Lecture 5
Lecture 5
Lecture 5
Lecture 5
CONTENTS
Introduction
Steady-state Conduction
Steady Versus Transient Heat Transfer
Solved examples
OBJECTIVES
Is there any two solid surfaces form perfect thermal contact when they are
pressed together? Explain!
surface roughness,
material properties,
temperature and pressure at the interface of the composite solids,
type of fluid filling the gap (at the interface).
Thermal diffusivity is a property represents how fast heat diffuses through a material.
ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer equipments are designed primarily on the basis of heat transfer analysis.
The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered in two groups:
rating problems, and
sizing problems
The rating problems deal with the determination of the heat transfer rate for an
existing system at a specified temperature difference.
The sizing problems deal with the determination of the size of a system in order to
transfer heat at a specified rate for a specified temperature difference.
An engineering device or process can be studied by the following ways:
experimentally (testing and taking measurements), or
analytically (by analysis or calculations)
The experimental approach has the advantage that we deal with the actual physical
system, and the desired quantity is determined by measurement, within the limits of
experimental error. However, this approach is expensive, time consuming, and often
impractical.
The analytical approach (including the numerical approach) has the advantage that it
is fast and inexpensive, but the results obtained are subject to the accuracy of the
assumptions, approximations, and idealizations made in the analysis.
ANALYSIS OF STEADY STATE HEAT CONDUCTION
Introduction
ONE-DIMENSIONAL THREE-DIMENSIONAL
Temperature distribution in a
substance does not change with
time:
(time-independent conduction).
The rate of heat loosed by the
hot material is exactly equal to
the rate of heat removed by the
coolant.
STEADY VERSUS TRANSIENT HEAT TRANSFER
Fourier’s law of
heat conduction
1-D steady state conduction in plane walls (a wall separating two fluids)
To analyze such kind of problems, write down equations for the heat flux (q):
Ti – T1 = q (1/hi)
T1 – T2 = q (L/k)
T2 - To = q (1/ho)
and
Conduction in a Composite Plane Wall
A composite wall can be analyzed as same as the previous analysis done for a plane wall.
Consider temperature profile in an insulated wall separating two fluids in steady state
heat transfer as shown in the following figure:
and
Where i = 1, 2, 3, etc.
NOTE
The number of heat transfer methods in the case under analysis is equal to the
number of generated equations and also equal to the number of partial
resistances in the denominator
Example 6:
The walls of the houses in a cold place are to be constructed using a “cavity wall”
design. This comprises an inner layer of brick (k = 0.5 W/m K and 120 mm thick), an air
gap and an outer layer of brick (k = 0.3 W/m K and 120 mm thick). At the design condition
the inside room temperature is 20ºC, the outside air temperature is -10ºC; the heat transfer
coefficient on the inside is 10 W/m2 K, that on the outside 40 W/m2 K, and that in the air
gap 6 W/m2 K. What is the heat flux through the wall and the surface temperatures?
Solution:
q=
Solution:
q = U ∆T
The temperature drop between the liquid and the internal wall (see figure 1-7) is:
q = hi (Ti – T1)
Ti – T1 = q/hi ; Then:
T1 = Ti – (q/hi) = 140 – (226.25/300) = 139.25°C
And:
q = k1/L1 (T1 – T2) ; then:
T2 = T1 – [q ()Lout/kout]
= 139.25 – [226.25 (0.008/35)] = 139.19 °C
ASSIGNMENTS AND SEMINARS
2. Heating and Cooling of Buildings
Write about heating and cooling of buildings and try to cover the following:
Design conditions for heating and cooling
Indoor design conditions
Outdoor design conditions
Good compromise between economics and comfort
The heating and cooling loads
Heat gain from people, lights, and appliances
Cavity wall construction
Solar radiation and solar collectors
Air conditioners and coolers
Annual energy consumption