IIIa-1].
Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to

do the following:
● Define a random variable.
● Represent real-life situations using random

variables.
● Determine the possible values of a random

variable.
Variables may
appear random.
The word “random”

describes
something that is
without definite
aim, direction, rule,
or method.
In statistics, when
we say random, it
has something to
do with
probability or
chances.
Essential Questions
● How does a random variable differ from an algebraic

variable?
● What are some real-life situations that can be represented

as random variables?
Learn about It!
Random Experiment
A random experiment is an experiment that can be repeated

numerous times under the same conditions. The results must
be independent of one another.
Example:
Tossing a coin is a random experiment.
Learn about It!
Outcome
An outcome is the result of a random experiment.
Example:
The possible outcomes of tossing a coin are head and tail.
Learn about It!
Sample Space
A sample space is the set of possible outcomes of a random

experiment; denoted by a capital letter, usually 𝑆.
Example:
The sample space of tossing a coin is 𝑆 = {𝐻, 𝑇}.
Learn about It!
Random Variables
A random variable is a function that associates a numerical

value to every outcome of a random experiment; denoted by
a capital letter, usually 𝑋.
The domain is the sample space, and the range is some set of
real numbers.
Learn about It!
Random Variables
Example:
Suppose 𝑋 represents the number of heads that can appear in
tossing a coin. The possible values of the random variable 𝑋
are 0 and 1.
Try it!Practice
Let’s
Example 1: Let 𝑋 be a random variable that denotes the result

of rolling a die. What are the possible values of 𝑋?
Solution to Let’s Practice
Example 1: Let 𝑋 be a random variable that denotes the result

of rolling a die. What are the possible values of 𝑋?
Solution:
The sample space of rolling a die is 𝑆 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Thus,
the possible values of 𝑋 are 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, and 𝟔.
Try it!Practice
Let’s
Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If 𝑋 represents the

number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values
of 𝑋?
Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If 𝑋 represents the number of tails of

the outcome, what are the possible values of 𝑋?
Solution:
1. List the possible outcomes of the experiment.
This can be done using a table or tree diagram. Let
𝐻 represent heads and 𝑇 represent tails.

Solution:

Solution:
From the illustration on the previous slide, we can say
that the possible outcomes are:
𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}


Solution:
2. Count the number of tails in each outcome.
Possible Number of tails Possible Number of tails
outcomes (𝑿) outcomes (𝑿)
HHH 0 THH 1
HHT 1 THT 2
HTH 1 TTH 2
HTT 2 TTT 3

Solution:
2. Count the number of tails in each outcome.
Based on the table, the number of tails can be 0, 1, 2, or 3.
Thus, the possible values of 𝑋 are 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, and 𝟑.

Try It!
Individual Practice:
1. Let 𝑀 be the number of males in a class with 30
students. What are the possible values of 𝑀?
2. A mother will give birth to a twin. If 𝑋 denotes the

number of boys, what are the possible values of 𝑋?
Try It!
Group Practice: To be done in groups of five.
A technician has to choose three chips at random from four

chips, two of which are defective. Let 𝑍 represent the
number of non-defective chips chosen. What are the
possible values of 𝑍 given that the first chip chosen is
defective?
Key Points
● A random experiment is an experiment that can be

repeated numerous times under the same conditions.
The results must be independent of one another.
● An outcome is the result of a random experiment.
● A sample space is a set of possible outcomes of a

random experiment; denoted by a capital letter, usually 𝑆.
Key Points
● A random variable is a function that associates a

numerical value to every outcome of a random
experiment; denoted by a capital letter, usually 𝑋.
Bibliography
Belecina, Rene R. et al. Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: Rex Book Store Inc., 2017.
Kenton, Will. “Random Variable Definition.” Investopedia. Retrieved 18 June 2019 from
http://bit.ly/2Zm6aO0
Khan, Salman. “Random variables.” Khan Academy. Retrieved 18 June 2019 from https://bit.ly/2Rnzv6t
Pierce, Rod. “Random Variables.” Math Is Fun. Retrieved June 18, 2019 from http://bit.ly/2XeWg3k

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STATISTICS &

At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able

● Illustrate a random variable (discrete and

At the end of this lesson, the learners should be able to

● Define a random variable.

● Represent real-life situations using random

● Determine the possible values of a random

The word “random”

● How does a random variable differ from an algebraic

● What are some real-life situations that can be represented

A random experiment is an experiment that can be repeated

An outcome is the result of a random experiment.

A sample space is the set of possible outcomes of a random

A random variable is a function that associates a numerical

Example 1: Let 𝑋 be a random variable that denotes the result

Example 1: Let 𝑋 be a random variable that denotes the result

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If 𝑋 represents the

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If 𝑋 represents the number of tails of

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If 𝑋 represents the number of tails of

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If 𝑋 represents the number of tails of

𝑆 = {𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝑇}

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If 𝑋 represents the number of tails of

Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If 𝑋 represents the number of tails of

Based on the table, the number of tails can be 0, 1, 2, or 3.

Thus, the possible values of 𝑋 are 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, and 𝟑.

2. A mother will give birth to a twin. If 𝑋 denotes the

Group Practice: To be done in groups of five.

A technician has to choose three chips at random from four

● A random experiment is an experiment that can be

● An outcome is the result of a random experiment.

● A sample space is a set of possible outcomes of a

● A random variable is a function that associates a

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