RAMAIAH

Institute of Technology

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Course Name: Electronic Devices and circuits

Submitted by
Bhagyashri Balaji Rasal (1MS22EE010)
Divya Naidu K (1MS22EE015)
Nidhi Patil (1MS22EE034)
Sanjana Raj N (1MS22EE044)

Maximum Marks Marks Obtained

1. Abstract

2. Introduction

3. Components Required

4. Circuit Diagram

5. Project Methodology

6. Result

7. Conclusion
 ABSTRACT

An innovative approach to urban street lighting that prioritizes efficiency, sustainability, and user-friendliness
is embodied by the "Automatic Street Light Using LM741 Op-Amp" project. The project creates an intelligent
system at the forefront of technological advancement by utilizing components like the LED, LDR, and LM741
operational amplifier (Op-Amp). The LM741 Op-Amp responds to a variety of lighting conditions by use of
precise light detection enabled by the LDR and adjusted flexibility through the use of a resistor and trimmer
potentiometer. The LED functions as a sensitive output indicator that dynamically conveys the Op-Amp's
intelligent measurements of surrounding light levels.

The project's user-friendly calibration and low-cost design enable quick adaptation and broad accessibility,
significantly advancing the development of sustainable and energy-efficient urban infrastructure. The
initiative is a major step towards a smarter and greener urban future since it provides an easily accessible and
inexpensive automatic street lighting solution. It also effortlessly integrates with the global drive of
environmentally responsible urban development.
 INTRODUCTION

A vital component of urban infrastructure is street lighting, although energy waste is frequently caused by the
traditional manual control. The goal of the "Automatic Street Light Using LM741 Op-Amp" project is to
introduce an intelligent and autonomous system for managing street lights in order to completely destroy this
paradigm. The operational amplifier LM741, a trimmer potentiometer, an LED, resistors, an LDR, an LED,
and a power source are the main parts of the project.

Functioning as the system's brain, the LM741 Op-Amp is renowned for its accuracy and adaptability. It makes
it easier to detect light with precision using the LDR and records changes in surrounding light. The system's
environmental flexibility is ensured by a precisely calibrated combination of a trimmer potentiometer and
resistor. The LED conveys the Op-Amp's judgments depending on ambient light well because it functions as
a visual output indicator.

In the parts that follow, we go deeper into the specifics of the project and examine how the LM741 Op-Amp
cleverly regulates the LED to replicate turning on and off street lights. This project aims to save energy while
also offering a practical and affordable approach to automate street lighting, opening the door for a more
adaptable and sustainable urban lighting system.
 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

[1] OP – AMP :

An Operational Amplifier, commonly known as an Op-Amp, is a versatile and essential electronic component
in analog signal processing. It is a high-gain voltage amplifier with two input terminals (inverting and non-
inverting) and a single output terminal.

The LM741 is a classic and widely-used operational amplifier integrated circuit (IC) that has been a staple in
electronics for decades. Manufactured by various semiconductor companies, the LM741 is known for its
reliability, simplicity, and general-purpose functionality. This Op-Amp has a single operational amplifier with
high voltage gain, typically around 100,000, making it suitable for various applications. It operates with a
single power supply and can handle a wide range of input and output voltage levels.

[2] LDR :

A photoresistor, sometimes referred to as an LDR, is a kind of semiconductor device that exhibits varying
resistance in response to the amount of light that strikes it. High-resistance semiconductor materials, which
are used to make LDRs, become less resistant to light as it gets stronger outside. On the other hand, an LDR's
resistance rises with darkness or low light levels.
[3] LED :

A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric current passes
through it. LEDs are characterized by their energy efficiency, compact size, and durability. Unlike traditional
incandescent bulbs, LEDs generate light through electroluminescence, a process where electrons within the
semiconductor material recombine, releasing photons in the form of light. LEDs are widely used in various
applications, including lighting, displays, indicators, and signage, due to their long lifespan, low power
consumption, and ability to produce light in a variety of colours. Their versatility and efficiency have led to
widespread adoption in modern electronics and lighting technologies.

[4] Resistors :

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit
element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages,
bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses. Application of the some of the
resistors in this project is used to control the charging of capacitor which is shown in the circuit diagram.

In this project we have used:

• 10k Ohm x 2
[5] Trimmer potentiometer :

A 10k trimmer potentiometer, short for "trimming potentiometer," is a type of adjustable resistor that allows
for precise tuning or adjustment of resistance within a specific range. The "10k" in "10k trimmer
potentiometer" indicates its resistance value, specifically 10,000 ohms or 10 kilohms. Trimmer potentiometer
is commonly used in electronic circuits where manual adjustments are required, such as in calibration
processes or setting reference voltages. The 10k trimmer potentiometer typically has three terminals: two outer
terminals connected across the circuit, and a central terminal, or wiper, whose position determines the
resistance value. By turning the adjustment screw or knob on the trimmer potentiometer, the user can fine-
tune the resistance to achieve the desired electrical characteristics in the circuit.

[6] Battery :

A battery is a portable electrochemical device that converts stored chemical energy into electrical energy,
providing a reliable and portable power source for various electronic devices. Batteries consist of one or more
electrochemical cells, each composed of positive and negative electrodes separated by an electrolyte.

A 9V battery is a specific type of battery that typically contains six smaller 1.5V cells connected in series.
These batteries are commonly used in a variety of electronic devices, such as smoke detectors, guitar pedals,
and small electronic gadgets. The 9V designation refers to the nominal voltage output of the battery when
fully charged. The compact and rectangular shape of 9V batteries, along with their higher voltage compared
to single-cell batteries, makes them suitable for applications that require a higher power supply in a relatively
small form factor.
[7] Bread board :

A breadboard is a fundamental tool in electronics, serving as a solderless platform for creating and testing
temporary circuits. Comprising a grid of interconnected holes, it allows users to insert and connect electronic
components and wires easily. With distinct rows and columns, a breadboard facilitates the rapid assembly and
modification of circuits, making it an indispensable resource for prototyping and experimentation in
electronics projects. Its reusable nature promotes flexibility, enabling users to iterate on designs before
transitioning to more permanent solutions like printed circuit boards.

[8] Jumper Wires :

Jumper wires are crucial parts that are frequently used to link different components on a breadboard or in a
circuit electrically. Usually flexible, these wires are available in a range of colours and lengths. They are
readily inserted into breadboard holes or linked to the terminals of electronic components thanks to the
connectors or pins on both ends. They make circuit assembly simple and quick, enabling experimentation with
many configurations without the need for soldering by engineers, enthusiasts, and students. Because of their
adaptability and versatility, jumper wires are a vital tool for creating and modifying electronic designs in a
modular and flexible way.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

PRINCIPLE

This project builds an automatic street light system using an operational amplifier (op-amp) 741. An LED is
turned on when darkness descends and turned off when enough light returns thanks to the circuit's use of a
light-dependent resistor (LDR) to sense ambient light.

WORKING

An op-amp 741 is used as a comparator by the automatic street light system to detect darkness. The voltage
differential between its two input terminals is amplified by this adaptable integrated circuit. While R3, the
light-dependent resistor (LDR), adjusts its resistance, when energy of incident photons exceeds the materials
band gap for this transition, in response to ambient light levels, influencing the inverting input voltage. R1
(trimmer potentiometer) and R2 (10k Ohm) control the voltage divider ratio for the reference voltage.

The LED current is limited by resistor R4 (220 Ohm), and the light sensitivity threshold can be adjusted by
fine-tuning the reference voltage with the trimmer potentiometer. As a street light indication, the LED turns
on when it senses darkness. The circuit is powered by the battery. The LDR's resistance rises in the dark,
lowering the inverting input voltage.

When darkness drops the inverting input voltage below the reference, the op-amp compares this voltage to the
reference voltage and turns on the LED. The op-amp automatically reacts to changes in light levels by
adjusting the resistance of the LDR, which simulates the action of a street light by turning the LED on and
off. As the LED brightness and sensitivity are affected by the selected battery voltage and trimmer
potentiometer setting, necessitating calibration for the required operation. Real-world applications necessitate
safety considerations including appropriate containment and overload protection while showcasing the
concept.
 RESULT

This project used an LM741 op-amp and LDRs to effectively build an autonomous street light system. The
device showed that it could automatically turn on an LED when it turned dark, simulating a street light, then
turned it off when enough light returned. The system's flexibility was demonstrated by the incorporated
trimmer potentiometer, which made it possible to change the light sensitivity threshold. The result highlights
the synergy of electronic components in achieving intelligent functionality and confirms the viability of using
an LM741 op-amp and LDRs for an autonomous street light system with possibilities for energy efficiency
and customisation.

CONCLUSION

Although this is an initial concept, more work is required for practical applications, which include safety
concerns, legal observance, and research into more sophisticated features like microcontroller integration and
different power sources. This initiative opens up new avenues for research and innovation in the creation of
effective and sustainable lighting solutions.