Main Text

Para 1
Mathematical models are very useful for investigating the epidemiological characteristics of
infectious diseases and for evaluating the effectiveness of control strategies. A susceptible-
infective-recovered (SIR) model is the simplest compartment model of an epidemic proposed by
O. Kermack and A. G. McKendrick in 1927 [1]. The model consists of three compartments:
Susceptible (S), Infective (I), and Recovered (R).
Previous studies have conducted several outstanding surveys of basic compartment models
and have explored several features of modified models [2–4].
A qualitative analysis of a time-varying SIS epidemic model with incidence rate depending on
the susceptible and infective populations is conducted in [5].
H. M. Yang and A. R. R. Freitas explore a mathematical model, taking into account the updated
biological aspects of rubella vaccine and application to the recently introduced dengue vaccine
[6].
In general, vaccination is an important control measure to reduce the size of infected
populations. Many researchers have studied how to predict and evaluate the effectiveness of
various vaccination strategies with a mathematical model. M. De la Sen et al. study a simple
continuous-time linear vaccination-based control strategy for an SEIR epidemic model [7].
Using the method of Lyapunov functions, global stability of the disease-free equilibria of a two-
group SI model with feedback control variables is investigated in [8].
In addition, optimal control techniques have been used in epidemic models to derive an efficient
vaccination policy for influenza outbreaks in specific settings [9–14].

Para 2
An optimal control problem has been studied to minimize the costs associated with treatment
and preventive campaigns to avoid relapse in [9].
J. Lee et al. consider optimal control theory to derive optimal intervention strategies for
infectious diseases, using vaccinations, antiviral therapy, and social distance as control
functions [10].
Some authors discuss the optimal quarantine control issues with an SIQS model describing the
epidemic dynamical process on complex networks [13].
An optimal vaccine distribution strategy under limited vaccine resources using an epidemic
model with group mixing has been explored in [14].
Moreover, many researchers have also used optimal control theory to develop optimal treatment
strategies for other diseases, such as HIV, tuberculosis, and vector-borne diseases [15–18].
 Paraphrased Text
Para 1
Susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) Model is the simplest mathematical and disease model to
analyze the epidemics. It is a useful tool to investigate the characteristics of an epidemiology as
well as evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies. In 1927, this model was developed by O.
Kermack and A. G McKendrick [1]. The parts of this model consists of: Susceptible (S), Infected
(I), and Recovered (R).
Prior study has included numerous remarkable reviews of fundamental compartment models, as
well as an investigation of distinct aspects inside modified models [2-4].
In [5], a qualitative investigation of a time-varying SIS epidemiological model with transmission
rates changing according to susceptible and infected populations is performed.
H. M. Yang and A. R. R. Freitas analyze the mathematical model on the basis of the revised
biological aspects of the rubella vaccination and its application to the recently developed
dengue vaccine [6].
In particular, the key control measure of vaccination is used to reduce the size of infected
populations. Numerous researchers have investigated the efficiency of various vaccination
strategies, as well as their prediction and evaluation using a mathematical model. M. De la Sen
et al. study a simple continuous-time linear control technique based on vaccination for an SEIR
epidemic model. [7].
[8] investigates the global stability of the disease-free equilibria of a two-group SI model with
feedback control variables using the Lyapunov functions approach.
Furthermore, optimal control approaches in epidemic models have been applied to create an
efficient vaccination policy for influenza epidemics in specific settings [9-14].
Para 2
In [9], an optimal control problem was investigated in order to minimize the expenses related to
treatment and preventive programs to avoid relapse. [Meaning of Relapse: A relapse in a
vaccination campaign occurs when individuals who were previously vaccinated and thought to
be immune to a specific illness lose their protection over time. – I have added this from google,
but didn’t find a proper reference.]
J. Lee et al. derive optimal control theory for infectious diseases involving vaccinations, antiviral
therapy, and social distancing using optimal control theory, as detailed in their work [10].
Some writers describe the epidemic dynamical process on complex networks using a SIQS
model to address optimal quarantine control challenges, as reported in [13].
In [14], an epidemic model with group mixing is used to investigate an optimal vaccine
distribution method with limited vaccine resources.
Furthermore, multiple researchers have used optimal control theory to develop optimal
treatment techniques for a variety of diseases, including HIV, TB, and vector-borne diseases
[15-18].
References:
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