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Design of Water Supply Distribution System: A Case Study

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International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN No.: 2279-543X

Volume 07, Issue 06, June 2019 UGC Journal No.: 64650

Design of Water Supply Distribution System: A Case Study

Asma Sultana1, Qamar Sultana2.
1,2
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Dept.,
Muffakham Jah College of Engg. & Tech, Hyd., India,
ABSTRACT

InNelatur Village, which is the case study, the present system of water supply is intermittent supply and a tree
system or dead end system network is adopted for water distribution. This system may not be sufficient in the coming
years to cater to the increasing water demand of the village. Therefore this study is about the analysis and design of
the water distribution network of this area using EPANET software, which helps to design the water distribution
network for any required area, for any domestic house hold usages or any commercial purposes. EPANET, which
consists of a computer program,does the simulation of hydraulic behavior and water quality behavior with in the
pressure pipe networks.. The analysis of the distribution network is done based on various public demands,
quantities of inflows and out flows of the over-head reservoirs. This analysis provides the information about various
demands, losses, and uses of the public. The design of a new network of supply will make the municipality be aware
of the new demands, rate of increase in the demands. The design is made keeping in view of the population growth
rate, and the development in the village. The design brings out an improvement in the existing network.

Key Words:Water Distribution Network, Water Demand, EPANET software.

1. INTRODUCTION

Water supply distribution network is a part of town and municipality planning. Hence it’s planning and design has to
be done by the city planners and Civil Engineers with utmost care, considering the effecting factors like the location
of the town or city, its current water demand, the future demand growth, leakages in the conduits, required pressure
in pipes, losses in the pipes etc.

Water from various ground water and surface water sources is received by the water supply system, where it gets
purified, disinfected, chlorinated. This treated water is sent to elevated reservoirs or tanks, from which the water
enters the water distribution networks. Water distribution networks serves the purpose of supplying water for
drinking, washing, sanitation, irrigation, fire-fighting etc. The objective of the distribution system is to make
accessible the water to every house, industrial plants and public places. Every point has to be supplied with optmum
quantity of water with the desired pressure. Therefore the water has to be taken to the roads and streets in the city
and finally to the individual houses. This activity of taking the water from the treatment plant to the individual
homes is done through a well-planned distribution system. A distribution system consists of pressure conduits of
different sizes for taking water to the streets, valves to control the flow in pipes, service connections to the

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individual homes, reservoirs to store the water to be fed into the distribution pipes. The water may be pumped into
the pipes, or it may be stored in a reservoir and then led into the distribution pipes.

Usually the distribution networks are designed to meet the peak demands, due to which low flow conditions are
created in parts of the networks, which leads to the degradation of the chemical and microbial water
quality.Therefore the main purpose of the distribution network is to supply water with adequate pressure and flow.
There is loss in pressure due to pipe wall friction, water demand, pipe length, pipe diameter and gradient. The
traditional, water distribution network follows the street plan and topography. By the usage of soft wares, the
modeler simulates the pressures and flows in the networks.

The distribution network analysis is done using EPANET software. EPANET software models water distribution
network system. This software does the extended period simulation of the water movement, quality behavior in the
pipe network. The main elements of a pipe network are pipes, nodes (junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks or
reservoirs. Thesoftware notes the flow of water in each pipe, pressure at each node, height of the water in each tank,
chemical concentration during its flow through the network during a simulation period, water age, source, and
tracing. The main aim of the system is to create enough water pressure at various points i.e., at the consumer's point
and to give the choice of the distribution and its elevation with respect to the location of the water treatment plants.

2. STUDY AREA

The area for which the designing of the water distribution system is done is Village Nelatur.Nelatur Village, with
population of 2807 is Maddipadu sub district's the 7th most populous village, located in Prakasam districtof Andhra
Pradesh state in India. Total geographical area of Nelatur village is 10 km2 and it is the 6th biggest village by area in
the sub district. Population density of the village is 291 persons per km2. There are 745 houses in the Village.The
village comes under Nelaturpanchayat. Maddipadu is the sub district head quarter and the distance from the village
is 7 km. District head quarter of the village is Ongole which is 21 km away. The distribution system designed here is
tree system or dead end system.The number of nodes designed here are 80 and 1 reservoir and these all are shown in
fig.1.

Figure 1.Water Distribution System ofNelatur Village.

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3. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Surveys and Maps

The portion ofland between the source of water and the area is surveyed to get the levels for the alignment of the
main pipe. This pipe carries the treated water to the reservoir(s) located in the distribution area. To prepare the
detailed maps with the locations of roads, streets, lanes, residential areas, commercial locality, industrial areas,
gardens etc. the distribution area is surveyed. A topographical map of the area is prepared to locate the high and low
areas.

3.2 Tentative Layout

A tentative layout of the distribution line is then marked, the location of the treatment plant(s), distribution mains,
distribution and balancing reservoirs, valves, hydrants, etc. The entire area is divided into various distribution
districts. The density of population (average number of people per hectare area) is also marked. The length of
pipelines iskept as short as possible.

3.3 Calculation of Pipe Diameters

When the design discharge is known, diameters of the pipesare assumed in such a way that the velocities of flow lies
between 0.6 to 3 m/s. Small velocities aretaken for pipes of small diameter and big velocities for large diameter
pipes. The loss of head in the pipes is then calculated using Hazen William’s formula (or monogram) as shown in
equation 1.

V= 0.849×C× R0.63×S0.54 (1)

Where:

V = mean velocity of flow in pipe (m/s) R = hydraulic radius (mean depth) in m

S = hydraulic gradient

C = coefficient of roughness of pipe In terms of diameter D of the pipe, the above formula reduces to:

V= 0.354C×D0.63×S0.54

Where, D is the diameter of the pipe in meters. Expressed in terms of loss of head and the length of the pipe, the
Hazen Williams formula takes the following form:

hf =6.843× [L/(D1.167)]×[V/CH]1.852

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The discharge Q (m3/s) is given by: Q = 0.278C×D×2.63S×0.54

3.4 Design Procedure

I. Survey – Survey of the land was done by the remote sensing department noting the elevation of various junctions,
length of roads and marking the position of important structures such as religious institutions, academic institutions
and water bodies if any. The survey data was converted into an AutoCAD File showing the same.

II. Obtaining Survey data – AutoCAD file of the area was obtained showing various features and elevation data.

III. EPACAD – Using EPACAD Software the AutoCAD file was converted to an EPANET File.

IV. EPANET – After obtaining the village layout in EPANET, various parameters such as units, notations, colors,
formulas, scale etc. were selected.

V. Input (Elevation) – Parameters such as Elevation data was entered for each node/ junction from AutoCAD file.

VI. Input (Base Demand) – Base demand for every node was calculated by using the population and taking water
demand as 100 Liters /day/Capita and distributing it to each node based upon the length of pipes attached to each
node.

VII. Input (Reservoir) – A reservoir was placed at a location near the nodes with highest elevation. The reservoir
should be placed at an elevation 15- 20 m higher than the highest elevation of the nodes.

VIII. Connection – Reservoir is connected to the network by using pipes.

IX. Running Analysis –After the connections are made and all the data is entered,the network is run for analysis.
Warning messages are generated, if negative pressures are created at nodes.

X. Correction – As a correction for negative pressures, the diameter of pipes connected to the node with negative
pressures is increased and the analysis is run again. This is done till there are no negative pressures and run analysis
shows the message “Run successful “.

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1.Pressure at Nodes before Optimization

Node ID Elevation (m) Base Demand Pressure (m)

(LPM)
Junc n2 99.15 3.44 15.05
Junc n3 99.53 6.09 14.68
Junc n4 99.4 6.01 14.68
Junc n5 99.40 3.53 14.67
Junc n6 99.48 8.80 14.51
Junc n7 99.65 4.25 14.82
Junc n8 99.69 4.45 13.69
Junc n9 99.46 9.21 13.86
Junc n10 99.48 4.69 14.50
Junc n11 99.46 4.78 13.85
Junc n12 99.64 6.20 12.95
Junc n13 99.6 4.43 13.04
Junc n14 99.84 5.31 12.44
Junc n15 99.59 4.79 12.67
Junc n16 99.65 6.48 12.64
Junc n17 99.72 4.9 12.62
Junc n18 99.72 7.44 12.56
Junc n19 99.27 4.99 12.91
Junc n20 99.41 4.97 12.70
Junc n21 99.38 5.78 12.42
Junc n22 99.15 5.98 13.07
Junc n23 98.99 5.53 13.23
Junc n24 99.15 5.93 13.12
Junc n25 99.15 3.35 13.14
Junc n28 98.77 1.03 13.45
Junc n29 99.48 5.78 11.41
Junc n30 99.52 1.02 11.37
Junc n31 100.03 18.75 8.18
Junc n32 99.32 12.4 7.42

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Junc n34 99.76 11.71 6.69

Junc n35 99.47 1.58 6.98
Junc n36 99.37 5.21 7.06
Junc n37 99.9 7.65 6.52
Junc n38 99.9 0.79 6.52
Junc n39 99.9 3.65 6.52
Junc n40 99.88 1.59 6.54
Junc n41 99.99 10.9 8.03
Junc n42 100.11 14.78 8.07
Junc n43 99.97 10.20 9.47
Junc n44 99.82 11.83 9.61
Junc n45 102.22 12.34 6.66
Junc n46 102.19 6.42 6.02
Junc n47 101.6 7.51 6.38
Junc n48 101.4 7.06 6.56
Junc n49 100.41 8.90 7.40
Junc n50 100.18 9.01 7.21
Junc n51 99.79 10.52 7.59
Junc n52 99.9 15.08 7.43
Junc n53 100.92 9.05 6.73
Junc n54 101.32 5.10 6.47
Junc n55 101.4 13.36 6.72
Junc n56 101.19 12.86 8.32
Junc n57 101.46 20.20 8.25
Junc n58 99.21 13.70 10.52
Junc n59 99.6 7.03 10.73
Junc n60 99.55 11.14 13.25
Junc n61 100.11 24.76 13.12
Junc n62 100.31 12.22 10.88
Junc n63 100.31 2.98 10.87
Junc n64 100.29 9.67 10.50
Junc n65 100.32 1.18 10.47
Junc n66 100.39 4.50 10.39
Junc n67 100.29 8.47 10.36

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Junc n68 100.43 3.88 10.21

Junc n69 100.32 1.22 10.33
Junc n70 100.25 7.38 10.35
Junc n71 100.42 3.48 10.18
Junc n72 100.34 0.64 10.26
Junc n73 100.13 11.79 10.47
Junc n74 100.33 4.32 10.26
Junc n75 100.29 2.32 10.30
Junc n76 99.96 13.16 10.69
Junc n77 99.85 24.76 9.95
Junc n78 99.85 8.20 9.89
Junc n79 99.62 17.96 9.89
Junc n80 99.66 14.87 7.59
Junc n81 99.81 17.90 7.48
Junc n82 99.81 9.16 7.40
Junc n83 99.29 20.87 7.87
Junc n84 99.59 8.35 7.51
Resvr 1 115 #N/A 0.00

Table 2.Pipe Properties before Optimization

Link ID Length Diameter Roughness Velocity (m/s) Unit

(m) (mm) Headloss
(m/km)
Pipe p2 70.98 75 100 0.04 0.07
Pipe p3 23.81 75 100 0.42 5.53
Pipe p4 72.86 75 100 0.04 0.07
Pipe p5 27.41 75 100 0.31 3.18
Pipe p6 28.97 75 100 0.76 16.54
Pipe p7 30.83 75 100 0.53 8.45
Pipe p8 27.96 75 100 1.20 39.13
Pipe p9 34.52 75 100 0.21 1.49
Pipe p10 28.35 75 100 0.91 23.50
Pipe p11 96.79 75 100 0.05 0.12

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Pipe p12 98.66 75 100 0.05 0.12

Pipe p13 28.53 75 100 0.96 25.82
Pipe p14 37.2 75 100 0.19 1.33
Pipe p15 29.4 75 100 0.95 25.12
Pipe p16 24.87 75 100 0.70 14.46
Pipe p17 25.94 75 100 0.13 0.62
Pipe p18 16.86 75 100 0.21 1.54
Pipe p19 27.66 75 100 0.60 10.85
Pipe p20 34.62 75 100 0.48 7.24
Pipe p21 28.1 75 100 0.25 2.10
Pipe p22 31.34 75 100 0.09 0.31
Pipe p23 57.74 75 100 0.23 1.84
Pipe p24 16.69 75 100 0.36 4.19
Pipe p25 55.98 75 100 0.28 2.69
Pipe p26 29.95 75 100 0.59 10.37
Pipe p27 58.72 75 100 0.52 8.13
Pipe p28 28.5 75 100 0.19 1.22
Pipe p29 55.05 75 100 0.18 1.13
Pipe p30 39.78 75 100 0.08 0.23
Pipe p31 52.95 75 100 0.15 0.83
Pipe p32 39.09 75 100 0.07 0.23
Pipe p33 30.31 75 100 0.14 0.75
Pipe p34 38.94 75 100 0.18 1.16
Pipe p37 21.37 75 100 0.01 0.01
Pipe p38 30.7 75 100 1.04 29.71
Pipe p39 21.11 75 100 0.01 0.01
Pipe p40 103.9 75 100 0.96 25.76
Pipe p41 188.6 75 100 0.50 7.80
Pipe p43 67.69 75 100 0.36 4.27
Pipe p44 32.64 75 100 0.02 0.02
Pipe p45 107.6 75 100 0.06 0.15
Pipe p46 33.62 75 100 0.15 0.88
Pipe p47 16.32 75 100 0.01 0.00
Pipe p48 75.12 75 100 0.04 0.08

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Pipe p49 32.79 75 100 0.02 0.02

Pipe p50 94.3 75 100 0.24 2.04
Pipe p51 82.82 75 100 0.24 2.01
Pipe p52 105.4 75 100 0.63 11.93
Pipe p53 19.29 75 100 0.15 0.85
Pipe p54 139.1 75 100 0.35 3.89
Pipe p55 42.86 75 100 0.74 15.78
Pipe p56 34.65 75 100 0.46 6.52
Pipe p57 116.5 75 100 0.22 1.75
Pipe p58 80.08 75 100 0.24 1.90
Pipe p59 49.12 75 100 0.36 4.26
Pipe p60 54.36 75 100 0.50 7.64
Pipe p61 20.86 75 100 0.12 0.54
Pipe p62 25.54 75 100 0.28 2.58
Pipe p63 111 75 100 0.29 2.86
Pipe p64 7.973 75 100 0.80 18.36
Pipe p65 63.83 75 100 0.28 2.66
Pipe p66 1.832 75 100 0.60 10.68
Pipe p67 33.38 75 100 0.58 9.98
Pipe p68 54.9 75 100 0.21 1.50
Pipe p69 167.2 75 100 0.52 8.26
Pipe p70 72.61 75 100 0.53 8.57
Pipe p71 5.368 75 100 1.20 38.63
Pipe p72 126.6 75 100 0.05 0.10
Pipe p73 85.57 75 100 0.33 3.51
Pipe p74 70.4 75 100 0.53 8.54
Pipe p75 40.44 75 100 1.53 61.22
Pipe p76 82.64 150 100 0.63 5.18
Pipe p77 143.4 75 100 0.70 14.24
Pipe p78 61.6 75 100 0.03 0.05
Pipe p79 47.11 75 100 0.53 8.43
Pipe p80 24.39 75 100 0.01 0.01
Pipe p81 92.88 75 100 0.05 0.11
Pipe p82 35.12 75 100 0.35 4.02

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Pipe p83 80.07 75 100 0.04 0.08

Pipe p84 25.28 75 100 0.01 0.01
Pipe p85 34.32 75 100 0.20 1.39
Pipe p86 71.86 75 100 0.04 0.07
Pipe p87 13.22 75 100 0.01 0.00
Pipe p88 32.77 75 100 0.07 0.19
Pipe p89 89.16 75 100 0.05 0.10
Pipe p90 47.85 75 100 0.03 0.03
Pipe p91 73.44 75 100 0.14 0.73
Pipe p92 91.36 75 100 0.55 9.28
Pipe p93 169.1 75 100 0.09 0.34
Pipe p94 250.2 75 100 0.18 1.17
Pipe p95 34.12 75 100 0.92 23.98
Pipe p96 85.79 150 100 0.23 0.78
Pipe p97 106.7 75 100 0.84 20.18
Pipe p98 284.6 100 100 0.78 12.36
Pipe p99 55.22 75 100 0.20 1.41
Pipe p100 112.4 75 100 0.10 0.38
Pipe p101 67.78 75 100 0.41 5.20
Pipe p102 189 75 100 0.10 0.42
Pipe p103 139 75 100 0.13 0.64
Pipe p104 119.2 75 100 0.20 1.40
Pipe p105 172.3 75 100 0.09 0.35
Pipe 1 100 150 100 1.21 17.70
Pipe 2 100 150 100 0.63 5.31

Table 3.Pressure at Nodes after Optimization

Node ID Elevation (m) Base Demand Pressure (m)

(LPM)
Junc n2 99.15 3.44 15.35
Junc n3 99.53 6.09 15.00
Junc n4 99.4 6.01 15.10
Junc n5 99.40 3.53 15.09

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Junc n6 99.48 8.80 15.02

Junc n7 99.65 4.25 15.09
Junc n8 99.69 4.45 14.96
Junc n9 99.46 9.21 14.99
Junc n10 99.48 4.69 15.00
Junc n11 99.46 4.78 14.92
Junc n12 99.64 6.20 14.66
Junc n13 99.6 4.43 15.05
Junc n14 99.84 5.31 14.68
Junc n15 99.59 4.79 14.72
Junc n16 99.65 6.48 14.64
Junc n17 99.72 4.9 14.44
Junc n18 99.72 7.44 14.44
Junc n19 99.27 4.99 15.01
Junc n20 99.41 4.97 14.90
Junc n21 99.38 5.78 15.08
Junc n22 99.15 5.98 15.02
Junc n23 98.99 5.53 15.14
Junc n24 99.15 5.93 14.99
Junc n25 99.15 3.35 15.00
Junc n28 98.77 1.03 15.36
Junc n29 99.48 5.78 14.92
Junc n30 99.52 1.02 14.88
Junc n31 100.03 18.75 14.34
Junc n32 99.32 12.4 14.94
Junc n34 99.76 11.71 14.49
Junc n35 99.47 1.58 14.78
Junc n36 99.37 5.21 14.78
Junc n37 99.9 7.65 14.29
Junc n38 99.9 0.79 14.29
Junc n39 99.9 3.65 14.28
Junc n40 99.88 1.59 14.31
Junc n41 99.99 10.9 14.51
Junc n42 100.11 14.78 14.43

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Junc n43 99.97 10.20 14.66

Junc n44 99.82 11.83 14.82
Junc n45 102.22 12.34 12.62
Junc n46 102.19 6.42 12.69
Junc n47 101.6 7.51 13.24
Junc n48 101.4 7.06 13.44
Junc n49 100.41 8.90 14.25
Junc n50 100.18 9.01 14.41
Junc n51 99.79 10.52 14.73
Junc n52 99.9 15.08 14.74
Junc n53 100.92 9.05 13.94
Junc n54 101.32 5.10 13.56
Junc n55 101.4 13.36 13.54
Junc n56 101.19 12.86 13.77
Junc n57 101.46 20.20 13.52
Junc n58 99.21 13.70 15.47
Junc n59 99.6 7.03 15.09
Junc n60 99.55 11.14 15.42
Junc n61 100.11 24.76 14.89
Junc n62 100.31 12.22 14.59
Junc n63 100.31 2.98 14.57
Junc n64 100.29 9.67 14.52
Junc n65 100.32 1.18 14.49
Junc n66 100.39 4.50 14.36
Junc n67 100.29 8.47 14.47
Junc n68 100.43 3.88 14.29
Junc n69 100.32 1.22 14.44
Junc n70 100.25 7.38 14.48
Junc n71 100.42 3.48 14.31
Junc n72 100.34 0.64 14.39
Junc n73 100.13 11.79 14.60
Junc n74 100.33 4.32 14.34
Junc n75 100.29 2.32 14.43
Junc n76 99.96 13.16 14.94

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Junc n77 99.85 24.76 14.49

Junc n78 99.85 8.20 14.37
Junc n79 99.62 17.96 15.06
Junc n80 99.66 14.87 14.68
Junc n81 99.81 17.90 14.91
Junc n82 99.81 9.16 14.90
Junc n83 99.29 20.87 14.92
Junc n84 99.59 8.35 14.24
Resvr 1 115 #N/A 0.00

Table 4.Pipe Properties after Optimization

Link ID Length Diameter Roughness Velocit Unit Head

(m) (mm) y (m/s) loss (m/km)
Pipe p2 70.98 45.20 140.000 0.11 0.43
Pipe p3 23.81 45.20 140.000 0.18 1.13
Pipe p4 72.86 57.00 140.000 0.07 0.15
Pipe p5 27.41 57.00 140.000 0.07 0.16
Pipe p6 28.97 57.00 140.000 0.60 8.04
Pipe p7 30.83 45.20 140.000 0.48 6.83
Pipe p8 27.96 126.60 140.000 0.58 2.93
Pipe p9 34.52 45.20 140.000 0.44 5.83
Pipe p10 28.35 57.00 140.000 0.27 1.77
Pipe p11 96.79 57.00 140.000 0.09 0.25
Pipe p12 98.66 45.20 140.000 0.15 0.79
Pipe p13 28.53 45.20 140.000 0.43 5.53
Pipe p14 37.2 45.20 140.000 0.57 9.47
Pipe p15 29.4 203.40 140.000 0.20 0.23
Pipe p16 24.87 99.40 140.000 0.67 5.14
Pipe p17 25.94 45.20 140.000 0.52 8.05
Pipe p18 16.86 57.00 140.000 0.25 1.53
Pipe p19 27.66 81.40 140.000 0.14 0.36
Pipe p20 34.62 45.20 140.000 0.35 3.80
Pipe p21 28.1 45.20 140.000 0.01 0.00

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Pipe p22 31.34 45.20 140.000 0.35 3.88

Pipe p23 57.74 113.00 140.000 0.05 0.03
Pipe p24 16.69 45.20 140.000 0.23 1.72
Pipe p25 55.98 45.20 140.000 0.02 0.02
Pipe p26 29.95 45.20 140.000 0.40 4.94
Pipe p27 58.72 126.60 140.000 0.33 1.02
Pipe p28 28.5 45.20 140.000 0.36 4.13
Pipe p29 55.05 45.20 140.000 0.03 0.04
Pipe p30 39.78 45.20 140.000 0.15 0.79
Pipe p31 52.95 67.80 140.000 0.02 0.02
Pipe p32 39.09 45.20 140.000 0.14 0.73
Pipe p33 30.31 45.20 140.000 0.10 0.36
Pipe p34 38.94 57.00 140.000 0.13 0.45
Pipe p37 21.37 57.00 140.000 0.02 0.01
Pipe p38 30.7 99.40 140.000 0.41 2.06
Pipe p39 21.11 45.20 140.000 0.03 0.04
Pipe p40 103.9 144.80 140.000 0.17 0.27
Pipe p41 188.6 113.00 140.000 0.22 0.57
Pipe p43 67.69 126.60 140.000 0.13 0.18
Pipe p44 32.64 57.00 140.000 0.03 0.03
Pipe p45 107.6 45.20 140.000 0.16 0.93
Pipe p46 33.62 57.00 140.000 0.27 1.79
Pipe p47 16.32 45.20 140.000 0.02 0.03
Pipe p48 75.12 67.80 140.000 0.05 0.07
Pipe p49 32.79 57.00 140.000 0.03 0.03
Pipe p50 94.3 45.20 140.000 0.20 1.35
Pipe p51 82.82 57.00 140.000 0.14 0.52
Pipe p52 105.4 45.20 140.000 0.16 0.85
Pipe p53 19.29 67.80 140.000 0.15 0.51
Pipe p54 139.1 67.80 140.000 0.26 1.42
Pipe p55 42.86 57.00 140.000 0.20 1.06
Pipe p56 34.65 57.00 140.000 0.21 1.10
Pipe p57 116.5 57.00 140.000 0.33 2.61
Pipe p58 80.08 67.80 140.000 0.35 2.35

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Pipe p59 49.12 45.20 140.000 0.32 3.26

Pipe p60 54.36 45.20 140.000 0.18 1.14
Pipe p61 20.86 45.20 140.000 0.33 3.40
Pipe p62 25.54 57.00 140.000 0.27 1.79
Pipe p63 111 99.40 140.000 0.40 1.97
Pipe p64 7.973 113.00 140.000 0.54 2.97
Pipe p65 63.83 113.00 140.000 0.23 0.60
Pipe p66 1.832 67.80 140.000 0.19 0.78
Pipe p67 33.38 144.80 140.000 0.49 1.81
Pipe p68 54.9 81.40 140.000 0.26 1.13
Pipe p69 167.2 285.00 140.000 0.16 0.10
Pipe p70 72.61 67.80 140.000 0.29 1.71
Pipe p71 5.368 144.80 140.000 0.71 3.68
Pipe p72 126.6 45.20 140.000 0.27 2.36
Pipe p73 85.57 45.20 140.000 0.12 0.50
Pipe p74 70.4 81.40 140.000 0.08 0.14
Pipe p75 40.44 67.80 140.000 0.62 6.79
Pipe p76 82.64 180.80 140.000 0.23 0.36
Pipe p77 143.4 113.00 140.000 0.25 0.69
Pipe p78 61.6 45.20 140.000 0.09 0.33
Pipe p79 47.11 81.40 140.000 0.33 1.74
Pipe p80 24.39 45.20 140.000 0.04 0.06
Pipe p81 92.88 45.20 140.000 0.14 0.71
Pipe p82 35.12 67.80 140.000 0.26 1.43
Pipe p83 80.07 45.20 140.000 0.12 0.54
Pipe p84 25.28 45.20 140.000 0.04 0.06
Pipe p85 34.32 45.20 140.000 0.17 1.04
Pipe p86 71.86 81.40 140.000 0.03 0.02
Pipe p87 13.22 45.20 140.000 0.02 0.02
Pipe p88 32.77 67.80 140.000 0.08 0.16
Pipe p89 89.16 45.20 140.000 0.13 0.65
Pipe p90 47.85 45.20 140.000 0.07 0.21
Pipe p91 73.44 67.80 140.000 0.34 2.24
Pipe p92 91.36 57.00 140.000 0.52 6.09

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Pipe p93 169.1 57.00 140.000 0.16 0.69

Pipe p94 250.2 45.20 140.000 0.20 1.37
Pipe p95 34.12 113.00 140.000 0.14 0.25
Pipe p96 85.79 45.20 140.000 0.13 0.62
Pipe p97 106.7 126.60 140.000 0.25 0.64
Pipe p98 284.6 361.80 140.000 0.13 0.05
Pipe p99 55.22 45.20 140.000 0.43 5.51
Pipe p100 112.4 45.20 140.000 0.33 3.42
Pipe p101 67.78 81.40 140.000 0.36 2.05
Pipe p102 189 113.00 140.000 0.05 0.03
Pipe p103 139 57.00 140.000 0.18 0.88
Pipe p104 119.2 57.00 140.000 0.39 3.58
Pipe p105 172.3 45.20 140.000 0.26 2.22
Pipe 1 100 452.20 140.000 0.14 0.05
Pipe 2 100 144.80 140.000 0.60 2.64

4.1 Description of Graphs or Figures.

From the running of the EPANET various relations between elevation, velocities, flow, pressure, head, demand,
contours, etc. that are developed are shown as below.

1.Pressure Velocity Distribution Graph: This graph shows the variation of velocity in different pipes with respect to
the pressure provided to the particular pipe line

2. Contour Plot of Demand: The fig. 2shows the demand at different locations in litres permetre.

Figure 2. Contour Plot Of Demand

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3. Contour Plot of Elevation: The fig. 3shows the elevation at different points of pipe lines

Figure 3. Contour Plot of Elevation

4.Contour Plot of Pressure: The fig. 4 shows different pressures at different nodes of the pipe network.

Figure 4. Contour Plot of Pressure

5. Demand and Unit Head loss: This figure shows demand rate and amount of head loss at each node.

6. Pressure-Flow Distribution: This figure shows variation in pressure and velocities at different nodes of the
distribution network.

7. Elevation-Diameter Distribution: This figure shows variation in elevation and diameter of the pipes.

8. Demand-Flow Distribution: This figure shows variation in demand of water and flow distribution in the network.

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5. CONCLUSIONS

After collecting data of distribution network of Nelatur Village, pressure, flow and velocities have been computed
using EPANET and by the methodology described before, results by EPANET are obtained, analysis of results has
been carried out and computed results for junction and pipes have been checked to comply with the CPH Manual.

5.1 Junction analysis Report

The network includes 80 junction/nodes. The result obtained using EPANET software for Nelatur Village is
calculated. The pressure computed using EPANET software was found in compliance with CPH Manual. It was
found that

1. No junction or node was found to have negative pressure and the pressure was well above the CPH manual
guideline of 7m.

2. There was fluctuation found in the pressure head at junction nodes.

5.2 Pipe Analysis Report

The network includes around 70 pipes. The result obtained using EPANET software for Nelatur Village showed that
pressure computed using EPANET software was in compliance with CPH Manual. It was found that

1. The average velocity in the pipes computed using EPANET was 0.34m/s.

2. The average head loss in the pipes computed using EPANET was 3.63 m/Km.

3. The average roughness in the pipes computed using EPANET was140

4. The minimum diameter of pipe in the network was 45.2 mm and maximum was 126mm.

REFERENCES

1. Karthik P.L.N., Yohan G., 2009, A case study on subsidies in water sector of Vijawada Municipal
Corporation, 41st Annual Convention of IWWA on Water utility and security management, Hyderabad,
India, pp231-239
2. LandgeHemantC.,GuptaRajeshandKatpatalYashwanth.B., 2008,Willingnessto pay and affordability survey
for urban water supply schemes, Journal of Indian Water Works Association, April-June, VohXXXX, No.
2, pp 93-102
3. Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering
Organization, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi, May,1999

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4. Mhaisalkar V.A., Gawalpanchi R.R., 2002, Considerations in sustainable rural water supply with focus on
community participation, Journal of the IPHE, No.1., ,pp 26-29
5. Mira Smite, 2008, Inefficiency of rural water supply schemes in India, Policy paper based on the World
Bank study on review of effectiveness of rural water supply schemes in India, PS Press Services Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi
6. Muranho, J., Ferreira, A., Sousa, J., Gomes, A., and Sá Marques, A. (2014). “Technical performance
evaluation of water distribution networks based on EPANET
7. Sousa, J., Muranho, J., Sá Marques, A., and Gomes, R. (2014).
“WaterNetGenTown”,ProcediaEngineering,89,pp.103- 110,doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.165.
8. Muranho, J, Ferreira, A., Sousa, J., Gomes, A., and Sá Marques, A. (2014). “Pressure dependent Demand
and Leakage Modeling with an EPANETExtension– WaterNetGen”, Procedia Engineering, 89, pp. 632–
639, doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.488

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