2 Sex Linked Inheritance
2 Sex Linked Inheritance
2 Sex Linked Inheritance
XR XR Xr Y
Sperm
Xr Y
Eggs XR XR Xr XR Y
R = red-eye allele
r = white-eye allele
Female Male
XR Xr XR Y
Sperm
XR Y
XR XR XR XR Y
Eggs
Xr Xr XR Xr Y
Female Male
XR Xr Xr Y
Sperm
Xr Y
XR X RX r XR Y
Eggs
Xr Xr Xr Xr Y
Connection: sex-linked disorders affect mostly males
Queen Alber
Victoria t
Alice Louis
Alexandra Czar
Nicholas II
of Russia
Alexis
COLORBLINDNESS
EXAMPLE
A man with hemophilia (a recessive , sex-linked
condition) has a daughter of normal phenotype.
She marries a man who is normal for the trait.
• What is the probability that a daughter of this mating will
be a hemophiliac?
• A son?
• If the couple has four sons, what is the probability that all
four will be born with hemophilia?
ANSWER
Hairy Ears
Second
generation
(parents, aunts, FF ff ff Ff Ff ff
and uncles) or
Ff
Third generation
(two sisters)
ff FF
or
Female Male Ff
Affected
Unaffected
Many Inherited Disorders In Humans Are
Controlled By A Single Gene
▪ Inherited human disorders show
• Recessive inheritance
Normal
meiosis II
Gametes
Number of chromosomes
Normal
meiosis I
Nondisjunction
in meiosis II
Gametes
n+1 n–1 n n
Number of chromosomes
Risks of Consanguineous Marriages
DOWN SYNDROME
Technology
And
Genetic testing
Fetal testing
1. Amniocentesis
Newborn
Carrier 2. Chorionic villus
screening
Recognition sampling (CVS)
3. Ultrasound
4. Fetoscopy
GENETIC VARIATIONS AND
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
• Biological diversity: The diversity of the interaction between living organisms in a
specific area.
• Variation: Any difference between cells or groups of organisms of any species,
caused either by genetic differences or by the effect of environmental factors on the
expression of genetic potentials.
• Genetic variation: The presence of differences in DNA between individual
organisms of a species.
MAKE A RESEARCH:
• What factors cause genetic variation among living organisms?
• How do those factors contribute biological diversity?
GENETIC VARIATIONS AND
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
• The ability of a population (same species of organisms) to adapt itself
to external conditions and to survive, is an indicator of the extent its
members having genetic variation.
• The genetic variation causes a variety of responses against external
factors in a specific area.
• Thus, groups of organisms that can adapt themselves to changing
external environment can easily survive and reproduce; maintain their
generations.
GENETIC VARIATIONS AND
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
• Immigrations
between organisms
living in different
geographical regions
increases genetic
variation.
GENETIC VARIATIONS AND
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
• Mutation is the permanent changes occur in the DNA or RNA
sequence in the genome of an organism.
• Most of the time, mutations are either harmful or ineffective/neutral
for the living organisms.
If harmful, the organism may even die because If neutral, then, the organism can
of the changes in its genome, thus cannot reproduce, maintain its generations and
transfer its new genes to its offsprings. transfer the new genes to its offsprings.
(In case the mutation restrains the organism’s
survival chance and/or reproduction ability)
GENETIC VARIATIONS AND
BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
• Mutagen: Any factor that causes mutation.
Examples for mutagens;
*Radiation
*UV light, beta, gamma, X-rays
*Some chemicals such as formaldehyde, nitric acid
*Some drugs
*pH and heat changes
*Some viruses
EXAMPLES OF MUTATION IN
PLANTS