Stat 1
Stat 1
Stat 1
AND
PROBABILITY
9
Statistics and Probability
Science (weather forecast)
Sports (sports strategies)
Politics (poll)
Business (online selling)
UNLOCKING OF TERMS
EXPERIMENT
It is any action, for which an outcome,
response or measurement is obtained.
EXAMPLE:
• Tossing a coin
• Rolling a die
• Rolling a die and tossing a coin
simultaneously.
SAMPLE SPACE
• It is the set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment.
• It is denoted by the symbol S
Example:
Experiment: Tossing a coin
Sample Space: S={H, T}
SAMPLE/S
• It is the possible outcome, also known as
sample point/s.
Example:
Experiment: Tossing a coin
Sample Space: S={H, T}
Sample: H or T
1. Tossing a coin
15
2. Rolling a die
Sample
No. of Sample
Space: {1, 2,
Space: 6
3, 4, 5 and 6}
16
3. Tossing a coin and rolling a die
simultaneously.
Sample Space:
{H1, H2, H3, H4, No. of Sample
H5, H6, T1, T2, T3, Space: 12
T4, T5, and T6}
17
4. Picking two balls inside a container
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls at the
same time.
Sample
No. of Sample
Space: {RR,
Space: 3
RB, BB}
18
5. Tossing three coins.
Sample Space:
{TTT, TTH, THT, No. of Sample
THH, HTT, HTH, Space: 8
HHT, HHH}
19
EVENT
• A subset of a sample space of
an experiment
• It is denoted by E
RANDOM VARIABLES
RANDOM VARIABLE
• It is a variable that assumes numerical values
associated with the random outcomes of an
experiment, where one (and only one)
numerical value is assigned to each sample
point.
• Random variables are denoted by uppercase
letters and particular values of the variable are
denoted by lower case letters.
Example:
1. Suppose two coins are tossed. Let X be the random
variable representing the number of heads that occur.
Find the values of the random variable X.
Sample Number of
Heads (X)
List the sample space: HH 2
S= {HH, HT, TH, TT} HT 1
TH 1
TT 0
V= 0, 1, 2
Example:
3. An experiment consists of studying the number of boys in
families with exactly 3 children. The random variable X may
be used to represent the number of boys.
X= 0, 1, 2, 3
Direction: Find the possible values of the random
variable described in each situation.
1.Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 4 red
balls and 5 blue balls. Let R be the random
variable representing the number of red
balls. Find the values of the random
variable R.
R = 0, 1,2
2. Let Z be a random
variable representing
the result of rolling a
die.
Z = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
3. Four coins are tossed. Let T
be the random variable
representing the number of
tails that occur. Find the values
of the random variable T.
T = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
4. From a box containing 4 black balls and 2
green balls, 3 balls are drawn in
succession. Each ball is placed back in the
box before the next draw is made. Let G
be a random variable representing the
number of green balls that occur. Find the
values of the random variable G.
G = (0, 1,2)
2. A pair of dice is rolled. Let X be
the random variable representing
the sum of the number of dots
on the top faces. Find the values
of the random variable X.
X = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12
2 TYPES OF
RANDOM VARIABLES
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
It is one that can assume a countable number of values. Mostly,
discrete random variables represent count data, such as number of
students in a class. These data assume only countable number of
values.
X 0 1 2
P(X) P(0)=0.25 P(1)= P(2)=0.25
Example 2
A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white
balls. If three balls are taken from the basket
one after the other, determine the possible
values of the random variable R representing
the number of red balls and illustrate the
probability distribution of the random variable
R.
Example 3
Four coins are tossed. Let T be the
random variable representing the
number of tails that occur. Find the
values of the random variable T and
illustrate the probability distribution of
the random variable T.
What have you notice on the
value of probability of each
random variable?
What about the sum of values of
all probabilities?
We must satisfy the two
conditions to consider discrete
probability distribution.
Example 1:
Determine if the distribution below is a discrete probability
distribution: