DESIGN OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING LOOP 4.

0
Vidhi N. Mehta1 and Dr. G. S. Joshi2
1
PG Student (Hydraulic structure), Civil Engineering Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University,
Baroda
2
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, The Maharaja Sayajirao University, Baroda
Abstract— Water is a valuable resource, used as the main raw material by our civilization. This
paper concerns for the design of rural water distribution system in developing countries.
Approximate 68% population of India is staying in the rural area (census 2011, India). For this study,
water supply distribution system is designed for population estimated for future 30 years. The
heuristic software LOOP version 4.0 has been used for designing best economical water distribution
system. Intermittent water supply planned for the study with considering 100 lpcd water
consumption. The economical diameter of water supply distribution system is designed by
considering the constraint such as residual nodal pressure, velocity of flow in pipe, pipe material,
reservoir level, peak factor and available commercial pipe diameters.
Keywords—Estimated population, Water distribution network design, LOOP version 4.0 software,
Economical diameter, Rural water distribution system
I. INTRODUCTION
Water distribution system, a hydraulic infrastructure consisting of elements such as pipes,
tanks, reservoirs, pumps and valve etc., is crucial to provide water to the consumers. Effective water
supply system is of paramount importance in designing a new water distribution network or
expanding the existing one [1]. Pipe water system is one of the best systems to supply water safely,
adequately and continuously. To supply adequate, safe and continuous water in rural areas, regional
water supply schemes are formed in which more than one village are served from a common water
source through pipe system [2], [12]. Distribution networks are also an essential part of all water
supply systems. Distribution system costs within any water supply scheme may be equal to or greater
than 60 % of the entire cost of the project [1], [13]. Design and analysis of pipe networks are
important, because availability of water is an important economical development parameter [3], [14].
Many researchers have used different programming techniques to understand the water
supply network and optimize the water supply network viz., Linear programming method, Non –
linear programming method, Genetic algorithms, Simulated Annealing and formulated the Hydraulic
network design problem as an optimization problem. These methods may not be suitable for network
with large number of links and multiples loadings. [4], [5], [6], [7], [8].
II. STUDY AREA
The village Nava Shihora is newly developed area of Shihora village situated at distance of
about 15 Km from the Savali Taluka, and the Savli is located at the distance of around 32 km
towards North from district head quarter Vadodara as shown in Figure 1. The general topography of
the terrain is moderately undulating.

DOI:10.21884/IJMTER.2016.3180.R3RID 270
 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 03, Issue 12, [December – 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

Figure 1. Index map of Vadodara District

At present, Main water resource of the study area is surface water i.e. Mahi river. There are
136 villages, which forms Savli taluka but regional water supply scheme include only 90 villages of
Savli taluka. Shihora village is one of them. In this regional water supply scheme, water is pumped
from the main source to the water treatment plant (WTP). From water treatment plant, water
conveyed to the master sump, having capacity 41 lakhs liter. water is pumped from the master sump
to the elevated service reservoir, having capacity 21 lakh liter. This forms primary network. In the
secondary network, water conveyed through pipe from elevated service reservoir to the shihora
village sump and then water conveyed to the Shihora village elevated service tank. In tertiary
network, water conveyed from elevated service tank to the consumer through pipe system. The
village of Shihora is divided into various zones for proper distribution of water. The economical
water distribution system is designed in the present study for zone 1 for village of Shihora.

Figure 2. Location of Shihora Village

Figure 2 shows Shihora village the state of Gujarat. The area is about 1242 Ha. and population of the
village is 6021 people as per 2011 census of india,2011.

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Volume 03, Issue 12, [December – 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

III. METHODOLOGY OF LOOP SOFTWARE

A. About Loop
Loop 4.0 is a program that is developed by the World Bank for simulation, design &
optimization of looped water distribution networks. The program is free and is in the public domain.
The algorithm is applied for determining the economical sizes of pipes. the LOOP is only a tool to
provide a good starting solution for the user to further improvement in the solutions. The procedure
followed is heuristic and is derived from the work reported by Dixit and Rao (1987). This method
has been found to be working quite well when compared to other theoretically rigorous methods and
hence expected to result in a quick and good starting solutions [10].
Loop simulates the hydraulic characteristics of a pressurised, looped (closed circuit) water
distribution network. The network is characterised by pipes and nodes (points of inputs/demand or
pipe junctions) [16]. Data required are the description of the elements of the network such as pipe
lengths, diameters, friction coefficients, nodal demands and ground elevation, and data describing the
geometry of the network [16]. The program outputs include flows and velocities in the links and
pressures at the nodes [16]. It does not accommodate in line booster pumps or pressure reducing
valves [16]. Loop 4.0 handles up to 1000 pipes and can simulate and design up to 10 nodes with
known hydraulic grade lines (e.g. storage reservoirs) [16]. Loop’s normal use is to simulate and
design the hydraulic response of a network to a single or multiple input with at least one known
hydraulic gradient line elevation [16]. It also contains a sub-program for generating a cost summary
once a final design is completed [16].Loop network will tend to be a tree network with minimum size
connection between tree extremities [15].
B. Collection of Data
The following data is required for design of water distribution network using LOOP software
and it has been collected from WASMO (Water and Sanitation Management Organization),
Vadodara, India. WASMO have also prepared detail map of study area by conducting level
surveying and linear measurement of length of streets of the study area.
The data required can be classified into five categories: geometric data, hydraulic data, water
source data, data of cost estimation parameters and historical population data.
Geometric data - Node to node connectivity of pipe, Length of pipes, Reduce levels of nodes in a
study area.
Hydraulic data - Average water demands at all the relevant nodes, Pipe resistance coefficient in
terms of Hazen William's C, Hydraulic gradient desired.
Water Source data - Elevations of service reservoir.
Data of cost estimation parameters - Available commercial diameters with data on unit cost and
allowable working pressure, Newton-Raphson stopping criterion (viz. Maximum allowable error in
flow balance), Maximum and minimum pressure at nodes. For distribution network in Shihora
village, material of pipe PVC is used.
Historical population data – The population of Shihora village of year 2011 have been collected
from census of India, 2011. The population of 2011 is 6201 and the population of zone 1 is 1325
people.
C. Input of data for network design in Loop 4.0
Estimation of the population
Present and future population can be predicted as under
Pn = P0 (1 + GR)n __________ (1)
where,
Pn = the projected population after nth year from initial year
P0 = the population in the initial year of the period concerned
GR =average annual growth rate considered 1.7 % for the village as per the Gujarat
Water Sewage Supply Board (GWSSB, Gujarat, India) guide lines.

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Volume 03, Issue 12, [December – 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161
n = number of years
Present population the year 2016 is estimated 6550 people from the above equation number (1) by
using the population of year 2011. From present population obtained from equation (1) as above
the population of year 2046 i.e. after 30 years have been estimated as 9983.

Estimation of water demand

Total water demand (Q) for each node can be calculated as under.
Total water demand Q (lps) for each node = 1.5 x Pn x Dpc x Cf _____ (2)
where,
Pn = population catered for each node
Dpc = water demand in liter per capita per day
Cf = conversion factor (1/24 x 60 x 60)
The above mentioned data such as geometric data, hydraulic data, water sources data, cost estimates
parameters data, water demand data are incorporated into Loop 4.0 software to distribution network
design for zone- 1 of Shihora village. Input data file for water distribution system is shown in Table
1 is run into the software.
Table 1. Input Data
Title of the Project shihora zone 1
Name of the User Vidhi
Number of Pipes in a network 33
Number of Nodes in a network 33
Type of Pipe Material Used PVC
Peak Design Factor 3
Newton-Raphson Stopping Criterion in lps 0.001
Minimum residual Pressure (m) 7
Maximum allowable Pressure (m) 60
Design Hydraulic Gradient (m in km) 1
Simulate or Design? (S/D) D
Type of Formula Hazen’s

In the above table, peak design factor is taken as per Central Public Health and
Environmental Engineering Organization (CPHEEO) manual and Minimum and Maximum pressure
is taken as per the Rural water supply manual.
The Pipe input data & Node input data is shown in Table 2.
Loop Water Distribution Network Design Input
In the above table, -ve sign indicate that required water demand catered at each specific node. As per
the rural water supply manual, Hazen’s constant C recommended 140 for PVC pipe. The cost
estimate parameters data have been shown in Table 3. The water source data have been shown in
Table 4.

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 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 03, Issue 12, [December – 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161
Table 2. Input data for Pipe and Node (Zone-1)

Pipe Data Node Data

Pipe
Hazen Node Min.
Nu From To Length Peak Reduce
Constan Num Flow (lps) Press
mbe Node Node (m) Factor level (m)
t ber . (m)
r
100
1 1 2 205 140 1 3 0.000 (Bench 7
mark)
2 2 3 40 140 2 3 0.000 99.987 7
3 3 4 40 140 3 3 -0.061 101.112 7
4 4 5 30 140 4 3 -0.035 101.210 7
5 4 6 144 140 5 3 -0.035 101.074 7
6 4 7 35 140 6 3 -0.139 100.920 7
7 4 8 130 140 7 3 -0.043 101.270 7
8 8 9 139 140 8 3 -0.148 101.588 7
9 8 10 118 140 9 3 -0.148 101.596 7
10 8 11 45 140 10 3 -0.148 102.321 7
11 11 12 79 140 11 3 -0.078 101.001 7
12 11 13 89 140 12 3 -0.087 99.543 7
13 3 14 65 140 13 3 -0.087 99.109 7
14 14 15 129 140 14 3 -0.095 99.112 7
15 14 16 158 140 15 3 -0.078 99.465 7
16 16 17 50 140 16 3 -0.165 99.404 7
17 17 18 108 140 17 3 -0.069 99.987 7
18 18 19 23 140 18 3 -0.139 100.587 7
19 18 20 98 140 19 3 -0.043 100.857 7
20 18 21 40 140 20 3 -0.113 101.588 7
21 21 22 48 140 21 3 -0.078 101.565 7
22 21 23 35 140 22 3 -0.061 101.854 7
23 23 24 20 140 23 3 -0.043 101.909 7
24 23 25 14 140 24 3 -0.026 102.012 7
25 25 26 22 140 25 3 -0.043 102.574 7
26 24 26 20 140 26 3 -0.043 102.742 7
27 26 27 43 140 27 3 -0.043 102.985 7
28 26 28 78 140 28 3 -0.113 103.554 7
29 26 29 20 140 29 3 -0.026 103.849 7
30 29 30 55 140 30 3 -0.043 104.578 7
31 30 31 40 140 31 3 -0.026 104.786 7
32 29 32 37 140 32 3 -0.017 104.556 7
33 32 33 36 140 33 3 -0.026 104.585 7

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Volume 03, Issue 12, [December – 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161

Table 3. Commercial Pipe Diameter Data

Pipe Hazen’s Unit cost Allowable Pipe
internal constant Rs/m Pressure material
diameter length (m)
(mm)
63.9 140 87.1 60 PVC
83.2 140 124.72 60 PVC
102 140 177.89 60 PVC
129.7 140 294.12 60 PVC
148.4 140 378.78 60 PVC

Table 4. Fixed Head at Reservoir Data

Source Node Head (m) Ref Reservoir
1 115.00 R
In the above table, head 115m is summation of base elevation plus height of tank.
D. Result of Output
Output data obtained from LOOP software 4.0 is shown below.
Table 5 shows the number of iterations run for obtaining the design output.
Table 6 shows the output for pipe i.e. available flow (lps) in each pipe, economical diameter (mm),
head loss (m), head loss (m/km) and available velocity (m/s).
Table 7 shows the output for each of nodes i.e. the available flow (lps) at the node, hydraulic
gradient line (m) and pressure (m).
Table 8 shows the output for cost of PVC pipe i.e. diameter (mm), length (m), cost (1000 Rs.) and
cumulative cost (1000 Rs.).
Table 5. Design Output
Band Width 1
Number of Loops 1
Newton Raphson 2
Iteration

Table 6. Output for Pipe

Pi Flow Dia. HL HL Len Veloci
pe (lps) (mm) (m) per gth ty
No 1000 (m) (m/s)
. m
(m)
1 6.897 148.4 0.25 1.22 205 0.4
2 6.897 148.4 0.05 1.22 40 0.4
3 2.844 102 0.06 1.47 40 0.35
4 0.105 63.9 0.0 0.03 30 0.03
5 0.417 63.9 0.06 0.41 144 0.13
6 0.129 63.9 0.0 0.05 35 0.04
7 2.088 102 0.11 0.83 130 0.26
8 0.444 63.9 0.06 0.46 139 0.14
9 0.444 63.9 0.05 0.46 118 0.14
10 0.756 63.9 0.06 1.23 45 0.24
11 0.261 63.9 0.01 0.17 79 0.08
12 0.261 63.9 0.02 0.17 89 0.08

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13 3.87 129.7 0.05 0.81 65 0.29
14 0.234 63.9 0.02 0.14 129 0.07
15 3.351 129.7 0.1 0.62 158 0.25
16 2.856 102 0.07 1.48 50 0.35
17 2.649 102 0.14 1.29 108 0.32
18 0.129 63.9 0.0 0.05 23 0.04
19 0.339 63.9 0.03 0.28 98 0.11
20 1.764 83.2 0.01 1.64 40 0.32
21 0.183 63.9 0.01 0.09 48 0.06
22 1.347 83.2 0.01 0.99 35 0.25
23 0.574 63.9 0.01 0.74 20 0.18
24 0.644 63.9 0.0 0.92 14 0.2
25 0.515 63.9 0.02 0.61 22 0.16
26 0.496 63.9 0.01 0.57 20 0.15
27 0.129 63.9 0.0 0.05 43 0.04
28 0.339 63.9 0.0 0.28 78 0.11
29 0.414 63.9 0.0 0.40 20 0.13
30 0.207 63.9 0.0 0.11 55 0.06
31 0.078 63.9 0.0 0.02 40 0.02
32 0.129 63.9 0.0 0.05 37 0.04
33 0.078 63.9 0.0 0.02 36 0.02

Table 7. Output for Node

NO Flow Reduce HGL Press.
DE (LPS) level (m) (m)
No. (m)
1 6.897 100.0 115.0 15.0
2 0.00 99.99 114.75 14.76
3 -0.183 101.11 114.70 13.59
4 -0.105 101.21 114.64 13.43
5 -0.105 101.07 114.64 13.57
6 -0.417 100.92 114.58 13.66
7 -0.129 101.27 114.64 13.37
8 -0.444 101.59 114.53 12.94
9 -0.444 101.60 114.47 12.87
10 -0.444 102.32 114.48 12.16
11 -0.234 101.00 114.48 13.48
12 -0.261 99.54 114.46 14.92
13 -0.261 99.11 114.46 15.35
14 -0.285 99.11 114.65 15.54
15 -0.234 99.46 114.63 15.17
16 -0.495 99.40 114.55 15.15
17 -0.207 99.99 114.48 14.49
18 -0.417 100.59 114.34 13.75

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19 -0.129 100.86 114.34 13.48
20 -0.339 101.59 114.31 12.72
21 -0.234 101.57 114.27 12.70
22 -0.183 101.85 114.27 12.42
23 -0.129 101.91 114.24 12.33
24 -0.078 102.01 114.22 12.21
25 -0.129 102.57 114.22 11.65
26 -0.078 102.74 114.21 11.47
27 -0.129 102.99 114.21 11.22
28 -0.129 103.55 114.19 10.64
29 -0.129 103.85 114.20 10.35
30 -0.339 104.58 114.20 9.62
31 -0.078 104.79 114.2 9.41
32 -0.051 104.56 114.2 9.64
33 -0.078 104.58 114.20 9.62

In above table, -ve sign indicate that node getting supply from source.
Table 8. Output Pipe Cost (For PVC pipes)
Outer Cost Cumulative
Pipe Length
Diameter (1000 Cost (1000
Material (m)
(mm) Rs.) Rs.)
75 PVC 1362 118.63 118.63
90 PVC 75 9.35 127.98
110 PVC 328 58.35 186.33
140 PVC 223 65.59 251.92
160 PVC 245 92.8 344.72
IV. CONCLUSION
The Loop 4.0 software provides successful solutions for economical water supply distribution
system design. This paper describes the simulations through Loop 4.0 software for the hydraulic
design of the regional water supply scheme of a Nava Sihora village of Savli taluka of Vadodara
district of the state of Gujarat. The program results include flows and velocities in the links and
pressures at the nodes in water supply system.
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Volume 03, Issue 12, [December – 2016] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161
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