Chapter 1 Basic Concepts and Principles of Surveying
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts and Principles of Surveying
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts and Principles of Surveying
2. CITY SURVEYS
– surveys in and near a city for
land use planning, fixing reference
monuments, determining physical
features, and mapping.
3. CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS
– undertaken at a construction site to
determine grade, reference lines,
dimensions, ground configurations,
location and elevation.
4. FORESTRY SURVEYS
– executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration, and
the production and conservation of
forest lands.
5. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
– Used to map shorelines, chart the shape
of areas underlying water surfaces, and
measure the flow of streams.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT:
1. DIRECT – result is obtained by the actual measurement
itself.
2. INDIRECT – result is obtained by determining its
relationship with other values.
- International unit of linear: 1/10,000,000 of the earth’s
meridional quadrant (1789)
- Iron meter bar standardized in Paris (1799)
- Length equal to 1, 650, 763. 73 wavelengths of the
orange-red light produced by burning the element
krypton (1960)
1. Linear, Area, and Volume Measurements
2. TABULATIONS
– best show a series of numerical values observed in
the field; prevents mistakes, allows checking, saves
time, makes calculations legible to others, and
simplifies the work of the person checking the field
notes
3. EXPLANATORY NOTES
– provide a written description of what has been done in
the field; usually placed on the right-hand page in the
same line with the numerical data; if sketches are used,
they should be placed close to that which they explain.
4. COMPUTATIONS
– graphical solutions using accurately scaled drawings
can be used; should be clear and orderly that will be
easily understood by others
5. COMBINATION OF THE
ABOVE
1. 56.0030 g 1. 63.351
2. 83400 km 2. 0.0000004399
3.4200. mL 3. 10249000
4. 0.000 620 m 4. 555.50
5. 0.0004 g 5. 0.0020285
C. Perform the indicated mathematical operations in each of
the following. Round off the answers to the proper number of
significant figures.