Stat 1

STATISTICS
AND
PROBABILITY
TEACHER: GRETCHEN G. SALVADOR

FRIENDLY REMINDERS:
1. Listen carefully and attentively.

2. Cellphones are NOT ALLOWED while discussion is
going on. NO TAKING OF PICTURES NOR VIDEOS if
your teacher doesn’t allow you to do so.
3. Taking down notes is advised.
4. Participate on the discussion.
5. Raise your hand if you have something to say and wait for
you to be recognize.
CORE SUBJECT DESCRIPTION:
At the end of the course, you must know how to find
the mean and variance of a random variable, to
apply sampling techniques and distributions, to
estimate population mean and proportion, to
perform hypothesis testing on population mean and
proportion, and to perform correlation and
regression analyses on real-life problems.
Learning Competency: WEEK 1
•1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete or continuous).

M11/12SP-IIIa-1
•2. Distinguish between a discrete and continuous random

variable. M11/12SP-IIIa-2
•3. Find possible values of a random variable. M11/12SP-

IIIa-3
•4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random

variable and its properties. M11/12SP-IIIa-4
What is
Statistics and
Probability?
Statistics
• It is defined as a science that deals with data
to be able to make a decision.
• It is a tool in decision-making process

(collecting, processing, summarizing and
analyzing data in order to provide answers or
solutions to an inquiry.
Probability
•It is a branch of Mathematics that
deals with measuring chances of
occurrences of particular
outcomes.
Where do we
usually used
statistics and
probability?
9
Statistics and Probability
Science (weather forecast)
Sports (sports strategies)
Politics (poll)
Business (online selling)
UNLOCKING OF TERMS
EXPERIMENT
It is any action, for which an outcome,
response or measurement is obtained.
EXAMPLE:
• Tossing a coin
• Rolling a die
• Rolling a die and tossing a coin
simultaneously.
SAMPLE SPACE
• It is the set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment.
• It is denoted by the symbol S
Example:
Experiment: Tossing a coin
Sample Space: S={H, T}
SAMPLE/S
• It is the possible outcome, also known as
sample point/s.
Example:
Experiment: Tossing a coin
Sample Space: S={H, T}
Sample: H or T
1. Tossing a coin
Sample No. of Sample

Space: {H, T} Space: 2
15
2. Rolling a die
Sample
No. of Sample
Space: {1, 2,
Space: 6
3, 4, 5 and 6}
16
3. Tossing a coin and rolling a die
simultaneously.
Sample Space:
{H1, H2, H3, H4, No. of Sample
H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, Space: 12
T4, T5, and T6}
17
4. Picking two balls inside a container
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls at the
same time.
Sample
No. of Sample
Space: {RR,
Space: 3
RB, BB}
18
5. Tossing three coins.
Sample Space:
{TTT, TTH, THT, No. of Sample
THH, HTT, HTH, Space: 8
HHT, HHH}
19
EVENT
• A subset of a sample space of
an experiment
• It is denoted by E
RANDOM VARIABLES
RANDOM VARIABLE
• It is a variable that assumes numerical values
associated with the random outcomes of an
experiment, where one (and only one)
numerical value is assigned to each sample
point.
• Random variables are denoted by uppercase
letters and particular values of the variable are
denoted by lower case letters.
Example:
1. Suppose two coins are tossed. Let X be the random
variable representing the number of heads that occur.
Find the values of the random variable X.
Sample Number of
Heads (X)
List the sample space: HH 2
S= {HH, HT, TH, TT} HT 1
TH 1
TT 0
So, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, and 2.

Example:
2. Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement
from an urn containing 5 orange balls and 6 violet balls. Let
V be the random variable representing the number of
violet balls. Find the values of the random variable V.
List the sample space:

S= {VV, OV, VO, OO}
V= 0, 1, 2
Example:
3. An experiment consists of studying the number of boys in
families with exactly 3 children. The random variable X may
be used to represent the number of boys.
List the sample space:

S= {BBB, BBG, BGB, BGG, GBB, GGB, GBG, GGG}
X= 0, 1, 2, 3
Direction: Find the possible values of the random
variable described in each situation.
1.Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 4 red
balls and 5 blue balls. Let R be the random
variable representing the number of red
balls. Find the values of the random
variable R.
R = 0, 1,2
2. Let Z be a random
variable representing
the result of rolling a
die.
Z = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
3. Four coins are tossed. Let T
be the random variable
representing the number of
tails that occur. Find the values
of the random variable T.
T = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
4. From a box containing 4 black balls and 2
green balls, 3 balls are drawn in
succession. Each ball is placed back in the
box before the next draw is made. Let G
be a random variable representing the
number of green balls that occur. Find the
values of the random variable G.
G = (0, 1,2)
2. A pair of dice is rolled. Let X be
the random variable representing
the sum of the number of dots
on the top faces. Find the values
of the random variable X.
X = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12
2 TYPES OF
RANDOM VARIABLES
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
It is one that can assume a countable number of values. Mostly,
discrete random variables represent count data, such as number of
students in a class. These data assume only countable number of
values.
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE

It takes on values on a continuous scale. Often, continuous random
variables represent measured data, such as heights and weights.
The possible values are uncountably infinite.
Example:
A number of defective phones.
A number of accident in the City of Ilagan.
A number of pens in a box.
Number of students in INHS-SHS.
An average height of students in INHS-SHS.
The amount of sugar in 3in1 coffee.
The distance from Centro to Alibagu.
Example:
1. The weight of the professional wrestlers.
2. The number of winners in lotto for each
day.
3. The area of lots in an exclusive subdivision.
4. The speed of a car.
5. The number of dropouts in a school per
district.
Direction: Classify the following random variables as discrete
or continuous.
1. The number of people infected by COVID-19 in the
Philippines
2. The number of text messages sent in a day
3. The time (in hours) needed to finish this activity
4. The body temperature of sick person
5. The volume of milk consumed by an infant in a day
6. The number of gadgets sold by a mobile company in a
week
Direction: Classify the following random variables as discrete
or continuous.
7. The number of grafted mango seedlings sold in a
month
8. The amount of ink used in printing promotional
posters
9. The distance travelled by a car using 10 liters of
gasoline
10. The time consumed on Facebook by an online seller
in a day
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
& ITS PROPERTIES

PRIMING ACTIVITY
Direction: List the sample space of the following experiments.
1. Tossing three coins.
2. Drawing a spade from a deck of
cards.
3. Drawing a card greater than 7 from
a deck of cards.
PRIMING ACTIVITY
Direction: Find the probability of the following events.
1. Getting an even number in a single
roll of a die.
2. Getting an ace when a card is
drawn from a deck of cards.
3. The probability that all children are
boys if a couple has three children.
The probability distribution of a discrete
random variable X is a list of the possible
values of X and the corresponding
probabilities of the values. It specifies the
probability associated with each possible
value of the random variable.
The distribution is generally known as
Probability Mass Function.
PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT
The probability of an event E, denoted by
P(E) -> No. of outcomes in an event

-> No. of the sample space
, if the experiment’s outcomes are equally

likely to occur.
Steps in Constructing Probability Distribution
1. List the sample space.
2. Find the random variable.
3. Construct the frequency distribution of the
values of the random variable.
4. Construct the probability distribution of the
random variable by getting the probability of
occurrence of each value of the random variable.
Example:
Suppose two coins are tossed. Let X be the random
variable representing the number of heads that occur. Find
the values of the random variable X and illustrate the
probability distribution of the random variable X.
So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, and 2.

• In assigning probability values for P(X) to each value of
the random variable, since we know that the number of
the sample space is 4, then the probability that:
RANDOM VARIABLE
PROBABILITY P(X)
X
0 P(0)=
1 P(1)=
2 P(2)=
• If you add all the probabilities, the sum is equal to 1.

RANDOM VARIABLE
PROBABILITY P(X)
X
0 P(0)=
1 P(1)=
2 P(2)=
X 0 1 2
P(X) P(0)=0.25 P(1)= P(2)=0.25
Example 2
A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white
balls. If three balls are taken from the basket
one after the other, determine the possible
values of the random variable R representing
the number of red balls and illustrate the
probability distribution of the random variable
R.
Example 3
Four coins are tossed. Let T be the
random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the
values of the random variable T and
illustrate the probability distribution of
the random variable T.
What have you notice on the
value of probability of each
random variable?
What about the sum of values of
all probabilities?
We must satisfy the two
conditions to consider discrete
probability distribution.
Example 1:
Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability
distribution:
•The distribution must satisfy the two conditions given earlier.

?
Example 2:
Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability
distribution:
•The distribution must satisfy the two conditions given earlier.

?
ACTIVITY 2: Constructing Probability Distribution
1. Suppose three test kits are tested at
random. Let D represent the
defective test kit and let N represent
the non-defective test kit. If we let X
be the random variable for the
number of defective test kits,
construct the probability distribution
of the random variable X.
2. Four coins are tossed. Let T be the

random variable representing the
number of tails that occur.
Construct a probability distribution
table and find the probability of
picking 2 tails.
3. An experiment consists of studying
the number of boys in families with
exactly 4 children. The random
variable X may be used to represent
the number of boys. construct the
probability distribution of the random
variable X.
4. Suppose 4 laptops are tested at
random. Let N represent the non-
defective laptops and let D represent the
defective laptops. If we let Z be the
random variable for the number of non-
defective laptops, determine the value of
the random variable Z. construct the
probability distribution of the random
variable Z.
ACTIVITY 1
A.Find the sample space S and the
number of sample space n(S) of the
following:
1. Flipping the page of a book with pages 1 to

9.
2. Answering a true-false type of test.
3. Tossing three coins
ACTIVITY 1
B. Classify whether the following random variables are
DISCRETE or CONTINUOUS. Write D or C only.
1. The number of deaths per year attributed to lung
cancer.
2. The average amount of electricity consumed per
household per month.
3. The number of patient arrivals per hour at a medical
clinic.
4. The number of bushels of mangoes per hectare this
year.
5. The weight of newborns each year in a hospital.

Stat 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stat 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Stat 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STATISTICS

TEACHER: GRETCHEN G. SALVADOR

1. Listen carefully and attentively.

•1. Illustrate a random variable (discrete or continuous).

•2. Distinguish between a discrete and continuous random

•3. Find possible values of a random variable. M11/12SP-

•4. Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random

• It is a tool in decision-making process

Sample No. of Sample

So, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, and 2.

List the sample space:

List the sample space:

CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE

& ITS PROPERTIES

P(E) -> No. of outcomes in an event

, if the experiment’s outcomes are equally

So, the possible values of the random variable Z are 0, 1, and 2.

• If you add all the probabilities, the sum is equal to 1.

•The distribution must satisfy the two conditions given earlier.

•The distribution must satisfy the two conditions given earlier.

2. Four coins are tossed. Let T be the

1. Flipping the page of a book with pages 1 to

You might also like